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-8639906848686060251 | Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid | Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - wikipedia Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Jump to : navigation , search Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Theatrical release poster by Tom Beauvais Directed by George Roy Hill Produced by John Foreman Written by William Goldman Starring Paul Newman Robert Redford Katharine Ross Strother Martin Jeff Corey Henry Jones Music by Burt Bacharach Cinematography Conrad Hall Edited by John C. Howard Richard C. Meyer Production company Campanile Productions Newman - Foreman Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 24 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 24 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $102.3 million ( North America ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American Western film directed by George Roy Hill and written by William Goldman ( who won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film ) . Based loosely on fact , the film tells the story of Wild West outlaws Robert LeRoy Parker , known as Butch Cassidy ( Paul Newman ) , and his partner Harry Longabaugh , the `` Sundance Kid '' ( Robert Redford ) , who are on the run from a crack US posse after a string of train robberies . The pair and Sundance 's lover , Etta Place ( Katharine Ross ) , flee to Bolivia in search of a more successful criminal career , where they meet their end . In 2003 , the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The American Film Institute ranked Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as the 49th - greatest American film on its 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Premieres 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Box office 4.4 Awards and nominations 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In late 1890s Wyoming , Butch Cassidy is the affable , clever , talkative leader of the outlaw Hole in the Wall Gang . His closest companion is the laconic dead - shot `` Sundance Kid '' . The two return to their hideout at Hole - in - the - Wall ( Wyoming ) to discover that the rest of the gang , irked at Butch 's long absences , have selected Harvey Logan as their new leader . Harvey challenges Butch to a knife fight over the gang 's leadership . Butch defeats him using trickery , but embraces Harvey 's idea to rob the Union Pacific Overland Flyer train on both its eastward and westward runs , agreeing that the second robbery would be unexpected and likely reap even more money than the first . The first robbery goes well . To celebrate , Butch and Sundance visit a favorite brothel in a nearby town and watch , amused , as the town sheriff unsuccessfully attempts to organize a posse to track down the gang . They then visit Sundance 's lover , schoolteacher Etta Place . On the second train robbery , Butch uses too much dynamite to blow open the safe , blowing up the baggage car . As the gang scrambles to gather up the money , a second train arrives carrying a six - man team of lawmen pursuing Butch and Sundance , who unsuccessfully try to hide out in the brothel and to seek amnesty from the friendly Sheriff Bledsoe by enlisting in the army . As the posse remains in pursuit , despite all attempts to elude them , Butch and Sundance determine that the group includes renowned Indian tracker `` Lord Baltimore '' and relentless lawman Joe Lefors , recognizable by his white skimmer . Butch and Sundance finally elude their pursuers by jumping from a cliff into a river far below . They learn from Etta that the posse has been paid by Union Pacific head E.H. Harriman to remain on their trail until Butch and Sundance are both killed . Butch convinces Sundance and Etta that the three should escape to Bolivia , which Butch envisions as a robber 's paradise . On their arrival there , Sundance is dismayed by the living conditions and regards the country with contempt , but Butch remains optimistic . They discover that they know too little Spanish to pull off a bank robbery , so Etta attempts to teach them the language . With her as an accomplice , they become successful bank robbers known as Los Bandidos Yanquis . However , their confidence drops when they see a man wearing a white hat ( the signature of determined lawman Lefors ) and fear that Harriman 's posse is still after them . Butch suggests `` going straight '' , and he and Sundance land their first honest job as payroll guards for a mining company . However , they are ambushed by local bandits on their first run and their boss , Percy Garris , is killed . Butch and Sundance ambush and kill the bandits , the first time Butch has ever shot someone . Etta recommends farming or ranching as other lines of work , but they conclude the straight life is n't for them . Sensing they will be killed if they return to robbery , Etta decides to go back to the United States . Butch and Sundance steal a payroll and the mules carrying it , and arrive in a small town . A boy recognizes the mules ' brand and alerts the local police , leading to a gunfight with the outlaws . They take cover in a building but are both seriously wounded , after Butch makes a futile attempt to run to the mules in order to bring more ammunition , while Sundance provides cover fire . As dozens of Bolivian soldiers surround the area , Butch suggests the duo 's next destination should be Australia . The film ends with a freeze frame shot on the pair charging out of the building , guns blazing , before the Bolivian forces open fire . Cast ( edit ) Paul Newman as Butch Cassidy Robert Redford as the Sundance Kid Katharine Ross as Etta Place Strother Martin as Percy Garris Henry Jones as Bike Salesman Jeff Corey as Sheriff Bledsoe George Furth as Woodcock Cloris Leachman as Agnes Ted Cassidy as Harvey Logan Kenneth Mars as Marshal Donnelly Rhodes as Macon Timothy Scott as `` News '' Carver Charles Dierkop as Flat Nose Curry Production ( edit ) Screenplay ( edit ) William Goldman first came across the story of Butch Cassidy in the late 1950s and researched it on and off for eight years before sitting down to write the screenplay . Goldman says he wrote the story as an original screenplay because he did not want to do the research to make it authentic as a novel . Goldman later stated : The whole reason I wrote the ... thing , there is that famous line that Scott Fitzgerald wrote , who was one of my heroes , `` There are no second acts in American lives . '' When I read about Cassidy and Longbaugh and the superposse coming after them -- that 's phenomenal material . They ran to South America and lived there for eight years and that was what thrilled me : they had a second act . They were more legendary in South America than they had been in the old West ... It 's a great story . Those two guys and that pretty girl going down to South America and all that stuff . It just seems to me it 's a wonderful piece of material . The characters ' flight to South America caused one executive to reject the script , as it was then unusual in Western films for the protagonists to flee . Development ( edit ) According to Goldman , when he first wrote the script and sent it out for consideration , only one studio wanted to buy it -- and that was with the proviso that the two lead characters did not flee to South America . When Goldman protested that that was what had happened , the studio head responded , `` I do n't give a shit . All I know is John Wayne do n't run away . '' Goldman rewrote the script , `` did n't change it more than a few pages , and subsequently found that every studio wanted it . '' The role of Sundance was offered to Jack Lemmon , whose production company , JML , had produced the film Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) starring Newman . Lemmon , however , turned down the role ; he did not like riding horses , and he felt he had already played too many aspects of the Sundance Kid 's character before . Other actors considered for the role of Sundance were Steve McQueen and Warren Beatty , who both turned it down , with Beatty claiming that the film was too similar to Bonnie and Clyde . According to Goldman , McQueen and Newman both read the scripts at the same time and agreed to do the film . McQueen eventually backed out of the film due to disagreements with Newman . The two actors would eventually team up in the 1974 disaster film The Towering Inferno . Reception ( edit ) Premieres ( edit ) The world premiere of the movie was in September 1969 , at the Roger Sherman Theater , in New Haven , Connecticut . The premiere was attended by Paul Newman , his wife Joanne Woodward , Robert Redford , George Roy Hill , William Goldman , and John Foreman , among others . It premiered in Los Angeles , the next day , and in New York City on October 1 . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) The response of major American movie reviewers was widely favorable . Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator , give 89 % `` Certified fresh '' favorable score based on 46 reviews with an average score of 8.2 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` With its iconic pairing of Paul Newman and Robert Redford , jaunty screenplay and Burt Bacharach score , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid has gone down as among the defining moments in late - ' 60s American cinema . '' Newman and Redford 's chemistry was praised as was the film 's charm and humor . Time magazine said the film 's two male stars are `` afflicted with cinematic schizophrenia . One moment they are sinewy , battered remnants of a discarded tradition . The next they are low comedians whose chaffing relationship -- and dialogue -- could have been lifted from a Batman and Robin episode . '' Time also criticized the film 's score as absurd and anachronistic . Roger Ebert 's review of the movie was a mixed 2.5 out of 4 stars . `` The movie starts promisingly ... a scene where Butch puts down a rebellion in his gang ( is ) one of the best things in the movie ... And then we meet Sundance 's girlfriend , played by Katharine Ross , and the scenes with the three of them have you thinking you 've wandered into a really first - rate film . '' But after Harriman hires his posse , Ebert thought the movie 's quality declined : `` Hill apparently spent a lot of money to take his company on location for these scenes , and I guess when he got back to Hollywood he could n't bear to edit them out of the final version . So the Super-posse chases our heroes unceasingly , until we 've long since forgotten how well the movie started . '' The dialogue in the final scenes is `` so bad we ca n't believe a word anyone says . And then the violent , bloody ending is also a mistake ; apparently it was a misguided attempt to copy `` Bonnie and Clyde ... '' we do n't believe it , and we walk out of the theater wondering what happened to that great movie we were seeing until an hour ago . '' The Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay # 11 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written . Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release . With US box office of over US $100 million , it was the top grossing film of the year . Adjusted for inflation , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ranks as the 34th top - grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade , due in part to subsequent re-releases . It was the eighth most popular film of 1970 in France . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) The film won four Academy Awards : Best Cinematography ; Best Original Score for a Motion Picture ( not a Musical ) ; Best Music , Song ( Burt Bacharach and Hal David for `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ) ; and Best Writing , Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced . It was also nominated for Best Director , Best Picture , and Best Sound ( William Edmondson and David Dockendorf ) . Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid also won numerous British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , Best Direction , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Actor ( won by Redford though Newman was also nominated ) , and Best Actress for Katharine Ross , among others . William Goldman won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay . In 2003 , the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in 1998 . Legacy ( edit ) The film inspired the television series Alias Smith and Jones , starring Pete Duel and Ben Murphy as outlaws trying to earn an amnesty . A parody titled `` Botch Casually and the Somedunce Kid '' was published in MAD . It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in issue No. 136 , July 1970 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1969 Antihero ( Cassidy and Sundance are antiheroes ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BUTCH CASSIDY AND THE SUNDANCE KID '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , William ( 1982 ) . Adventures in the Screen Trade . pp. 191 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , p. 90 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` The Big Idea -- Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Turner Classic Movies , Inc . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , p. 91 Jump up ^ Flynn , Bob ( August 15 , 1998 ) . `` A slice of Lemmon for extra character '' . The Canberra Time . Panorama . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Tiffany Woo ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Butch Cassidy ' returns after 40 years '' . Yale Daily News . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . AFI website . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Double Vision '' . Time . September 26 , 1969 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 13 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Savage , Sophia ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays , From ' Casablanca ' and ' Godfather ' to ' Memento ' and ' Notorious ' '' . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1969 '' , Variety , 7 January 1970 p 15 Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Box Office in France '' . Box Office Story . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Academy Awards ( 1970 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : Awards '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William Goldman -- Awards & Nominations '' . awardsandwinners.com . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . Jump up ^ `` Alias Smith and Jones '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ MAD # 136 July 1970 at MAD cover site . Bibliography ( edit ) Egan , Sean ( 2014 ) . William Goldman : The Reluctant Storyteller . Bear Manor Media . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid on IMDb Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at the TCM Movie Database Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at Rotten Tomatoes Ten Things You Did n't Know About Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid from the American Movie Classics `` Future of Classic '' blog Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid at Virtual History Films directed by George Roy Hill Period of Adjustment ( 1962 ) Toys in the Attic ( 1963 ) The World of Henry Orient ( 1964 ) Hawaii ( 1966 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 1967 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) Slap Shot ( 1977 ) A Little Romance ( 1979 ) The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 1984 ) Funny Farm ( 1988 ) Works by William Goldman Plays Tenderloin ( 1960 ) Blood , Sweat and Stanley Poole ( 1961 ) A Family Affair ( 1962 ) Misery ( 2012 ) Novels The Temple of Gold ( 1957 ) Your Turn to Curtsy , My Turn to Bow ( 1958 ) Soldier in the Rain ( 1960 ) Boys and Girls Together ( 1964 ) No Way to Treat a Lady ( 1964 ) The Thing of It Is ... ( 1967 ) Father 's Day ( 1971 ; sequel to The Thing of It Is ) The Princess Bride ( 1973 ) Wigger ( 1974 ) Marathon Man ( 1974 ) Magic ( 1976 ) Tinsel ( 1979 ) Control ( 1982 ) The Silent Gondoliers ( 1983 ) The Color of Light ( 1984 ) Heat ( 1985 ) Brothers ( 1986 ) Films Masquerade ( 1965 ) Harper ( 1966 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) The Hot Rock ( 1972 ) The Stepford Wives ( 1975 ) The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) Marathon Man ( 1976 ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Mr. Horn ( 1979 , TV ) Heat ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) The General 's Daughter ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Wild Card ( 2015 ) Non-fiction The Season : A Candid Look at Broadway ( 1969 ) The Story of ' A Bridge Too Far ' ( 1977 ) Adventures in the Screen Trade ( 1983 ) Wait Till Next Year ( with Mike Lupica , 1988 ) Hype and Glory ( 1990 ) Which Lie Did I Tell ? ( 2000 ) The Big Picture : Who Killed Hollywood ? and Other Essays ( 2000 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316753509 GND : 7560767 - 0 BNF : cb16458832g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butch_Cassidy_and_the_Sundance_Kid&oldid=821050647 '' Categories : 1969 films English - language films 1960s comedy - drama films 1960s Western ( genre ) films 20th Century Fox films American films American buddy films American comedy - drama films American Western ( genre ) films Biographical films about Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch Estudios Churubusco films Films about bank robbery Films directed by George Roy Hill Films set in Bolivia Films set in Wyoming Films shot in Colorado Films shot in Mexico Films shot in New Mexico Films shot in Utah Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Screenplays by William Goldman United States National Film Registry films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Films produced by John Foreman ( producer ) Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose writer won the Best Screenplay BAFTA Award Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 03 : 38 . 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-4559696762860356949 | International Holocaust Remembrance Day | International Holocaust Remembrance Day - wikipedia International Holocaust Remembrance Day Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Holocaust Remembrance Day A commemoration ceremony in Sweden Date 27 January Next time 27 January 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 27 ) Frequency Annual International Holocaust Remembrance Day , is an international memorial day on 27 January commemorating the tragedy of the Holocaust that occurred during the Second World War . It commemorates the genocide that resulted in the death of an estimated 6 million Jewish people , 200,000 Romani people , 250,000 mentally and physically disabled people , and 9,000 homosexual men by the Nazi regime and its collaborators . It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 60 / 7 on 1 November 2005 during the 42nd plenary session . The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January 2005 during which the United Nations General Assembly marked the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust . On 27 January 1945 , Auschwitz - Birkenau , the largest Nazi concentration and death camp , was liberated by the Red Army . Prior to the 60 / 7 resolution , there had been national days of commemoration , such as Germany 's Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus ( The Day of remembrance for the victims of National Socialism ) , established in a proclamation issued by Federal President Roman Herzog on 3 January 1996 ; and the Holocaust memorial day observed every 27 January since 2001 in the UK . The Holocaust Remembrance Day is also a national event in the United Kingdom and in Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 The General Assembly Resolution 60 / 7 2 Commemorations at the United Nations 2.1 In 2006 2.2 In 2007 2.3 In 2008 3 Commemorations outside the United Nations 4 Commemoration by the State of Israel 5 See also 6 References 7 External links The General Assembly resolution 60 / 7 ( edit ) Part of a series on The Holocaust Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz , May 1944 Responsibility ( show ) Nazi Germany People Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globocnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glücks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Höss Christian Wirth Joseph Goebbels Organizations Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel ( SS ) Totenkopfverbände ( SS - TV ) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung ( SA ) Verfügungstruppe ( SS - VT ) Wehrmacht Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues Early policies ( show ) Racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Madagascar Plan Forced euthanasia Victims ( show ) Jews during World War II Europe Germany Romani people ( Gypsies ) Poles Soviet POWs Slavs in Eastern Europe Homosexuals People with disabilities Freemasons Jehovah 's Witnesses Ghettos ( show ) Białystok Budapest Kaunas Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Minsk Riga Warsaw Vilnius Jewish ghettos in German - occupied Poland List of selected ghettos Atrocities ( show ) Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iaşi Izieu Szczuczyn Jedwabne Kaunas Lviv ( Lvov ) Marseille Tykocin Vel ' d'Hiv Wąsosz Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Bydgoszcz Częstochowa Kamianets - Podilskyi Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Erntefest `` Final Solution '' Wannsee Conference Operation `` Reinhard '' Holocaust trains Extermination camps End of World War II Wola massacre Death marches Camps ( show ) Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz - Birkenau Bełżec Chełmno Jasenovac Majdanek Maly Trostenets Sajmište Sobibór Treblinka Nazi concentration camps Bergen - Belsen Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau Dora Gonars ( Italy ) Gross - Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska Kaiserwald Mauthausen - Gusen Neuengamme Rab Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Salaspils Stutthof Theresienstadt Uckermark Warsaw Transit and collection camps Belgium Breendonk Mechelen France Gurs Drancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands Amersfoort Westerbork Divisions SS - Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen Extermination methods Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Einsatzgruppen Human medical experimentation Resistance ( show ) Jewish partisans Bricha Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Łachwa Częstochowa Allied response ( show ) Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations Auschwitz bombing debate Nuremberg trials Denazification Aftermath ( show ) Bricha Displaced persons Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany Lists ( show ) Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jews to death camps Survivors of Sobibór Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp Victims of Nazism Rescuers of Jews Resources ( show ) Bibliography List of books about Nazi Germany The Destruction of the European Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versus intentionalism Auschwitz Protocols Vrba -- Wetzler report Remembrance ( show ) Days of remembrance Memorials and museums Resolution 60 / 7 establishing 27 January as International Holocaust Remembrance Day urges every member nation of the U.N. to honor the memory of Holocaust victims , and encourages the development of educational programs about Holocaust history to help prevent future acts of genocide . It rejects any denial of the Holocaust as an event and condemns all manifestations of religious intolerance , incitement , harassment or violence against persons or communities based on ethnic origin or religious belief . It also calls for actively preserving the Holocaust sites that served as Nazi death camps , concentration camps , forced labor camps and prisons , as well as for establishing a U.N. programme of outreach and mobilization of society for Holocaust remembrance and education . Resolution 60 / 7 and the International Holocaust Day was an initiative of the State of Israel . Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Israel , Silvan Shalom , was the head of the delegation of Israel to the United Nations . The essence of the text lies in its twofold approach : one that deals with the memory and remembrance of those who were massacred during the Holocaust , and the other with educating future generations of its horrors . The International Day in memory of the victims of the Holocaust is thus a day on which we must reassert our commitment to human rights . ( ... ) We must also go beyond remembrance , and make sure that new generations know this history . We must apply the lessons of the Holocaust to today 's world . And we must do our utmost so that all peoples may enjoy the protection and rights for which the United Nations stands . -- Message by Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon for the second observance of the Holocaust Victims Memorial Day on 19 January 2008 Commemorations at the United Nations ( edit ) In 2006 , 2007 and 2008 , Holocaust Remembrance Weeks were organized by The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme . This programme is part of the Outreach Division of the United Nations Department of Public Information and was established under General Assembly resolution 60 / 7 . In 2006 ( edit ) On 24 January , the opening of the Holocaust Remembrance Week took place at United Nations Headquarters with the unveiling of an exhibit `` No Child 's Play -- Remembrance and Beyond '' in the Visitors ' Lobby . This travelling exhibit , produced by Yad Vashem , the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes ' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem , opened a window into the world of children during the Shoah . It focused on toys , games , artwork , diaries and poems highlighting some of the personal stories of the children and providing a glimpse into their lives during the Holocaust . The exhibition told the story of survival -- the struggle of these children to hold on to life . On 25 January the screening of the movie Fateless by Lajos Koltai took place in the Dag Hammarskjöld Auditorium . On 27 January , the United Nations Department of Public Information held the first universal observance of the International Holocaust Remembrance Day at United Nations Headquarters . In the General Assembly Hall a memorial ceremony and lecture was held under the theme `` Remembrance and Beyond . '' It featured welcoming remarks by former Under - Secretary General for Communications and Public Information Shashi Tharoor ; a videotaped message by former Secretary - General Kofi Annan ; statements by the permanent representatives of Israel and Brazil to the United Nations , and by Gerda Weissmann Klein , holocaust survivor , author and historian Gerda and Kurt Klein Foundation ; narration of photographs of Holocaust victims memorialized on `` Pages of Testimony '' in the Hall of Names at Yad Vashem , Jerusalem ; as well as a performance by The Zamir Chorale of Boston ; and a lecture by Professor Yehuda Bauer , academic advisor to Yad Vashem , and the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education , Remembrance and Research . In 2007 ( edit ) On 29 January , the second annual observance of the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust was held in the General Assembly Hall at United Nations Headquarters . Shasta Tharp , former Under - Secretary - General for Communications and Public Information , introduced a programme that began with a video message from Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon . Statements were then made by Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa , president of the sixty - first session of the General Assembly , and Ambassador Dan Gillerman , Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations . The keynote `` Remembrance and Beyond '' address was given by Madame Simone Veil , a Holocaust survivor , president of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah and a member of the Constitutional Council of France . The observance focused on the importance of infusing today 's youth with the lessons of the Holocaust so that future generations may work to prevent hatred , bigotry , racism and prejudice . Marie Noel , a student at the College of Saint Elizabeth , shared her experiences visiting former concentration camps in Poland . The memorial ceremony also focused on the disabled community as one of the many victim groups of the Nazi regime . Thomas Schindlmayr of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs highlighted the importance of education in promoting tolerance and ending discrimination against all minorities , particularly in light of the adoption by the General Assembly on 13 December 2006 of the landmark Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . Additionally , a musical performance was given by HaZamir : The International Jewish High School Chamber Choir , a project of the Zamir Choral Foundation , founded and directed by Matthew Lazar . Netanel Hershtik , cantor of the New York Synagogue , recited the Kaddish . During the observance the United Nations Department of Public Information also launched a new website and resource for United Nations member states , educators and non-governmental organizations entitled `` Electronic Notes for Speakers '' developed for the Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme by Yad Vashem -- the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes Remembrance Authority , Jerusalem , and the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris . The electronic notes provide survivor testimony and information materials that will equip speakers with the tools needed to conduct briefings on the Holocaust and lessons to be learned from it . The United Nations bookstore made available ten volumes of autobiographical accounts of Holocaust survivors published jointly by The Holocaust Survivors ' Memoirs Project and Yad Vashem -- the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes Remembrance Authority . An initiative of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel , the Holocaust Survivors ' Memoirs Project has collected over 900 manuscripts . Its mission is to provide both the victims and the survivors of the Holocaust with the dignity of a permanent historical presence , not as impersonal statistics but as individuals with names , voices and emotions . The United Nations bookstore also had a discussion by Daniel Mendelsohn about his book The Lost : A Search for Six of the Six Million . The Department of Public Information also marked the Holocaust Remembrance Week with two exhibits in the United Nations visitors ' lobby . The first , entitled `` The Holocaust against the Sinti and Roma and Present Day Racism in Europe , '' focused on the experience of the Roma and Sinti during the Holocaust . The second exhibit featured artwork , created by Holocaust survivors , exploring the meaning and experience of the Holocaust . On 31 January , a special screening of Volevo solo Vivere ( I Only Wanted to Live ) , directed by Mimmo Calopresti took place . The film tells the moving story of nine Italian survivors of Auschwitz . The following day Nazvy svoie im'ia ( Spell Your Name ) , directed by Serhiy Bukovsky , was also screened . The film , about the Holocaust in Ukraine , tells the story of local people who escaped brutal execution and those who rescued friends and neighbours during the Holocaust . Both films , produced by USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education , were shown in the Dag Hammarskjold Library Auditorium . On 2 February , the third discussion paper in the Holocaust and Genocide series was published , about Hitler , Pol Pot and Hutu Power . In 2008 ( edit ) Throughout the week of 28 January 2008 , the United Nations Department of Public Information organized a number of events around the world to remember the victims of the Holocaust and underscore the value of human life . The 2008 observance focused on the need to ensure the protection of human rights for all . It coincided with the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Holocaust Remembrance Day began with the joint launch of a new United Nations Holocaust Remembrance postage stamp issued simultaneously , for the first time , with a national stamp by the Israel Postal Company . The two stamps bear the same design . On 28 January 2008 , at United Nations Headquarters in New York , the daughter of United States Congressman Tom Lantos , himself a Holocaust survivor , delivered a keynote address `` Civic Responsibility and the Preservation of Democratic Values '' at the memorial ceremony and concert held in the General Assembly Hall . Other speakers included Srgjan Kerim ( Macedonia ) , president of the sixty - second session of the General Assembly , Ambassador Dan Gillerman , Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations , and Kiyo Akasaka , Under - Secretary - General for Communications and Public Information . The ceremony also featured a concert with the Tel Aviv University Buchmann - Mehta School of Music symphony orchestra in cooperation with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by maestro Zubin Mehta . On 30 January 2008 , the first permanent exhibit on the Holocaust and the United Nations was unveiled . Produced by the Holocaust and United Nations Outreach Programme , it presents an overview of the Holocaust in the context of World War II and the founding of the United Nations . It is seen by the 400,000 visitors who visit the United Nations Headquarters annually . In preparation for the exhibit opening , Elizabeth Edelstein , Director of Education for the Museum of Jewish Heritage , briefed the United Nations tour guides on the history of the Holocaust to further their understanding of this watershed event . Around the world United Nations offices organized events to mark the Day of Commemoration . In Brazil , an observance was held on 25 January with the president of the country , Jose Inacio Lula da Silva , and the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro , César Maia . In Madagascar , a permanent exhibit on the Holocaust was unveiled at the United Nations Information Centre . The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme also coordinated a video conference for students with the United Nations information centres in Antananarivo , Madagascar , and Lomé , Togo , and educators at the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris . At the United Nations office in Ukraine a round - table discussion was organized in partnership with the Ministry of Education and the Ukrainian Holocaust Study Centre . In Tokyo on 29 January , an educational workshop targeting young students focused on the links between the Holocaust and human rights issues . Also , the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum provided information material in English and Spanish to a number of United Nations information centers for use in their reference libraries . To help carry out its educational mission , the Department of Public Information participated in a panel discussion with the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) in the afternoon of 28 January to highlight the importance of Holocaust education , organized by B'nai B'rith International . The Department of Public Information also marked Holocaust Remembrance Day with two exhibits in the United Nations Visitors ' Lobby in New York on the attempts to save Jews from death by the Nazis during the Second World War . The first , entitled `` BESA A Code of Honor : Muslim Albanians who Rescued Jews during the Holocaust '' by photographer Norman Gershman , was authored and curated by Yad Vashem , The Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes ' Remembrance Authority and sponsored by the Permanent Mission of Albania to the United Nations . A second exhibit , `` Carl Lutz and the Legendary Glass House in Budapest , '' was co-sponsored by the Carl Lutz Foundation and the Permanent Missions of Switzerland and Hungary . Carl Lutz , the Swiss Vice-Consul in Budapest , had issued certificates of emigration to place tens of thousands of Jews under Swiss protection . Commemorations outside the United Nations ( edit ) Commemoration at Vienna 's Heldenplatz , 2015 Photograph : Christian Michelides Commemorations are held at the USHMM ( United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ) in Washington , DC and at Yad Vashem , in Jerusalem . In Austria , commemorations of the Remembrance Day are held at the Heldenplatz in Vienna since 2012 . The broad platform Jetzt Zeichen setzen ! calls for participation of the civil society . Speakers include survivors of the Holocaust , antifascist activists and politicians hailing from parties throughout the political spectrum . Commemoration by the State of Israel ( edit ) In Israel , there is a national memorial day in remembrance of the Holocaust , also known as Yom HaShoah , which is held on the 27th of Nisan . However , the International Holocaust Remembrance Day is also held in Israel . Government officials , diplomats and ambassadors visit Yad Vashem and there are ceremonies held throughout the country . Every year , the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs presents the annual report on anti-Semitism before the Israeli government , as part of International Holocaust Remembrance Day . The report reviews the main trends and incidents of the last year , in terms of anti-Semitism and combating anti-Semitism . See also ( edit ) Besa ( Albanian culture ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( United States ) European Day of the Righteous Holocaust Memorial Day Holocaust Memorial Day ( UK ) National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust ( Romania ) Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah Yom HaShoah Yad Vashem United States Holocaust Memorial Museum United Nations Holocaust Memorial Liberation ( Holocaust memorial ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme '' . United Nations . 1 November 2005 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Special Session of the General Assembly '' . United Nations . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Message by Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon for the second observance of the International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust , full text '' . United Nations . 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Professor Yehuda Bauer , Remembrance and Beyond keynote address at the United Nations on 27 January 2006 Jump up ^ Sources : Calendar of events for the 2006 Holocaust Remembrance Week at United Nations Headquarters Jump up ^ `` webcast '' . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statements and other documents related to the Holocaust Observance Day '' . United Nations . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Program - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem '' . www.yadvashem.org . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources : United Nations Press Releases for 2007 Holocaust Remembrance Week Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme : Hitler , Pol Pot and Hutu Power : Distinguishing Themes of Genocidal Ideology '' . www.un.org. 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Commemoration '' . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative Stamps '' . Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme . United Nations . 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Ceremony and Concert , audio and webcast '' . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International Holocaust Remembrance Day '' . Ushmm.org . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the Yad Vashem website Jump up ^ `` Annual report on anti-Semitism '' ( pdf ) . mda.gov.il ( in Hebrew ) . 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Holocaust Remembrance Day . International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the Yad Vashem website International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum website The United Nations ' International Holocaust Remembrance Day page Statement by UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan on IHRD 2015 Calendar of Events for the United Nations ' International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day&oldid=829273515 '' Categories : International observances Holocaust commemoration January observances United Nations days Observances honoring victims of war Hidden categories : CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 17 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | international day in memory of the victims of the holocaust | [
"International Holocaust Remembrance Day, is an international memorial day on 27 January commemorating the tragedy of the Holocaust that occurred during the Second World War. It commemorates the genocide that resulted in the death of an estimated 6 million Jewish people, 200,000 Romani people, 250,000 mentally and physically disabled people, and 9,000 homosexual men by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/7 on 1 November 2005 during the 42nd plenary session.[1] The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January 2005 during which the United Nations General Assembly marked the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust.[2]"
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"International Holocaust Remembrance Day"
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5430268846171658834 | Starbucks | Starbucks - Wikipedia Starbucks Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the coffeehouse chain . For other uses , see Starbuck . Starbucks Corporation Starbucks headquarters at Starbucks Center in Seattle , Washington Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : SBUX NASDAQ - 100 Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Coffee shop Founded March 31 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 03 - 31 ) Pike Place Market , Elliott Bay , Seattle , Washington , U.S. Founder Jerry Baldwin Zev Siegl Gordon Bowker Headquarters 2401 Utah Avenue South , Seattle , Washington , U.S. Number of locations 26,696 ( 2017 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Howard Schultz ( Executive Chairman ) Kevin Johnson ( President and CEO ) Products Coffee beverages smoothies tea baked goods sandwiches Revenue US $ 19.16 billion ( 2015 ) Operating income US $3.6 billion ( 2015 ) Net income US $2.76 billion ( 2015 ) Total assets US $12.45 billion ( 2015 ) Total equity US $5.82 billion ( 2015 ) Number of employees 238,000 ( 2016 ) Subsidiaries Starbucks Coffee Company Ethos Water Evolution Fresh Hear Music La Boulange Bakery Seattle 's Best Coffee Tazo Teavana Torrefazione Italia Website www.starbucks.com Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain . Starbucks was founded in Seattle , Washington in 1971 . As of November 2016 , it operates 23,768 locations worldwide . Starbucks is considered the main representative of `` second wave coffee '' , initially distinguishing itself from other coffee - serving venues in the US by taste , quality , and customer experience while popularizing darkly roasted coffee . Since the 2000s , third wave coffee makers have targeted quality - minded coffee drinkers with hand - made coffee based on lighter roasts , while Starbucks nowadays uses automated espresso machines for efficiency and safety reasons . Starbucks locations serve hot and cold drinks , whole - bean coffee , microground instant coffee known as VIA , espresso , caffe latte , full - and loose - leaf teas including Teavana tea products , Evolution Fresh juices , Frappuccino beverages , La Boulange pastries , and snacks including items such as chips and crackers ; some offerings ( including their annual fall launch of the Pumpkin Spice Latte ) are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store . Many stores sell pre-packaged food items , hot and cold sandwiches , and drinkware including mugs and tumblers ; select `` Starbucks Evenings '' locations offer beer , wine , and appetizers . Starbucks - brand coffee , ice cream , and bottled cold coffee drinks are also sold at grocery stores . Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s . Despite an initial economic downturn with its expansion into the Midwest and British Columbia in the late 1980s , the company experienced revitalized prosperity with its entry into California in the early 1990s . The first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996 ; overseas properties now constitute almost one - third of its stores . The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007 . On December 1 , 2016 , Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective in April 2017 and will be replaced by Kevin Johnson . Johnson assumed the role of CEO on April 3 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Sale and expansion 1.3 Expansion to new markets and products 2 Corporate governance 3 Products 3.1 Tea 3.2 Coffee quality 3.3 Other products 4 Locations 4.1 Current 4.2 Expansion 4.3 Former 4.4 Unbranded stores 4.5 Licensed and Franchise operations . 4.6 Automated locations 4.7 Facilities 5 Advertising 5.1 Logo 5.2 Partnerships 6 Parodies and infringements 7 Environmental and social policies 7.1 Environmental impact 7.1. 1 Recycling 7.2 Farmer equity practices 7.3 Fair trade 7.4 Ethos water 7.5 Food bank donations 8 Controversies 8.1 Market strategy 8.2 Labor disputes 8.3 `` War On Christmas '' 8.4 Opening without planning permission 8.5 Israel 8.6 `` The Way I See It '' 8.7 US military viral email 8.8 Gun controversy 8.9 Same - sex marriage 8.10 European tax avoidance 8.11 Chinese pricing 8.12 # Racetogether marketing campaign 8.13 Supporting refugees 8.14 Muslim boycott of Starbucks 9 Music , film , and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Interior of the Pike Place Market location in 1977 Founding The first Starbucks opened in Seattle , Washington , on March 31 , 1971 , by three partners who met while they were students at the University of San Francisco : English teacher Jerry Baldwin , history teacher Zev Siegl , and writer Gordon Bowker were inspired to sell high - quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet after he taught them his style of roasting beans . The company took the name of the chief mate in the book Moby - Dick : Starbuck , after considering `` Cargo House '' and `` Pequod '' . Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler , with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency , thought words beginning with `` st '' were powerful . The founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with `` st '' . Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named `` Starbo '' , which immediately put Bowker in mind of the character `` Starbuck '' . Bowker said , `` Moby - Dick did n't have anything to do with Starbucks directly ; it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense . '' The Starbucks store at 1912 Pike Place . This is the second location of the original Starbucks , which was at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971 to 1976 . The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971 -- 1976 . This cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place ; never to be relocated again . During this time , the company only sold roasted whole coffee beans and did not yet brew coffee to sell . The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples . During their first year of operation , they purchased green coffee beans from Peet 's , then began buying directly from growers . Sale and expansion In 1984 , the original owners of Starbucks , led by Jerry Baldwin , purchased Peet 's . During the 1980s , total sales of coffee in the US were falling , but sales of specialty coffee increased , forming 10 % of the market in 1989 , compared with 3 % in 1983 . By 1986 , the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee . In 1987 , the original owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz , who rebranded his Il Giornale coffee outlets as Starbucks and quickly began to expand . In the same year , Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver , British Columbia , and Chicago , Illinois . By 1989 , 46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest and annually , Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds ( 907,185 kg ) of coffee . At the time of its initial public offering ( IPO ) on the stock market in June 1992 , Starbucks had 140 outlets , with a revenue of US $ 73.5 million , up from US $1.3 million in 1987 . The company 's market value was US $271 million by this time . The 12 % portion of the company that was sold raised around US $25 million for the company , which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years . By September 1992 , Starbucks ' share price had risen by 70 % to over 100 times the earnings per share of the previous year . In July 2013 , over 10 % of in - store purchases were made on customer 's mobile devices using the Starbucks app . The company once again utilized the mobile platform when it launched the `` Tweet - a-Coffee '' promotion in October 2013 . On this occasion , the promotion also involved Twitter and customers were able to purchase a US $5 gift card for a friend by entering both `` @ tweetacoffee '' and the friend 's handle in a tweet . Research firm Keyhole monitored the progress of the campaign and a December 6 , 2013 , media article reported that the firm had found that 27,000 people had participated and US $180,000 of purchases were made to date . Expansion to New markets and products This section is missing information about order and pay feature in app . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( December 2016 ) The first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo , Japan , in 1996 . Starbucks entered the U.K. market in 1998 with the $83 million USD acquisition of the then 56 - outlet , UK - based Seattle Coffee Company , re-branding all the stores as Starbucks . In September 2002 , Starbucks opened its first store in Latin America , at Mexico City . Currently , there are over 500 locations in Mexico and there are plans for the opening of up to 850 by 2018 . In 1999 , Starbucks experimented with eateries in the San Francisco Bay area through a restaurant chain called Circadia . These restaurants were soon `` outed '' as Starbucks establishments and converted to Starbucks cafes . In October 2002 , Starbucks established a coffee trading company in Lausanne , Switzerland to handle purchases of green coffee . All other coffee - related business continued to be managed from Seattle . In April 2003 , Starbucks completed the purchase of Seattle 's Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia from AFC Enterprises for $72 m . The deal only gained 150 stores for Starbucks , but according to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , the wholesale business was more significant . In September 2006 , rival Diedrich Coffee announced that it would sell most of its company - owned retail stores to Starbucks . This sale included the company - owned locations of the Oregon - based Coffee People chain . Starbucks converted the Diedrich Coffee and Coffee People locations to Starbucks , although the Portland International Airport Coffee People locations were excluded from the sale . In August 2003 , Starbucks opened its first store in South America in Lima , Peru . In 2007 , the company opened its first store in Russia , ten years after first registering a trademark there . In March 2008 , they purchased the manufacturer of the Clover Brewing System . They began testing the `` fresh - pressed '' coffee system at several Starbucks locations in Seattle , California , New York , and Boston . Graph showing the growth in the number of Starbucks stores between 1971 and 2011 In early 2008 , Starbucks started a community website , My Starbucks Idea , designed to collect suggestions and feedback from customers . Other users comment and vote on suggestions . Journalist Jack Schofield noted that `` My Starbucks seems to be all sweetness and light at the moment , which I do n't think is possible without quite a lot of censorship '' . The website is powered by Salesforce.com software . In May 2008 , a loyalty program was introduced for registered users of the Starbucks Card ( previously simply a gift card ) offering perks such as free Wi - Fi Internet access , no charge for soy milk and flavored syrups , and free refills on brewed drip coffee , iced coffee , or tea . In 2009 , Starbucks began beta testing its mobile app for the Starbucks card , a stored value system in which consumers access pre-paid funds to purchase products at Starbucks . Starbucks released its complete mobile platform on January 11 , 2011 . On November 14 , 2012 , Starbucks announced the purchase of Teavana for US $620 million in cash and the deal was formally closed on December 31 , 2012 . On February 1 , 2013 , Starbucks opened its first store in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam , and this was followed by an announcement in late August 2013 that the retailer will be opening its inaugural store in Colombia . The Colombian announcement was delivered at a press conference in Bogota , where the company 's CEO explained , `` Starbucks has always admired and respected Colombia 's distinguished coffee tradition . '' In August 2014 , Starbucks opened their first store in Williamsburg , Brooklyn . This location will be one of 30 Starbucks stores that will serve beer and wine . In September 2014 , it was revealed that Starbucks would acquire the remaining 60.5 percent stake in Starbuck Coffee Japan that it does not already own , at a price of $913.5 million . In August 2015 , Starbucks announced that it will enter Cambodia , its 16th market in the China / Asia Pacific region . The first location will open in the capital city of Phnom Penh by the end of 2015 . In February 2016 , Starbucks announced that it will enter Italy , its 24th market in Europe . The first location will open in Milan by 2017 . In August , startup company FluxPort introduced Qi inductive charging pads at select locations in Germany . In September 2016 , Starbucks announced a debut of its first - ever original content series called `` Upstanders '' which aims to inspire Americans with stories of compassion , citizenship , and civility . The series features podcasts , written word , and video , and will be distributed via the Starbucks mobile app , online , and through the company 's in - store digital network . On July 27 , 2017 , Starbucks acquired the remaining 50 % stake in their Chinese venture from long - term joint venture partners Uni-President Enterprises Corporation ( UPEC ) and President Chain Store Corporation ( PCSC ) . Corporate governance Howard Schultz , Executive Chairman of Starbucks Starbucks ' chairman , Howard Schultz , has talked about making sure growth does not dilute the company 's culture Howard Schultz served as the company 's CEO until 2000 . Orin C. Smith was President and CEO of Starbucks from 2001 to 2005 . In January 2008 , Schultz resumed his roles as President and CEO after an eight - year hiatus , replacing Jim Donald , who took the posts in 2005 but was asked to step down after sales slowed in 2007 . Schultz aims to restore what he calls the `` distinctive Starbucks experience '' in the face of rapid expansion . Analysts believe that Schultz must determine how to contend with higher materials prices and enhanced competition from lower - price fast food chains , including McDonald 's and Dunkin ' Donuts . Starbucks announced it would discontinue the warm breakfast sandwich products they originally intended to launch nationwide in 2008 and refocus on coffee , but they reformulated the sandwiches to deal with complaints and kept the product line . As of January 2015 , the chief operating officer of Starbucks was Troy Alstead , though at that time he announced he was taking an extended leave of absence of undetermined length . Subsequently , Kevin Johnson was appointed to succeed Alstead as president and COO . In October 2015 , Starbucks hired its first Chief Technology Officer , Gerri Martin - Flickinger , to lead their technology team . In April 2017 , Schultz became executive chairman of Starbucks with Johnson becoming President and CEO . Starbucks maintains control of production processes by communicating with farmers to secure beans , roasting its own beans , and managing distribution to all retail locations . Additionally , Starbucks ' Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices require suppliers to inform Starbucks what portion of wholesale prices paid reaches farmers . Products A typical sales area , this one in Peterborough , UK , showing a display of food and the beverage preparation area In 1994 , Starbucks bought The Coffee Connection , gaining the rights to use , make , market , and sell the `` Frappuccino '' beverage . The beverage was introduced under the Starbucks name in 1995 and as of 2012 , Starbucks had annual Frappuccinos sales of over $2 billion . The company began a `` skinny '' line of drinks in 2008 , offering lower - calorie and sugar - free versions of the company 's offered drinks that use skim milk , and can be sweetened by a choice of `` natural '' sweeteners ( such as raw sugar , agave syrup , or honey ) , artificial sweeteners ( such as Sweet'N Low , Splenda , Equal ) , or one of the company 's sugar - free syrup flavors . Starbucks stopped using milk originating from rBGH - treated cows in 2007 . In June 2009 , the company announced that it would be overhauling its menu and selling salads and baked goods without high fructose corn syrup or artificial ingredients . This move was expected to attract health - and cost - conscious consumers and will not affect prices . Starbucks introduced a new line of instant coffee packets , called VIA `` Ready Brew '' , in March 2009 . It was first unveiled in New York City with subsequent testing of the product also in Seattle , Chicago , and London . The first two VIA flavors include Italian Roast and Colombia , which were then rolled out in October 2009 , across the U.S. and Canada with Starbucks stores promoting the product with a blind `` taste challenge '' of the instant versus fresh roast , in which many people could not tell the difference between the instant and fresh brewed coffee . Analysts speculated that by introducing instant coffee , Starbucks would devalue its own brand . Starbucks began selling beer and wine at some US stores in 2010 . As of April 2012 , it is available at seven locations and others have applied for licenses . In 2011 , Starbucks introduced its largest cup size , the Trenta , which can hold 31 ounces . In September 2012 , Starbucks announced the Verismo , a consumer - grade single - serve coffee machine that uses sealed plastic cups of coffee grounds , and a `` milk pod '' for lattes . On November 10 , 2011 , Starbucks Corporation announced that it had bought juice company Evolution Fresh for $30 million in cash and planned to start a chain of juice bars starting in around middle of 2012 , venturing into territory staked out by Jamba Inc . Its first store released in San Bernardino , California and plans for a store in San Francisco were to be launched in early 2013 . In 2012 , Starbucks began selling a line of iced Starbucks Refresher beverages that contain an extract from green arabica coffee beans . The beverages are fruit flavored and contain caffeine but advertised as having no coffee flavor . Starbucks ' green coffee extraction process involves soaking the beans in water . On June 25 , 2013 , Starbucks began to post calorie counts on menus for drinks and pastries in all of their U.S. stores . In 2014 , Starbucks began producing their own line of `` handcrafted '' sodas , dubbed `` Fizzio '' . In 2015 , Starbucks began serving coconut milk as an alternative to dairy and soy . In March 2017 , Starbucks announced to launch limited - edition of two new specialty drinks made from beans aged in whiskey barrels at its Seattle roastery . Starbucks ' barrel - aged coffee will be sold with a small batch of unroasted Starbucks Reserve Sulawesi beans , which are then hand - scooped into whiskey barrels from Washington D.C . Name Measurement Notes Demi 3 US fl oz ( 89 ml ) Smallest size . Espresso shots . Short 8 US fl oz ( 240 ml ) Smaller of the two original sizes Mini 10 US fl oz ( 300 ml ) Smaller than the three original Frappuccino sizes , offered as lower - calorie option Tall 12 US fl oz ( 350 ml ) Larger of the two original sizes Grande 16 US fl oz ( 470 ml ) Italian for `` large '' Venti 20 US fl oz ( 590 ml ) 24 US fl oz ( 710 mL ) Italian for `` twenty '' Trenta 31 US fl oz ( 920 ml ) Italian for `` thirty '' Tea Starbucks entered the tea business in 1999 when it acquired the Tazo brand for US $ 8,100,000 . In late 2012 , Starbucks paid US $620 million to buy Teavana . As of November 2012 , there is no intention of marketing Starbucks ' products in Teavana stores , though the acquisition will allow the expansion of Teavana beyond its current main footprint in shopping malls . In January 2015 , Starbucks began to roll out Teavana teas into Starbucks stores , both in to - go beverage and retail formats . Coffee quality Kevin Knox , who was in charge of doughnuts quality at Starbucks from 1987 to 1993 , recalled on his blog in 2010 how George Howell , coffee veteran and founder of the Cup of Excellence , had been appalled at the dark roasted beans that Starbucks was selling in 1990 . Talking to the New York Times in 2008 , Howell stated his opinion that the dark roast used by Starbucks does not deepen the flavor of coffee , but instead can destroy purported nuances of flavor . The March 2007 issue of Consumer Reports compared American fast - food chain coffees and ranked Starbucks behind McDonald 's Premium Roast . The magazine called Starbucks coffee `` strong , but burnt and bitter enough to make your eyes water instead of open '' . As reported by TIME in 2010 , third wave coffee proponents generally criticize Starbucks for over-roasting beans . Pour over coffee options are available at most Starbucks location in the United States . Other products In 2012 , Starbucks introduced Starbucks Verismo , a line of coffee makers that brew espresso and regular chocolate from coffee capsules , a type of pre-apportioned single - use container of ground coffee and flavorings utilizing the K - Fee pod system . In a brief review of the 580 model , Consumer Reports described the results of a comparative test of the Verismo 580 against two competitive brands : `` Because you have to conduct a rinse cycle between each cup , the Verismo was n't among the most convenient of single - serve machines in our coffeemaker tests . Other machines we 've tested have more flexibility in adjusting brew strength -- the Verismo has buttons for coffee , espresso , and latte with no strength variation for any type . And since Starbucks has limited its coffee selection to its own brand , there are only eight varieties so far plus a milk pod for the latte . '' Locations The company 's headquarters is located in Seattle , Washington , United States , where 3,501 people worked as of January 2015 . Current As of July 7 , 2016 , Starbucks is present on 6 continents and in 74 countries and territories . With a total of 23,768 locations Africa Egypt : 32 Morocco : 8 South Africa : 3 North America United States : 13,327 Canada : 2,359 Mexico : 531 Puerto Rico : 22 Bahamas : 19 Costa Rica : 12 El Salvador : 11 Guatemala : 7 Panama : 5 Aruba : 3 Trinidad and Tobago : 3 Curaçao : 2 Oceania New Zealand : 26 Australia : 25 South America Brazil : 104 Argentina : 100 Chile : 91 Peru : 81 Colombia : 18 Bolivia : 4 Asia China : 2,500 Japan : 1,191 South Korea : 985 Turkey : 408 Taiwan : 398 Philippines : 300 Thailand : 264 Indonesia : 249 Malaysia : 220 Hong Kong : 147 United Arab Emirates : 138 Singapore : 125 Saudi Arabia : 92 India : 89 Kuwait : 89 Lebanon : 30 Vietnam : 28 Bahrain : 19 Qatar : 18 Jordan : 14 Oman : 11 Kazakhstan : 11 Cyprus : 10 Azerbaijan : 4 Brunei : 4 Cambodia : 4 Europe United Kingdom : 884 Germany : 161 France : 121 Russia : 107 Spain : 107 Ireland : 67 Switzerland : 63 Netherlands : 59 Poland : 45 Greece : 28 Czech Republic : 26 Romania : 21 Austria : 20 Denmark : 20 Belgium : 19 Norway : 17 Sweden : 17 Hungary : 16 Portugal : 11 Finland : 8 Bulgaria : 5 Slovakia : 3 Luxembourg : 2 Monaco : 2 Andorra : 1 Expansion In 2008 , Starbucks continued its expansion , settling in Argentina , Belgium , Brazil , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , and Portugal . European and Scandinavian expansion continued in 2009 with Poland ( April ) , Utrecht , Netherlands ( August ) , and Sweden at Arlanda Airport outside Stockholm ( October ) . In 2010 , growth in new markets continued . In May 2010 , Southern Sun Hotels South Africa announced that they had signed an agreement with Starbucks to brew Starbucks coffees in select Southern Sun and Tsonga Sun hotels in South Africa . The agreement was partially reached so Starbucks coffees could be served in the country in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted by South Africa . In June 2010 , Starbucks opened its first store in Budapest , Hungary and in November , the company opened the first Central American store in El Salvador 's capital , San Salvador . In December 2010 , Starbucks debuted their first ever Starbucks at sea , where with a partnership with Royal Caribbean International ; Starbucks opened a shop aboard their Allure of the Seas Royal Caribbean 's second largest ship , and also the second largest ship in the world . Starbucks is planning to open its fourth African location , after South Africa , Egypt , and Morocco , in Algeria . A partnership with Algerian food company Cevital will see Starbucks open its first Algerian store in Algiers . Starbucks at Delhi Airport . In January 2011 , Starbucks and Tata Coffee , Asia 's largest coffee plantation company , announced plans for a strategic alliance to bring Starbucks to India and also to source and roast coffee beans at Tata Coffee 's Kodagu facility . Despite a false start in 2007 , in January 2012 , Starbucks announced a 50 : 50 joint venture with Tata Global Beverages called Tata Starbucks . Tata Starbucks will own and operate Starbucks outlets in India as Starbucks Coffee `` A Tata Alliance '' . Starbucks opened its first store in India in Mumbai on October 19 , 2012 . Starbucks at the Forbidden City , Beijing , China In February 2011 , Starbucks started selling their coffee in Norway by supplying Norwegian food shops with their roasts . The first Starbucks - branded Norwegian shop opened on February 8 , 2012 , at Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . In October 2011 , Starbucks opened another location in Beijing , China , at the Beijing Capital International Airport 's Terminal 3 , international departures hall ; making the company 's 500th store in China . The store is the 7th location at the airport . The company planned to expand to 1,500 stores in China by 2015 . In May 2012 , Starbucks opened its first coffeehouse in Finland , with the location being Helsinki - Vantaa Airport in Vantaa . Starbucks recently opened a store in San Jose Costa Rica , in 2 popular locations . 1 opened in a mall and the other in Avenida Escazu . In October 2012 , Starbucks announced plans to open 1,000 stores in the United States in the next five years . The same month , the largest Starbucks in the US opened at the University of Alabama 's Ferguson Center . In 2013 , Starbucks met with Dansk Supermarked , which is the biggest retail company in Denmark . The first Starbucks inside Dansk Supermarked opened in August 2013 in the department stores Salling in Aalborg and Aarhus . Starbucks has announced its first café in Bolivia would open in 2014 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra and the first in Panama in 2015 . On June 19 , 2015 , a Starbucks opened at Disney 's Animal Kingdom on Discovery Island . Since the park does not allow plastic straws due to the animals , this location features special green eco-friendly straws with their cold drinks . This was the sixth Starbucks to open in Walt Disney World , following locations in the Magic Kingdom ( Main Street , U.S.A. ) , Epcot ( Future World ) , Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( Hollywood Boulevard ) , and two in Disney Springs ( Marketplace and West Side ) . In addition to these six , there are locations in Disneyland ( Main Street , U.S.A. ) , Disney California Adventure ( Buena Vista Street ) , Anaheim 's Downtown Disney , and Disney Village at Disneyland Paris . The Downtown Disney and Disney Springs locations are Starbucks - operated , while the locations inside of the theme parks are Disney - operated . Bill Sleeth , Starbucks ' vice president of global design , has overseen efforts to make a neighborhood feel for new stores , saying `` What you do n't want is a customer walking into a store in downtown Seattle , walking into a store in the suburbs of Seattle and then going into a store in San Jose , and seeing the same store . '' Sleeth said `` The customers were saying , ' Everywhere I go , there you are , ' and not in a good way . We were pretty ubiquitous . '' As part of a change in compact direction , Starbucks management wanted to transition from the singular brand worldwide to focusing on locally relevant design for each store . Starbucks ' first Channel Island store was opened in early 2015 , in the primary business area of St Peter Port in Guernsey . In 2014 Starbucks was scheduled to open a store in Azerbaijan , in the Port Baku Mall . In August 2013 , Starbucks ' CEO , Howard Schultz , personally announced the opening of Starbucks stores in Colombia . The first café was set to open in 2014 in Bogotá and add 50 more stores throughout Colombia 's main cities in a 5 - year limit . Schultz also stated that Starbucks will work with both the Colombian Government and USAID to continue `` empowering local coffee growers and sharing the value , heritage and tradition of its coffee with the world . '' Starbucks noted that the aggressive expansion into Colombia was a joint venture with Starbucks ' Latin partners , Alsea and Colombia 's Grupo Nutresa that has previously worked with Starbucks by providing coffee through Colcafe . This announcement comes after Starbucks ' Farmer Support Center was established in Manizales , Colombia the previous year making Colombia an already established country by the corporation . On April 21 , 2015 , Kesko , the second largest retailer in Finland , announced its partnership with Starbucks , with stores opened next to K - Citymarket hypermarkets . As of June 2017 , 3 stores had been opened next to K - Citymarkets : In Sello in Espoo and in Myyrmanni and Jumbo in Vantaa . Starbucks in Lomas de Zamora , Argentina On December 18 , 2015 , Starbucks opened in Almaty , Kazakhstan . On the next day , 1 more coffee shop was opened . The first Starbucks store in Slovakia opened in Aupark Shopping Center in Bratislava on May 31 , 2016 , with two more stores confirmed to open in Bratislava by the end of 2016 . In February 2016 , Howard Schultz announced the opening of stores in Italy . The first Italian Starbucks store will open in Milan in 2017 . After Taste Holdings acquired outlet licensing for South African stores , Starbucks opened its first store in South Africa in Rosebank , Johannesburg on Thursday , April 21 , 2016 , and its second in the country at the end of April in Mall of Africa . In May 2017 , Starbucks announced it is commencing operations in Jamaica , where the first store is to open in the resort city of Montego Bay . The company announced that its first store will be on located on shores of the world - famous Doctor 's Cave Beach , offering views of the Caribbean Sea with an all - glass façade , scheduled to open in October 2017 . Three other Starbucks locations are scheduled to be opened at the Sangster International Airport , the busiest international airport in the Anglophone Caribbean , also in the city of Montego Bay , in late 2017 . Starbucks Jamaica expects thereafter to roll out a further 14 locations across the island by the year 2020 . The company also reaffirmed its commitment to working with local coffee farmers to `` implement systems to increase productivity and yields , while also increasing compliance to international standards . '' Former In 2003 , after struggling with fierce local competition , Starbucks closed all six of its locations in Israel , citing `` on - going operational challenges '' and a `` difficult business environment . '' The Starbucks location in the former imperial palace in Beijing closed in July 2007 . The coffee shop had been a source of ongoing controversy since its opening in 2000 with protesters objecting that the presence of the American chain in this location `` was trampling on Chinese culture . '' In July 2008 , the company announced it was closing 600 underperforming company - owned stores and cutting U.S. expansion plans amid growing economic uncertainty . On July 29 , 2008 , Starbucks also cut almost 1,000 non-retail jobs as part of its bid to re-energize the brand and boost its profit . Of the new cuts , 550 of the positions were layoffs and the rest were unfilled jobs . These closings and layoffs effectively ended the company 's period of growth and expansion that began in the mid-1990s . Starbucks also announced in July 2008 that it would close 61 of its 84 stores in Australia in the following month . Nick Wailes , an expert in strategic management of the University of Sydney , commented that `` Starbucks failed to truly understand Australia 's cafe culture . '' In May 2014 , Starbucks announced ongoing losses in the Australian market , which resulted in the remaining stores being sold to the Withers Group . In January 2009 , Starbucks announced the closure of an additional 300 underperforming stores and the elimination of 7,000 positions . CEO Howard Schultz also announced that he had received board approval to reduce his salary . Altogether , from February 2008 to January 2009 , Starbucks terminated an estimated 18,400 U.S. jobs and began closing 977 stores worldwide . In August 2009 , Ahold announced closures and rebranding for 43 of their licensed store Starbucks kiosks for their US based Stop & Shop and Giant supermarkets . However , Ahold has not yet abandoned the licensed Starbucks concept ; they planned to open 5 new licensed stores by the end of 2009 . In July 2012 , the company announced that they may begin closing unprofitable European stores immediately . Unbranded stores Main article : Stealth Starbucks In 2009 , at least three stores in Seattle were de-branded to remove the logo and brand name , and remodel the stores as local coffee houses `` inspired by Starbucks . '' CEO Howard Schultz says the unbranded stores are a `` laboratory for Starbucks '' . The first , 15th Avenue Coffee and Tea , opened in July 2009 on Capitol Hill . It served wine and beer and hosted live music and poetry readings . It has since been remodeled and reopened as a Starbucks - branded store . Another is Roy Street Coffee and Tea at 700 Broadway E. , also on Capitol Hill . Although the stores have been called `` stealth Starbucks '' and criticized as `` local - washing '' , Schultz says that `` It was n't so much that we were trying to hide the brand , but trying to do things in those stores that we did not feel were appropriate for Starbucks . '' Licensed and franchise operations . Independently operated Starbucks locations exist . Stores that independently operate locations include Ahold Delhaize , Barnes & Noble , Target , Tom Thumb stores . As of 2015 , 4,962 licensed locations exist . In the EMEA and MENA markets , Starbucks holds a franchising program . Different to the License program in which existing corporations may apply to operate a Starbucks kiosk within an existing store , Franchises have the ability to create new freestanding stores . Automated locations Starbucks has automated systems in some areas . These machines have 280 possible drink combinations to choose from . They have touchscreens and customers can play games while they wait for their order . Facilities Starbucks in Dortmund , Germany Starbucks in İzmir , Turkey Free Wi - Fi Internet access varies in different regions . In Germany , customers get unlimited free Wi - Fi through BT Openzone , and in Switzerland and Austria , customers can get 30 minutes with a voucher card ( through T - Mobile ) . Since 2003 , Starbucks in the UK rolled out a paid Wi - Fi based on one - time , hourly or daily payment . Then , in September 2009 , it was changed to a 100 % free Wi - Fi at most of its outlets . Customers with a Starbucks Card are able to log - on to the Wi - Fi in - store for free with their card details , thereby bringing the benefits of the loyalty program in - line with the United States . Beginning in July 2010 , Starbucks offers free Wi - Fi in all of its US stores via AT&T and information through a partnership with Yahoo ! . This is an effort to be more competitive against local chains , which have long offered free Wi - Fi , and against McDonald 's , which began offering free wireless internet access in 2010 . On June 30 , 2010 , Starbucks announced it would begin to offer unlimited and free Internet access via Wi - Fi to customers in all company - owned locations across Canada starting on July 1 , 2010 . In October 2012 , Starbucks and Duracell Powermat announced a pilot program to install Powermat charging surfaces in the tabletops in selected Starbucks stores in the Boston area . Furthermore , Starbucks announced its support in the Power Matters Alliance ( PMA ) and its membership in the PMA board , along with Google and AT&T , in an effort to create `` a real - world ecosystem of wireless power '' through a universal wireless charging standard that customers could use to recharge smartphones . Starbucks launched a new Mobile Order & Pay app in Portland , Oregon on December 2015 . This includes a bar code in mobile . This bar code needs to be scanned by a small scanner at the counter . Customers can pay from their smartphone by just waving their phone off the scanner . In one - quarter , 16 % of transactions were made through this mobile app . Advertising Logo 1971 -- 87 1992 -- 2011 2011 -- present In 2006 , Valerie O'Neil , a Starbucks spokeswoman , said that the logo is an image of a `` twin - tailed mermaid , or siren as she 's known in Greek mythology '' . The logo has been significantly streamlined over the years . In the first version , the Starbucks siren was topless and had a fully visible double fish tail . The image also had a rough visual texture and has been likened to a melusine . The image is said by Starbucks to be based on a 16th - century `` Norse '' woodcut , although other scholars note that it is apparently based on a 15th - century woodcut in J.E. Cirlot 's Dictionary of Symbols . In the second version , which was used from 1987 -- 92 , her breasts were covered by her flowing hair , but her navel was still visible . The fish tail was cropped slightly , and the primary color was changed from brown to green , a nod to the Alma Mater of the three founders , the University of San Francisco . In the third version , used between 1992 and 2011 , her navel and breasts are not visible at all , and only vestiges remain of the fish tails . The original `` woodcut '' logo has been moved to the Starbucks ' Headquarters in Seattle . At the beginning of September 2006 and then again in early 2008 , Starbucks temporarily reintroduced its original brown logo on paper hot - drink cups . Starbucks has stated that this was done to show the company 's heritage from the Pacific Northwest and to celebrate 35 years of business . The vintage logo sparked some controversy due in part to the siren 's bare breasts , but the temporary switch garnered little attention from the media . Starbucks had drawn similar criticism when they reintroduced the vintage logo in 2006 . The logo was altered when Starbucks entered the Saudi Arabian market in 2000 to remove the siren , leaving only her crown , as reported in a Pulitzer Prize - winning column by Colbert I. King in The Washington Post in 2002 . The company announced three months later that it would be using the international logo in Saudi Arabia . In January 2011 , Starbucks announced that they would make small changes to the company 's logo , removing the Starbucks wordmark around the siren , enlarging the siren image , and making it green . Partnerships Starbucks has agreed to a partnership with Apple to collaborate on selling music as part of the `` coffeehouse experience '' . In October 2006 , Apple added a Starbucks Entertainment area to the iTunes Store , selling music similar to that played in Starbucks stores . In September 2007 , Apple announced that customers would be able to browse the iTunes Store at Starbucks via Wi - Fi in the US -- with no requirement to log into the Wi - Fi network -- targeted at iPhone , iPod touch , iPad , and MacBook users . The iTunes Store will automatically detect recent songs playing in a Starbucks and offer users the opportunity to download the tracks . Some stores feature LCD screens with the artist name , song , and album information of the current song playing . This feature has been rolled out in Seattle , New York City , and the San Francisco Bay Area , and was offered in limited markets during 2007 -- 2008 . During the fall of 2007 , Starbucks also began to sell digital downloads of certain albums through iTunes . Starbucks gave away 37 different songs for free download through iTunes as part of the `` Song of the Day '' promotion in 2007 , and a `` Pick of the Week '' card is now available at Starbucks for a free song download . Since 2011 , Starbucks also gives away a `` Pick of the Week '' card for app downloads from the App Store . A Starbucks app is available in the iPhone App Store . Starting on June 1 , 2009 , the MSNBC morning news program Morning Joe has been presented as `` brewed by Starbucks '' and the show 's logo changed to include the company logo . Although the hosts have previously consumed Starbucks coffee on air `` for free '' in the words of MSNBC president Phil Griffin , it was not paid placement at that time . The move was met with mixed reactions from rival news organizations , viewed as both a clever partnership in an economic downturn and a compromise of journalistic standards . Starbucks and Kraft Foods entered into a partnership in 1998 to sell Starbucks products in the Mondelez grocery stores owned by the latter . Starbucks claimed that Kraft did not sufficiently promote its products and offered Kraft US $750 million to terminate the agreement ; however , Kraft declined the offer , but Starbucks proceeded with the termination anyway . Starbucks wanted to terminate the agreement because at the time , single coffee packs were beginning to become popular . In their agreement , Starbucks was confined to selling packs that only worked in Kraft 's Tassimo machines . Starbucks did n't want to fall behind in the market opportunities for k cups . In mid-November 2013 , an arbitrator ordered Starbucks to pay a fine of US $2.8 billion to Kraft spin - off Mondelez International for its premature unilateral termination of the agreement . In June 2014 , Starbucks announced a new partnership with Arizona State University ( ASU ) that would allow Starbucks employees in their Junior and Senior years of college to complete four years of college at Arizona State University 's online program for only around 23K . Starbucks employees admitted into the program will receive a scholarship from the college , College Achievement Plan ( CAP ) , that will cover 44 % of their tuition . The remaining balance and all other expenses would be paid by the student or through traditional financial aid . In April 2015 , Starbucks and ASU announced an expansion of the College Achievement Program . The program would now allow all eligible part - time and full - time employees working in a U.S. Starbucks to enroll in the program for full - tuition reimbursement . After the completion of each semester , Starbucks reimburses the student their portion of the tuition . The student can then use the reimbursement to pay any loans or debt incurred during the semester . In 2015 , Starbucks signed a deal with PepsiCo to market and distribute Starbucks products in several Latin American countries for 2016 . Starbucks and music streaming service Spotify entered a partnership in May 2015 . U.S. - based employees were given a Spotify premium subscription and encouraged to help influence the music played in store via playlists made using Spotify . Parodies and infringements Starbucks has been a target of parodies and imitations of its logo , particularly the 1992 version , and has used legal action against those it perceives to be infringing on its intellectual property . In 2000 , San Francisco cartoonist Kieron Dwyer was sued by Starbucks for copyright and trademark infringement after creating a parody of its siren logo and putting it on the cover of one of his comics ; later placing it on coffee mugs , T - shirts , and stickers that he sold on his website and at comic book conventions . Dwyer felt that since his work was a parody it was protected by his right to free speech under U.S. law . The case was eventually settled out of court , as Dwyer claimed he did not have the financial ability to endure a trial case with Starbucks . The judge agreed that Dwyer 's work was a parody and thus enjoyed constitutional protection ; however , he was forbidden from financially `` profiting '' from using a `` confusingly similar '' image of the Starbucks siren logo . Dwyer was allowed to display the image as an expression of free speech , but he can no longer sell it . In a similar case , a New York store selling stickers and T - shirts using the Starbucks logo with the phrase `` Fuck Off '' was sued by the company in 1999 . An anti-Starbucks website , starbuckscoffee.co.uk , which encouraged people to deface the Starbucks logo was transferred to Starbucks in 2005 , but has since resurfaced at www.starbuckscoffee.org.uk . Christian bookstores and websites in the US are selling a T - shirt featuring a logo with the siren replaced by Jesus and the words `` Sacrificed for me '' around the edge . Other successful cases filed by Starbucks include the case won in 2006 against the chain Xingbake in Shanghai , China for trademark infringement , because the chain used a green - and - white circular logo with a name that sounded phonetically similar to the Chinese for Starbucks . Starbucks did not open any stores after first registering its trademark in Russia in 1997 and in 2002 a Russian lawyer successfully filed a request to cancel the trademark . He then registered the name with a Moscow company and asked for $600,000 to sell the trademark to Starbucks , but was ruled against in November 2005 . In 2003 , Starbucks sent a cease - and - desist letter to `` HaidaBucks Coffee House '' in Masset , British Columbia , Canada . The store was owned by a group of young Haida men , who claimed that the name was a coincidence , due to `` buck '' being a Haida word for `` young man '' ( a claim that can not be substantiated ) . After facing criticism , Starbucks dropped its demand after HaidaBucks dropped `` coffee house '' from its name . Sam Buck Lundberg , who owns a coffee store in Oregon , was prohibited from using `` Sambuck 's Coffee '' on the shop front in 2006 . Starbucks lost a trademark infringement case against a smaller coffee vendor in South Korea that operates coffee stations under the name Starpreya . The company , Elpreya , says Starpreya is named after the Norse goddess , Freja , with the letters of that name changed to ease pronunciation by Koreans . The court rejected Starbucks ' claim that the logo of Starpreya is too similar to their own logo . A bar owner in Galveston , Texas , USA won the right to sell `` Star Bock Beer '' after a lawsuit by Starbucks in 2003 after he registered the name , but the 2005 federal court ruling also stated that the sale of the beer must be restricted to Galveston , a ruling upheld by the Supreme Court in 2007 . `` Rat City Rollergirls '' logo Ongoing cases include a dispute over the copyright application for Seattle 's Rat City Rollergirls logo in 2008 . The company claimed the roller derby league 's logo by a Washington artist was too similar to its own . Starbucks requested an extension to further examine the issue and possibly issue a complaint , which was granted by the Trademark Office . The July 16 , 2008 , deadline passed without action by the corporation . Starbucks launched action against an Indian cosmetics business run by Shahnaz Husain , after she applied to register the name Starstruck for coffee and related products . She said she aimed to open a chain of stores that would sell coffee and chocolate - based cosmetics . A cafe in Al - Manara Square , Ramallah , Palestinian Territories , opened in 2009 with the name `` Stars and Bucks '' and a logo using a similar green circle and block lettering . Like Starbucks , the Stars and Bucks serves cappuccinos in ceramic cups , and offers free Wifi . According to speculation cited in the Seattle Post Intelligencer , the cafe 's name and imitation Starbucks style may be a political satire of American consumerism . Starbucks is not known to have taken action against this business . In 2014 , Nathan Fielder , a Canadian comedian behind the hit show Nathan for You , opened a store called `` Dumb Starbucks Coffee '' in Los Feliz , Los Angeles CA . The store resembled a typical Starbucks with one exception : everything was preceded by the word `` dumb . '' For example , the drinks he carried included Dumb Skinny Vanilla Lattes and Dumb Frapuccinos . The store carried music titled `` Dumb Jazz Standards '' and `` Dumb Norah Jones Duets . '' He thought he could bypass infringement and copyright claims through the `` Parody Law '' , referring to the parody aspect of Fair Use laws ( think Weird Al Yankovich and SNL ) . No lawsuits were filed though because the store was short - lived . The Los Angeles Health Department shut it down after 4 days because Fielder lacked the proper permits . Others have used the Starbucks logo unaltered and without permission , such as a café in Pakistan that used the logo in 2003 in its advertisements and a cafe in Cambodia in 2009 , the owner saying that `` whatever we have done we have done within the law '' . Environmental and social policies Environmental impact Grounds for your Garden In 1999 , Starbucks started `` Grounds for your Garden '' to make their business environmentally friendlier . This gives leftover coffee grounds to anyone requesting it for composting . Although not all stores and regions participate , customers can request and lobby their local store to begin the practice . In 2004 , Starbucks began reducing the size of their paper napkins and store garbage bags , and lightening their solid waste production by 816.5 t ( 1,800,000 lb ) . In 2008 , Starbucks was ranked No. 15 on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's list of Top 25 Green Power Partners for purchases of renewable energy . In October 2008 , The Sun newspaper reported that Starbucks was wasting 23.4 million liters ( 6.2 million US gal ) of water a day by leaving a tap constantly running for rinsing utensils in a ' dipper well ' in each of its stores , but this is often required by governmental public health code . In June 2009 , in response to concerns over its excessive water consumption , Starbucks re-evaluated its use of the dipper well system . In September 2009 , company - operated Starbucks stores in Canada and the United States successfully implemented a new water saving solution that meets government health standards . Different types of milk are given a dedicated spoon that remains in the pitcher and the dipper wells were replaced with push button metered faucets for rinsing . This will reportedly save up to 150 US gal ( 570 l ) of water per day in every store . Recycling A bin overflowing with Starbucks cups Starbucks began using 10 % recycled paper in its beverage cups in 2006 -- the company claimed that the initiative was the first time that recycled material had been used in a product that came into direct contact with a food or beverage . Allen Hershkowitz of the Natural Resources Defense Council called the 10 % content `` minuscule '' , but Starbucks received the National Recycling Coalition Recycling Works Award in 2005 for the initiative . In a 2008 media article , Starbucks ' vice president of corporate social responsibility acknowledged that the company continued to struggle with environmental responsibility , as none of its cups were recyclable and stores did not have recycling bins . At the time that the article was published , Starbucks gave customers who brought in their own reusable cup a 10 - cent discount , in addition to using corrugated cup sleeves made from 85 percent post-consumer recycled fiber , which is 34 percent less paper than the original . During the same period , Starbucks entered into a partnership with Conservation International -- pledging US $7.5 million over three years -- to help protect the natural environment of coffee - growing communities in Mexico and Indonesia . Farmer Equity Practices Starbucks began drafting plans for corporate social responsibility in 1994 . Since Starbucks has partnered with Conservation International ( CI ) to draft plans and audit its coffee and farmer equity ( C.A.F.E. ) program , Starbucks ' C.A.F.E. practices are based on a rating system of 249 indicators . Farmers who earn high overall scores receive higher prices than those who achieve lower scores . Ratings categories include economic accountability , social responsibility , environmental leadership in coffee growing and processing . Indicators for social responsibility have evolved and now include ' zero tolerance ' indicators that require workers to be paid in cash , check , or direct deposit , ensure that all workers are paid the established minimum wage , that workplaces are free of harassment and abuse , that workplaces are nondiscriminatory and do not employ persons under the age of 14 , and several more . Starbucks has moved 90 % of its coffee purchases to preferred C.A.F.E. certified providers , and the company is approaching its stated goal to purchase 100 % of its coffee through C.A.F.E. or other ' ethically sourced ' certification systems . Washington State University Assistant Professor Daniel Jaffee argues that Starbucks ' C.A.F.E. practices merely ' green wash ' `` to burnish their corporate image . '' Additionally , Professor Marie - Christine Renard of Rural Sociology of Chapingo University in Mexico wrote a case study of Starbucks ' , Conservation International 's , and Agro-industries United of Mexico ( AMSA ) joint conservation effort in Chiapas , Mexico in which she concluded that `` ( w ) hile the CI - Starbucks - AMSA Alliance paid better prices , it did not allow the producers to appropriate the knowledge that was necessary for the organizations to improve the quality of their coffee . '' Fair Trade Starbucks coffee beans In 2000 , the company introduced a line of fair trade products . Of the approximately 136,000 metric tons ( 300 million pounds ) of coffee Starbucks purchased in 2006 , only about 6 % was certified as fair trade . According to Starbucks , they purchased 2,180 metric tons ( 4.8 million pounds ) of Certified Fair Trade coffee in fiscal year 2004 and 5,220 metric tons ( 11.5 million pounds ) in 2005 . They have become the largest buyer of Certified Fair Trade coffee in North America ( 10 % of the global market ) . Transfair USA , a third - party certifier of Fair Trade Certified coffee in the United States , has noted the impact Starbucks has made in the area of Fair Trade and coffee farmer 's lives : Since launching its FTC coffee line in 2000 , Starbucks has undeniably made a significant contribution to family farmers through their rapidly growing FTC coffee volume . By offering FTC coffee in thousands of stores , Starbucks has also given the FTC label greater visibility , helping to raise consumer awareness in the process . All espresso roast sold in the UK and Ireland is Fairtrade . Questions have been raised regarding the legitimacy of the Fair Trade designation . Groups such as Global Exchange are calling for Starbucks to further increase its sales of fair trade coffees . According to Starbucks , in 2004 it paid on average $1.42 per pound ( $2.64 kg ) for high - quality coffee beans , 74 % above the commodity prices at the time . After a long - running dispute between Starbucks and Ethiopia , Starbucks agreed to support and promote Ethiopian coffees . An article in BBC NEWS , states that Ethiopian ownership of popular coffee designations such as Harrar and Sidamo is acknowledged , even if they are not registered . Ethiopia fought hard for this acknowledgement mainly to help give its poverty - stricken farmers a chance to make more money . Unfortunately , this has not been the case . In 2006 , Starbucks says it paid $1.42 per pound for its coffee . The coffee Starbucks bought for $1.42 per pound , had a selling price -- after transportation , processing , marketing , store rentals , taxes , and staff salary and benefits -- of $10.99 per pound . As of August 2010 , the Starbucks website sells only one Ethiopian coffee , which it says is new . In addition , Starbucks is an active member of the World Cocoa Foundation . Ethos water Ethos , a brand of bottled water acquired by Starbucks in 2003 , is sold at locations throughout North America . Ethos bottles feature prominent labeling stating `` helping children get clean water '' , referring to the fact that US $0.05 from each US $1.80 bottle sold ( US $0.10 per bottle in Canada ) is used to fund clean water projects in under - developed areas . Although sales of Ethos water have raised over US $6,200,000 for clean water efforts , the brand is not incorporated as a charity . Critics have argued that the claim on the label misleads consumers into thinking that Ethos is primarily a charitable organization when it is actually a for - profit brand and the vast majority of the sale price ( 97.2 % ) does not support clean - water projects . The founders of Ethos have stated that the brand is intended to raise awareness of third - world clean water issues and provide socially responsible consumers with an opportunity to support the cause by choosing Ethos over other brands . Starbucks has since redesigned the American version of the Ethos water bottles , stating the amount of money donated per bottle in the description . Food Bank donations Since 2010 , Starbucks has been donating leftover pastries in the United States to local food banks through a food collection service named Food Donation Connection . In March 2016 , Starbucks unveiled a five - year plan to donate 100 percent of unsold food from its 7,600 company - operated stores in the U.S. to local food banks and pantries . Perishable food will be transported in refrigerated trucks to area food banks through the company 's partnerships with the Food Donation Connection and Feeding America . This program , called FoodShare , is expected to provide up to 50 million meals over the next five years . As of 2017 , the program was in 10 different markets , including New York City . In New York , Starbucks works with Feeding America and City Harvest , both non-profits , to donate food from 45 locations . It plans to expand the program to all 305 Manhattan stores . Controversies This section 's images may require adjustment of image placement , formatting , and size . Please see the picture tutorial and the image placement policy for further information . ( February 2013 ) A local coffee shop in New York 's East Village claiming it had to close because Starbucks is willing to pay higher rent for the space Starbucks has been accused of selling unhealthy products . Market strategy Starbucks footprint in the United States , showing saturation of metropolitan areas Some of the methods Starbucks has used to expand and maintain their dominant market position , including buying out competitors ' leases , intentionally operating at a loss , and clustering several locations in a small geographical area ( i.e. , saturating the market ) , have been labeled anti-competitive by critics . For example , Starbucks fueled its initial expansion into the UK market with a buyout of Seattle Coffee Company but then used its capital and influence to obtain prime locations , some of which operated at a financial loss . Critics claimed this was an unfair attempt to drive out small , independent competitors , who could not afford to pay inflated prices for premium real estate . While relations with independent coffeehouse chains have been strained , some owners have credited Starbucks with educating customers on coffee . Labor disputes Starbucks workers in seven stores have joined the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) as the Starbucks Workers Union since 2004 . According to a Starbucks Union press release , since then , the union membership has begun expanding to Chicago and Maryland in addition to New York City , where the movement originated . On March 7 , 2006 , the IWW and Starbucks agreed to a National Labor Relations Board settlement in which three Starbucks workers were granted almost US $2,000 in back wages and two fired employees were offered reinstatement . According to the Starbucks Union , on November 24 , 2006 , IWW members picketed Starbucks locations in more than 50 cities around the world in countries including Australia , Canada , Germany , and the UK , as well as U.S. cities including New York , Chicago , Minneapolis , and San Francisco , to protest the firing of five Starbucks Workers Union organizers by Starbucks and to demand their reinstatement . The Reverend Billy leading an anti-Starbucks protest in Austin , Texas in 2007 Some Starbucks baristas in Canada , Australia and New Zealand , and the United States belong to a variety of unions . In 2005 , Starbucks paid out US $165,000 to eight employees at its Kent , Washington , roasting plant to settle charges that they had been retaliated against for being pro-union . At the time , the plant workers were represented by the International Union of Operating Engineers . Starbucks admitted no wrongdoing in the settlement . A Starbucks strike occurred in Auckland , New Zealand , on November 23 , 2005 . Organized by Unite Union , workers sought secure hours , a minimum wage of NZ $12 an hour , and the abolition of youth rates . The company settled with the Union in 2006 , resulting in pay increases , increased security of hours , and an improvement in youth rates . In March 2008 , Starbucks was ordered to pay baristas over US $100 million in back tips in a Californian class action lawsuit launched by baristas alleging that granting shift - supervisors a portion of tips violates state labor laws . The company plans to appeal . Similarly , an 18 - year - old barista in Chestnut Hill , MA has filed another suit with regards to the tipping policy . Massachusetts law also states that managers may not get a cut of tips . A similar lawsuit was also filed in Minnesota on March 27 , 2008 . `` War on Christmas '' Main article : Christmas controversy § 2010s In November 2015 , Starbucks introduced solid red seasonal cups , unlike previous seasonal iterations that were decorated with winter or Christmas - oriented imagery ( such as reindeer and ornaments ) , but no overtly religious symbols . The cup design was discussed extensively on social media , with some citing the cup as another example of the `` War on Christmas '' , calling it `` cup-gate '' , and others expressed puzzlement over the outrage generated by a simple cup . The red cups were discussed so much that a man named Joshua Feuerstien posted all over social media telling people to have the baristas write `` Merry Christmas '' on the cups as their name , so that way baristas had to call off the drinks saying `` Merry Christmas '' . This also started the trend # MerryChristmasStarbucks . Opening without planning permission Starbucks has been accused by local authorities of opening several stores in the UK in retail premises , without the planning permission for a change of use to a restaurant . Starbucks has argued that `` Under current planning law , there is no official classification of coffee shops . Starbucks , therefore , encounters the difficult scenario whereby local authorities interpret the guidance in different ways . In some instances , coffee shops operate under A1 permission , some as mixed use A1 / A3 and some as A3 '' . In May 2008 , a branch of Starbucks was completed on St. James 's Street in Kemptown , Brighton , England , despite having been refused permission by the local planning authority , Brighton and Hove City Council , who claimed there were too many coffee shops already present on the street . Starbucks appealed the decision by claiming it was a retail store selling bags of coffee , mugs , and sandwiches , gaining a six - month extension , but the council ordered Starbucks to remove all tables and chairs from the premises , to comply with planning regulations for a retail shop . 2500 residents signed a petition against the store , but after a public inquiry in June 2009 , a government inspector gave permission for the store to remain . A Starbucks in Hertford won its appeal in April 2009 after being open for over a year without planning permission . Two stores in Edinburgh , one in Manchester , one in Cardiff , one in Pinner and Harrow , were also opened without planning permission . The Pinner cafe , opened in 2007 , won an appeal to stay open in 2010 . One in Blackheath , Lewisham was also under investigation in 2002 for breach of its licence , operating as a restaurant when it only had a licence for four seats and was limited to take away options . There was a considerable backlash from members of the local community who opposed any large chains opening in what is a conservation area . To this date , the Starbucks is still operating as a takeaway outlet . Israel A store on Piccadilly with its windows boarded up after being smashed by protesters A damaged front window of a Starbucks coffee shop in Toronto There have been calls for boycott of Starbucks stores and products because it has been wrongly claimed that Starbucks sends part of its profits to the Israeli military , but such allegations are based on a hoax letter attributed to the President , Chairman , and CEO of Starbucks Howard Schultz , who is Jewish and supports Israel 's right to exist . He is a recipient of several Israeli awards including `` The Israel 50th Anniversary Tribute Award '' for `` playing a key role in promoting a close alliance between the United States and Israel '' . The hoax letter claiming that Schultz had donated money to the Israeli military was actually written by an Australian weblogger , Andrew Winkler , who has admitted fabricating the document . Starbucks responded to these claims , widely circulated on the internet , stating that `` Neither Chairman Howard Schultz nor Starbucks fund support the Israeli Army . Starbucks is a non-political organization and does not support individual political causes '' . The protests against Starbucks derived from the Winkler letter were not the first ; earlier protests occurred in June 2002 in Cairo , Dubai and Beirut universities in response to Schultz 's criticism of Yasser Arafat . Starbucks has been a regular target of activists protesting against Israel 's role in the Gaza War over the claims . Organizations have urged a boycott of Starbucks , accusing Starbucks of serving as an ally of Israeli militarists . Starbucks was forced to close a store in Beirut , Lebanon due to demonstrators shouting anti-Israel slogans and causing customers to flee . Demonstrators hung several banners on the shop 's window and used white tape to paste a Star of David over the green - and - white Starbucks sign . They also distributed a letter saying , Schultz `` ... is one of the pillars of the American Jewish lobby and the owner of the Starbucks , '' which they said donates money to the Israeli military . On January 2009 , two Starbucks stores in London were the target of vandalism by pro-Palestinian demonstrators who broke windows and reportedly ripped out fittings and equipment after clashes with riot police . `` The Way I see it '' Quotes by artists , writers , scientists , and others have appeared on Starbucks cups since 2005 in a campaign called `` The Way I See It '' . Some of the quotes have caused controversy , including one by writer Armistead Maupin and another by Jonathan Wells that linked ' Darwinism ' to eugenics , abortion and racism . Disclaimers were added to the cups noting that these views were not necessarily those of Starbucks . US military viral email A US Marines Sergeant emailed ten of his friends in August 2004 having wrongly been told that Starbucks had stopped supplying the military with coffee donations because the company did not support the Iraq War . The email became viral , being sent to tens of millions of people . Starbucks and the originator sent out a correction , but Starbucks ' VP of global communications , Valerie O'Neil , said in September 2009 that the email was still being forwarded to her every few weeks . Gun controversy As gun laws in many US states have become more relaxed , and more states have adopted open carry or concealed carry statutes , some gun owners have begun carrying guns while performing everyday shopping or other tasks . Many stores and companies have responded by banning the carrying of guns on their premises , as allowed by many states ' local laws . Starbucks has not instituted an official policy banning guns in their stores . In 2010 , the Brady Campaign proposed a boycott of Starbucks due to their gun policy . At that time , Starbucks released a statement saying `` We comply with local laws and statutes in all the communities we serve . That means we abide by the laws that permit open carry in 43 U.S. states . Where these laws do n't exist , openly carrying weapons in our stores is prohibited . The political , policy and legal debates around these issues belong in the legislatures and courts , not in our stores . '' In 2012 , the National Gun Victims Action Council published an open letter to Starbucks , asking them to revise their policy , and also proposed a `` Brew not Bullets '' boycott of the chain until the policy is changed , with Valentine 's Day selected as a particular day to boycott the chain . In response , gun rights advocates started a counter `` Starbucks Appreciation Day '' buycott to support Starbucks ' stance , and suggested paying for products using two - dollar bills as a sign of Second Amendment support . On July 29 , 2013 , Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America , initiated a petition demanding a ban on guns in Starbucks stores . On September 17 , 2013 , founder and CEO Howard Schultz asked customers to no longer bring guns into its stores . He made the comments in an open letter on the company 's website . Schultz said he was not banning guns , but making a request . Same - sex marriage In January 2012 , a Starbucks executive stated that the company supports the legalization of same - sex marriage . This resulted in a boycott by the National Organization for Marriage , a political organization that opposes same - sex marriage , who received 22,000 signatures in favor of their boycott . In response , CEO Howard Schultz had this to say : `` If you feel , respectfully , that you can get a higher return than the 38 percent you got last year , it 's a free country . You can sell your shares of Starbucks and buy shares in another company . Thank you very much . '' In addition , 640,000 people also signed a petition thanking Starbucks for its support . ( As of June 26 , 2015 , same - sex marriage in the United States is legal in all states following the Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges . ) European tax avoidance In October 2012 , Starbucks faced criticism after a Reuters investigation found that the company reportedly paid only £ 8.6 million in corporation tax in the UK over 14 years , despite generating over £ 3 billion in sales -- this included no tax payments on £ 1.3 billion of sales in the three years prior to 2012 . It is alleged that Starbucks was able to do this by charging high licensing fees to the UK branch of the business , allowing them to declare a £ 33 million loss in 2011 . The UK subsidiary pays patent fees to the US subsidiary , purchases coffee beans from the Netherlands subsidiary ( where corporation tax is lower than in the UK ) , and uses the Swiss subsidiary for other `` miscellaneous services '' . A YouGov survey suggested that Starbucks ' brand image was substantially weakened by the controversy surrounding how much tax it pays in the UK several weeks after the allegations surfaced . Starbucks ' chief financial officer ( CFO ) appeared before the Public Accounts Committee in November 2012 and admitted that the Dutch government granted a special tax rate to their European headquarters , which the UK business pays royalties to . Dutch law permits companies to transfer royalties collected from other countries to tax havens without incurring taxes , unlike in the rest of the EU . The CFO denied that they chose the Netherlands as their European headquarters to avoid tax , explaining that the company 's Dutch coffee roasting plant was the reason for the decision . Until 2009 , the royalty rate was 6 % of UK sales , but after being challenged by UK tax authorities it was reduced to 4.7 % . The CFO told the committee this reflected costs such as designing new stores and products , but admitted that there was no detailed analysis by which the rate is decided . The coffee they serve in the UK is purchased from the Swiss subsidiary , which charges a 20 % markup on the wholesale price and pays 12 % corporation tax on profits . Coffee is not transported to Switzerland but the 30 people who work in the subsidiary assess coffee quality . Regarding Starbucks ' frequent reports of loss in the UK , the CFO told the committee that Starbucks are `` not at all pleased '' about their financial performance in the UK . MPs replied that it `` just does n't ring true '' that the business made a loss , pointing out that the head of the business had been promoted to a new post in the US and they consistently told shareholders that the business was profitable . In Ireland , Starbucks ' subsidiary Ritea only paid € 35,000 in tax between 2005 and 2011 and the subsidiary recorded losses in every year other than 2011 . Ritea is owned by Netherlands - based Starbucks Coffee Emea . Their French and German subsidiaries make large losses because they are heavily in debt to the Dutch subsidiary , which charges them higher interest rates than the group pays to borrow . Reuters calculated that without paying interest on the loans and royalty fees , the French and German subsidiaries would have paid € 3.4 million in tax . The Dutch subsidiary that royalties are paid to made a € 507,000 profit in 2011 from revenues of € 73 million , while the company that roasts coffee made a profit of € 2 million in 2011 and paid tax of € 870,000 . Protesters , who were unimpressed by the company 's offer to pay £ 20 million in tax over the next two years , staged demonstrations in December 2012 in affiliation with UK Uncut . In June 2014 , the European Commission anti-trust regulator launched an investigation of the company 's tax practices in the Netherlands , as part of a wider probe of multi-national companies ' tax arrangements in various European countries . The investigation ended in October 2015 , with the EC ordering Starbucks to pay up to € 30 million in overdue taxes , which the EC regards as illegal state support for corporations . A pair of economists from the KU Leuven noted that the Commission did not forbid Starbucks ' tax construction as such , pretending that Starbucks is a Dutch company and effectively rewarding the Dutch state for its lenient tax policy . Chinese pricing In October 2013 , China Central Television accused Chinese Starbucks of over-pricing . The report compared the price of a tall ( 12 fl . oz. , 354 mL ) latte in Beijing , Chicago , London , and Mumbai . It was found that Beijing stores charged the most while Mumbai stores charged the least . It was also found that a tall latte cost 4 Chinese yuan ( approx . USD $0.67 ) to make , but it sold at 27 yuan ( approx . USD $4.50 ) . # RaceTogether marketing campaign On Monday , March 16 , 2015 , Starbucks launched a marketing campaign to promote conversations about race between customers and employees . This marketing campaign also called for baristas to draw the race together hashtag on customers ' cups -- similar to how Starbucks is already known for drawing customers ' names on each cup . It was characterised as a `` fiasco '' by some media outlets , to the extent that Starbucks ' vice president of public relations deleted his Twitter account . On March 22 , Starbucks CEO advised his employees there is no longer a need to write # racetogether on cups . Reuters reported that `` Starbucks said the phase of the campaign that involved messages on drink cups was always scheduled to end Sunday . '' Supporting refugees On January 27 , 2017 , President Donald Trump signed an executive order to indefinitely suspend the entry of Syrian refugees into the United States and suspended entry into the United States of nearly all citizens of seven countries until proper vetting measures could be implemented . The same day , Starbucks ' Chairman and CEO Howard Schultz wrote a letter to Starbucks ' employees , stating in part , `` There are more than 65 million citizens of the world recognized as refugees by the United Nations , and we are developing plans to hire 10,000 of them over five years in the 75 countries around the world where Starbucks does business . And we will start this effort here in the U.S. by making the initial focus of our hiring efforts on those individuals who have served with U.S. troops as interpreters and support personnel in the various countries where our military has asked for such support . '' As a result of Schultz 's letter , supporters of President Trump 's executive order supported a boycott of Starbucks , with some saying that Starbucks should give more help to American veterans . In 2014 , Starbucks established a program to support veterans and their families . Starbucks hired 8,000 veterans and military spouses since 2014 . Starbucks operates 30 stores located near military bases that help provide assistance to military families . Organizations that offer free legal help and other services to military families hold meetings at Starbucks stores on Military Mondays . Muslim boycott of Starbucks Muhammadiyah , the second largest Muslim group in Indonesia with 29 million members , and Perkasa , a group with 700,000 members , have called for a boycott of Starbucks over its support of gay rights . Music , film , and Television Main article : Hear Music Starbucks ' second Hear Music Coffeehouse at the South Bank development adjacent to the River Walk in downtown San Antonio , Texas . Hear Music is the brand name of Starbucks ' retail music concept . Hear Music began as a catalog company in 1990 , adding a few retail locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Hear Music was purchased by Starbucks in 1999 . Nearly three years later , in 2002 , they produced a Starbucks opera album , featuring artists such as Luciano Pavarotti , followed in March 2007 by the hit CD `` Memory Almost Full '' by Paul McCartney , making McCartney the first artist signed to New Hear Music Label sold in Starbucks outlets . Its inaugural release was a big non-coffee event for Starbucks the first quarter of 2007 . In 2006 , the company created Starbucks Entertainment , one of the producers of the 2006 film Akeelah and the Bee . Retail stores advertised the film before its release and sold the DVD . Starbucks has become the subject of a protest song , `` A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop '' by Neil Young and his band , Promise of the Real . The single from Young 's album , The Monsanto Years aims at Starbucks ' alleged use of genetically modified food , but also at the GMO company Monsanto . By May 31 , 2015 , the song was Video of the week on the Food Consumer website . 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BBC News . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Berkin ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Special Report -- Starbucks 's European tax bill disappears down $100 million hole '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Starbucks executive denies lying over UK losses '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks may face UK tax probe as MP calls for probe '' . RTÉ . October 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Escobales , Roxanne ; McVeigh , Tracy ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` Starbucks hit by UK Uncut protests as tax row boils over '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission to probe tax affairs of Apple , Starbucks and Fiat '' . Europe Sun . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Rutger ; Wijsman , Sebastiaan ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Een ' straf ' die Nederland bonus oplevert '' ( A ' punishment ' that works as a bonus for Holland ) . De Volkskrant . Jump up ^ `` 央视 批 星巴克 咖啡 暴利 引 热 议 '' . Finance.sina.com.cn . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Is Criticized by Chinese State Media for Higher Prices '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved Oct 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks wants its baristas to talk about race -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Faces Criticism Over ' Race Together ' Campaign '' . NPR.org . March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 5 Tweets From Starbucks ' # RaceTogether Fiasco '' . Fast Company . Jump up ^ `` This Is What Happens When You Walk Into Starbucks And Talk To The Barista About Race '' . Co. Create . Jump up ^ `` How absurd is the Starbucks # RaceTogether campaign ? THIS absurd ( the ridicule will crack you up ) '' . Twitchy . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks # RaceTogether campaign mocked online -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Corey Du medium.com Jump up ^ `` Starbucks exec deletes Twitter account after RaceTogether backlash -- Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks ends ' Race Together ' campaign in stores , effort not over '' . Yahoo News Canada . March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Executive Order Text : Trump 's Action Limiting Refugees Into the U.S. '' . The New York Times . 2017 - 01 - 27 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ; Nixon , Ron ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` How Trump 's Rush to Enact an Immigration Ban Unleashed Global Chaos '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Leslie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz : We will hire 10,000 refugees '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks Faces Boycott After Pledging to Hire Refugees '' . Fortune . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` People are boycotting Starbucks after CEO announces plan to hire thousands of refugees '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berr , Jonathan ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Does Starbucks ignore vets while helping refugees ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia , Indonesia Muslim groups call for Starbucks boycott '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . This week and last , leaders of Indonesia 's second largest mainstream Muslim group , Muhammadiyah , with an estimated 29 million members , denounced the chain . Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-starbucks-lgbt-indonesia-malaysia-idUSKBN19R0NM Jump up ^ http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/after-indonesia-perkasa-calls-for-boycott-against-starbucks-over-pro-lgbt-s Jump up ^ http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-malaysia-muslim-groups-call-for-starbucks-boycott-over-9003730 Jump up ^ Ault , Susanne ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` Starbucks rocks with Berry DVD '' . Video Business . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zumic `` The Monsanto Years '' -- Neil Young + Promise Of The Real ( Official Full Album Stream + Zumic Review ) by Francesco Marano Published : June 22nd , 2015 Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Neil Young Previews Cheeky ' Rock Starbucks ' Video Rocker teams with Willie Nelson 's sons for politically charged new track by Daniel Kreps May 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ Food Consumer Video Of The Week , A Rock Star Bucks A Coffee Shop Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Further reading Behar , Howard with Janet Goldstein. ( 2007 ) . It 's Not About the Coffee : Leadership Principles from a Life at Starbucks , 208 pages . ISBN 1 - 59184 - 192 - 5 . Clark , Taylor . ( 2007 ) . Starbucked : A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine , Commerce and Culture . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 316 - 01348 - X . Michelli , Joseph A. ( 2006 ) . The Starbucks experience : 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary , 208 pages . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147784 - 5 . Pendergrast , Mark ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . London : Texere . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 088 - 1 . Schultz , Howard . and Dori Jones Yang . ( 1997 ) . Pour Your Heart Into It : How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time , 350 pages . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6315 - 3 . Simon , Bryant . ( 2009 ) . Everything but the Coffee : Learning about America from Starbucks. 320 pages . ISBN 0 - 520 - 26106 - 2 . External links Official website Starbucks Store Business data for Starbucks : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Media related to Starbucks at Wikimedia Commons Starbucks Corporation Corporate directors Barbara Bass Bill Bradley Mellody Hobson Kevin Johnson Howard Schultz Clara Shih Myron Ullman Assets and products Ethos Water Evolution Fresh Hear Music Pasqua Coffee Seattle 's Best Coffee Starbucks Coffee Tata Starbucks Tazo Tea Company Teavana Torrefazione Italia Verismo by Starbucks See also Original Starbucks Starbucks Israel Links to related articles Coffee Topics Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain beverage Misc . 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-1697565308278804483 | Dan and Phil | Dan and Phil - wikipedia Dan and Phil Jump to : navigation , search For the Monday night show occasionally presented by Dan and Phil , see The Internet Takeover . Dan and Phil Dan Howell ( left ) and Phil Lester ( right ) , presenters of the show , at VidCon 2014 Other names The Dan and Phil Show The Radio 1 Request Show with Dan and Phil Genre Music , chat Running time 120 minutes ( 7 : 00 pm -- 9 : 00 pm ) Country of origin United Kingdom and Worldwide Language ( s ) English Home station BBC Radio 1 Hosted by Dan Howell and Phil Lester Produced by Alistair Parrington , Victoria Easton Recording studio 82A , Broadcasting House , London Original release 13 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) -- 24 August 2014 No. of series No. of episodes 80 Audio format Stereophonic sound Website www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/danandphil Dan and Phil ( previously known as The Radio 1 Request Show ) was a British radio show hosted on BBC Radio 1 on Sunday evening , by presenters Dan Howell and Phil Lester , who are most commonly known as Dan and Phil . The show was a spiritual successor to the original Request Show on the station , allowing listeners to request songs to be played but also encompassing additional entertainment features . It was loosely based on Dan and Phil 's now discontinued internet series , The Super Amazing Project , which included segments such as Internet News . The show 's successor , The Internet Takeover , began airing on 1 September 2014 at 9pm . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Fan Wars ( 2013 ) 2.2 Internet News ( 2013 - 2014 ) 2.3 Dan vs. Phil ( 2013 - 2014 ) 2.4 Rehab Topic ( 2013 - 2014 ) 2.5 Music Videos ( 2013 - 2014 ) 2.6 Sorry I Do n't Know How to Internet ( 2014 ) 3 Reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links History In the past , the Radio 1 Request Show has been hosted by Reggie Yates on Saturday afternoons ( October 2007 until April 2012 ) , and Jameela Jamil on Sunday evenings ( April 2012 until January 2013 ) . After doing a variety of other work for BBC Radio 1 , such as one - off shows at Christmas and work at the station 's presence at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe , in November 2012 it was announced that Dan and Phil would present the show , with the visual element bringing a change of format . Part of the reasoning behind this was to add to the station - wide effort of lowering the average listener age . In June 2014 , it was announced that from 1 September 2014 , the presenters would move to a weekly Monday night slot , from 9pm to 10pm , to a show that would continue to be fully visualised . In August 2014 , it was announced that this new show would be a different format , with new presenters from the online world ( including Troye Sivan and Tyler Oakley among others ) hosting shows ; Dan and Phil would present the first broadcast of each month . This show is known as the Internet Takeover , and incorporates some features from the original Dan and Phil show , such as the Internet News and the audience 's music videos ( though listeners are unable to request songs to be played ) . The final Dan and Phil show was broadcast on 24 August 2014 , effectively leaving the station without a request show . Format The entire show was visualised , enabling visitors of the BBC Radio 1 website to watch the programme live ; watching in real time what is happening in the studio ; the presenters ' challenges ; interviews with musicians or people involved in internet culture ; and music videos created by the audience . During the show , listeners were encouraged to call , text , tweet and post on Facebook to the station . Listeners could have their comments read out and call in to talk live on the show . Fan Wars ( 2013 ) Dan and Phil used to have a section entitled Fan Wars in which two listeners would call in to represent two musical artists in a competition , which varied every week . The winner of the competition would get their respective artist 's song played . Fan Wars was replaced with a new segment ; Sorry , I Do n't Know How to Internet , for 2014 . Internet News ( 2013 - 2014 ) In Internet News , Dan and Phil read out bizarre and off - beat news stories , discovered from around the internet . The segment was a parody of regular news programming , with an orchestral soundtrack and the presenters wearing glasses with no lenses which they called their `` news glasses '' . Dan vs. Phil ( 2013 - 2014 ) A physical challenge is chosen by BBC staff for the presenters to take part in on video , while music from the Radio 1 playlist can be heard in the background . The winner is chosen from the number of points each presenter receives ; a different caller announced the winner of the segment each week . In early episodes , the segment had been more interactive , with listeners of the show being able to choose a challenge on the Facebook page and Twitter of Radio 1 , and the audience being able to vote on the winner of each week . Rehab topic ( 2013 - 2014 ) Each show had a themed hashtag that listeners could use on Twitter to share their experiences on the topic . For example , # FoodFails , where people gave their negative experiences on cooking . If someone 's experience is particularly interesting or humorous , the producers of the show would allow that listener to call in and explain it to Dan and Phil . Music videos ( 2013 - 2014 ) During the show , numerous music videos were shown which were created by the audience to a song of their choice . Listeners could submit these in advance of the show via email . These videos acted as a different way to request a song ; the accompanying music was often not on the Radio 1 playlist . Sorry I Do n't Know How to Internet ( 2014 ) Sorry I Do n't Know How to Internet was introduced at the start of 2014 as a replacement for Fan Wars . The segment consisted of Dan and Phil reading out humorous stories of elder relatives and people new to IT being unable to use modern technology . Often , stories were read out by other presenters on the station , such as Greg James . The stories were sent in by listeners and other BBC Radio 1 DJs . Reception Pocket - lint called the addition of the show to BBC Radio 1 's schedule a `` bold move '' while The Telegraph described the show as `` reminiscent of that film Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure with Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter '' . The Guardian made reference to the show 's young demographic , stating that while the viewer - made music videos were `` sweet '' , it was `` too tame to be funny to adults '' . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee Result 2013 Sony Golden Headphones Award Dan and Phil Won References Jump up ^ `` Vernon Kay and Reggie Yates to leave Radio 1 '' . 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dan And Phil '' . BBC . March 2013 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burrell , Ian ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` Dan & Phil : The YouTube stars tasked with bringing new young listeners to Radio 1 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rewind radio : Dan and Phil ; -- review '' . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 and 1Xtra changes specialist , weekend schedules '' . BBC Newsbeat . BBC News . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New youth presenters for Radio 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Final Sunday show ! '' . BBC Radio 1 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Be in the Show '' . BBC Radio 1 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry I Dont Know How To Internet Youtube '' . BBC Radio 1 , Youtube . Jump up ^ Henderson , Rik . `` BBC Radio 1 hires YouTube sensations as part of massive station shake - up '' . Pocket Lint . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Gillian . `` Radio review : Jameela Jamil 's Official Chart Show ( Radio 1 ) , and last week 's highlights '' . The Telegraph . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Miranda . `` Rewind radio : Dan and Phil ; Generations Apart -- review '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lucey , Kate ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Dan and Phil win a Sony Radio Academy Award all suited up '' . Sugarscape . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . External links Dan and Phil at BBC Programmes ( hide ) BBC Radio 1 Shows Current Essential Mix BBC Introducing Newsbeat The Official Chart The Official Chart Update The Radio 1 Breakfast Show The Radio 1 Drivetime Show Scott Mills Pete Tong ( Essential Selection ) Former Chappers and Dave The Chris Moyles Show Colin and Edith Dan and Phil Fearne Cotton The Internet Takeover The Jo Whiley Show The Surgery Mark and Lard Steve Wright in the Afternoon Live Lounge Albums Radio 1 's Live Lounge Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 The Best of Volume 6 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Features Ultimate Live Lounge Live Lounge of 2010 A-Z of the Live Lounge Live Lounge Tour Performances List of covers Live Lounge Special Related articles BBC Radio BBC Radio 1Xtra Timeline of BBC Radio 1 Folk Face Festive Fifty Radio 1 Podcasts BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend Established 1967 Yalding House BBC Introducing Radio 1 Roadshow BBC Asian Network Our Tune The Golden Hour Radio 1 Madonna controversy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_and_Phil&oldid=811743594 '' Categories : BBC Radio 1 programmes Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use British English from April 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 17 : 22 . 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5653369486366794233 | Chris Hemsworth | Chris Hemsworth - Wikipedia Chris Hemsworth Jump to : navigation , search Chris Hemsworth Hemsworth in 2017 Christopher Hemsworth ( 1983 - 08 - 11 ) 11 August 1983 ( age 34 ) Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Residence Byron Bay , New South Wales Occupation Actor Years active 2002 -- present Home town Phillip Island Spouse ( s ) Elsa Pataky ( m . 2010 ) Children Relatives Luke Hemsworth ( brother ) Liam Hemsworth ( brother ) Christopher Hemsworth ( born 11 August 1983 ) is an Australian actor . He is known for playing Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away ( 2004 -- 07 ) and Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2011 . Hemsworth has also appeared in the science fiction action film Star Trek ( 2009 ) , the thriller adventure A Perfect Getaway ( 2009 ) , the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) , the dark - fantasy action film Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) , the war film Red Dawn ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama film Rush ( 2013 ) . In 2015 , he starred in the action thriller film Blackhat , had a comedic role in the fifth installment of National Lampoon 's Vacation series , Vacation , and headlined the biographical thriller film In the Heart of the Sea . The following year , Hemsworth had a supporting role in Sony 's reboot of Ghostbusters . Hemsworth will reprise his role as George Kirk in the upcoming Star Trek sequel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2002 -- 10 : Beginnings 2.2 2011 -- present : Thor and success 3 In the media 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life Hemsworth was born in Melbourne , to Leonie ( née van Os ) , an English teacher , and Craig Hemsworth , a social - services counsellor . He is the middle of three boys ; his brothers Luke ( older ) and Liam ( younger ) are also actors . His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant , and his other ancestry is English , Irish , Scottish , and German . He was raised both in Melbourne and in the Australian Outback in Bulman , Northern Territory . He has stated , `` My earliest memories were on the cattle stations up in the Outback , and then we moved back to Melbourne and then back out there and then back again . Certainly most of my childhood was in Melbourne but probably my most vivid memories were up there in Bulman with crocodiles and buffalo . Very different walks of life . '' He attended high school at Heathmont College before his family again returned to the Northern Territory , and then moved a few years later to Phillip Island . Career 2002 -- 10 : beginnings In 2002 , Hemsworth starred in two episodes of fantasy television series , Guinevere Jones as King Arthur . He also made an appearance in soap opera series Neighbours and one episode of Marshall Law . In 2004 , Hemsworth auditioned for the Australian soap opera Home and Away role of Robbie Hunter ( played by Jason Smith ) , but did not receive the part . He was subsequently recalled for the part of Kim Hyde and moved to Sydney to join the cast , appearing in 171 episodes of the series . He left the cast of Home and Away on 3 July 2007 . Hemsworth was a contestant on the fifth season of Dancing with the Stars Australia , partnered with professional dancer Abbey Ross . The season premiered on 26 September 2006 , and after six weeks , Hemsworth was eliminated ( 7 November 2006 ) . In 2009 , Hemsworth portrayed James T. Kirk 's father , George Kirk , in the opening scenes of J.J. Abrams ' film Star Trek . He played the character Kale in the thriller A Perfect Getaway the same year . He went on to play Sam in 2010 's Ca $ h , which was the first film he shot when he arrived in the United States . The film 's director , Stephen Milburn Anderson , said Hemsworth had only been in the United States for six weeks when he had auditioned for the role , recalling , `` Here 's a guy who is young , has the right look , is a very good actor and , let 's face it , he 's beautiful . So I say , we need to get this guy in . I was very impressed '' . In November 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter named Hemsworth as one of the young male actors who are `` pushing -- or being pushed '' onto the Hollywood `` A-List '' . Sony Pictures announced in 2011 that Hemsworth would star in the thriller Shadow Runner , which did not subsequently go into production as of 2014 . 2011 -- present : Thor and success Hemsworth ( right ) with Thor co-star Tom Hiddleston at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International He is best known for his role as the Marvel Comics superhero Thor in the 2011 Marvel Studios film Thor . He and castmate Tom Hiddleston , who ultimately played Loki , had each auditioned for the role , for which Hemsworth said he put on 20 pounds of muscle . Hemsworth reprised the role in the 2012 film The Avengers as one of the six superheroes sent to defend Earth from his adopted brother , Loki . He starred in the horror film The Cabin in the Woods , which was shot shortly after the release of Star Trek but went unreleased until 2012 . It led Hemsworth to audition for the role of Thor at Joss Whedon 's insistence . Also that year , Hemsworth starred opposite Kristen Stewart in the film Snow White and the Huntsman as the Huntsman . He also played Jed Eckert in the 2012 Red Dawn remake , a role he was cast in after MGM saw dailies footage of a scene from Cabin in the Woods . Hemsworth received the part of Thor two days after being hired for Red Dawn . In 2013 , Hemsworth starred in Ron Howard 's sports drama film Rush , alongside Daniel Brühl as 1976 Formula 1 World Champion James Hunt , and reprised his role as Thor , in the sequel Thor : The Dark World . People magazine , in an annual feature , named him its 2014 `` Sexiest Man Alive . '' In 2015 , Hemsworth starred in director Michael Mann 's action thriller Blackhat , opposite Viola Davis , and reprised his role of Thor for the fourth time in the sequel to The Avengers , Avengers : Age of Ultron . Hemsworth returned to the set of Home and Away in November 2014 to film a scene as an extra and not as his character Kim Hyde . He appeared in the episode broadcast on 19 May 2015 . Also in 2015 , he co-starred in the comedy film Vacation , along with Ed Helms , a revival of the film series that originally starred Chevy Chase . His last 2015 film was In the Heart of the Sea , based on the book of the same name by Nathaniel Philbrick , with Hemsworth playing first mate Owen Chase . In an interview with Jimmy Kimmel , he revealed that to prepare for the role of starving sailors , the cast was put on a diet of 500 -- 600 calories a day to lose weight . In 2016 , Hemsworth reprised the role of Eric the Huntsman in The Huntsman : Winter 's War and also portrayed Kevin the receptionist in Ghostbusters . Hemsworth also reprised his role as Thor in Thor : Ragnarok , released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States , and will reprise his role in the two upcoming films Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , scheduled for release in 2018 and 2019 . He will also reprise his role as George Kirk in the fourth film of the rebooted Star Trek film series . In the media An Australian rules football fan who supports the Western Bulldogs , Hemsworth was the star of the Australian Football League 's 2014 Everything 's Possible campaign . He donated fees for his involvement to the Australian Children Foundation . Hemsworth would go onto star in the AFL 's 2017 `` I 'd Like to See That '' commercial . Personal life Hemsworth began dating Spanish actress Elsa Pataky in early 2010 after meeting through their mutual representatives , and they wed in December 2010 . They have three children : a daughter born in 2012 and twin sons born in 2014 . In 2015 , he and his family moved from Los Angeles to Byron Bay in his native Australia , as he no longer needs to be in the United States in order to secure film work . Filmography Hemsworth at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2012 Film Year Title Role Notes 2009 Star Trek George Kirk Perfect Getaway , AA Perfect Getaway Kale Ca $ h Sam Phelan 2011 Thor Thor 2012 The Cabin in the Woods Curt Vaughan The Avengers Thor Snow White and the Huntsman The Huntsman Red Dawn Jed Eckert 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness George Kirk Voice only Rush James Hunt Thor : The Dark World Thor 2015 Blackhat Nicholas Hathaway Avengers : Age of Ultron Thor Vacation Stone Crandall In the Heart of the Sea Owen Chase 2016 The Huntsman : Winter 's War The Huntsman Ghostbusters Kevin Beckman Team Thor : Civil War -- While You Were Fighting Thor Short film Doctor Strange Uncredited cameo 2017 Team Thor : Part 2 Short film Thor : Ragnarok 2018 12 Strong Captain Mitch Nelson Post-production Avengers : Infinity War Thor 2019 Untitled Avengers film Filming Chris Hemsworth in Sydney in 2013 Television Year Title Role Notes 2002 Guinevere Jones King Arthur 3 episodes 2002 Neighbours Jamie Kane Episode 4,069 2002 Marshall Law The Kid Episode : `` Domestic Bliss '' 2003 Saddle Club , The The Saddle Club The New Vet Episode : `` Tenderfoot '' Fergus McPhail Craig Episode : `` In a Jam '' 2004 -- 07 Home and Away Kim Hyde 189 episodes 2006 Dancing with the Stars Himself / Contestant 5th place 2015 Saturday Night Live Host `` Chris Hemsworth / Zac Brown Band '' `` Chris Hemsworth / Chance The Rapper '' Video games Year Title Voice role Notes 2011 Thor : God of Thunder Thor 2017 Ghostbusters VR : Now Hiring Kevin Awards and nominations Year Association Nominated work Result 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Breakout Male Thor Nominated 2012 British Academy Film Awards Rising Star Award Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Superhero Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Avengers Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male The Avengers & Snow White and the Huntsman Won 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Superhero The Avengers Nominated Favorite On - Screen Chemistry ( shared with Kristen Stewart ) Snow White and the Huntsman Nominated Favorite Action Movie Star The Avengers & Snow White and the Huntsman Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Male Buttkicker The Avengers Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Fight Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action Red Dawn Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Thor : The Dark World Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Drama Blackhat Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Actor Avengers : Age of Ultron & In the Heart of the Sea Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss ( shared with Leslie Mann ) Vacation Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action In the Heart of the Sea Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Huntsman : Winter 's War Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Jessica Chastain ) Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Ghostbusters Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic Movie Actor Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Won Favorite Butt - Kicker The Huntsman : Winter 's War Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Geni - A My Heritage Company '' . Jump up ^ `` Chris Confirms That His First Name Is Christopher '' . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth Bio '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thor 's Chris Hemsworth Turns a Year Older '' . People.com ( video ) . 11 August 2011 ... celebrates his 28th Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr. ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Boards Whale of a Tale ' In The Heart of the Sea ' ; Will DreamWorks Bite ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth is the New Ghostbusters Receptionist ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovece , Frank ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth : Not a Thor Loser '' . FilmFestivalTraveler.com . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bekiaris , Angela ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` 10 Fun Facts About Liam Hemsworth '' . People . Johannesburg , South Africa : Caxton Magazines . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyrus ' saw in new year on Phillip Island ' `` . Herald Sun . Australia . 4 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Rapkin , Mickey ( March 2012 ) . `` The Hunger Games ' Liam Hemsworth Has No Idea What 's About to Hit Him '' . Details . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Part 1 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! via YouTube . 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` More ' Thor ' : Marvel Studios Casts UK Actor Tom Hiddleston as Villain Loki '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' . `` The Movie Cash Podcast Series : Casting Chris Hemsworth '' . Youtube . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blank , Emily ; Schutte , Lauren ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` Hollywood 's A-List Redefined '' . ( slide 4 of 10 in slideshow ) The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth to Star in Sony 's ' Shadow Runner ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Lara . `` Chris Hemsworth 's Workout '' . Men 's Health . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' star Tom Hiddleston told Chris Hemsworth to really hit him '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kirk , Jeremy ; Whedon , Joss ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` 34 Things We Learned From ' The Cabin in the Woods ' Commentary '' . FilmSchoolRejects.com . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Mike ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Winter 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back but Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 11 July 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth in Talks to Play Formula 1 Driver James Hunt in Ron Howard 's ' Rush ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Sexiest Man Alive 2014 : Chris Hemsworth : I Learned to Be Sexy from Matt Damon '' . People . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Travis Reilly ( 26 July 2014 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth First Look on Set of Michael Mann Hacker Thriller ' Blackhat ' Revealed '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` James Spader to Play Ultron in the Avengers Sequel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay ! '' . TV Week . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , Jonathon ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth & Charlie Day Taking a ' Vacation ' with Ed Helms '' . FirstShowing.net . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth / Jane 's Addiction ; Episode # 11.69 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . 4 November 2013 . ABC . Jimmy : You 're on some crazy diet right now I heard because of this movie you 're shooting . Chris : ... and we have to get rather skinny , we 're on about 500 or 600 calories a day Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` See Charlize Theron , Jessica Chastain in new The Huntsman Winter 's War character posters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Reveals the 3 Marvel Movies Left on His Contract '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Rossen , Christopher ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth will return for fourth Star Trek film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Riley . `` Your AFL club 's most famous supporters , from Barack Obama to Cam Newton '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Michael ( 1 March 2014 ) . `` Stars on show for AFL 's new marketing campaign '' , Australian Football League . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Macaluso , Beth Anne ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth 's Wife Elsa Pataky Gives Birth to Daughter India ! '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( 28 December 2010 ) . `` Thor Star Chris Hemsworth Gets Married '' . People . Archived from the original on 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleeman , Mike ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth and Elsa Pataky Welcome Daughter India Rose '' . People . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` It 's twin boys for Chris Hemsworth and Elsa Pataky ! '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Still calls Australia home ! Chris Hemsworth moves his family Down Under permanently as he no longer needs to be based in Los Angeles to secure work '' . Daily Mail . 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kehagias , Melissa ( 27 September 2014 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth has bought himself a $7 million Byron Bay home '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Australia ) . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Team Thor -- Official Marvel HD Jump up ^ While You Were Fighting -- Official Marvel HD External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Hemsworth . Chris Hemsworth on IMDb Chris Hemsworth at the TCM Movie Database Chris Hemsworth at AllMovie Preceded by Dakota Johnson Saturday Night Live host March 7 , 2015 Succeeded by Dwayne Johnson ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) VIAF : 162468877 LCCN : no2010059452 ISNI : 0000 0001 1499 4657 GND : 140983643 SUDOC : 155632949 BNF : cb162433717 ( data ) BIBSYS : 11069311 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hemsworth&oldid=809289067 '' Categories : 1983 births Living people 21st - century Australian male actors Australian expatriate male actors in the United States Australian male film actors Australian male soap opera actors Australian male video game actors Australian male voice actors Dancing with the Stars ( Australian TV series ) participants Logie Award winners Male actors from Melbourne LGBT rights activists from Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played george kirk in the star trek movie | [
"In 2015, he starred in the action thriller film Blackhat, had a comedic role in the fifth installment of National Lampoon's Vacation series, Vacation, and headlined the biographical thriller film In the Heart of the Sea.[5] The following year, Hemsworth had a supporting role in Sony's reboot of Ghostbusters.[6] Hemsworth will reprise his role as George Kirk in the upcoming Star Trek sequel."
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"Hemsworth"
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1983856922952884004 | Caribbean | Caribbean - wikipedia Caribbean Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the group of islands . For the indigenous inhabitants of Caribbean region and people of Caribbean descent , see Caribbean people . For the body of water surrounding them , see Caribbean Sea . For other uses , see Caribbean ( disambiguation ) . Caribbean Area 2,754,000 km ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) Land area 239,681 km ( 92,541 sq mi ) Population ( 2016 ) 43,601,839 Density 151.5 / km ( 392 / sq mi ) Ethnic groups Afro - Caribbean , European , Indo - Caribbean , Latino or Hispanic ( Spanish , Portuguese , Mestizo , Mulatto , Pardo , and Zambo ) , Chinese Caribbean , Jewish , Arab , Javanese , Amerindian , Multiracial Religions Christianity , Hinduism , Islam , Judaism , Buddhism , Rastafarianism , Amerindian Religion , Yoruba , Bahá'í , Chinese folk religion ( including Taoism and Confucianism ) , Kebatinan , Afro - American religion , Traditional African Religion , and others Demonym Caribbean , West Indian Languages Spanish , English , French , Dutch , French Creole , English Creole , Caribbean Hindustani , among others Government 13 sovereign states 17 dependent territories Largest cities List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies Santo Domingo Havana Port - au - Prince San Juan Kingston Santiago de Cuba Santiago de los Caballeros Camagüey Cap - Haïtien Spanish Town Chaguanas Georgetown Paramaribo Internet TLD Multiple Calling code Multiple Time zone UTC - 5 to UTC - 4 The Caribbean ( / ˌkærɪˈbiːən / or / kəˈrɪbiən / , local most common pronunciation / ˈkærɪˌbiːən / ) is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region comprises more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays . ( See the list . ) These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea . The Caribbean islands , consisting of the Greater Antilles on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the south and east ( including the Leeward Antilles ) , are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping , which also includes the Lucayan Archipelago ( comprising the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) . The Lucayans and , less commonly , Bermuda , are also sometimes considered Caribbean despite the fact that none of these islands border the Caribbean Sea . In a wider sense , the mainland countries , regions , and territories of Belize , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) , are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short - lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English - speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and pronunciation 2 Definition 3 Geography and geology 3.1 Climate 3.2 Island groups 3.3 Historical groupings 3.4 Modern - day island territories 3.5 Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands 4 Biodiversity 4.1 Plants and animals 5 Demographics 5.1 Indigenous groups 5.2 Language 5.3 Religion 6 Politics 6.1 Regionalism 6.1. 1 United States effects on regionalism 6.1. 2 Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and Association of Caribbean States 6.1. 3 Venezuela 's effects on regionalism 7 Regional institutions 8 Cuisine 8.1 Favorite or national dishes 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The region takes its name from that of the Caribs , an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest of America . The two most prevalent pronunciations of `` Caribbean '' outside the Caribbean are / ˌkærɪˈbiːən / ( karr - ə - BEE - ən ) , with the primary stress on the third syllable , and / kəˈrɪbiən / ( kə - RIB - ee - ən ) , with the stress on the second . Most authorities of the last century preferred the stress on the third syllable . This is the older of the two pronunciations , but the stressed - second - syllable variant has been established for over 75 years . It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer / ˌkærɪˈbiːən / ( karr - ə - BEE - ən ) while North American speakers more typically use / kəˈrɪbiən / ( kə - RIB - ee - ən ) , but major American dictionaries and other sources list the stress on the third syllable as more common in American English too . According to the American version of Oxford Online Dictionaries , the stress on the second syllable is becoming more common in UK English and is increasingly considered `` by some '' to be more up to date and more `` correct '' . The Oxford Online Dictionaries claim that the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation in the Caribbean itself , but according to the Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage , the most common pronunciation in Caribbean English is in fact on the first syllable , / ˈkærɪˌbiːən / ( KARR - ə - bee - ən ) . Definition ( edit ) Map of the Caribbean The word `` Caribbean '' has multiple uses . Its principal ones are geographical and political . The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery , European colonisation and the plantation system . The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas presents the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas . Physiographically , the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea . To the north , the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico , the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean , which lies to the east and northeast . To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America . Politically , the `` Caribbean '' may be centred on socio - economic groupings found in the region . For example , the bloc known as the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , the Republic of Suriname in South America and Belize in Central America as full members . Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean , are associate members of the Caribbean Community . The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a full member of the Caribbean Community . Alternatively , the organisation called the Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) consists of almost every nation in the surrounding regions that lie on the Caribbean , plus El Salvador , which lies solely on the Pacific Ocean . According to the ACS , the total population of its member states is 227 million people . Geography and geology ( edit ) The Caribbean Plate The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies : Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin . These islands include Aruba ( possessing only minor volcanic features ) , Curacao , Barbados , Bonaire , the Cayman Islands , Saint Croix , the Bahamas , and Antigua . Others possess rugged towering mountain - ranges like the islands of Saint Martin , Cuba , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico , Jamaica , Dominica , Montserrat , Saba , Saint Eustatius , Saint Kitts , Saint Lucia , Saint Thomas , Saint John , Tortola , Grenada , Saint Vincent , Guadeloupe , Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago . Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary . The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles . The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad and Tobago and the Leeward Antilles . The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large , migratory schools of fish , turtles , and coral reef formations . The Puerto Rico trench , located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico , is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean . The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the Panama Canal connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean . Climate ( edit ) The climate of the area is tropical to subtropical in Cuba , the Bahamas and Puerto Rico . Rainfall varies with elevation , size and water currents ( cool upwellings keep the ABC islands arid ) . Warm , moist trade winds blow consistently from the east creating rain forest / semi desert divisions on mountainous islands . Occasional north westerlies affect the northern islands in the winter . The region enjoys year - round sunshine , divided into ' dry ' and ' wet ' seasons , with the latter six months of the year being wetter than the first half . Hurricane season is from June to November , but they occur more frequently in August and September and more common in the northern islands of the Caribbean . Hurricanes that sometimes batter the region usually strike northwards of Grenada and to the west of Barbados . The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean . A great example being recent events of Hurricane Irma devastating the island of Saint Martin during the 2017 hurricane season . Water temperatures vary from 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) to 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) all around the year . The air temperature is warm , in the 20s and 30s ° C ( 70s , 80s and 90s ° F ) during the year , only varies from winter to summer about 2 -- 5 degrees on the southern islands and about 10 -- 20 degrees difference can occur in the northern islands of the Caribbean . The northern islands , like the Bahamas , Cuba , Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic , may be influenced by continental masses during winter months , such as cold fronts . Aruba : Latitude 12 ° N ( hide ) Climate data for Oranjestad , Aruba ( 1981 -- 2010 , extremes 1951 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 34.8 ( 94.6 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 39.3 ( 1.547 ) 20.6 ( 0.811 ) 8.7 ( 0.343 ) 11.6 ( 0.457 ) 16.3 ( 0.642 ) 18.7 ( 0.736 ) 31.7 ( 1.248 ) 25.8 ( 1.016 ) 45.5 ( 1.791 ) 77.8 ( 3.063 ) 94.0 ( 3.701 ) 81.8 ( 3.22 ) 471.8 ( 18.575 ) Source : DEPARTAMENTO METEOROLOGICO ARUBA , ( extremes ) Puerto Rico : Latitude 18 ° N ( hide ) Climate data for Mayagüez , Puerto Rico Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 35 ( 95 ) 36 ( 96 ) 36 ( 97 ) 37 ( 98 ) 37 ( 98 ) 37 ( 98 ) 37 ( 99 ) 37 ( 99 ) 37 ( 99 ) 37 ( 99 ) 37 ( 98 ) 36 ( 97 ) 37 ( 99 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 85 ) 31 ( 87 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 33 ( 91 ) 33 ( 92 ) 33 ( 92 ) 33 ( 92 ) 32 ( 90 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 89 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 17 ( 63 ) 18 ( 64 ) 19 ( 66 ) 21 ( 69 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 75 ) 24 ( 76 ) 24 ( 76 ) 23 ( 74 ) 21 ( 70 ) 19 ( 67 ) 21 ( 71 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 9 ( 48 ) 6 ( 43 ) 10 ( 50 ) 14 ( 57 ) 14 ( 57 ) 16 ( 60 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 65 ) 15 ( 59 ) 16 ( 61 ) 8 ( 47 ) 13 ( 55 ) 6 ( 43 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 28 ( 1.1 ) 52 ( 2.05 ) 39 ( 1.54 ) 123 ( 4.84 ) 271 ( 10.67 ) 131 ( 5.16 ) 168 ( 6.61 ) 299 ( 11.77 ) 321 ( 12.64 ) 189 ( 7.44 ) 198 ( 7.8 ) 123 ( 4.84 ) 1,713 ( 67.44 ) Source : The Weather Channel Cuba : at Latitude 22 ° N ( hide ) Climate data for Havana Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 35.9 ( 96.6 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 34.8 ( 94.6 ) 38 ( 100.4 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) ( 39.2 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 64.4 ( 2.535 ) 68.6 ( 2.701 ) 46.2 ( 1.819 ) 53.7 ( 2.114 ) 98.0 ( 3.858 ) 182.3 ( 7.177 ) 105.6 ( 4.157 ) 99.6 ( 3.921 ) 144.4 ( 5.685 ) 180.5 ( 7.106 ) 88.3 ( 3.476 ) 57.6 ( 2.268 ) 1,189.2 ( 46.817 ) Source : World Meteorological Organisation ( UN ) , Climate-Charts.com A field in Pinar del Rio planted with Cuban tobacco Puerto Rico 's south shore , from the mountains of Jayuya Grand Anse beach , St. George 's , Grenada A church cemetery perched in the mountains of Guadeloupe A view of Nevis island from the southeastern peninsula of Saint Kitts Island groups ( edit ) Lucayan Archipelago The Bahamas Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) Greater Antilles Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) Cuba Hispaniola Haiti Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico ( U.S. Commonwealth ) Spanish Virgin Islands Lesser Antilles Leeward Islands United States Virgin Islands ( U.S. ) Saint Croix Saint Thomas Saint John Water Island British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) Tortola Virgin Gorda Anegada Jost Van Dyke Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Barbuda Redonda Saint Martin , politically divided between Saint Martin ( France ) Sint Maarten ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) Saba ( Caribbean Netherlands , Netherlands ) Sint Eustatius ( Caribbean Netherlands , Netherlands ) Saint Barthélemy ( French Antilles , France ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts Nevis Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) Guadeloupe ( French Antilles , France ) including Les Saintes Marie - Galante La Désirade Windward Islands Dominica Martinique ( French Antilles , France ) Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent The Grenadines Grenada Grenada Carriacou and Petite Martinique Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Tobago Trinidad Leeward Antilles Aruba ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) Curaçao ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) Bonaire ( Caribbean Netherlands , Netherlands ) Historical groupings ( edit ) Main article : History of the Caribbean Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600 Political evolution of Central America and the Caribbean from 1700 to present The mostly Spanish - controlled Caribbean in the 16th century All islands at some point were , and a few still are , colonies of European nations ; a few are overseas or dependent territories : British West Indies / Anglophone Caribbean -- Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Bay Islands , Guyana , Belize , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Dominica , Grenada , Jamaica , Montserrat , Saint Croix ( briefly ) , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Trinidad and Tobago ( from 1797 ) and the Turks and Caicos Islands Danish West Indies -- Possession of Denmark - Norway before 1814 , then Denmark , present - day United States Virgin Islands Dutch West Indies -- Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Saba , Sint Eustatius , Sint Maarten , Bay Islands ( briefly ) , Saint Croix ( briefly ) , Tobago , Surinam and Virgin Islands French West Indies -- Anguilla ( briefly ) , Antigua and Barbuda ( briefly ) , Dominica , Dominican Republic ( briefly ) , Grenada , Haiti ( formerly Saint - Domingue ) , Montserrat ( briefly ) , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Sint Eustatius ( briefly ) , Sint Maarten , St. Kitts ( briefly ) , Tobago ( briefly ) , Saint Croix , the current French overseas départements of French Guiana , Martinique and Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante , La Désirade and Les Saintes ) , the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin Portuguese West Indies -- present - day Barbados , known as Os Barbados in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil . The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned in 1533 , nearly a century before the British arrived . Spanish West Indies -- Cuba , Hispaniola ( present - day Dominican Republic , Haiti ( until 1659 to France ) , Puerto Rico , Jamaica ( until 1655 to Great Britain ) , the Cayman Islands ( until 1670 to Great Britain ) Trinidad ( until 1797 to Great Britain ) and Bay Islands ( until 1643 to Great Britain ) , coastal islands of Central America ( except Belize ) , and some Caribbean coastal islands of Panama , Colombia , Mexico , and Venezuela . Swedish West Indies -- present - day French Saint - Barthélemy , Guadeloupe ( briefly ) and Tobago ( briefly ) . Courlander West Indies -- Tobago ( until 1691 ) The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962 . The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint cricket team that competes in Test matches , One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals . The West Indian cricket team includes the South American nation of Guyana , the only former British colony on the mainland of that continent . In addition , these countries share the University of the West Indies as a regional entity . The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica , Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago , a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad . Modern - day island territories ( edit ) Islands in and near the Caribbean Maritime boundaries between the Caribbean ( island ) nations Main article : List of islands in the Caribbean See also : Caribbean South America and Caribbean basin Anguilla ( British overseas territory ) Antigua and Barbuda ( constitutional monarchy ) Aruba ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) Bahamas ( constitutional monarchy ) Barbados ( constitutional monarchy ) Bonaire ( special municipality of the Netherlands ) British Virgin Islands ( British overseas territory ) Cayman Islands ( British overseas territory ) Cuba ( republic ) Curaçao ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) Dominica ( republic ) Dominican Republic Grenada ( constitutional monarchy ) Guadeloupe ( overseas department of France ) including les Saintes Marie - Galante la Désirade Haiti ( republic ) Jamaica ( constitutional monarchy ) Martinique ( overseas department of France ) Montserrat ( British overseas territory ) Puerto Rico ( Commonwealth of the United States ) Saba ( special municipality of the Netherlands ) Saint Barthélemy ( overseas collectivity of France ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( constitutional monarchy ) Saint Lucia ( constitutional monarchy ) Saint Martin ( overseas collectivity of France ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( constitutional monarchy ) Sint Eustatius ( special municipality of the Netherlands ) Sint Maarten ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) Trinidad and Tobago ( republic ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( British overseas territory ) United States Virgin Islands ( territory of the United States ) Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands ( edit ) Belize Ambergris Caye Belize City Big Creek Caye Caulker Glover 's Reef Dangriga Hick 's Cayes Hopkins Lighthouse Reef Placencia Punta Gorda St. George 's Caye Tobacco Caye Turneffe Atoll Colombia Archipelago of San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina Rosario Islands Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Islas de la Bahía Cayos Cochinos Guanaja Roatán Swan Islands Útila Nicaragua Corn Islands Miskito Cays Pearl Cays Panama Colon City Archipelago off Guna Yala coast ( including the San Blas Islands ) Bocas del Toro Archipelago ( approximately 300 islands ) Mexico Quintana Roo Akumal Banco Chinchorro Boca Paila Cancun Chemuyil Chetumal Costa Maya Cozumel Isla Blanca Isla Cayo Culebra Isla Contoy Isla Holbox Isla Mujeres Mahahual Playa del Carmen Punta Allen Punta Maroma Puerto Aventuras Puerto Cancun Puerto Morelos Sian Ka'an Tulum Xcalak Xcaret Xelha Xpu - Há Suriname Venezuela Blanquilla Island Coche Island Cubagua Island Isla Aves Islas Los Frailes Isla Margarita La Orchila La Sola Island La Tortuga Island Las Aves archipelago Los Hermanos Archipelago Los Monjes Archipelago Los Roques archipelago Los Testigos Islands Patos Island Biodiversity ( edit ) The Caribbean islands are remarkable for the diversity of their animals , fungi and plants , and have been classified as one of Conservation International 's biodiversity hotspots because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems , ranging from montane cloud forests to cactus scrublands . The region also contains about 8 % ( by surface area ) of the world 's coral reefs along with extensive seagrass meadows , both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering the island and continental coasts of the region . For the fungi , there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections , published accounts and field observations . That checklist includes more than 11250 species of fungi recorded from the region . As its authors note , the work is far from exhaustive , and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher . The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean , including species not yet recorded , is likely far higher given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7 % of all fungi worldwide have been discovered . Though the amount of available information is still small , a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands . For Cuba , 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island ; for Puerto Rico , the number is 789 species ; for the Dominican Republic , the number is 699 species ; for Trinidad and Tobago , the number is 407 species . Many of the ecosystems of the Caribbean islands have been devastated by deforestation , pollution , and human encroachment . The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of giant owls and dwarf ground sloths . The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals ( ranging from birds , to mammals and reptiles ) , fungi and plants . Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican amazon , two species of solenodon ( giant shrews ) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island , and the Cuban crocodile . Saona Island , Dominican Republic The region 's coral reefs , which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500 -- 700 species of reef - associated fishes have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years , and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification . According to a UNEP report , the Caribbean coral reefs might get extinct in next 20 years due to population explosion along the coast lines , overfishing , the pollution of coastal areas and global warming . Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture . Tobacco was an important early crop during the colonial era , but was eventually overtaken by sugarcane production as the region 's staple crop . Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe . Cuba and Barbados were historically the largest producers of sugar . The tropical plantation system thus came to dominate Caribbean settlement . Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited for agriculture , for example Dominica , which remains heavily forested . The islands in the southern Lesser Antilles , Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao , are extremely arid , making them unsuitable for agriculture . However , they have salt pans that were exploited by the Dutch . Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds , producing coarse salt when the water evaporated . The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth in eco-tourism . This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations . Plants and animals ( edit ) See also : List of invasive marine fish in the Caribbean Epiphytes ( bromeliads , climbing palms ) in the rainforest of Dominica . A green and black poison frog , Dendrobates auratus Caesalpinia pulcherrima , Guadeloupe . Costus speciosus , a marsh plant , Guadeloupe . An Atlantic ghost crab ( Ocypode quadrata ) in Martinique . Crescentia cujete , or calabash fruit , Martinique . Thalassoma bifasciatum ( bluehead wrasse fish ) , over Bispira brunnea ( social feather duster worms ) . Two Stenopus hispidus ( banded cleaner shrimp ) on a Xestospongia muta ( giant barrel sponge ) . A pair of Cyphoma signatum ( fingerprint cowry ) , off coastal Haiti . The Martinique amazon , Amazona martinicana , is an extinct species of parrot in the family Psittacidae . Anastrepha suspensa , a Caribbean fruit fly . Hemidactylus mabouia , a tropical gecko , in Dominica . Demographics ( edit ) A linen market in Dominica in the 1770s Agostino Brunias . Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape Brooklyn Museum Asian Indians in the late nineteenth century singing and dancing in Trinidad and Tobago Street scene , Matanzas , Cuba At the time of European contact , the dominant ethnic groups in the Caribbean included the Taíno of the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles , the Island Caribs of the southern Lesser Antilles , and smaller distinct groups such as the Guanajatabey of western Cuba and the Ciguayo of eastern Hispaniola . The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact , although lower and higher figures are given . After contact , social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles ( to which they had no natural immunity ) led to a decline in the Amerindian population . From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa such as the Kongo , Igbo , Akan , Fon and Yoruba as well as military prisoners from Ireland , who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England . Immigrants from Britain , Italy , France , Spain , the Netherlands , Portugal and Denmark also arrived , although the mortality rate was high for both groups . The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800 . Immigrants from India , China , Indonesia , and other countries arrived in the mid-19th century as indentured servants . After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade , the population increased naturally . The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000 . The majority of the Caribbean has populations of mainly Africans in the French Caribbean , Anglophone Caribbean and Dutch Caribbean , there are minorities of mixed - race ( including Mulatto - Creole , Dougla , Mestizo , Quadroon , Cholo , Castizo , Criollo , Zambo , Pardo , Asian Latin Americans , Chindian , Cocoa panyols , and Eurasian ) ; and European people of Spanish , Dutch , English , French , Italian , and Portuguese ancestry . Asians , especially those of Chinese , Indian descent , and Javenese Indonesians , form a significant minority in the region and also contribute to multiracial communities . Indians form a majority of the population in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Most of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers . The Spanish - speaking Caribbean have primarily mixed race , African , or European majorities . Puerto Rico has a European majority with a mixture of European - African - Native American ( tri-racial ) , and a large Mulatto ( European - West African ) and West African minority . Cuba also has a European majority with small but growing African population . The Dominican Republic has the largest mixed race population , primarily descended from Europeans , West Africans , and Amerindians . Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago Larger islands such as Jamaica , have a large African majority , in addition to a significant mixed race , and has Chinese , Europeans , Indians , Latinos , Jews , and Arabs populations . This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured laborers , and migration . Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or brown . Similar populations can be found in the Caricom states of Belize , Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago . Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrivals of Africans , Indians , Chinese , Arabs , Jews , Spanish , Portuguese , and Europeans along with the Native Amerindians population . This multi-racial mix has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Dougla , Chindian , Mulatto - Creole , Afro - Asians , Eurasian , Cocoa panyols , and Asian Latin Americans Indigenous groups ( edit ) Arawak peoples Igneri Taíno Caquetio people Ciboney Ciguayo Garifuna Kalina Kalinago Lucayan Macorix Raizal Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of the Caribbean Spanish , English , French , Dutch , Haitian Creole , and Papiamento are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region , although a handful of unique creole languages or dialects can also be found in virtually every Caribbean country . Other languages such as Caribbean Hindustani , Chinese , Indonesian , Amerindian languages , other African languages , other European languages , other Indian languages , and other Indonesian languages can also be found . Religion ( edit ) See also : Religion in the Caribbean Temple in the Sea , a Hindu mandir in Trinidad and Tobago Holy Trinity Cathedral , an Anglican Christian cathedral in Trinidad and Tobago Muhammad Ali Jinnah Memorial Masjid , a Muslim masjid in Trinidad and Tobago A Jewish synagogue in Suriname A Rastafarian man wearing a Rastafarian cap A Haitian Vodou alter A Santería altar in Cuba Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 84.7 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Judaism , Rastafarianism , Buddhism , Chinese folk religion ( Taoism and Confucianism ) , Bahá'í , Jainism , Sikhism , Zorastrianism , Kebatinan , Traditional African religions , Afro - American religions , Yoruba ( Santería , Trinidad Orisha , Palo , Umbanda , Brujería , Hoodoo , Candomblé , Quimbanda , Orisha , Xangô de Recife , Xangô do Nordeste , Comfa , Espiritismo , Santo Daime , Obeah , Candomblé , Abakuá , Kumina , Winti , Sanse , Cuban Vodú , Dominican Vudú , Louisiana Voodoo , Haitian Vodou , and Vodun ) . Politics ( edit ) Regionalism ( edit ) Flag of the Caribbean Common Market and Community ( CARICOM ) Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size , culture , and degree of mobility of their citizens . The current economic and political problems the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states . Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems . From a political and economic perspective , regionalism serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions . In 1973 , the first political regionalism in the Caribbean Basin was created by advances of the English - speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community ( CARICOM ) which is located in Guyana . Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean . On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse , ranging from communist systems such as Cuba toward more capitalist Westminster - style parliamentary systems as in the Commonwealth Caribbean . Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial , and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states . Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a `` blending of traditional and modern patterns , yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways . '' The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices . The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized . Some scholars believe that regionalism can not exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique . On the other hand , scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists . `` Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action . '' These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations ' desires to compete in the international economic system . Furthermore , a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region . In recent years the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest . `` With the end of the Cold War , U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas . As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean . '' The lack of international support for these small , relatively poor states , helped regionalism prosper . Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and European Union 's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other . United States effects on regionalism ( edit ) The United States under President Bill Clinton launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe 's preferential program , known as the Lomé Convention , which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African , Caribbean and Pacific states ( ACP ) to enter Europe cheaply . The World Trade Organization sided in the United States ' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African , Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement . During the US / EU dispute , the United States imposed large tariffs on European Union goods ( up to 100 % ) to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement . Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of falling profits and rising costs as the Lomé Convention weakens . Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of illegal drugs , which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe . Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and Association of Caribbean States ( edit ) Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry . One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the Caribbean Basin has been the Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) . Proposed by CARICOM in 1992 , the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region . It was founded in July 1994 . The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues unique to the Caribbean Basin . Through coalition building , like the ACS and CARICOM , regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean . The successes of region - building initiatives are still debated by scholars , yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean . Venezuela 's effects on regionalism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The President of Venezuela , Hugo Chavez launched an economic group called the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) , which several eastern Caribbean islands joined . In 2012 , the nation of Haiti , with 9 million people , became the largest CARICOM nation that sought to join the union . Regional institutions ( edit ) Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration : Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) , Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce ( CAIC ) , Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organizations ( CANTO ) , Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) , Guyana Caribbean Development Bank ( CDB ) , Barbados Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency ( CDERA ) , Barbados Caribbean Educators Network Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation ( CARILEC ) , Saint Lucia Caribbean Examinations Council ( CXC ) , Barbados and Jamaica Caribbean Financial Action Task Force ( CFATF ) , Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Food Crops Society , Puerto Rico Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , Jamaica Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association ( CHTA ) , Florida and Puerto Rico Caribbean Initiative ( Initiative of the IUCN ) Caribbean Programme for Economic Competitiveness ( CPEC ) , Saint Lucia Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme ( CREP ) , Barbados Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism ( CRFM ) , Belize Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery ( CRNM ) , Barbados and Dominican Republic Caribbean Telecommunications Union ( CTU ) , Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Tourism Organization ( CTO ) , Barbados Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Foundation for the Development of Caribbean Children , Barbados Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre ( LACNIC ) , Brazil and Uruguay Latin American and the Caribbean Economic System , Venezuela Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) , Saint Lucia United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC ) , Chile and Trinidad and Tobago University of the West Indies , Jamaica , Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago . In addition , the fourth campus , the Open Campus was formed in June 2008 as a result of an amalgamation of the Board for Non-Campus Countries and Distance Education , Schools of Continuing Studies , the UWI Distance Education Centres and Tertiary Level Units . The Open Campus has 42 physical sites in 16 Anglophone caribbean countries . West Indies Cricket Board , Antigua and Barbuda Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Caribbean cuisine Favorite or national dishes ( edit ) Doubles , one of the national dishes of Trinidad and Tobago Arroz con gandules , one of the national dishes of Puerto Rico Anguilla -- rice , peas and fish Antigua and Barbuda -- fungee and pepperpot Bahamas - Guava duff , Conch Salad , Peas n ' Rice , and Conch Fritters Barbados -- cou - cou and flying fish Belize - rice and beans , stew chicken with potato salad ; white rice , stew beans and fry fish with cole slaw British Virgin Islands -- fish and fungee Cayman Islands -- turtle stew , turtle steak , grouper Colombian Caribbean -- rice with coconut milk , arroz con pollo , sancocho , Arab cuisine ( due to the large Arab population ) Cuba -- platillo Moros y Cristianos , ropa vieja , lechon , maduros , ajiaco Dominica -- mountain chicken , rice and peas , dumplings , saltfish , dashin , bakes ( fried dumplings ) , coconut confiture , curry goat , cassava farine , oxtail Dominican Republic -- arroz con pollo with stewed red kidney beans , pan fried or braised beef , salad / ensalada de coditos , empanadas , mangú Grenada -- oil down Guyana -- pepperpot , cookup rice , roti and curry , methem , polourie Haiti -- griot ( fried pork ) served with du riz a pois or diri ak pwa ( rice and beans ) Jamaica -- ackee and saltfish , callaloo , jerk chicken , curry chicken Montserrat -- Goat water Puerto Rico -- yellow rice with green pigeon peas , saltfish stew , roasted pork shoulder , chicken fricassée , mofongo , tripe soup , alcapurria , coconut custard , rice pudding , guava turnovers , Mallorca bread Saint Kitts and Nevis -- coconut dumplings , spicy plantain , saltfish , breadfruit Saint Lucia -- callaloo , dal roti , dried and salted cod , green bananas , rice and beans Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- roasted breadfruit and fried jackfish Trinidad and Tobago -- callaloo , doubles , aloo pie , phulourie , bake and shark , macroni pie , curry , roti ( paratha , fried bake , dal bhat , crab and dumpling , saheena , baiganee , pulao or pilao United States Virgin Islands -- stewed goat , oxtail or beef , seafood , callaloo , fungee See also ( edit ) Geography portal Islands portal North America portal Caribbean portal African diaspora Anchor coinage British African - Caribbean people British Indo - Caribbean people CONCACAF Council on Hemispheric Affairs Culture of the Caribbean Economy of the Caribbean Indian diaspora Indo - Caribbean Indo - Caribbean American List of Caribbean music genres List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Caribbean NECOBELAC Project Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin Piracy in the Caribbean Politics of the Caribbean Tourism in the Caribbean Geography : Americas ( terminology ) List of archipelagos by number of islands List of Caribbean islands List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean List of Ultras of the Caribbean Middle America ( Americas ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Lucayan Archipelago is excluded from some definitions of `` Caribbean '' and instead classified as Atlantic ; this is primarily a geological rather than cultural or environmental distinction . Jump up ^ Trinidad and Tobago is sometimes excluded from the definition of `` Caribbean '' on account of being part of the South American continental shelf . This is a geological distinction ; cultural and environmental definitions generally include the country . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhorter , John H. ( 2005 ) . Defining Creole . Oxford University Press US . p. 379 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516670 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Allsopp , Richard ; Allsopp , Jeannette ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage . University of the West Indies Press . p. 136 -- . ISBN 978 - 976 - 640 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Engerman , Stanley L. ( 2000 ) . `` A Population History of the Caribbean '' . In Haines , Michael R. ; Steckel , Richard Hall . A Population History of North America . Cambridge University Press . pp. 483 -- 528 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 49666 - 7 . OCLC 41118518 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Richard S. ; D'Agostino , Thomas J. , eds. ( 2003 ) . Understanding the contemporary Caribbean . London , UK : Lynne Rienner . ISBN 158826663X . OCLC 300280211 . Jump up ^ Asann , Ridvan ( 2007 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3811 - 2 . Jump up ^ Higman , B.W. ( 2011 ) . A ConciseHistory of the Caribbean . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. xi . ISBN 0521043484 . Jump up ^ Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications ( M49 ) , United Nations Statistics Division Jump up ^ North America Atlas National Geographic Jump up ^ `` North America '' Archived March 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of Canada Jump up ^ `` North America '' . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia ; `` ... associated with the continent is Greenland , the largest island in the world , and such offshore groups as the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Queen Charlotte Islands , and the Aleutian Islands . '' Jump up ^ The World : Geographic Overview , The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency ; `` North America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland , the isles of the Caribbean , and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama . '' Jump up ^ The Netherlands Antilles : The joy of six , The Economist Magazine , April 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Carib '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . inhabited the Lesser Antilles and parts of the neighbouring South American coast at the time of the Spanish conquest . Jump up ^ Elster , Charles Harrington . `` Caribbean '' , from The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations . p. 78 . ( 2d ed. 2005 ) Jump up ^ In the early 20th century , only the pronunciation with the primary stress on the third syllable was considered correct , according to Frank Horace Vizetelly , A Desk - Book of Twenty - five Thousand Words Frequently Mispronounced ( Funk and Wagnalls , 1917 ) , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged , Peter ; Johnstone , Keith ( 2011 ) . A Course in Phonetics . Cengage Learning . pp. 86 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4282 - 3126 - 9 . Jump up ^ Random House Dictionary Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary Jump up ^ Merriam Webster Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Elster , supra . ^ Jump up to : Oxford Online Dictionaries Jump up ^ `` Background of the business forum of the Greater Caribbean of the Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . acs-aec.org Jump up ^ ten Brink , Uri . `` Puerto Rico Trench 2003 : Cruise Summary Results '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Climatological Normals 1981 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Departamento Meteorologico Aruba . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Data Aruba '' . Departamento Meteorologico Aruba . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Mayaguez , PR - Temperature and Precipitation '' . Weather.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service -- Havana '' . Cuban Institute of Meteorology . June 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Casa Blanca , Habana , Cuba : Climate , Global Warming , and Daylight Charts and Data '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mark Spalding ; Corinna Ravilious ; Edmund Peter Green ( 10 September 2001 ) . World Atlas of Coral Reefs . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23255 - 6 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Littler , D. and Littler , M. ( 2000 ) Caribbean Reef Plants . OffShore Graphics , Inc. , ISBN 0967890101 . Jump up ^ Minter , D.W. , Rodríguez Hernández , M. and Mena Portales , J. ( 2001 ) Fungi of the Caribbean . An annotated checklist . PDMS Publishing , ISBN 0 - 9540169 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kirk , P.M. ; Ainsworth , Geoffrey Clough ( 2008 ) . Ainsworth & Bisby 's Dictionary of the Fungi . CABI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 826 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Fungi of Cuba -- potential endemics '' . cybertruffle.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Fungi of Puerto Rico -- potential endemics '' . cybertruffle.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Fungi of the Dominican Republic -- potential endemics '' . cybertruffle.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Fungi of Trinidad & Tobago -- potential endemics '' . cybertruffle.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` North American Extinctions v. World '' . Thegreatstory.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Coral Reefs '' . coral-reef-info.com . Jump up ^ Hoegh - Guldberg , O. ; Mumby , P.J. ; Hooten , A.J. ; Steneck , R.S. ; Greenfield , P. ; Gomez , E. ; Harvell , C.D. ; Sale , P.F. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification '' . Science . 318 ( 5857 ) : 1737 -- 42 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1152509 . PMID 18079392 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean coral reefs may disappear within 20 years : Report '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogoziński , Jan ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . Penguin . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28193 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rogoziński , Jan ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . Penguin . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28193 - 6 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Joseph Patrick ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues : A-M . ABC - CLIO . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34102 - 8 . Jump up ^ Engerman , p. 486 Jump up ^ The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery , U.S. Library of Congress Jump up ^ Engerman , pp. 488 -- 492 Jump up ^ Engerman , Figure 11.1 Jump up ^ Engerman , pp. 501 -- 502 Jump up ^ Engerman , pp. 504 , 511 Jump up ^ Table A. 2 , Database documentation , Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) Population Database , version 3 , International Center for Tropical Agriculture , 2005 . Accessed on line February 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christianity in its Global Context Archived 2013 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gowricharn , Ruben . Caribbean Transnationalism : Migration , Pluralization , and Social Cohesion , Lanham : Lexington Books , 2006 . p. 5 ISBN 0 - 7391 - 1167 - 1 Jump up ^ Hillman , p. 150 Jump up ^ Hillman , p. 165 ^ Jump up to : Serbin , Andres ( 1994 ) . `` Towards an Association of Caribbean States : Raising Some Awkward Questions '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . 36 ( 4 ) : 61 -- 90 . JSTOR 166319 . Jump up ^ Hillman , p. 123 Jump up ^ `` The U.S. - EU Banana Agreement '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) See also : `` Dominica : Poverty and Potential '' . BBC . 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` WTO rules against EU banana import practices '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . eubusiness.com ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) Jump up ^ `` No truce in banana war '' . BBC News . 1999 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` World : Americas St Vincent hit by banana war '' . BBC News . 1999 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Concern for Caribbean farmers '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2005 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Kevin ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . `` ALBA Expands its Allies in the Caribbean '' . Venezuela Analysis . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CANTO Caribbean portal '' . Canto.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Educators Network '' . CEN . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carilec '' . Carilec.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme '' . Crepnet.net . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism '' . Caricom-fisheries.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the RNM '' . Crnm.org . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` University of the West Indies '' . Uwi.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies Cricket Board WICB Official Website '' . Windiescricket.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Bibliography ( edit ) Engerman , Stanley L. `` A Population History of the Caribbean '' , pp. 483 -- 528 in A Population History of North America Michael R. Haines and Richard Hall Steckel ( Eds . ) , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 49666 - 7 . Hillman , Richard S. , and Thomas J. D'agostino , eds . Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean , London : Lynne Rienner , 2003 ISBN 1 - 58826 - 663 - X . Further reading ( edit ) Develtere , Patrick R. 1994 . `` Co-operation and development : With special reference to the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean '' ACCO , ISBN 90 - 334 - 3181 - 5 Gowricharn , Ruben . Caribbean Transnationalism : Migration , Pluralization , and Social Cohesion . Lanham : Lexington Books , 2006 . Henke , Holger , and Fred Reno , eds . Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean . Kingston : University of West Indies Press , 2003 . Heuman , Gad . The Caribbean : Brief Histories . London : A Hodder Arnold Publication , 2006 . de Kadt , Emanuel , ( editor ) . Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean , Oxford University Press , 1972 . Knight , Franklin W . The Modern Caribbean ( University of North Carolina Press , 1989 ) . Kurlansky , Mark . 1992 . A Continent of Islands : Searching for the Caribbean Destiny . Addison - Wesley Publishing . ISBN 0 - 201 - 52396 - 5 Langley , Lester D . The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century . London : University of Georgia Press , 1989 . Maingot , Anthony P . The United States and the Caribbean : Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship . Westview Press , 1994 . Palmie , Stephan , and Francisco A. Scarano , eds . The Caribbean : A History of the Region and Its Peoples ( University of Chicago Press ; 2011 ) ; 660 pp. ; writings on the region since the pre-Columbia era . Ramnarine , Tina K. Beautiful Cosmos : Performance and Belonging in the Caribbean Diaspora . London , Pluto Press , 2007 . Rowntree , Lester / Martin Lewis / Marie Price / William Wyckoff . Diversity Amid Globalization : World Regions , Environment , Development , 4th edition , 2008 . 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8728115472556585680 | Minister of Defence (India) | Minister of Defence ( India ) - wikipedia Minister of Defence ( India ) Minister of Defence Emblem of India Incumbent Nirmala Sitharaman Ministry of Defence Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Inaugural holder Baldev Singh Formation 2 September 1946 The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India . They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less - commonly , the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of Defence . The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses , and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University . The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh , who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru 's cabinet during 1947 -- 52 . Nirmala Sitharaman , the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post . List of Defence Ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Baldev Singh ( 1902 -- 1961 ) 2 September 1946 10 May 1952 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru Kailash Nath Katju ( 1887 -- 1968 ) 1955 1957 V.K. Krishna Menon ( 1896 -- 1974 ) 1957 1962 Yashwantrao Chavan ( 1913 -- 1984 ) 1962 1966 Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Swaran Singh ( 1907 -- 1994 ) 1966 1970 Indira Gandhi 6 Jagjivan Ram ( 1908 -- 1986 ) 1970 ( 5 ) Swaran Singh ( 1907 -- 1994 ) 7 Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) 8 Bansi Lal ( 1927 -- 2006 ) 21 December 1975 24 March 1977 ( 6 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1908 -- 1986 ) 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai 9 Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1910 -- 2000 ) 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh ( 7 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) 16 January 1980 15 January 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi 10 R. Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 15 January 1982 2 August 1984 11 Shankarrao Chavan ( 1920 -- 2004 ) 2 August 1984 31 December 1984 Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 12 P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) 31 December 1984 25 September 1985 Rajiv Gandhi 13 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) 25 September 1985 24 January 1987 14 V.P. Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) 24 January 1987 12 April 1987 15 K.C. Pant ( 1931 -- 2012 ) 12 April 1987 1 December 1989 ( 14 ) V.P. Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal ( National Front ) Himself 16 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party ( National Front ) Himself 17 Sharad Pawar ( born 1940 ) 21 June 1991 6 March 1993 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 12 ) P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) 6 March 1993 16 May 1996 18 Pramod Mahajan ( 1949 -- 2006 ) 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19 Mulayam Singh Yadav ( born 1939 ) 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 Samajwadi Party ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 20 George Fernandes ( born 1930 ) 19 March 1998 16 March 2001 Samata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 21 Jaswant Singh ( born 1938 ) 16 March 2001 21 October 2001 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) ( 20 ) George Fernandes ( born 1930 ) 21 October 2001 22 May 2004 Samata Party Janata Dal ( National Democratic Alliance ) 22 Pranab Mukherjee ( born 1935 ) 22 May 2004 24 October 2006 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh 23 A.K. Antony ( born 1940 ) 24 October 2006 26 May 2014 24 Arun Jaitley ( born 1952 ) 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi 25 Manohar Parrikar ( born 1955 ) 9 November 2014 13 March 2017 ( 24 ) Arun Jaitley ( born 1952 ) 13 March 2017 3 September 2017 26 Nirmala Sitharaman ( born 1959 ) 3 September 2017 Incumbent See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defence Ministers of India . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first woman defence minister of india | [
"The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post.\n"
] | [
"Indira Gandhi"
] |
-4426192395180575700 | Ghost (Hamlet) | Ghost ( Hamlet ) - wikipedia Ghost ( Hamlet ) Jump to : navigation , search Ghost Hamlet character The ghost ( right ) appears to Hamlet ( left ) in the `` closet scene '' , from Rowe 's edition of Shakespeare 's works ( 1709 ) , showing the Prince and Queen in contemporary dress ; the former king 's portrait is on the wall behind Information Family Gertrude ( wife ) Prince Hamlet ( son ) King Claudius ( brother ) Other name ( s ) King Hamlet ( former ) The ghost of Hamlet 's late father is a character from William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . In the stage directions he is referred to as `` Ghost . '' His name is also Hamlet , and he is referred to as King Hamlet to distinguish him from the Prince . He is loosely based on a legendary Jutish chieftain , named Horwendill , who appears in Chronicon Lethrense and in Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum . According to oral tradition , the Ghost was originally played by Shakespeare himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Interpretations 3 Performances 4 See also 5 References Overview ( edit ) For a synopsis of the play , see Hamlet The Ghost appears three times in the play : in Act I , Scene i ; in the continuum of Act I , Scenes iv and v ; and Act III , Scene iv . The ghost arrives at 1.00 a.m. in at least two of the scenes , and in the other scene all that is known is that it is night . The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers -- Bernardo and Marcellus -- and a visitor to Denmark , Horatio . The men draw their swords and stand in fear , requesting that Horatio , as a scholar , address the ghost . Horatio asks the ghost to speak , and reveal its secret . It is about to do so when the cock crows , signalling morning , and the ghost instead disappears . In this scene , the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King , dressed in his full armour . Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before . Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch . Francisco , who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says , `` For this relief much thanks ; ' t is bitter cold , And I am sick at heart . '' Seeing the Ghost arrayed in a military aspect , and aware of Fortinbras marshalling his forces on the frontier , Horatio recognises that the appearance of the Ghost must portend something regarding matters of state . Horatio then persuades Prince Hamlet into staying up with the guards to see if the ghost returns . At midnight , it appears , and beckons Hamlet to follow . Once alone , the ghost describes his wanderings on the earth , and his harrowing life in purgatory , since he died without receiving last rites . `` ... but know , thou noble youth , The serpent that did sting thy Fathers life , Now wears his crown . '' Ghost of Hamlet 's Father He tells the young Hamlet that he was poisoned and murdered by his brother , Claudius , the new King of Denmark , and asks the prince to avenge his death . He also expresses disgust at his wife , Gertrude , for marrying Claudius , but warns Hamlet not to confront her , but to leave that to Heaven . Later , Prince Hamlet returns to his friends and has them swear on his sword to keep what they have seen a secret . When they resist , the ghost utters the words `` Swear '' and `` Swear on the sword '' , from below the stage , until his friends agree . The prince Hamlet , fearing that the apparition may be a demon pretending to be King Hamlet , decides to put the ghost to the test by staging a play that re-enacts the circumstances that the spirit claims led to his death . Claudius 's reaction is one of guilt and horror , and Prince Hamlet is convinced that the ghost is , in fact , his father . However , due to his over-analytical mind and the complexity of the ghost 's conditions , much time passes before Hamlet can carry out his orders . In the third appearance , Hamlet is confronted by the ghost in his mother 's closet , and is rebuked for not carrying out his revenge and for disobeying in talking with Gertrude . Hamlet fearfully apologises . Gertrude , however , can not see the ghost , and thinks Hamlet is mad , asking why he stares and talks to nothing . In this scene , the ghost is described as being in his nightgown . He is never mentioned again . King Hamlet is described by the few who mention him -- and this excludes basically all except Hamlet , Horatio and the guards -- as a warrior , as he led Denmark 's forces to victory against Norway , and personally defeated its King Fortinbras in hand - to - hand combat . Hamlet respects him , saying Claudius pales in comparison to him , and frequently reflecting on him in an endearing manner . Interpretations ( edit ) The prompt book from an 1874 staging of Hamlet by English actor and manager Henry Irving ( 1838 -- 1905 ) , in which he experimented with using limelight ( burning calcium oxide ) to represent the ghost . `` The Ghost in Hamlet is essential to the plot of the play . '' He has also been the subject of a variety of interpretations . W.W. Greg was of the opinion that the Ghost was a figment of Hamlet 's overwrought imagination . J. Dover Wilson and others have argued that in having the Ghost appear a number of times to others before appearing to Hamlet , Shakespeare makes clear that the apparition is not a mere illusion . Performances ( edit ) About a hundred years after Shakespeare died , Nicholas Rowe reported that he had heard an anecdote that Shakespeare himself had played the Ghost , starting a story that continues to this day . See also ( edit ) List of ghosts References ( edit ) England portal Theatre portal Fictional characters portal ^ Jump up to : Sylvan Barnet , `` Shakespeare : An Overview , '' in Macbeth , ed . Sylvan Barnet , A Signet Classic , 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Maurice Francis . The Ghost in Hamlet and Other Essays in Comparative Literature . Chicago : A.C. McClurg & Co , 1906 . pp. 11 -- 47 Jump up ^ `` Hamlet ( Folio 1 , 1623 ) '' . uvic.ca . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Miriam . `` Discerning the Ghost in Hamlet . '' PMLA 76.5 ( 1961 ) : 493 -- 502 Jump up ^ Greg , W.W. , `` Hamlet 's Hallucinations '' , MLR , XII , 1917 , 393 -- 421 William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_(Hamlet)&oldid=799572434 '' Categories : Characters in Hamlet Fictional ghosts Fictional kings Fictional Danish people Male Shakespearean characters Fratricide in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . 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-4836712043880426359 | Jared Kusnitz | Jared Kusnitz - Wikipedia Jared Kusnitz Jump to : navigation , search Jared Kusnitz Kusnitz in June 2011 . ( 1988 - 11 - 08 ) November 8 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Fort Lauderdale , Florida , U.S. Jared Andrew Kusnitz ( born November 8 , 1988 ) is an American actor . He has appeared in the films Doll Graveyard ( 2005 ) , Dance of the Dead ( 2008 ) , and Prom ( 2011 ) , and television series such as The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Good Luck Charlie , and Underemployed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Early Life ( edit ) Kusnitz was born in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , where he was raised . He is Jewish . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Doll Graveyard Guy Fillbrook 2006 Three Strikes James Television film 2008 Otis Reed Lawson 2008 Dance of the Dead Jimmy Dunn 2008 The Taste of Summer Will 2009 Meanwhile , at the Plaza ... Noah Continental Divide Mitchell 2011 Prom Justin Wexler Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Fatherhood Bobby Episode : `` Birds , Bees and Bindlebeep '' 2009 Phineas and Ferb Marty Voice Episode : `` Oh , There You Are , Perry / Swiss Family Phineas '' 2009 Surviving Suburbia Henry Patterson 13 episodes 2009 Private Practice Ryan Crawford 1 episode Community Mark Episode : `` The Art of Discourse '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager Toby 2011 Good Luck Charlie Grant 2012 Underemployed Louis `` Lou '' Craft 2014 Castle Adam Lane / Netslayer 1 episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/Jared_Andrew Jump up ^ New York Times Jump up ^ http://stayfamous.net/jared-kusnitz-stars-in-underemployed-on-mtv-exclusive-interview/ Jump up ^ Nate Bloom ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrity Jews '' . Jweekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Jared Kusnitz on IMDb VIAF : 83644323 This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jared_Kusnitz&oldid=823295396 '' Categories : 1988 births Male actors from Fort Lauderdale , Florida Jewish American male actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Florida American screen actor , 1980s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 11 : 34 . About Wikipedia | who plays toby in the secret life of the american teenager | [] | [] |
-7599897658091499061 | Charge number | Charge number - wikipedia Charge number Jump to : navigation , search This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2014 ) Charge number ( z ) refers to a quantized value of electric charge , with the quantum of electric charge being the elementary charge , so that the charge number equals the electric charge ( q ) in coulombs divided by the elementary - charge constant ( e ) , or z = q / e . The charge numbers for ions ( and also subatomic particles ) are written in superscript , e.g. Na is a sodium ion with charge number positive one ( an electric charge of one elementary charge ) . Atomic numbers ( Z ) are a special case of charge numbers , referring to the charge number of an atomic nucleus , as opposed to the net charge of an atom or ion . All particles of ordinary matter have integer - value charge numbers , with the exception of quarks , which can not exist in isolation under ordinary circumstances ( the strong force keeps them bound into hadrons of integer charge numbers ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charge numbers in chemistry 2 Charge numbers in nuclear and hadron physics 3 Charge numbers in elementary - particle physics 4 See also 5 References Charge numbers in chemistry ( edit ) Charge number or valence of an ion is the coefficient that , when multiplied by the elementary charge , gives the ion 's charge . For example , the charge on a chloride ion , C l − ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cl ) ^ ( - ) ) , is − 1 ⋅ e ( \ displaystyle - 1 \ cdot e ) , where e is the elementary charge . This means that the charge number for the ion is − 1 ( \ displaystyle - 1 ) . z ( \ displaystyle z ) is used as the symbol for the charge number . In that case , the charge of an ion could be written as Q = z e ( \ displaystyle Q = ze ) . The charge number in chemistry normally relates to an electric charge . This is a property of specific subatomic atoms . These elements define the electromagnetic contact between the two elements . A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table . An element 's placement on the periodic table indicates whether its chemical charge is negative or positive . Looking at the figure below , one can see that the positive charges are on the left side of the table and the negative charges are on the right side of the table . Charges that are positive are called cations . Charges that are negative are called anions . Elements in the same group have the same charge . A group in the periodic table is a term used to represent the vertical columns . The noble gases of the periodic table do not have a charge because they are nonreactive . Noble gases are considered stable since they contain the desired eight electrons . The other atoms or ions have charges because they are very reactive and want to react with another atom or ion to become stable . When elements are bonded , they can either be bonded by ionic bonding or covalent bonding . When elements bond between positive and negative charged atoms , their charges will be switched and carried down on the other element to combine them equally . This is shown below . Using the chart provided , if ammonium with a plus 1 charge is combined with an acetate ion with a negative 1 charge , the charges will be cancelled out , shown in the figure below . NH 4 + + C 2 H 3 O 2 − ⟶ NC 2 H 7 O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( NH4+ + C2H3O2 ^ - - > NC2H7O2 ) ) ) Another example below . 2 NH 4 + + CO 3 2 − ⟶ ( NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2 NH4+ + CO3 ^ 2 - - > ( NH4 ) 2CO3 ) ) ) both NC 2 H 7 O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ ce ( NC2H7O2 ) ) ) ) and ( NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ ce ( ( NH4 ) 2CO3 ) ) ) ) are salts . Charge numbers also help to determine other aspects of chemistry . One example is that someone can use the charge of an ion to find the oxidation number of a monatomic ion . For example , the oxidation number of Li + ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ ce ( Li+ ) ) ) ) is + 1 . This helps when trying to solve oxidation questions . A charge number also can help when drawing Lewis dot structures . For example , if the structure is an ion , the charge will be included outside of the Lewis dot structure . Since there is a negative charge on the outside of the Lewis dot structure , one electron needs to be added to the structure . If the charge was positive , an electron would be lost and taken away . Charge numbers in nuclear and hadron physics ( edit ) For an atomic nucleus , which can be regarded as an ion having stripped off all electrons , the charge number is identical with the atomic number Z , which corresponds to the number of protons in ordinary atomic nuclei . Unlike in chemistry , subatomic particles with electric charges of two elementary charges ( e.g. some delta baryons ) are indicated with a superscript `` + + '' or `` − − '' . In chemistry , the same charge numbers are usually indicated as superscript `` + 2 '' or `` − 2 '' . Charge numbers in elementary - particle physics ( edit ) In particle physics , the charge number is a ( derived ) flavor quantum number . For color - charged particles like quarks and hypothetical leptoquarks , the charge number is a multiple of 1 / 3 . See also ( edit ) quantum number mass - to - charge ratio oxidation ionization anion cation magnetic charge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dynamic Systems in Neuroscience by Izhikevich Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` charge number , z '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_number&oldid=823498138 '' Categories : Units of electrical charge Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2014 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what part of an ions symbol indicates its charge | [] | [] |
6891951194641291622 | Single Scope Background Investigation | Single scope background investigation - wikipedia Single scope background investigation Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Single Scope Background Investigation ( SSBI ) is a type of United States security clearance investigation required for Top Secret , SCI and Q access , and involves investigators or agents interviewing past employers , coworkers and other individuals associated with the subject of the SSBI . Standard elements include background checks of employment , education , organization affiliations and any local agency where the subject has lived , worked , traveled or attended school . These checks lead to interviews with persons who know the subject both personally and professionally . The investigation may include a NACLC of the subject 's spouse or cohabitant . Previous background investigations conducted on the subject may also be reviewed to corroborate the information obtained or disclosed within the new SSBI . Minimum investigative scope . Past ten ( 10 ) years or to age 18 , whichever is less . Expansion of Investigation . The investigation may be expanded as necessary , to resolve issues and / or address employment standards unique to individual agencies . National Agency Check . Checks on subject and spouse / cohabitant of investigative and criminal history files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , including submission of fingerprint records on the subject , and such other national agencies ( DCII , INS , OPM , CIA , etc . ) as appropriate to the individual 's background . Subject Interview . Required in all cases and shall be conducted by trained security , investigative , or counterintelligence personnel to ensure full investigative coverage . An additional personal interview shall be conducted when necessary to resolve any significant information and / or inconsistencies developed during the investigation . Birth . Independent certification of date and place of birth received directly from appropriate registration authority . Citizenship . Subject must be a U.S. citizen . Independent verification of citizenship received directly from appropriate registration authority . For foreign - born immediate family members , verification of citizenship or legal status is also required . Education . Independent verification of most recent or most significant claimed attendance and / or degree / diploma within the scope of investigation . If all education is outside of the investigative scope , the last education above high school level will be verified . Employment . Direct verification through records of all periods of employment within scope but in any event the most recent two ( 2 ) years . Personal interviews of two sources ( supervisor / coworkers ) for each employment of six months or more shall be attempted . In the event that no employment exceeds six months , interviews of supervisor / coworkers shall be attempted . All periods of unemployment in excess of sixty ( 60 ) days shall be verified through records and / or sources . All prior federal / military service and type of discharges shall be verified . References . Four required ( at least two of which are developed ) . To the extent practical , all should have social knowledge of subject and collectively span the entire scope of the investigation . As appropriate , additional interviews may include cohabitant ( s ) , ex-spouses , and relative ( s ) . Interviews with psychological / medical personnel are to be accomplished as required to resolve issues . Neighborhood . Interviews with neighbors for last three years if residence exceeds six months . Confirmation of current residence shall be accomplished regardless of length , including review of rental records if necessary . In the event no residence exceeds six months , interview of neighbors should be undertaken . Credit . Verification of the subject 's financial status and credit habits of all locations where subject has resided , been employed , or attended school for six months or more for the last seven ( 7 ) years . Local Agency Checks . A check of appropriate Police records covering all locations where subject has resided , been employed , or attended school for six months or more during the scope of investigation , including current residence regardless of duration . In the event that no residence , employment , or education exceeds six months , local agency checks should be performed . Public Records . Verification of divorce ( s ) , bankruptcy , etc. , and any other court ( civil or criminal ) actions to which subject has been or is a party within the scope of investigation , when known or developed . Transferability . Investigations satisfying the scope and standards specified above are transferable between agencies and shall be deemed to meet the investigative standards for access to collateral Top Secret / National Security Information and Sensitive Compartmented Information . No further investigation or reinvestigation prior to revalidation every five years will be undertaken unless the agency has substantial information indicating that the transferring individual may not satisfy eligibility standards for clearance or the agency head determines in writing that to accept the investigation would not be in the national security interest of the United States . Notes . Immediate family -- spouse , parents , brothers , sisters , children , and cohabitant of the individual requiring access -- are tested . The Standard Form 86 ( SF86 ) is required to begin the background check process . See the `` Questionnaire for National Security Positions '' at http://www.opm.gov/Forms/pdf_fill/sf86.pdf . SF86 is now an electronic form known as e-QIP , and the information on an investigation and its status is stored in either JPAS , PIPS or Scattered Castles . References ( edit ) Federal Investigative Notices , U.S. Office of Personnel Management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Scope_Background_Investigation&oldid=833560902 '' Categories : Espionage National security United States government secrecy Classified information in the United States United States Office of Personnel Management Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from May 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 09 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | completion of a current single scope background investigation (ssbi) | [] | [] |
-4988363101462468857 | Invasion (Grey's Anatomy) | Invasion ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Invasion ( Grey 's Anatomy ) `` Invasion '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Izzie Stevens trying to fight Adamson , as the latter wants to take O'Malley's old locker . Episode no . Season 6 Episode 5 Directed by Tony Phelan Written by Mark Wilding Featured music `` Clap '' `` I Want You Now '' `` Your Ghost '' Original air date October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Nora Zehetner as Dr. Reed Adamson Robert Baker as Dr. Charles Percy Héctor Elizondo as Carlos Torres Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Episode chronology ← Previous `` Tainted Obligation '' Next → `` I Saw What I Saw '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Invasion '' is the fifth episode of the 6th season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 107th episode overall . It was written by Mark Wilding and directed by Tony Phelan . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on October 15 , 2009 . In the episode , the physicians of Seattle Grace Hospital must learn to co-operate with new Mercy West residents , who do not act in a kind manner to them . Other storylines include Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) 's father returning to the hospital to condemn her homosexuality , and Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) putting her career into jeopardy after administering the wrong treatment to a patient . The episode was Heigl 's last appearance before her five - episode hiatus to film a movie . It is set in a fictional hospital in Seattle , Washington . Héctor Elizondo returned as a guest star , while Jesse Williams , Sarah Drew , Robert Baker , and Nora Zehetner made their first appearances . `` Invasion '' received generally positive reviews , with critics praising Drew 's , Jessica Capshaw 's , Ellen Pompeo 's , and Sandra Oh 's performances . Upon its initial airing , the episode in the United States was viewed by 13.79 million people , garnered a 5.0 / 13 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic and ranked third for the night in terms of viewership . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Broadcasting 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The hospital receives several surgical residents from Mercy West as they enter Seattle Grace , a repercussion of the recent merger . Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) is recovering from her liver transplantation surgery , after donating a portion of it to her father . In the residents ' lounge , Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) tries to explain to Mercy West resident Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) that she should not use a certain locker , due to it formerly belonging to the deceased Dr. George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Adamson ignores her wishes , and uses the locker , leading Stevens to threatening to fight her . Shortly thereafter , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) are working in the emergency room , when Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) embarrasses Yang by taking Mercy West resident Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) ' side in a disagreement . Despite her mindset that all Mercy West residents would act in the manner of Adamson , Stevens develops a friendship with Dr. Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . After months of the two not speaking , Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) 's father , Carlos ( Héctor Elizondo ) , shows up to the hospital with a priest , trying to condemn Torres for her concurrence in homosexuality . Under the supervision of Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Lexie works with Mercy West resident Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) on a burglar , and the two get in several disagreements , leading Lexie to steal her diary . Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and Adamson continuously argue over the course of treatment for a patient , leading the patient 's daughter to yell at them in disbelief . Angry about the revelation that Percy ( who later apologized saying that they can be friends outside the hospital , but not inside ) was using her , Stevens accidentally administers the wrong dialysis to a patient , making her an unviable candidate for the kidney transplant she was scheduled to receive . After arguing over surgical cases for the entirety of the day , Yang comes to the realization that she needs a cardiothoracic surgeon to work at the hospital . After being mistreated by Kepner , Lexie begins to mock her about what is written in her diary , thus ruining her emotionally , but subsequently apologizes . Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Torres ' girlfriend , talks to Carlos , and convinces him to accept his daughter 's sexuality . Having found out about Stevens ' mistake , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) reprimands her reports her to the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) . Webber asks Stevens to come into her office , and he fires her from the staff , noting that Hunt , Shepherd , and Karev had concerns with her coming back to work so early . Stevens departs , writing Karev a Dear John letter , causing him to cry in front of Meredith and Yang . Production ( edit ) The idea of quoting bible verses came from Héctor Elizondo , who guest starred as Callie Torres ' father . The episode was written by Mark Wilding and directed by Tony Phelan . Jenny Barak edited the episode 's music and Donald Lee Harris served as production designer . Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) was absent from the episode . Featured music included The Myrmidon 's `` Clap '' , Traildriver 's `` I Want You Now '' , and Greg Laswell 's remake of `` Your Ghost '' . `` Invasion '' was the last episode Heigl appeared in , before her five - episode hiatus to film the romantic comedy Life As We Know It . Wilding called the guest stars `` a blast to work with '' . He deemed the theme of the episode `` invasion '' , adding that all the character 's lives were being invaded . In the episode , Stevens makes a mistake , following a disagreement with Percy . Wilding commented that Stevens was originally seeking friendship with Percy , because he reminded her of O'Malley . At the conclusion of the episode , Torres ultimately reunites with her father Carlos . Wilding offered his insight on this and the overall episode : `` Shonda came up with the idea of Mr. Torres showing up with the family priest . I immediately said YES because anytime I can see Hector Elizondo on my TV screen , I 'm all for it . In the scene where he 's quoting the Bible at Callie , he really is afraid he 's going to lose her . He 's desperate , yanking out those index cards like her very life depends on it . It was Hector 's idea to use the cards . He did n't think his character would know that stuff of the top of his head , which is how I originally wrote it . And he was right . And it worked beautifully . And that final scene when he and Callie are outside the hospital and he 's asking her if she 'll still get married , still have kids ... I really , really liked that scene . And I really , really liked their whole story . All told , I thought the episode came out pretty well . '' -- Mark Wilding , Grey Matter Reception ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) `` Invasion '' was first broadcast on October 15 , 2009 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company . The episode was viewed by a total of 13.79 million people , down 0.34 % from the previous episode `` Tainted Obligation '' , which garnered 14.13 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Invasion '' ranked third for the night , just behind CBS 's juggernauts CSI and The Mentalist . The episode did not win in viewership , but its 5.0 / 13 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and the entire night , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic , beating out CSI , The Mentalist , Private Practice , and The Office . Although its rating won for the night , it was a decrease from the previous episode , which garnered a 5.4 / 14 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode 's development of Sandra Oh 's character was well received . Critical reception ( edit ) The episode received positive reviews among television critics . The Los Angeles Times ' Carina MacKenzie 's review of the episode was largely positive , though she called it `` immature '' of the episode 's writers to have the characters in constant battle with one another , and deemed the Mercy West resident 's orange scrubs unnecessary . MacKenzie highly praised the characterization of Kepner , in addition to Capshaw 's performance , commenting : `` Jessica Capshaw has an incredible ability to take even the most melodramatic of Grey 's ( Anatomy ) speeches and deliver them with a subtlety and an honesty that makes them come off as sincere instead of overwrought . '' MacKenzie concluded that Karev , Yang , and Meredith had appropriate reactions to Stevens ' departure . Michael Pascua of The Huffington Post praised the scene in which Yang broke down to Meredith , noting the exceptional chemistry between them . Pascua was positive of the storyline between Torres , Carlos , and Robbins , writing that it was nice to see an emphasis on the gay storyline . Adam Bryant of TV Guide wrote that Baker 's character `` seems like the only decent guy in the bunch '' , though PopSugar asserted that Williams ' character `` proves to be most likable of the new doctors '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Writers : Mark Wilding . Director : Tony Phelan ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Invasion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy `` Invasion '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Katherine Heigl takes ' Grey 's Anatomy ' leave of absence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . September 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wilding , Mark ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Mark Wilding on ' Invasion ' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Bones , The Office , Grey 's Anatomy , The Mentalist up , Private Practice down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : The Office , Bones , Grey 's , Supernatural up ; Community , Private Practice down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pascua , Michael ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Invasion '' . Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Recap : `` Invasion '' Season 6 , Episode 4 `` . TV Guide . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` Invasion '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Invasion '' at ABC.com `` Invasion '' at TV.com `` Invasion '' on IMDb hide Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=826960752 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2009 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 23 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do mercy west and seattle grace merge | [] | [] |
-1517384407251018888 | Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials | Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials - wikipedia Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials Jump to : navigation , search The Robert E. Lee monument in New Orleans being lowered , May 19 , 2017 In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015 , several municipalities in the United States removed monuments and memorials dedicated to the Confederate States of America , which before the Civil War had supported the continuation and expansion of slavery . The momentum accelerated in August 2017 after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , turned violent . The removals were driven by the belief that the monuments glorify white supremacy and memorialize a government whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery . Many of those who object to the removals claim that the artifacts are part of the cultural heritage of the United States . Historically , the vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the Jim Crow Era and Civil Rights Movement as a means of intimidating African Americans and reaffirming white supremacy . The monuments have thus become highly politicised ; according to Eleanor Harvey , a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history : `` If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage , they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again '' . According to Stan Deaton , senior historian at the Georgia Historical Society , `` These laws are the Old South imposing its moral and its political views on us forever more . This is what led to the Civil War , and it still divides us as a country . We have competing visions not only about the future but about the past . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Academic commentary 3 History of removals 4 Laws prohibiting removals 5 Removed monuments and memorials 5.1 Alabama 5.2 Arizona 5.3 Arkansas 5.4 California 5.5 Colorado 5.6 District of Columbia 5.7 Florida 5.8 Georgia 5.9 Kansas 5.10 Kentucky 5.11 Louisiana 5.12 Maine 5.13 Maryland 5.14 Massachusetts 5.15 Missouri 5.16 Montana 5.17 Nevada 5.18 New York 5.19 North Carolina 5.20 Ohio 5.21 South Carolina 5.22 Tennessee 5.23 Texas 5.24 Vermont 5.25 Virginia 5.26 Washington ( state ) 5.27 Wisconsin 5.28 Canada 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict , such as when Jim Crow laws were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s . These two periods also coincided with the 50th anniversary and the American Civil War Centennial . The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920 , with a second , smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s . According to historian Jane Dailey from University of Chicago , in many cases the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a `` white supremacist future '' . Another historian , Karyn Cox , from University of North Carolina has written that the monuments are `` a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era '' . Another historian from UNC , James Leloudis , stated that `` The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule . '' Adam Goodheart , Civil War author and director of the Starr Center at Washington College , stated in National Geographic : `` They 're 20th - century artifacts in the sense that a lot of it had to do with a vision of national unity that embraced Southerners as well as Northerners , but importantly still excluded black people . '' Academic commentary ( edit ) In an August 2017 statement on the monuments controversy , the American Historical Association ( AHA ) said that to remove a monument `` is not to erase history , but rather to alter or call attention to a previous interpretation of history . '' The AHA noted that most monuments were erected `` without anything resembling a democratic process , '' and recommended that it was `` time to reconsider these decisions . '' According to the AHA , most Confederate monuments were erected during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century , and this undertaking was `` part and parcel of the initiation of legally mandated segregation and widespread disenfranchisement across the South . '' According to the AHA , memorials to the Confederacy erected during this period `` were intended , in part , to obscure the terrorism required to overthrow Reconstruction , and to intimidate African Americans politically and isolate them from the mainstream of public life . '' A later wave of monument building coincided with the civil rights movement , and according to the AHA `` these symbols of white supremacy are still being invoked for similar purposes . '' According to historian Adam Goodheart , the statues were meant to be symbols of white supremacy and the rallying around them by white supremacists will likely hasten their demise . Elijah Anderson , a professor of sociology at Yale University , said the statues `` really impacts the psyche of black people . '' Harold Holzer , the director of the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College , agreed that the statues were designed to belittle African Americans . Dell Upton , chair of the Department of Art History at the University of California , Los Angeles , wrote that `` the monuments were not intended as public art , '' but rather were installed `` as affirmations that the American polity was a white polity , '' and that because of their explicitly white supremacist intent , their removal from civic spaces was a matter `` of justice , equity , and civic values . '' In a 1993 book , author Frank McKenney argued otherwise ; `` These monuments were communal efforts , public art , and social history , '' he wrote . Ex-soldiers and politicians had difficult time raising funds to erect monuments so the task mostly fell to the women , the `` mothers widows , and orphans , the bereaved fiancees and sisters '' of the soldiers who had lost their lives . Many ladies memorial associations were formed in the decades following the end of the Civil War , most of them joining the United Daughters of the Confederacy following its inception in 1894 . The women were advised to `` remember that they were buying art , not metal and stone ; '' The history the monuments celebrated told only one side of the story , however -- one that was `` openly pro-Confederate , '' Upton argues . Furthermore , Confederate monuments were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African - Americans , who remembered the Civil War far differently , and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved . According to Civil War historian Judith Giesberg , professor of history at Villanova University , `` White supremacy is really what these statues represent . '' Robert Seigler in his study of Confederate monuments in South Carolina found that out of the over one hundred and seventy that he documented , only five monuments were found dedicated to the African Americans who had been used by the Confederacy working `` on fortifications , and had served as musicians , teamsters , cooks , servants , and in other capacities , '' four of those were to slaves and one to a musician , Henry Brown . Eric Foner , a historian of the Civil War and biographer of Lincoln , argued that more statues of African - Americans like Nat Turner should be constructed . Alfred Brophy , a professor of law at the University of Alabama , argued the removal of the Confederate statues `` facilitates forgetting '' , although these statues were `` re-inscribed images of white supremacy '' . Brophy also stated that the Lee statue in Charlottesville should be removed . History of removals ( edit ) Planned removal of the Robert Edward Lee Sculpture in Charlottesville , Va. sparked protests and counter-protests , resulting in three deaths . The removals were marked by events in Louisiana and Virginia within the span of two years . In Louisiana , after the Charleston church shooting of 2015 , the city of New Orleans removed its Confederate memorials two years later . A few months later , in August 2017 , a state of emergency was declared in Virginia after a Unite the Right rally against the removal of the Robert Edward Lee statue in Charlottesville turned violent . Other events followed across the United States . In Baltimore , for example , the city 's Confederate statues were removed on the night of August 15 -- 16 , 2017 . Mayor Catherine Pugh said that she ordered the overnight removals to preserve public safety . Similarly , in Lexington , Kentucky , Mayor Jim Gray asked the city council on August 16 , 2017 to approve the relocation of two statues from a courthouse . A different event occurred in Durham , North Carolina , where several protesters toppled the Confederate Soldiers Monument outside the Old Durham County Courthouse on August 15 , 2017 . Eight activists were arrested in connection with the illegal action . Laws prohibiting removals ( edit ) In Alabama ( 2017 ) , Mississippi ( 2004 ) , North Carolina ( 2015 ) , South Carolina ( 2000 ) , Tennessee ( 2016 ) , and Virginia ( 1902 ) , state laws prohibit the removal or alteration of monuments . Attempts to repeal these laws have not yet ( 2017 ) been successful . Alabama 's law , the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act , was passed in May 2017 , North Carolina 's law in 2015 . Tennessee passed its Tennessee Heritage Protection Act in 2016 . The removal of the Confederate flag from the South Carolina capitol required a 2 / 3 vote of both houses of the legislature . A Reuters poll found that 54 % of adults stated that the monuments should remain in all public spaces , and 27 % said they should be removed , while 19 % said they were unsure . The results were split along racial and political lines , with Republicans and whites preferring to keep the monuments in place , while Democrats and minorities preferring their removal . A similar poll by HuffPost / YouGov found that one - third of respondents favored removal , while 49 % were opposed . Removed monuments and memorials ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Birmingham In August 2017 , immediately after William A. Bell , the mayor of Birmingham , draped a Confederate memorial with plastic and surrounded it with plywood with the rationale `` This country should in no way tolerate the hate that the KKK ( Ku Klux Klan ) , neo-Nazis , fascists and other hate groups spew '' , Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall sued Bell and the city for violating a new ( 2017 ) state law that prohibits the `` relocation , removal , alteration , or other disturbance of any monument on public property that has been in place for 40 years or more '' . Demopolis Confederate Park . Renamed `` Confederate Park '' in 1923 at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy . A Confederate soldier statue was erected in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street adjacent to the Park . It was destroyed on July 16 , 2016 , when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument . The statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged . In 2017 , Demopolis city government voted 3 -- 2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers . Arizona ( edit ) Fort Breckinridge : Named for John C. Breckinridge , U.S. Vice President , from its opening in 1861 until 1862 , when it was renamed Fort Breckenridge to distance it from Breckinridge , who had become a Confederate general . Named Camp Grant ( for Union general Ulysses S. Grant ) in 1865 . Site closed in 1872 , when Camp Grant was moved to a new location . Arkansas ( edit ) Fort Smith : Southside High School : Until 2016 , the school nickname was the Rebels . Its mascot was Johnny Reb , a fictional personification of a Confederate soldier . The school also discontinued the use of `` Dixie '' as its fight song . Little Rock : Confederate Boulevard was renamed to Springer Boulevard in 2015 . The new name honors an African - American family prominent in the area since the Civil War . California ( edit ) Long Beach Robert E. Lee Elementary School . Renamed Olivia Herrera Elementary School on August 1 , 2016 . Los Angeles Confederate Monument , Hollywood Forever Cemetery . `` Covered with a tarp and whisked away in the middle of the night after activists called for its removal and spray - painted the word ' No ' on its back , '' August 15 , 2017 . San Diego Robert E. Lee Elementary School , established 1959 . Renamed Pacific View Leadership Elementary School on May 22 , 2016 . Markers of the Jefferson Davis Highway , installed in Horton Plaza in 1926 and moved to the western sidewalk of the plaza following a 2016 renovation . Following the Charlottesville terror attack in Virginia , the San Diego City Council removed the plaque on August 16 , 2017 . San Lorenzo : San Lorenzo High School . Until 2017 , the school nickname was the `` Rebels '' -- a tribute to the Confederate soldier in the Civil War . It 's mascot , The Rebel Guy , was retired in 2016 . The school 's original mascot , Colonel Reb , was a white man with a cane and goatee who was retired in 1997 . Quartz Hill : Quartz Hill High School . Until 1995 , the school had a mascot called Johnny Reb , who would wave a Confederate Flag at football games . Johnny Reb had replaced another Confederate - themed mascot , Jubilation T. Cornpone , who waved the Stars and Bars flag at football games . `` Slave Day '' fundraisers were phased out in the 1980 's . Colorado ( edit ) Breckenridge Originally named Breckinridge , after Vice-President John C. Breckinridge ; spelling changed after Breckinridge became a Confederate general . District of columbia ( edit ) U.S. Capitol , National Statuary Hall Collection : Alabama 's statue of Confederate officer Jabez Curry was replaced by a statue of Helen Keller in 2009 . In 2017 , Washington National Cathedral removed stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson . In 2016 , it had removed the small Confederate flags in those windows . Florida ( edit ) Bradenton On August 22 , 2017 , the Manatee County Commission voted 4 -- 3 to move the Confederate monument in front of the county courthouse to storage . Daytona Beach On August 2017 , the Daytona Beach city manager made the decision to remove three plaques from Riverfront Park that honored Confederate veterans . Gainesville Confederate monument called `` Old Joe '' , Alachua County courthouse lawn , unveiled January 20 , 1904 . Removed from government land to a private cemetery in 2017 , with participation of the Daughters of the Confederacy . Orlando Confederate `` Johnny Reb '' monument , Lake Eola Park . Erected in 1911 on Magnolia Avenue ; moved to Lake Eola Park in 1917 . Removed from the park to a private location in 2017 . St. Petersburg Marker for the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway erected on January 22 , 1939 , was removed on August 15 , 2017 . Tampa In 1997 , county commissioners removed the Confederate flag from the Hillsborough County seal . In a compromise , they voted to hang a version of the flag in the county center . Commissioners voted in 2015 to remove that flag . In 2007 the county stopped honoring Confederate History Month . In June 2017 , the Hillsborough County School Board started a review of how to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School in east Tampa . The Hillsborough County Board of Commissioners in July 2017 , voted to remove the Memoria in Aeterna ( Eternal Memory ) monument , erected in 1911 at Franklin and Lafayette Streets and moved to its current location , in front of the then - new county courthouse , in 1952 . Tallahassee Flag of the Confederacy removed from Senate seal , displayed in its chambers and on the Senate letterhead . Decided to remove August 19 , 2015 , new shield in place 2016 . The State Senate Seal included the Confederate Battle Flag from 1972 to 2016 . The Senate voted in October 2015 to replace the confederate symbol with the Florida State Flag in the wake of the racially motivated Charleston shootings . The Confederate Stainless Banner flag flew over the west entrance of the Florida State Capitol from 1978 until 2001 , when Gov. Jeb Bush ordered it removed . West Palm Beach Confederate monument , Woodlawn Cemetery ( 1941 ) , located at the front gate , directly behind an American flag . `` The only one south of St. Augustine , likely the only Confederate statue in Palm Beach and Broward counties , said historian Janet DeVries , who leads cemetery tours at Woodlawn . '' Vandalized several times . Removed and placed in storage by order of Mayor Jeri Muoio on August 22 , 2017 , since its owner , the United Daughters of the Confederacy , had not claimed it despite notification . `` Believed by local historians to be the last Confederate monument in Palm Beach County . '' Georgia ( edit ) Athens : A portrait of Robert E. Lee was removed from a building on the campus of the University of Georgia by the Demosthenian Literary Society . Confederate Memorial Day : Georgia removed the Confederate reference in 2015 . The last Monday in April is now known as `` State Holiday . '' Kansas ( edit ) Lyon County Between 1855 and 1862 , Lyon County was known as Breckinridge County , named for John C. Breckinridge , U.S. Vice President and Confederate general . Wichita Confederate Flag Bicentennial Memorial ( 1962 , removed 2015 ) . The Confederate battle flag had been displayed at the John S. Stevens Pavilion at Veterans Memorial Plaza near downtown since 1976 , when it was placed there in a historical flag display as part of the nation 's bicentennial . The flag was removed July 2 , 2015 by order of Mayor Jeff Longwell . Kentucky ( edit ) Florence : Boone County High School . The mascot for the school was Mr. Rebel , a Confederate general who stands tall in a light blue uniform , feathered cap , and English mustache . It was removed in 2017 . Louisville The Confederate Monument in Louisville statue was dedicated in 1895 and was placed next to the University of Louisville on city property . It was removed and re-located to a riverfront park in Brandenburg , Kentucky in December 2016 . Lexington Lexington Mayor Jim Gray proposed the removal of two public statues commemorating John Hunt Morgan and John C. Breckenridge . The city council approved the removal on August 17 , 2017 , giving the mayor 30 days to determine a new location . Louisiana ( edit ) A historical marker in Colfax , Louisiana , commemorating the murder of 150 `` negroes '' which supposedly `` marked the end of carpetbag misrule in the South '' . A nearby monument also celebrates the three whites , who died during the massacre of Colfax 's black citizen , as heroes who died `` fighting for white supremacy '' . To comply with a 2015 City Council order , New Orleans removed statues of Confederate President Jefferson Davis ; Gen. Robert E. Lee , who resigned his U.S Army commission at the time of Virginia 's secession and accepted command of the state 's military forces ; Gen. Pierre G.T. Beauregard , who oversaw the Battle of Fort Sumter ; and the Battle of Liberty Place Monument . Court challenges were unsuccessful . The workers who moved the monuments were dressed in bullet - proof vests , helmets , and masks to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety . According to Mayor Landrieu , `` The original firm we 'd hired to remove the monuments backed out after receiving death threats and having one of his cars set ablaze . '' `` The city said it was weighing where to display the monuments so they could be ' placed in their proper historical context from a dark period of American history . '' On May 19 , 2017 , the Monumental Task Committee , an organization that maintains monuments and plaques across the city , commented on the removal of the statues : `` Mayor Landrieu and the City Council have stripped New Orleans of nationally recognized historic landmarks . With the removal of four of our century - plus aged landmarks , at 299 years old , New Orleans now heads into our Tricentennial more divided and less historic . '' Landrieu replied on the same day : `` These statues are not just stone and metal . They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history . These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional , sanitized Confederacy ; ignoring the death , ignoring the enslavement , and the terror that it actually stood for . '' Jefferson Davis Monument in New Orleans , Louisiana ; left : the monument being unveiled February 22 , 1911 ; right : after removal of statue and pedestal May 11 , 2017 . New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument -- erected 1891 to commemorate the Reconstruction - era Battle of Liberty Place . Removed April 24 , 2017 . The workers were dressed in flak jackets , helmets and scarves to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety . Police officers watched from a nearby hotel . Jefferson Davis Monument -- erected in 1911 . Removed May 11 , 2017 . General Beauregard Equestrian Statue -- erected in 1913 . Removed May 17 , 2017 . Robert E. Lee monument -- erected in 1884 . Statue atop a 60 - foot ( 18 m ) column with 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) on an earthen mound . Statue removed May 19 , 2017 . Maine ( edit ) Brunswick , Maine Confederate plaque , Bowdoin College . Installed in 1965 , removed in August 2017 . Maryland ( edit ) Annapolis Statue of Chief Justice of the United States Roger Taney , Maryland State House grounds ( 1872 ) . Taney stayed loyal to the Union , and remained Chief Justice until his death in 1864 . However , he was the author of the pro-slavery Dred Scott decision , leading up to the Civil War . Monuments to him are being removed at the same time , and for the same reasons , as Confederate monuments . Removed August 18 , 2017 . Like the Baltimore monuments removed two days before , it was removed in the dead of night , under police guard . Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument ( Spirit of the Confederacy ) , Mount Royal Avenue . Defaced with red paint August 13 , 2017 . In 2015 , defaced with yellow paint saying `` black lives matter '' . Removed August 16 , 2017 . Confederate Women 's Monument . Charles Street and University Parkway . Removed August 16 , 2017 . Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument . On the northwestern side of the Wyman Park Dell , Charles Village , opposite the Baltimore Museum of Art , and just south of Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University . Removed August 16 , 2017 . Roger B. Taney ( sculpture ) . A recasting ( copy ) of the Annapolis statue ( 1879 ) . Removed August 16 , 2017 . Ellicott City , Howard County Howard County Courthouse Confederate Monument . Dedicated in 1948 . Removed on August 22 , 2017 . Rockville Confederate Monument . The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Rockville Court House to private land . The monument was installed and / or dedicated on January 1 , 1913 . Massachusetts ( edit ) Fort Warren , Georges Island , Boston Harbor : Memorial to 13 Confederate prisoners who died in captivity . Dedicated in 1963 ; Removed October 2017 . Missouri ( edit ) Kansas City , Missouri United Daughters of the Confederacy Monument on Ward Parkway was removed on August 25 , 2017 . St. Louis Memorial to the Confederate Dead , removed in June 2017 from Forest Park , awaits a new home outside St. Louis City and County limits ( per agreement between the city and Missouri Civil War Museum in Jefferson Barracks ) . Montana ( edit ) Helena Confederate Memorial Fountain ( 1916 ) . City Council voted August 17 , 2017 to remove it . It was removed on August 18 , 2017 . Nevada ( edit ) Paradise : University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) : Until the 1970 's , the school mascot was Beauregard , a wolf dressed in a gray military field jacket and Confederate cap . Beauregard was named for CSA Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard . New York ( edit ) New York City Brooklyn On August 16 , 2017 , the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island removed a 1912 plaque from a tree Robert E. Lee planted between 1842 and 1847 . They also removed a second marker erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1935 . The Bronx Busts of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee are in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College . The college plans to remove the statues . North Carolina ( edit ) A state law , the Historic Artifact Management and Patriotism Act ( 2015 ) prevents removal or relocation of monuments . In 2017 Governor Roy Cooper asked the North Carolina legislature to repeal the law . He also asked the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources to `` determine the cost and logistics of removing Confederate monuments from state property . '' Reidsville From 1910 to 2011 , the monument stood in Reidsville 's downtown area . In 2011 , a motorist hit the monument , shattering the granite soldier which stood atop it . Placing the monument back in the center of town sparked a debate between local officials , neighbors and friends -- which resulted in it being placed at its current site -- the Greenview Cemetery . Chapel Hill A 1923 building at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill was named for William L. Saunders , colonel in the Confederate army and head of the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina . In 2014 , the building was renamed Carolina Hall . Durham The Old Durham County Courthouse statue was pulled down by protesters , later arrested , on August 14 , 2017 . It is being stored in a county warehouse . After vandalism , the statue of Robert E. Lee was removed from the chapel at Duke University August 19 , 2017 . Ohio ( edit ) Franklin Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee roadside plaque . Removed August 16 -- 17 , 2017 . Columbus : Camp Chase Cemetery 's Confederate Soldier Memorial . Dedicated in 1902 . The statue on top was toppled and decapitated by vandals on August 22 , 2017 . A federal agency plans to repair the bronze statue . Worthington : An Ohio state historical marker outside the home where CSA Brigadier General Roswell S. Ripley was born was removed August 18 , 2017 . Willoughby : Willoughby South High School : In 2017 , the school dropped its `` Rebel '' mascot -- a man dressed in a gray Confederate military outfit -- but kept the `` Rebel '' nickname . South Carolina ( edit ) The Confederate flag was raised over the South Carolina statehouse in 1962 . In 2000 the legislature voted to remove it and replace it with a flag on a flagpole in front of the Capitol . In 2015 the complete removal was approved by the required 2 / 3 majority of both houses of the Legislature . In 2017 , the Confederate flag and pictures of Jackson and Lee were removed from the York County courthouse . Tennessee ( edit ) Confederate Memorial Hall in 2006 . Memphis The Orpheum Theatre 's annual showing of Gone with the Wind has been canceled ( permanently ) . Nashville Confederate Memorial Hall , Vanderbilt University , was renamed Memorial Hall on August 15 , 2016 . Since the building `` was built on the back of a $50,000 donation from the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1933 , '' the University returned to them its 2017 equivalent , $1.2 million . Texas ( edit ) Arlington : Six Flags Over Texas theme park : In August 2017 removed the Stars and Bars Confederate Flag after flying it for 56 years along with the flags of the other countries that Texas has been part of . In the 1990s the park renamed the Confederacy section the Old South section and removed all Confederate Battle Flags . Dallas : Robert E. Lee Statue ( 1936 ) located in Lee Park along Turtle Creek Boulevard . Dedicated in 1936 to celebrate the Texas Centennial Exposition . Removed September 14 , 2017 after the city council voted 13 -- 1 to remove it . Robert E. Lee Park : The park was temporarily renamed `` Oak Lawn Park '' until a permanent name can be approved . Garland : South Garland High School removed various Confederate symbols in 2015 . A floor tile mosaic donated by the Class of 1968 and a granite sign in front of the school were replaced . Both had incorporated the Confederate flag , which was part of the school 's original coat of arms . In addition , the district has dropped `` Dixie '' as the tune for the school fight song . The school changed its Colonel mascot 's uniform from Confederate gray to red and blue in 1991 . Houston : Downing Street . Renamed Emancipation Avenue in 2017 . Lee High School ( 1962 ) . Originally known as Robert E. Lee High School , district leaders dropped the `` Robert E . '' from the school 's title to distance the school from the Confederate general . School officials changed the name to Margaret Long Wisdom High School in 2016 . Westbury High School changed the nickname of its athletic teams from the `` Rebels '' to the `` Huskies . '' University of Texas ( Austin ) : The 2015 decision to move a statue of Jefferson Davis from its mall to a museum was fought by SCV in court . The Confederates likened the move to the destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL while the University President Gregory L. Fenves said `` it is not in the university 's best interest to continue commemorating him ( Davis ) on our Main Mall . '' After the removal of the Jefferson Davis statue in 2015 there were three remaining Confederate statues left on the South Mall at the University of Texas , portraying Generals Robert E. Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston , and Confederate Postmaster John H. Reagan . They were dedicated in 1933 . On August 20 -- 21 , 2017 the university removed the three Confederate statues from the Austin campus grounds and relocated them to a museum . The decision was inspired by the protests in Charlottesville , VA . San Antonio : Confederate Soldiers ' Monument , dedicated April 28 , 1899 , located in Travis Park next to The Alamo . Removed September 1 , 2017 . Vermont ( edit ) Brattleboro : Brattleboro Union High School . Until 2004 , the school mascot was Colonel Reb , a Confederate plantation owner . South Burlington : South Burlington High School Confederate themed Captain Rebel mascot ( 1961 ) , use of the Confederate Battle Flag , and playing of Dixie almost immediately sparked controversy during the Civil Rights era and every decade since . The school board voted to retain the name in 2015 but to change it in 2017 . `` The Rebel Alliance '' , a community group opposed to changing the mascot has lead two successful efforts to defeat the school budget in public votes as a protest . The students choose the `` Wolves '' and rebranding is proceeding . Virginia ( edit ) Lee sculpture covered in tarp following the Unite the Right rally Bailey 's Crossroads : J.E.B. Stuart High School ( 1958 ) . Following protests by students and alumni that began in June 2015 , the school board voted in July 2017 , to rename the school by the beginning of the 2019 school year . Charlottesville Lee Park , the setting for an equestrian statue of Robert Edward Lee , was renamed Emancipation Park on February 6 , 2017 . On February 6 , the Charlottesville City Council also voted to remove the equestrian statue of Lee . In April , the City Council voted to sell the statue . In May a six - month court injunction staying the removal was issued as a result of legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and others . In June 2016 the pedestal had been spray painted with the words `` Black Lives Matter '' , and overnight between July 7 and 8 , 2017 , it was vandalized by being daubed in red paint . On August 20 , 2017 , the City Council unanimously voted to shroud the statue , and that of Stonewall Jackson , in black . The Council `` also decided to direct the city manager to take an administrative step that would make it easier to eventually remove the Jackson statue . '' The statues were covered in black shrouds on August 23 , 2017 . On September 6 , 2017 , the city council voted to remove a statue of Confederate Gen. Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson from Emancipation Park . Jackson Park , named for Stonewall Jackson , was renamed Justice Park . The University of Virginia Board of Visitors ( trustees ) voted unanimously to remove two plaques from the university 's Rotunda that honored students and alumni who fought and died for the Confederacy in the Civil War . The University also agreed `` to acknowledge a $1,000 gift in 1921 from the Ku Klux Klan and contribute the amount , adjusted for inflation , to a suitable cause . '' Lexington In 2011 , the City Council passed an ordinance to ban the flying of flags other than the United States flag , the Virginia Flag , and an as - yet - undesigned city flag on city light poles . Various flags of the Confederacy had previously been flown on city light poles to commemorate the Virginia holiday Lee -- Jackson Day , which is observed on the Friday before Martin Luther King , Jr . Day . About 300 Confederate flag supporters , including members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans , rallied before the City Council meeting , and after the vote the Sons of Confederate Veterans vowed to challenge the new local ordinance in court . Court challenges have not been successful and the ordinance remains in effect . Lexington , for whom its Confederate past and monuments are an embarassment , tried to prevent individuals from flying Confederate flags on their own property , but a 1993 federal injunction blocked this . On the campus of Washington and Lee University , a large Confederate battle flag and a number of related flags were removed from the Lee Chapel in 2014 . Close to Lee Chapel is the older Grace Episcopal Church , where Lee attended . In 1903 the church was renamed the R.E. Lee Memorial Church . In 2017 the church changed its name back to Grace Episcopal Church . Lynchburg A statue of Confederate veteran George Morgan Jones was removed from the Randolph College grounds on August 25 , 2017 . Washington ( state ) ( edit ) Blaine and Vancouver : Stone markers at both ends of the state designating Highway 99 the `` Jefferson Davis Highway '' were erected in the 1930s by the Daughters of the Confederacy , with State approval . They were removed in 2002 through the efforts of State Representative Hans Dunshee and city officials , and after it was discovered that the highway was never officially designated to memorialize Davis by the State . Markers are now in Sons of Confederate Veterans owned `` Jefferson Davis Park '' in Ridgefield right beside I - 5 . Wisconsin ( edit ) Madison Confederate Rest section of Forest Hill Cemetery . This section of the cemetery contains the remains of more than 100 Confederate soldiers who died as prisoners of war at nearby Camp Randall . In 2015 , a flag pole was removed from the section . The pole had been used to fly the Confederate flag for one week around Memorial Day . On August 17 , 2017 , a plaque dedicated to the buried confederate soldiers was removed on the order of Madison mayor Paul Soglin . A larger stone monument listing the names of the deceased was also ordered to be removed , but the removal was postponed until logistics could be worked out . Canada ( edit ) A plaque in a Montreal Hudson 's Bay Company store commemorating Jefferson Davis ' brief stay in the city was installed by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1957 ; it was removed following the Charlottesville rally , under pressure from the public . See also ( edit ) Social movements portal Decommunization in Ukraine ( A similar campaign of monument and memorial removals in Ukraine since 2014 ) Denazification , removal of Nazi symbols in Germany after World War II List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Monument controversies in the United States Rhodes Must Fall , statue removal campaign in South Africa & Oxford University Further reading ( edit ) Horwitz , Tony ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Is the Confederacy finally about to die for good ? '' . The Washington Post . Fortin , Jacey . `` Toppling Monuments , a Visual History '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . `` Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States . Here 's a List '' . The New York Times . Astor , Maggie ; Fandos , Nicholas ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Confederate Leaders ' Descendants Say Statues Can Come Down '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Newkirk II , Vann R. `` Growing Up in the Shadow of the Confederacy '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Applebaum , Anne . `` Opinion Ukraine has finally removed all 1,320 Lenin statues . Our turn . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Graham ( 2016 ) `` Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the post-bellum South are actually much later , anachronistic constructions , and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations '' . Jump up ^ Graham ( 2016 ) `` A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes . One comes around the turn of the 20th century , just after Plessy v. Ferguson , and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws . The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s -- the peak of the civil - rights movement . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schachar , Natalie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kenning , Chris ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States '' . The New York Times . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` : 0 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues , despite Virginia '' . Reuters . August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why the U.S. Capitol Still Hosts Confederate Monuments '' . News.nationalgeographic.com . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Confederate Monument Builders Were Thinking '' . Bloomberg.com . August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A ' White Supremacist Future ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The History of Blaming ' Both Sides ' and Why Language Matters , retrieved August 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Drum , Kevin ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` The real story behind all those Confederate statues '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zorthian , Julia . `` Trump : It 's ' Sad ' to See U.S. Culture ' Ripped Apart ' by Removing Statues '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Parks , Miles ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Why Were Confederate Monuments Built ? : NPR '' . NPR . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Striking graphic reveals the construction of Confederate monuments peaked during the Jim Crow and civil rights eras '' . The Week . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville . Dell Upton , Society of American Historians , 13 September 2017 Jump up ^ Bliss , Jessica ; Meyer , Holly ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` In the South , Confederate monuments often protected , hard to remove thanks to state laws '' . The Tennessean . ^ Jump up to : Graham , David A. ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Heritage ? Public Symbols of the Confederacy '' . Southern Poverty Law Center . April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s , as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists . These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th anniversaries of the Civil War Jump up ^ `` Whose Heritage ? Public Symbols of the Confederacy '' . Southern Poverty Law Center . April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A ' White Supremacist Future ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Karen L. ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Analysis -- The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Durham Confederate statue : tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South ? '' . heraldsun.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Historical Association , AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments ( August 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Regime Change in Charlottesville '' . politico.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Munshi , Neil ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Trump says it is ' foolish ' to remove Confederate symbols '' . Financial Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stoilas , Helen ; Stapley - Brown , Victoria ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Charlottesville riot hastens removal of Confederate monuments throughout the US '' . The Art Newspaper . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenney , Frank M. , The Standing Army : History of Georgia 's County Confederate Monuments , WH Wolfe Associates , Alpharetta , Georgia , 1993 p. ix Jump up ^ McKenney 1993 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ McKenney 1993 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Confederate monuments : What to do with them ? . Grier , Peter . Christian Science Monitor , 22 August 2017 Jump up ^ Seigler , Robert S. , A Guide to Confederate Monuments in South Carolina : Passing the Cup , South Carolina Department of Archives and History , 1997 p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Charlottesville covers Confederate statues with black shrouds '' . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 -- via www.foxnews.com . Jump up ^ Simon , Darran ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Orleans removes Gen. Robert E. Lee statue '' . CNN . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Rosenthal , Brian M. ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ; Goldman , Russell ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Baltimore Removes Confederate Statues ; Mayor Cites Public Safety '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Campbell , Talia Richman and Luke Broadwater ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate monuments taken down in Baltimore overnight '' . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Suerth , Jessica ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the Confederate memorials that will be removed after Charlottesville '' . CNN . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holland , Jesse J. ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Deadly rally accelerates ongoing removal of Confederate statues across U.S. '' . The Chicago Tribune . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Janell Ross , Eight people charged for toppling Confederate statue in Durham as scores line up to confess , Washington Post ( August 17 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Fandos , Nicholas ; Fausset , Richard ; Blinder , Alan ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Charlottesville Violence Spurs New Resistance to Confederate Symbols '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Holly ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why removing Confederate monuments in Tennessee is not an easy process '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Confederate flag removed from South Carolina capitol in victory for activists '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ A majority of Americans want to preserve Confederate monuments : Reuters / Ipsos poll Jump up ^ Reuters / Ipsos Data : Confederate Monuments Jump up ^ Polls Find Little Support For Confederate Statue Removal -- But How You Ask Matters Jump up ^ HuffPost : Confederate Flag , August 15 - 16 , 2017 - 1000 US Adults Jump up ^ Suerth , Jessica . `` Confederate statues and memorials to be removed across US '' . Amp.cnn.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edgemon , Erin ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama police officer crashes into Confederate Monument while on patrol '' . AL.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` A car crash topples a Confederate statue -- and forces a Southern town to confront its past '' . The Week . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Smith Educators Target ' Dixie , ' Rebel Mascot '' . Times Record . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Steve ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Arkansas capital renames street long known as Confederate Boulevard '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer Rice ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Long Beach to Rename Three Schools '' . The Grunion . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Steve ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Southern California does indeed have a Civil War history '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . So will Hollywood Forever Cemetery , where the Long Beach chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy maintains a Confederate monument . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Battle Over Confederate Monuments Moves to the Cemeteries '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ FOX . `` Confederate monument at Hollywood Forever Cemetery to be removed '' . KTTV . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magee , Maureen ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Robert E. Lee school name changed '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.D. Highway '' . Rootsweb.ancestry.com . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Ward ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Christopher Ward on Twitter : `` This morning we removed plaque in @ HortonPlazaPark honoring Jefferson Davis . Monuments to bigotry have no place in # SanDiego -- or anywhere ! '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor Jr. , Otis R. ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Bay Area is n't above the Confederacy fray : High school scrubs Rebel mascot '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Chris ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) . `` My California high school had a Confederate mascot '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ford , Matt . `` Why Are Confederate Statues Still Displayed in the Capitol ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Boorstein , Michelle ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Morse , Hannah . `` Commission votes to move Confederate monument from courthouse '' . Bradenton Herald . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` While moving it in the middle of the night , crews break Confederate monument '' . bradenton . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Spring , Mike ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Daytona Beach : Confederate plaques removed from Riverfront Park '' . WFTV 9 ABC . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinker , Cleveland . `` County votes to offer ' Old Joe ' to United Daughters of Confederacy '' . Gainesville Sun . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate statue removed from downtown Gainesville '' . gainesville.com . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Jason ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Crews remove Confederate statue from Lake Eola Park '' . Wftv.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frago , Charlie ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kriseman removes Confederate marker from St. Pete 's waterfront '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Pete Mayor Orders Removal Of Confederate Marker '' . WUSF . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Contorno , Steve ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` For Tampa 's Confederate monument , racist history clouds claims of heritage '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Florida Senate plans to remove Confederate flag from seal '' , Sun - Sentinel , October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flsenate Archive : Information Center > About the Legislature '' . archive.flsenate.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kristen M. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Florida Senate jettisons Confederate battle flag from seal '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` These 5 states still use Confederate symbols in their flags '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kleinberg , Eliot ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` West Palm removes Confederate monument from city cemetery '' . Palm Beach Post . Jump up ^ Maxine Bentzai , `` Confederate Monument Removed from Cemetery in West Palm Beach , '' ' Sun - Sentinel , August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisa J. Hunash , `` Confederate statue to be removed from West Palm Beach cemetery , '' Sun - Sentinel , August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webteam , WPTV ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Confederate monument removal begins in West Palm Beach '' . WPTV . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Roll , Nick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate Round - Up '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Memorial Day is still celebrated in these states '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Counties : Breckinridge County , Kansas ( defunct ) '' . The Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate flag permanently out of Veterans Memorial Park '' . Kansas.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinert , Melissa ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` New ' Rebels ' logo replaces Confederate mascot at Boone Co . High School '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate statue removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky '' . foxnews.com . May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lexington , Ky. approves plan to move Confederate monuments '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potok , Mark ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Is This the Nation 's Nastiest Monument ? '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 -- via www.thedailybeast.com . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` New Orleans Begins Removing Confederate Monuments , Under Police Guard '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` From Lofty Perch , New Orleans Monument to Confederacy Comes Down '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turque , Bill ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Task Committee '' . monumentaltask.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` New Orleans Mayor 's Message on Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` New Orleans Begins Removing Confederate Monuments , Under Police Guard '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Off the Pedestal '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taney statue removed from Maryland state house grounds overnight '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Baltimore removes Confederate statues in wake of Charlottesville '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ Prudente , Tim ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate monument in Baltimore drenched with red paint '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grierson , Jamie ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Baltimore takes down Confederate statues in middle of night '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khan , Saliqa A. ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Confederate memorial outside Howard County courthouse removed '' . WBAL . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Turque , Bill ; Turque , Bill ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Is Finally Removing Its Confederate Monument '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Benson , 41 Action News Staff , Charlie Keegan , Lisa ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Watch : City crews remove Confederate monument on Ward Parkway '' . KSHB . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bott , Celeste ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remaining pieces of Confederate Monument removed from Forest Park '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Protesters arrested as city of Helena removes Confederate fountain '' . Billingsgazette.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statue defaced as U.S. Confederate monument protests grow '' . Reuters.com . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` University of Nevada Las Vegas Official Athletic Site '' . www.unlvrebels.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Reb ! and `` Rebels '' Nickname Campus Life University of Nevada , Las Vegas `` . www.unlv.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Religious leaders remove Brooklyn plaques honoring Robert E. Lee '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Unsigned ) ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States . Here 's a List . '' . New York Time . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Governor Roy ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` North Carolina Monuments '' . Medium . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Janell ; Berman , Mark ; Achenbach , Joel ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Mayors taking swift action to avoid becoming the next Charlottesville '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` New Confederate statue goes up in Reidsville '' . myfox8.com . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( University of North Carolina ) , The Carolina Story : A Virtual Museum of the University History , `` William L. Saunders ( 1835 -- 1891 ) and Carolina Hall , '' https://museum.unc.edu/exhibits/show/names/carolina-hall , retrieved Aug. 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ Jackson , Amanda . `` Durham , North Carolina : Seven arrested in toppling of Confederate statue '' . CNN . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , Jonathan M. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` 4 Surrender in Toppling of Confederate Statue in North Carolina '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drew , Jonathan ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Duke University removes Robert E. Lee statue from chapel '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 -- via Winston - Salem Journal . Jump up ^ Sewell , Dan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Little Ohio city swept into national battle over monuments '' . APNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . It brought sudden attention to Franklin 's 90 - year - old rock marker , depicting Lee astride his horse , Traveller , and situated aside the `` Dixie Highway , '' a roads network running from Miami to Michigan . Jump up ^ `` Passer - by snags makeshift sign placed at former Franklin Confederate monument '' . Daytondailynews.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/i/web/status/899974698964058112 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery -- Civil War Era National Cemeteries : A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burger , Beth . `` Vandals decapitate Confederate soldier statue at Camp Chase cemetery '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gearino , Dan . Confederate general 's historic marker removed in Worthington . Columbus Dispatch August 19 , 2017 . ( 1 ) Accessed August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio high school getting rid of Confederate mascot '' . Cincinnati.com. 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Firestone , David ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) . `` South Carolina Votes to Remove Confederate Flag From Dome '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Confederate flag removed from South Carolina capitol in victory for activists '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garnier , Terace ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) . `` South Carolina judge dismisses case to keep Confederate flag in courtroom '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre in Memphis pulls ' racially insensitive ' Gone With the Wind . Orpheum Theatre ditches 34 - year - old tradition of screening classic film after customers complained '' . The Guardian . 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburin , Adam ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Daughters of the Confederacy reluctantly accepts Vanderbilt deal '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Six Flags Over Texas overreacted to the Confederate controversy '' . dallasnews.com . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Lee Park -- TX The Cultural Landscape Foundation '' . tclf.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Court halts Robert E. Lee statue 's removal in Dallas after near - unanimous City Council vote '' . Dallas News . 2017 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/NBCNews/status/908476613808893952 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dallas Can Remove Robert E. Lee Statue , Judge Rules '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Task Force Votes to Keep Fair Park Confederate Images '' . NBC 5 Dallas - Fort Worth . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leszcynski , Ray ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Superintendent removes Confederate symbols from South Garland High '' . Dallas News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Smith , Corbett . `` High school mascots are a point of pride '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Houston 's Dowling Street To Be Renamed Emancipation Avenue Houston Public Media '' . Houston Public Media . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Matthew ; Busch , Mallory ; Daniel , Annie ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` At Majority - Minority Schools , Confederate Names Remain '' . Big Country Homepag . Nexstar Broadcasting , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mellon , Ericka ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Four Houston schools get new , non-offensive mascots '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Confederate Veterans take UT statue case to Texas high court '' . Jump up ^ Haurwitz , Ralph K.M. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` UT removing Confederate statues from South Mall '' . American - Statesman . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weber , Andrew ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Long , Controversial History of UT 's Confederate Statues '' . KUT 90.5 . Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` University of Texas at Austin Removes Confederate Statues in Overnight Operation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Paula ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Who paid to have the Confederate statue in Travis Park made and then placed in the park ? '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate statue removed from Travis Park '' . KSAT . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Kelsey ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` San Antonio removes Confederate statue in Travis Park '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ravani , Sarah ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` San Antonio removes Confederate statue in Travis Park '' . MySanAntonio.com . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Emma ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) . `` The Ugly , Racially Charged Fight Over A Confederate Mascot . In Vermont '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` South Burlington 's Rebel debate goes back decades '' . burlingtonfreepress.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Burlington school budget fails , again '' . burlingtonfreepress.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Alexandra ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Wolves Logo , Name Unleashed at SBHS Athletic Facilities '' . mychamplainvalley.com . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fortin , Jacey ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville 's Storm '' . Nyrimes.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Lee Statue Vandalized Ahead of KKK Rally in Charlottesville '' . Nbc29.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emma ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Charlottesville City Council votes to shroud Confederate statues in black '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FOX . `` Charlottesville 's Confederate statues shrouded in black '' . fox5ny.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlottesville Council votes to remove Confederate statue after tense hearing '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Sarah . `` Why Charlottesville , Liberal College Town , Became Ground Zero for White Supremacy '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heim , Joe ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` U-Va . board votes to remove Confederate plaques , ban open flames '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Va. city bans public Confederate flag displays '' . CBS News . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Duncan . `` Rebel flags barred from Lexington poles '' . Roanoke Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia university to remove Confederate flags from chapel '' . CNN Wire . July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , T. Rees ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Washington and Lee University to remove Confederate flags following protests '' . Washington Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Randolph College removes statue of Confederate solider '' . WSLS. 2017 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Berger , Knute ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Confederate symbols also blight the Northwest '' . Crosscut . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Davis Park '' . Sons of Confederate Veterans Pacific NW Division . June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plutchak , Dan . `` Soglin orders removal of Confederate monuments from Forest Hill Cemetery '' . Wkow.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battle over Confederate history hits Madison '' . Isthmus.com . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Mayor Paul Soglin orders removal of Confederate monuments at Forest Hill Cemetery '' . Host.madison.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Madison Mayor Paul Soglin on Removal of Confederate Memorials '' . Cityofmadison.com . City of Madison , Wisconsin . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plaque honouring Confederate leader Jefferson Davis removed from Montreal building '' . thestar.com . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate plaque on Montreal Hudson 's Bay store removed '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials . 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-6079621006915333834 | Tax evasion | Tax evasion - wikipedia Tax evasion Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with tax avoidance . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals , corporations , and trusts . Tax evasion often entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability and includes dishonest tax reporting , such as declaring less income , profits or gains than the amounts actually earned , or overstating deductions . Tax evasion is an activity commonly associated with the informal economy . One measure of the extent of tax evasion ( the `` tax gap '' ) is the amount of unreported income , which is the difference between the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authorities and the actual amount reported . In contrast , tax avoidance is the legal use of tax laws to reduce one 's tax burden . Both tax evasion and avoidance can be viewed as forms of tax noncompliance , as they describe a range of activities that intend to subvert a state 's tax system , although such classification of tax avoidance is not indisputable , given that avoidance is lawful , within self - creating systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economics of tax evasion 2 Evasion of customs duty 2.1 Smuggling 3 Evasion of value - added tax ( VAT ) and sales taxes 4 Government response 4.1 Corruption by tax officials 4.2 Level of evasion and punishment 4.3 Privatization of tax enforcement 4.4 Tax farming 4.5 PSI agencies 5 By country 5.1 Greece 5.2 Scandinavia 5.3 United Kingdom 5.4 United States 5.4. 1 Estimates of lost government revenue 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Economics of tax evasion ( edit ) The ratio of German assets in tax havens in relation to the total German GDP , 1996 -- 2008 . The `` Big 7 '' shown are Hong Kong , Ireland , Lebanon , Liberia , Panama , Singapore , and Switzerland . In 1968 , Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker first theorized the economics of crime , on the basis of which authors M.G. Allingham and A. Sandmo produced , in 1972 , an economic model of tax evasion . This model deals with the evasion of income tax , the main source of tax revenue in developed countries . According to the authors , the level of evasion of income tax depends on the detection probability and the level of punishment provided by law . The literature 's theoretical models are elegant in their effort to identify the variables likely to affect non-compliance . Alternative specifications , however , yield conflicting results concerning both the signs and magnitudes of variables believed to affect tax evasion . Empirical work is required to resolve the theoretical ambiguities . Income tax evasion appears to be positively influenced by the tax rate , the unemployment rate , the level of income and dissatisfaction with government . The U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 appears to have reduced tax evasion in the United States . In a 2017 study Alstadsæter et al. concluded based on random stratified audits and leaked data that occurrence of tax evasion rises sharply as amount of wealth rises and that the very richest are about 10 times more likely than average people to engage in tax avoidance . Evasion of customs duty ( edit ) Customs duties are an important source of revenue in developing countries . Importers purport to evade customs duty by ( a ) under - invoicing and ( b ) misdeclaration of quantity and product - description . When there is ad valorem import duty , the tax base can be reduced through underinvoicing . Misdeclaration of quantity is more relevant for products with specific duty . Production description is changed to match a H.S. Code commensurate with a lower rate of duty . Smuggling ( edit ) Smuggling is importation or exportation of foreign products by illegal means . Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties , as well as for the importation of contraband . A smuggler does not have to pay any customs duty since smuggled products are not routed through customs - tax compliant customs ports , and are therefore not subjected to declaration and , by extension , to the payment of duties and taxes . Evasion of value - added tax ( VAT ) and sales taxes ( edit ) Tax campaigner Richard Murphy 's estimate of the ten countries with the largest absolute levels of tax evasion . He estimated that global tax evasion amounts to 5 percent of the global economy . During the second half of the 20th century , value - added tax ( VAT ) emerged as a modern form of consumption tax throughout the world , with the notable exception of the United States . Producers who collect VAT from consumers may evade tax by under - reporting the amount of sales . The US has no broad - based consumption tax at the federal level , and no state currently collects VAT ; the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes . Canada uses both a VAT at the federal level ( the Goods and Services Tax ) and sales taxes at the provincial level ; some provinces have a single tax combining both forms . In addition , most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and pay the tax on items purchased in another jurisdiction . This means that consumers who purchase something in a lower - taxed or untaxed jurisdiction with the intention of avoiding VAT or sales tax in their home jurisdiction are technically breaking the law in most cases . This is especially prevalent in federal countries like the US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax . In liberal democracies , a fundamental problem with inhibiting evasion of local sales taxes is that liberal democracies , by their very nature , have few ( if any ) border controls between their internal jurisdictions . Therefore , it is not generally cost - effective to enforce tax collection on low - value goods carried in private vehicles from one jurisdiction to another with a different tax rate . However , sub-national governments will normally seek to collect sales tax on high - value items such as cars . Dennis Kozlowski is a particularly notable figure for his alleged evasion of sales tax . What started as an investigation into Kozlowski 's failure to declare art purchases for the purpose of evading New York state sales taxes eventually led to Kozlowski 's conviction and incarceration on more serious charges related to the misappropriation of funds during his tenure as CEO of Tyco International . Government response ( edit ) The size of the shadow economy in Europe , 2011 . The level of evasion depends on a number of factors , including the amount of money a person or a corporation possesses . Efforts to evade income tax decline when the amounts involved are lower . The level of evasion also depends on the efficiency of the tax administration . Corruption by tax officials make it difficult to control evasion . Tax administrations use various means to reduce evasion and increase the level of enforcement : for example , privatization of tax enforcement or tax farming . In 2011 HMRC , the UK tax collection agency , stated that it would continue to crack down on tax evasion , with the goal of collecting £ 18 billion in revenue before 2015 . In 2010 , HMRC began a voluntary amnesty program that targeted middle - class professionals and raised £ 500 million . Corruption by tax officials ( edit ) Corrupt tax officials co-operate with the taxpayers who intend to evade taxes . When they detect an instance of evasion , they refrain from reporting it in return for bribes . Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in many less developed countries . Level of evasion and punishment ( edit ) Tax evasion is a crime in almost all developed countries , and the guilty party is liable to fines and / or imprisonment . In Switzerland , many acts that would amount to criminal tax evasion in other countries are treated as civil matters . Dishonestly misreporting income in a tax return is not necessarily considered a crime . Such matters are handled in the Swiss tax courts , not the criminal courts . In Switzerland , however , some tax misconduct ( such as the deliberate falsification of records ) is criminal . Moreover , civil tax transgressions may give rise to penalties . It is often considered that the extent of evasion depends on the severity of punishment for evasion . Privatization of tax enforcement ( edit ) A `` Lion 's Mouth '' postbox for anonymous denunciations at the Doge 's Palace in Venice , Italy . Text translation : `` Secret denunciations against anyone who will conceal favors and services or will collude to hide the true revenue from them . '' Professor Christopher Hood first suggested privatization of tax enforcement to control tax evasion more efficiently than a government department would. , and some governments have adopted this approach . In Bangladesh , customs administration was partly privatized in 1991 . Abuse by private tax collectors ( see tax farming below ) has on occasion led to revolutionary overthrow of governments who have outsourced tax administration . Tax farming ( edit ) Further information : Tax farming Tax farming is an historical means of collection of revenue . Governments received a lump sum in advance from a private entity , which then collects and retains the revenue and bears the risk of evasion by the taxpayers . It has been suggested that tax farming may reduce tax evasion in less developed countries . This system may be liable to abuse by the `` tax - farmers '' seeking to make a profit , if they are not subject to political constraints . Abuses by tax farmers ( together with a tax system that exempted the aristocracy ) were a primary reason for the French Revolution that toppled Louis XVI . PSI agencies ( edit ) Pre-shipment inspection agencies like Société Générale De Surveillance S.A. and its subsidiary Cotecna are in business to prevent evasion of customs duty through under - invoicing and misdeclaration . However , PSI agencies have cooperated with importers in evading customs duties . Bangladeshi authorities found Cotecna guilty of complicity with importers for evasion of customs duties on a huge scale . In August 2005 , Bangladesh had hired four PSI companies -- Cotecna Inspection SA , SGS ( Bangladesh ) Limited , Bureau Veritas BIVAC ( Bangladesh ) Limited and INtertek Testing Limited -- for three years to certify price , quality and quantity of imported goods . In March 2008 , the Bangladeshi National Board of Revenue cancelled Cotecna 's certificate for serious irregularities , while importers ' complaints about the other three PSI companies mounted . Bangladesh planned to have its customs department train its officials in `` WTO valuation , trade policy , ASYCUDA system , risk management '' to take over the inspections . Cotecna was also found to have bribed Pakistan 's prime minister Benazir Bhutto to secure a PSI contract by Pakistani importers . She and her husband were sentenced both in Pakistan and Switzerland . By Country ( edit ) Poster issued by the British tax authorities to counter offshore tax evasion . Greece ( edit ) Main article : Tax evasion and corruption in Greece Scandinavia ( edit ) A paper by economists Annette Alstadsæter , Niels Johannesen and Gabriel Zucman , which used data from HSBC Switzerland ( `` Swiss leaks '' ) and Mossack Fonseca ( `` Panama Papers '' ) , found that `` on average about 3 % of personal taxes are evaded in Scandinavia , but this figure rises to about 30 % in the top 0.01 % of the wealth distribution ... Taking tax evasion into account increases the rise in inequality seen in tax data since the 1970s markedly , highlighting the need to move beyond tax data to capture income and wealth at the top , even in countries where tax compliance is generally high . We also find that after reducing tax evasion -- by using tax amnesties -- tax evaders do not legally avoid taxes more . This result suggests that fighting tax evasion can be an effective way to collect more tax revenue from the ultra-wealthy . '' United kingdom ( edit ) HMRC , the UK tax collection agency , estimated that in the tax year 2014 -- 15 , tax evasion cost the government £ 5.2 billion . This compared to a wider tax gap ( the difference between the amount of tax that should , in theory , be collected by HMRC , against what is actually collected ) of £ 36 billion in the same year . In 2013 , the Coalition government announced a crackdown on economic crime . It created a new criminal offence for aiding tax evasion and removed the requirement for tax investigation authorities to prove `` intent to evade tax '' to prosecute offenders . In 2015 , Chancellor George Osborne promised to collect £ 5bn by `` waging war '' on tax evaders by announcing new powers for HMRC to target people with offshore bank accounts . The number of people prosecuted for tax evasion doubled in 2014 / 15 from the year before to 1,258 . United States ( edit ) Further information : Tax evasion in the United States In the United States of America , Federal tax evasion is defined as the purposeful , illegal attempt to evade the assessment or the payment of a tax imposed by federal law . Conviction of tax evasion may result in fines and imprisonment . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) has identified small businesses and sole proprietors as the largest contributors to the tax gap between what Americans owe in federal taxes and what the federal government receives . Small businesses and sole proprietorships contribute to the tax gap because there are few ways for the government to know about skimming or non-reporting of income without mounting significant investigations . As of 2007 the most common means of tax evasion was overstatement of charitable contributions , particularly church donations . Estimates of lost government revenue ( edit ) The IRS estimate of the 2001 tax gap was $345 billion and for 2006 it was $450 billion . A study of the 2008 tax gap found a range of $450 -- $500 billion , and unreported income to be about $2 trillion , concluding 18 -- 9 percent of total reportable income not being properly reported to the IRS . See also ( edit ) Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes History of tax resistance Informal sector Land value tax Social inequality Tax amnesty Tax avoidance Tax haven Tax information exchange agreements Tax noncompliance Tax resistance Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft U.S. taxation of illegal income References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Wenzel ( 2002 ) . `` The Impact of Outcome Orientation and Justice Concerns on Tax Compliance '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Psychology : 4 -- 5 . When taxpayers try to find loopholes with the intention to pay less tax , even if technically legal , their actions may be against the spirit of the law and in this sense considered noncompliant . Jump up ^ Shafik Hebous ( 2011 ) . `` Money at the Docks of Tax Havens : A Guide '' . CESifo Working Paper Series No. 3587 , p. 9 . SSRN 1934164 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gary Becker ( 1968 ) . `` Crime and Punishment : An Economic Approach '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Political Economy. 76 : 169 -- 217 . doi : 10.1086 / 259394 . Jump up ^ Allingham , M.G. and A. Sandmo ( 1972 ) ' Income Tax evasion : A Theoretical Analysis ' , Journal of Public Economics , Vol. 1 , 1972 , pp. 323 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Cebula , Richard ; Feige , Edgar L. ( n.d. ) . `` America 's Underground Economy : Measuring the Size , Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S '' . Ideas.repec.org . Jump up ^ Alstadsæter et al. 2017 . Tax Evasion and Inequality ∗ ^ Jump up to : Chowdhury , F.L. ( 1992 ) Evasion of Customs Duty in Bangladesh , unpublished MBA dissertation , Graduate School of Management , Monash University , Australia . Jump up ^ David Cay Johnston ( 13 December 2011 ) . `` Where 's the fraud , Mr. President ? '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter S. ( 2005 ) , `` Tax Policy and the Underground Economy , '' in Christopher Bajada and Friedrich Schneider , eds. , Size , Causes and Consequences of the Underground Economy ( Ashgate Publishing ) . Jump up ^ Tomášková , Eva ( 2008 ) . `` Tax Evasion in the Czech Republic -- In : A Brief Introduction to Czech Law . Rincon : The American Institute for Central European Legal Studies ( AICELS ) 2008 . pp. 111 -- 21 ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 00045 - 8 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stella , Peter ( 1993 ) . `` Tax Farming : A Radical Solution for Developing Country Tax Problems ? '' . IMF Staff Papers. 40 ( 1 ) : 217 -- 25 . JSTOR 3867383 . Jump up ^ Alam . D ( 1999 ) Introduction of PSI system in Bangladesh : Facts and Documents , Desh Prokashon , Dhaka . Jump up ^ `` Watch out , the taxman 's about : HMRC ordered to bring in £ 18bn in government crackdown '' . Mail Online . London : dailymail.co.uk . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jonathan ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` HMRC opens 16 criminal cases over tax evasion '' . The Telegraph . London : telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hood , C. ( 1986 ) Privatizing UK tax Law Enforcement ? , Public Administration , Vol. 64 , Autumn , 1986 , p. 319 -- 33 . Jump up ^ New Age . Media New Age Ltd , Dhaka. 14 September 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20101120114802/http://www.newagebd.com/2007/sep/14/front.html . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` PSI system likely to continue '' . Bangladesh News . 3 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Langley , Alison ( 6 August 2003 ) . `` Pakistan : Bhutto Sentenced In Switzerland '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Tax Evasion and Inequality '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Measuring tax gaps 2016 edition '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` UK government announces corporate tax evasion clampdown '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` George Osborne wages war on tax evasion and avoidance '' . Channel 4 News . Jump up ^ `` Lawyers and tradesmen caught in tax clampdown '' . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 7201 . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Patricia ( 25 March 2007 ) . `` Tax Cheats Cost U.S. hundreds of billions '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Tax Gap for Tax Year 2006 Overview Jan. 6 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tax evasion . Tax Evasion and Fraud collected news and commentary at The Economist `` Tax Evasion collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Employment Tax Evasion Schemes common employment schemes at IRS United States US Justice Dept press release on Jeffrey Chernick , UBS tax evader US Justice Tax Division and its enforcement efforts Tax resistance Topics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self - sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Δεν Πληρώνω Fasci Siciliani Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women 's Tax Resistance League Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax : A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaigns 1300s Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants ' Revolt 1400s Cornish Rebellion of 1497 1500s Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 1600s Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va - nu - pieds Salt Tax Revolt 1700s Boston Tea Party Fries 's Rebellion Gaspee Affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros ( New Granada ) War of the Regulation Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 1800s Dog Tax War Hut Tax War of 1898 Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War 1900s Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Women 's War 2000s Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Related topics Civil disobedience Conscientious objector Direct action Income tax threshold Nonviolent resistance Render unto Caesar Tax noncompliance Tax protester Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft Types of fraud Business - related Billing Cramming Disability Drug / Pharmaceutical Email Employment Fixing Impersonation Intellectual property Internet Job Long firm Odometer Phone Quackery / Health care Racketeering Return Slamming Telemarketing Family - related Marriage Paternity Financial - related Advance - fee ( Lottery scam ) Bank Bankruptcy Chargeback Cheque Credit card Forex Insurance Mortgage Securities Tax Government - related Benefit Electoral Medicare Visa Welfare Other types Affinity fraud Charity Confidence trick Counterfeiting Faked death Forgery Hoax Impersonation Mail and wire ( honest services ) Scientific Spyware White - collar crime GND : 4183183 - 4 NDL : 00561282 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tax_evasion&oldid=800312669 '' Categories : Tax evasion Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2017 Western culture - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 19 : 08 . 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1442907840806895275 | A Millionaire's First Love | A Millionaire 's First Love - wikipedia A Millionaire 's First Love Jump to : navigation , search A Millionaire 's First Love Theatrical poster Hangul 백 만 장 자 의 첫 사 랑 Hanja 百 萬 長 者 의 첫사랑 Revised Romanization Baekmanjangjaui cheot - sarang McCune -- Reischauer Paengmanchangjaŭi ch'ŏtsarang Directed by Kim Tae - kyun Produced by Lee Joo - ick Written by Kim Eun - sook Starring Hyun Bin Lee Yeon - hee Music by Kim Tae - seong Cinematography Choi Chan - min Edited by Ko Im - pyo Production company Boram Film Company Distributed by Lotte Entertainment Release date 9 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 09 ) Running time 116 minutes Country South Korea Language Korean A Millionaire 's First Love ( Hangul : 백만장 자의 첫사랑 ; RR : Baekmanjangja - ui cheot - sarang ) is a 2006 South Korean romance film directed by Kim Tae - kyun , starring Hyun Bin and Lee Yeon - hee . The theme of the film is `` Nothing is more important than the true love of your heart . '' It was released in South Korean cinemas on February 9 , 2006 , and recorded 639,596 admissions during its run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 International release 5 Remake 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Kang Jae - kyung ( Hyun Bin ) is your typical rich kid . He is arrogant , drives sporty cars , attends the big clubs and rides through school corridors on his motorcycle . As his 18th birthday approaches , he is set to inherit his grandfather 's fortune , but first Jae - kyung is required to transfer to a new school in Gangwon Province and graduate . Until then all access to his penthouse , cottage and credit cards are denied . Should he fail to graduate or drops out then he loses everything . If he wishes to give up , he will only receive 0.1 % of his over-all inheritance . With this in mind , he heads out to the countryside , to a small town in which daily life is far removed from what he is used to . Shortly after settling into his new home , he meets 19 - year - old Choi Eun - hwan ( Lee Yeon - hee ) , who happened to run into him back in Seoul . They do n't exactly hit it off ; he 's far too stubborn and cool for school . Conversely , she sees hope for him and sets out to make him see it for himself . They eventually draw closer , thanks to a set of coincidences and school projects . Jae - kyung learns of Eun - hwan 's terminal disease and does what he can to make her happy . He even tells his lawyer that he would give up his inheritance so he could buy an orphanage for her . One day during the rehearsal of a play at school , Jae - kyung notices that the play is resembles the incident that had happened in his life . He recalls a childhood memory of being at the orphanage at Gangwon , where he had met Eun - hwan and had made a promise to return in ten days . He finds Eun - hwan and tells her that he did not remember her or his promise because his parents had died in a car accident on that same day and his memories were thus erased . He tells her he loves her and they kiss . The day of the play comes and Jae - kyung asks his classmate to trade places as a favor ; him as the Colonel rather than the maid . He goes to Eun - hwan 's side and she asks him if he could put on the socks he bought her earlier . While they are dancing , she feels a sudden pain and goes backstage much to Jae - kyung 's worry . However , she returns . Eun - hwan 's mother has also come to see the show . Later , they celebrate the success of the play . The couple sit on a swing , Eun - hwan tells Jae - kyung `` I love you '' and that she 's sleepy . Before falling asleep , she tells Jae - kyung to wake her up after 3 minutes . Soon after , the first snow comes . On their graduation day , Eun - hwan receives the Award of Friendship but does not attend the ceremony as she never woke up . A bouquet of white flowers sits in her seat instead , next to Jae - kyung 's chair . He stays for a while and walks outside carrying the flowers . His grandfather 's lawyer comes , congratulates him and tells him that the inheritance is now his . Later , Jae - kyung builds a house with numerous windows in memory of Eun - hwan . He states that after 50 first snows hit its windows , they will meet again . Cast ( edit ) Hyun Bin as Kang Jae - kyung Lee Yeon - hee as Choi Eun - hwan Yong - Joon Cho as Goo - Ho Do - hyeon Lee as Han - sol Lee as Myungshik Lim Ju - hwan as Seung - joon Hak - yeong Ye as Soundtrack ( edit ) Prologue Insa ( Farewell ) - Jaejoong from TVXQ 거친 나의 나날들 Gray Noise - Yeongene 기억 을 따라가는 재경 ( Memories Follow Jae - kyung ) 털 양말 ( Feather Socks ) 피리 부는 소녀 ( Flute Girl ) Dialogue 1 우리 은환 이 좀 살려 주세요 ( Please Let Eun - hwan Live ) Dialogue 2 Kiss 이제 너 많이 힘들어 지겠다 ( It Will Be Really Hard for You Now ) Dialogue 3 들판 을 거닐며 Insa ( Inst . ) Dialogue 4 Insa - Lee Yeon - hee Dialogue 5 첫눈 ( First Snow ) Insa - TVXQ Dialogue 6 International release ( edit ) Distribution rights to Japan were purchased by Digital Adventure for US $1,500,000 . Remake ( edit ) It inspired the Nepali film Mero Euta Saathi Chha ( 2009 ) and the Telugu film Pilla Zamindar ( 2011 ) . Both unofficial remakes were hits at the box office in their respective countries . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Seung - jae ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` Kim Tae - gyun 's Movies Have Teen Appeal '' . The Dong - a Ilbo . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Heartthrob Hyun Bin Makes Move to the Big Screen '' . The Chosun Ilbo. 16 February 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Movie Synopsis : A Millionaire 's First Love '' . Korea Tourism Organization . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Releases in 2006 : Box - Office Admission Results '' . Koreanfilm.org . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Yang , Sung - jin ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` A Millionaire 's First Love offers melodrama for Valentine 's Day couples '' . The Korea Herald via Hancinema . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Park , Soo - mee ( 7 June 2006 ) . `` If you 're rich , you can have stale plots '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Millionaire 's First Love Sold to Japan '' . Koreacontent.org via Hancinema. 20 February 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Hyun Bin Becomes Top Hallyu Star in Japan '' . KBS Global . 2 March 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) A Millionaire 's First Love on IMDb A Millionaire 's First Love at the Korean Movie Database A Millionaire 's First Love at HanCinema ( hide ) Films directed by Kim Tae - kyun Features The Adventures of Mrs. Park ( 1996 ) First Kiss ( 1998 ) Volcano High ( 2001 ) Temptation of Wolves ( 2004 ) A Millionaire 's First Love ( 2006 ) Crossing ( 2008 ) Higanjima ( 2010 ) A Barefoot Dream ( 2010 ) Innocent Thing ( 2014 ) Bad Sister ( 2014 ) Shorts Stopping for a While ( 1987 ) Julseogi ( 1999 ) Twentidentity ( `` At 2 O'clock '' ) ( 2003 ) 3 Colors Love Story ( `` I 'm OK '' ) ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Millionaire%27s_First_Love&oldid=803216689 '' Categories : 2006 films Korean - language films 2000s romantic drama films South Korean romantic drama films South Korean films Films directed by Kim Tae - kyun Lotte Entertainment films Screenplays by Kim Eun - sook Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 05 : 21 . 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-5717859280632063278 | Ozark (TV series) | Ozark ( TV series ) - wikipedia Ozark ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Ozark Genre Crime drama Thriller Created by Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Starring Jason Bateman Laura Linney Sofia Hublitz Skylar Gaertner Julia Garner Jordana Spiro Jason Butler Harner Esai Morales Peter Mullan Lisa Emery Composer ( s ) Danny Bensi Saunder Jurriaans Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jason Bateman Chris Mundy Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Location ( s ) Lake Allatoona , Georgia Lake Lanier , Georgia Running time 52 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Aggregate Films Zero Gravity Management Headhunter Films Man , Woman & Child Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80117552 Ozark is an American crime drama thriller web - television series created by Bill Dubuque and produced by Media Rights Capital . Jason Bateman stars in the series ; he also directed the first two and last two episodes of season 1 . The first season is composed of nine one - hour episodes and a final 80 minute episode ; it was released on Netflix on July 21 , 2017 . Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde , and Laura Linney portrays his wife , a homemaker turned real estate agent Wendy Byrde . Marty suddenly relocates the family from a Chicago suburb to a summer resort community in the Missouri Ozarks after a money laundering scheme goes wrong , and he must pay off a debt to a Mexican drug lord . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 2.1 Opening Credits 3 Episodes 4 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Bateman as Martin `` Marty '' Byrde , a self - employed financial advisor , based in Chicago . In 2007 , he and his business partner began to launder money for a Mexican drug cartel . Laura Linney as Wendy Byrde , Marty 's wife , and Charlotte and Jonah 's mother . After moving to the Ozarks , Wendy becomes a realtor and starts to identify businesses for Marty to use to launder money . Sofia Hublitz as Charlotte Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 15 - year - old daughter , who strives to return to Chicago . Skylar Gaertner as Jonah Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 13 - year - old son , who begins to show strange interests in dead animals and guns . Julia Garner as Ruth Langmore , a 19 - year - old woman who has the potential to become a dangerous criminal . She becomes part of Marty 's money laundering operation and is in charge of the day - to - day operations of a local strip club , known as `` Lickety Splitz '' . Jordana Spiro as Rachel Garrison , a local hotel owner and Byrde 's business partner Jason Butler Harner as Roy Petty , an FBI agent investigating Marty Esai Morales as Camino Del Rio , a ruthless crime lord for a Mexican cartel for whom Marty launders money Peter Mullan as Jacob Snell , an established local crime lord Lisa Emery as Darlene Snell , Jacob 's wife Recurring ( edit ) Josh Randall as Bruce Liddell , Marty Byrde 's Chicago business partner . Harris Yulin as Buddy Dyker , the Byrdes ' terminally ill tenant . Marc Menchaca as Russ Langmore , Wyatt and Three 's father , Ruth 's uncle , and Boyd and Cade 's brother . Christopher James Baker as Boyd Langmore , uncle of Ruth , Wyatt and Three , and Russ and Cade 's brother . Charlie Tahan as Wyatt Langmore , Russ 's elder son and Ruth 's cousin . Carson Holmes as Three Langmore , Russ 's younger son and Ruth 's cousin . Trevor Long as Cade Langmore , Ruth 's incarcerated father , brother of Russ and Boyd . McKinley Belcher III as Trevor Evans , FBI agent and Roy Petty 's former lover . Robert C. Treveliar as Sheriff John Nix . Kevin L. Johnson as Sam Dermody , a real estate agent in the Ozarks . Adam Boyer as Bobby Dean , owner of the Lickety Splitz strip club . Michael Mosley as Pastor Mason Young . Bethany Anne Lind as Grace Young , Pastor Mason Young 's pregnant wife . Evan George Vourazeris as Tuck , employee at the Blue Cat and Jonah 's first friend in the Ozarks . Sharon Blackwood as Eugenia Dermody , Sam 's controlling , overbearing mother who works for her son 's real estate business . Joseph Melendez as Garcia , an enforcer for Del and watchdog of the Byrdes . Michael Tourek as Ash , an enforcer for the Snells . Production ( edit ) The show is set at a modest waterfront resort at Lake of the Ozarks , inspired by the Alhonna Resort and Marina , where series creator Dubuque worked as a dock hand while attending school in Missouri during the 1980s . Most of the shooting locations are in the Atlanta area at Lake Allatoona and Lake Lanier , rather than at the Lake of the Ozarks , because of tax breaks offered by the state of Georgia . The film crew constructed a set in Georgia after extensively studying the Alhonna Resort property . Some scenes are filmed at Chicago locations . Only a few scenes of the pilot were shot in the city of Lake Ozark , Missouri ; these include shots of the locally famous `` Welcome To Lake Of the Ozarks '' sign and the `` Injun Joe Muffler Man '' statue . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 . Opening Credits ( edit ) At the beginning of each episode , a white letter ' O ' is featured on a black background . Within the quartered circle of the ' O ' are four symbols which foreshadow what is going to happen in that episode . Additionally , each of these symbolic images spell out the word `` Ozark '' . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Sugarwood '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) After his business partner cheats a dangerous client , financial adviser Marty must devise a radical plan to save his and his family 's lives . `` Blue Cat '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) In the Ozarks , Marty struggles to find a local business he can use for money laundering , while his kids make new friends but neglect a crucial duty . `` My Dripping Sleep '' Daniel Sackheim Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty finds a way to control Ruth . Wendy worms her way into a job . FBI Agent Evans confronts Marty & Wendy . Looking for another business to invest in , Marty digs for info on the strip bar . Ruth reveals her big picture plans to her family . Marty has the song `` Still the Same '' stuck in his head . `` Tonight We Improvise '' Daniel Sackheim Paul Kolsby July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty hires Ruth to pull off a heist . Agent Petty forges a relationship with a member of the Langmore family . Jonah exhibits disturbing behavior . Charlotte feels she can not trust her parents . Bobby Dean visits his boss , Jacob Snell , after finding out about Marty 's latest actions . 5 `` Ruling Days '' Andrew Bernstein Martin Zimmerman July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty decides to invest in the religious sector , unaware he will disrupt a discreet business operation . A surprise visitor shows up at the Byrde home . 6 `` Book of Ruth '' Andrew Bernstein Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Jacob educates Marty on his business . Ruth devises and sets in motion a deadly plan . Rachel learns Marty is cooking the books at the Blue Cat Lodge . 7 `` Nest Box '' Ellen Kuras Alyson Feltes July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) To stop Jacob from carrying out his threat , Marty makes an offer . Agent Petty gets what he needs to turn Russ . Charlotte grows desperate to escape . 8 `` Kaleidoscope '' Ellen Kuras Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) In a flashback to 10 years prior , Wendy struggles with depression , Del asks Marty to be his financial adviser , and Agent Petty faces a family crisis . 9 `` Coffee , Black '' Jason Bateman Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Russ learns Agent Petty 's true identity and makes plans to murder , steal and flee . Wendy stumbles on an ideal business to add to the Byrde portfolio . 10 `` The Toll '' Jason Bateman Chris Mundy July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) During his next sermon , Mason falters . Wendy and the kids plan to flee their home . Marty brokers a deal between Jacob and Del . Critical reception ( edit ) Ozark has received positive reviews , particularly for Bateman 's non-comedic performance . On Metacritic , the series has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 28 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 64 % approval rating with an average score of 6.81 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Ozark has n't yet reached the same level as the classic crime dramas to which it will inevitably be compared , but its satisfyingly complex plot -- and a gripping performance from Jason Bateman -- suggest greater potential . '' Brian Lowry of CNN wrote , `` While the fish - out - of - water concept is one of TV 's oldest , Ozark carves out its own path with clever twists -- including a late - in - the - run flashback explaining how the cartel came into his life -- and the sheer strength of the performances . '' TV critic Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote that Ozark is `` smart , well - crafted , and says something , '' and that the series `` comes together under Bateman 's disarming and deceptively complex performance as Marty . '' Tim Dowling of The Guardian wrote `` Laura Linney is , as ever , magnificent '' . Critics compared Ozark positively to Breaking Bad , both of which involve a seemingly normal protagonist suddenly immersed in a world of crime . According to Film Daily , `` Once you get past the surface similarities , Ozark shines as something special and inventive , an intense crime opera where the scenery is as much the star as anyone in the cast . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Outcome Source 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Jason Bateman Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Pending Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Laura Linney Pending Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Television Series Whit Anderson , Bill Dubuque , Paul Kolsby , Mark Williams , Martin Zimmerman , Ryan Farley , Alyson Feltes and Chris Mundy Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Julie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Series ' Ozark ' Starring Jason Bateman Slated to Debut in 2017 '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up Jason Bateman 's Drama Series ' Ozark ' From MRC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Lands Jason Bateman Drama ' Ozark ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Bateman 's New Series Goes To Netflix , Will Be Dark Dangerous Drama '' . Slashfilm . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ozark trailer : Exclusive look at Netflix 's gritty , dark new drug trade drama '' . The Independent . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Linney To Star In Jason Bateman 's Netflix Drama Series ' Ozark'Ozark '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roshanian , Arya ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Drama ' Ozark ' Adds Julia Garner Opposite Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Harrison ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Fame anticipated as Jason Bateman 's Netflix series explores Lake of the Ozarks '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Some Hollywood types , including Bateman , have been visiting Alhonna -- as well as area restaurants , attractions and police officials -- this spring and summer scouting locations , taking photos and measuring dimensions . Jump up ^ Watson , Nick ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Coming Netflix series to shoot scene at Flowery Branch restaurant '' . The Gainesville Times . Georgia ( U.S. state ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Amanda C. ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman Netflix series filming in Gwinnett County '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Nina ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix series ' Ozark ' to film a few days next week in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojdylo , Jesse . `` Symbols in the O at the Beginning of Each Ozark Netflix Episode '' . http://wojdylosocialmedia.com . wojdylosocialmedia.com . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla . `` Here 's What The Symbols in ' Ozark 's Hypnotizing Opening Credits Mean '' . Decider.com . NYP HOLDINGS , INC . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman shines in Netflix 's grim ' Ozark ' '' . CNN . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Netflix 's ' Ozark , ' Starring Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nature is the true star of Netflix 's impressive Ozark '' . Film Daily . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark - Awards '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozark_(TV_series)&oldid=815661454 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s American crime television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming Ozarks in fiction Serial drama television series Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Television shows set in Missouri Television series by Media Rights Capital Works about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 06 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the show the ozarks take place | [
"Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde, and Laura Linney portrays his wife, a homemaker turned real estate agent Wendy Byrde.[6] Marty suddenly relocates the family from a Chicago suburb to a summer resort community in the Missouri Ozarks[7] after a money laundering scheme goes wrong, and he must pay off a debt to a Mexican drug lord.[5] The series was renewed for a 10-episode second season on August 15, 2017.[8]"
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"Missouri"
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4347143241898575243 | Speed of electricity | Speed of electricity - wikipedia Speed of electricity This article needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The word electricity refers generally to the movement of electrons ( or other charge carriers ) through a conductor in the presence of potential and an electric field . The speed of this flow has multiple meanings . In everyday electrical and electronic devices , the signals or energy travel as electromagnetic waves typically on the order of 50 % -- 99 % of the speed of light , while the electrons themselves move ( drift ) much more slowly . Contents 1 Electromagnetic waves 1.1 Speed of electromagnetic waves in good dielectrics 1.2 Speed of electromagnetic waves in good conductors 1.3 Electromagnetic waves in circuits 2 Electric drift 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Electromagnetic waves ( edit ) Main article : Wave propagation speed The speed at which energy or signals travel down a cable is actually the speed of the electromagnetic wave in the insulating material between the conductors , not the movement of electrons . Electromagnetic wave propagation is fast and depends on both the permeability and the permittivity of the insulating material , which may also be referred to as the dielectric . When the insulator is vacuum , the wave travels at the speed of light and almost that fast when air is the insulator . Speed of electromagnetic waves in good dielectrics ( edit ) The speed of electromagnetic waves in a low - loss dielectric is given by v = 1 ε μ = c ε r μ r ( \ displaystyle \ quad v = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ epsilon \ mu ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( c ) ( \ sqrt ( \ epsilon _ ( r ) \ mu _ ( r ) ) ) ) ) . where c ( \ displaystyle \ quad c ) = speed of light in vacuum . μ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) = the permeability of free space = 4π x 10 H / m . μ r ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ mu _ ( r ) ) = relative magnetic permeability of the material . Usually in good dielectrics , eg . vacuum , air , Teflon , μ r = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( r ) = 1 ) . μ ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ mu ) = μ r ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( r ) ) μ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) . ε 0 ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) ) = the permitivity of free space = 8.854 x 10 F / m . ε r ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ epsilon _ ( r ) ) = relative permitivity of the material . Usually in good conductors eg . copper , silver , gold , ε r = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( r ) = 1 ) . ε ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ epsilon ) = ε r ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( r ) ) ε 0 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) ) . Speed of electromagnetic waves in good conductors ( edit ) The speed of electromagnetic waves in a good conductor is given by v = 2 ω σ μ = 4 π σ c μ 0 f σ r μ r ≈ ( 0.41 m s ) f σ r μ r ( \ displaystyle \ quad v = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 \ omega ) ( \ sigma \ mu ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ) ( \ sigma _ ( c ) \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( f ) ( \ sigma _ ( r ) \ mu _ ( r ) ) ) ) \ approx \ left ( 0.41 ( \ frac ( \ mathsf ( m ) ) ( \ mathsf ( s ) ) ) \ right ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( f ) ( \ sigma _ ( r ) \ mu _ ( r ) ) ) ) ) . where f ( \ displaystyle \ quad f ) = frequency . ω ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ omega ) = angular frequency = 2πf . σ c ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ sigma _ ( c ) ) = conductivity of annealed copper = 5.96 x 10 S / m . σ r ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ sigma _ ( r ) ) = conductivity of the material relative to the conductivity of copper . For hard drawn copper σ r ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( r ) ) may be as low as 0.97 . σ ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ sigma ) = σ r σ c ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( r ) \ sigma _ ( c ) ) . In copper at 60 Hz , v ≈ ( \ displaystyle v \ approx ) 3.2 m / s . Some sprinters can run more than three times as fast . As a consequence of Snell 's Law and the extremely low speed , electromagnetic waves always enter good conductors in a direction that is normal to the surface , regardless of the angle of incidence . This velocity is the speed with which electromagnetic waves penetrate into the conductor and is not the drift velocity of the conduction electrons . Electromagnetic waves in circuits ( edit ) In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits , the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic field through space is usually not considered ; the field is assumed , as a precondition , to be present throughout space . The magnetic component of the field is considered to be in phase with the current , and the electric component is considered to be in phase with the voltage . The electric field starts at the conductor , and propagates through space at the velocity of light ( which depends on the material it is traveling through ) . Note that the electromagnetic fields do not move through space . It is the electromagnetic energy that moves , the corresponding fields simply grow and decline in a region of space in response to the flow of energy . At any point in space , the electric field corresponds not to the condition of the electric energy flow at that moment , but to that of the flow at a moment earlier . The latency is determined by the time required for the field to propagate from the conductor to the point under consideration . In other words , the greater the distance from the conductor , the more the electric field lags . Since the velocity of propagation is very high -- about 300,000 kilometers per second -- the wave of an alternating or oscillating current , even of high frequency , is of considerable length . At 60 cycles per second , the wavelength is 5,000 kilometers , and even at 100,000 hertz , the wavelength is 3 kilometers . This is a very large distance compared to those typically used in field measurement and application . The important part of the electric field of a conductor extends to the return conductor , which usually is only a few feet distant . At greater distance , the aggregate field can be approximated by the differential field between conductor and return conductor , which tend to cancel . Hence , the intensity of the electric field is usually inappreciable at a distance which is still small compared to the wavelength . Within the range in which an appreciable field exists , this field is practically in phase with the flow of energy in the conductor . That is , the velocity of propagation has no appreciable effect unless the return conductor is very distant , or entirely absent , or the frequency is so high that the distance to the return conductor is an appreciable portion of the wavelength . Electric drift ( edit ) Main article : Drift velocity The drift velocity deals with the average velocity of a particle , such as an electron , due to an electric field . In general , an electron will propagate randomly in a conductor at the Fermi velocity . Free electrons in a conductor follow a random path . Without the presence of an electric field , the electrons have no net velocity . When a DC voltage is applied , the electron drift velocity will increase in speed proportionally to the strength of the electric field . The drift velocity is on the order of millimeters per hour . AC voltages cause no net movement ; the electrons oscillate back and forth in response to the alternating electric field ( over a distance of a few micrometers -- see example calculation ) . See also ( edit ) Speed of light Speed of gravity Speed of sound Telegrapher 's equations Reflections of signals on conducting lines References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hayt , William H. ( 1989 ) , Engineering Electromagnetics ( 5th ed . ) , McGraw - Hill , ISBN 0070274061 Jump up ^ Balanis , Constantine A. ( 2012 ) , Engineering Electromagnetics ( 2nd ed . ) , Wiley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 58948 - 9 Jump up ^ Harrington , Roger F. ( 1961 ) , Time - Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields , McGraw - Hill , ISBN 0 - 07 - 026745 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Theory and calculation of transient electric phenomena and oscillations By Charles Proteus Steinmetz Jump up ^ Academic Press dictionary of science and technology By Christopher G. Morris , Academic Press . Further reading ( edit ) Alfvén , H. ( 1950 ) . Cosmical electrodynamics . Oxford : Clarendon Press Alfvén , H. ( 1981 ) . Cosmic plasma . Taylor & Francis US . General Electric review , Volume 15 By General Electric . `` Velocity of Propagation of Electric Field '' , Charles Proteus Steinmetz . Fleming , J.A. ( 1911 ) . Propagation of electric currents in telephone & telegraph conductors . New York : Van Nostrand External links ( edit ) Propagation Times Locomotive engineers journal , Volume 22 By Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers ( U.S. ) Page 692 . Describes an unsuccessful experiment from 1888 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_electricity&oldid=852941022 '' Categories : Electromagnetism Electricity Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 11 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | does electron travel at the speed of light | [] | [] |
4596394380351827835 | NBA 2K18 | NBA 2K18 - wikipedia NBA 2K18 Jump to : navigation , search NBA 2K 18 Revised cover art featuring Kyrie Irving Developer ( s ) Visual Concepts Publisher ( s ) 2K Sports Series NBA 2K Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Nintendo Switch PlayStation 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox One Xbox 360 Release WW : September 19 , 2017 Early Tip - Off : September 15 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Sports Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer NBA 2K18 is a basketball simulation video game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports . It is the 19th installment in the NBA 2K franchise and the successor to NBA 2K17 . It was released in September 2017 for Microsoft Windows , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , IOS , Android , Xbox One , and Xbox 360 . Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics serves as cover athlete for the regular edition of the game , Shaquille O'Neal is the cover athlete for the special editions , and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors is the cover athlete for the game in Canada . While a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers when selected for the cover , Irving was traded to the Boston Celtics prior to the game 's release . As a result , a new cover depicting Irving in a Celtics uniform was revealed alongside the original cover . NBA 2K18 , like the previous games in the series , is based on the sport of basketball ; more specifically , it simulates the experience of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Several game modes are present , including the team - managing MyGM and MyLeague modes , which were a considerable emphasis during development , and MyCareer , in which the player creates and plays through the career of their own player . The game features a licensed soundtrack consisting of 49 songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 Reception 3.1 Sales 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) NBA 2K18 is a basketball simulation game which , like the previous games in the series , strives to realistically depict the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as well as present improvements over the previous installments . The player mainly plays NBA games with real - life or customized players and teams ; games follow the rules and objectives of NBA games . Several game modes are present and many settings can be customized . In terms of commentary , Kobe Bryant and Kevin Garnett appear as guest commentators . Along with the current season 's teams and players , previous games in the series have featured NBA teams from past eras , such as the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls and the 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics . NBA 2K18 adds seventeen more such teams , including the 2007 -- 08 Denver Nuggets and the 1998 -- 99 New York Knicks , as well as ' All - Time Teams ' , teams for each franchise consisting of the greatest players in the respective franchise 's history . A staple of the series , MyCareer , returns as one of the available game modes . MyCareer is a career mode in which the player creates their own customizable basketball player and plays through their basketball career . The mode features a storyline which plays out as the player competes in games as well as off - court activities . The creation tools have been overhauled -- new hairstyles and body archetypes are available for the player to make use of , among other things . The game 's returning MyGM and MyLeague game modes , which task the player with managing all basketball operations for a specific team , were a point of emphasis during development . MyGM is more focused on realism , whereas MyLeague offers more customization options . MyGM mode attempts to introduce more cutscene - style interactions than previous games in an attempt to give the mode a storyline , which is dubbed ' The Next Chapter ' , similar to the series ' MyCareer mode . Additionally , several additions have been made to the mode which cater to the NBA 's latest Collective Bargaining Agreement , and the NBA G League , the NBA 's official minor league basketball organization , is present . NBA 2K18 again , for the sixth time in the series , features MyTeam mode , a mode based around the idea of building the ultimate basketball team , and maintaining a virtual trading card collection . Players assemble and play with their team in basketball tournament - style competitions against other players ' teams in several different formats . Assets for a team are acquired through various means , including randomized card packs and the auction house . Virtual Currency ( VC ) is used extensively in the mode . The game introduces a new feature to the series , Neighborhoods , which tie into the game 's MyCareer , MyPark , and ProAm game modes . In addition to allowing access to the aforementioned modes , Neighborhoods feature an open world design which players can explore while interacting with other players . Several activities can be completed to raise attributes and the player can purchase items . The 2K Sports Pre-game show returned with hosts Ernie Johnson , Shaquille O'Neal and Kenny `` The Jet '' Smith . While the in - game main commentators are Kevin Harlan and Greg Anthony with additional voices of Doris Burke , Clark Kellogg , Steve Smith , Chris Webber and Brent Barry . The sideline reporter is David Aldridge . Development and release ( edit ) NBA 2K18 was officially confirmed in January 2017 , and was released worldwide on September 19 , 2017 ; players who pre-ordered the game received it on September 15 , 2017 . It is the first game in the series to be released for the Nintendo Switch ; it was also released for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows . Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics is the cover athlete . When the game 's cover was revealed , Irving was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers , but was later traded to the Celtics before the game 's release . As a result , developer Visual Concepts announced that a revised cover featuring Irving in a Celtics uniform would be released due to the trade . The special edition versions of the game , which include various physical and digital extras , feature Shaquille O'Neal as the cover athlete . O'Neal was previously the cover athlete of NBA 2K6 and NBA 2K7 . In Canada , DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors is the cover athlete . Like NBA 2K17 , a free title for PlayStation Network and Xbox Live , called The Prelude , was made available prior to the release of the main game ; in it , the player creates their MyPlayer for use in the main game 's MyCareer mode . A companion app , titled MyNBA2K18 , for iOS and Android is available alongside the game ; it features Kristaps Porziņģis as its cover athlete . Like previous games in the series , NBA 2K18 features a licensed soundtrack ; it consists of 49 songs . The first screenshots of the game were released in July 2017 . The first gameplay trailer was released on August 8 , 2017 . The trailer highlights the developers ' attempts to improve the game 's presentation ; player body archetypes and faces have been overhauled and more uniforms and accessories have been scanned into the game . An extended gameplay trailer was released on August 16 , 2017 . A trailer for the game 's MyCareer mode was released on August 31 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 85 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 ( PS4 ) 74 / 100 ( NS ) Review scores Publication Score EGM 6.5 / 10 Game Informer 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 8.4 / 10 Polygon 7 / 10 NBA 2K18 received `` generally favorable '' reviews for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of the game , while the Nintendo Switch version received `` mixed or average '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . In their 8.4 / 10 review , IGN wrote : `` NBA 2K18 impresses by making players behave more like their real - life counterparts than ever before . '' Game Informer gave it a 9 / 10 , writing , `` NBA 2K18 has a few holes in its game -- the series needs to improve its writing , the ballyhooed MyCareer Neighborhood hub falls flat , and the tech powering the series is nearing retirement age . That said , boil the game down to its essentials and you have a rock - solid , well - balanced sports sim that provides an immensely entertaining shoulder - to - shoulder same - couch multiplayer experience . '' Polygon gave the game 7 / 10 , praising the visuals but criticizing the reliance on microtransactions , saying : `` Of course , it 's no surprise that NBA 2K18 looks good ; the series has looked the part since its advent on the Dreamcast , staying relevant visually and staking out its own part of basketball culture . NBA 2K18 continues the trend , capturing the feel of basketball 's urban centers in The Neighborhood . It 's too bad , then , that The Neighborhood is covered in ads and persistent microtransaction begging . The growing push to spend real dollars on VC impacts those looking to build even the most basic of player avatars . '' Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game a 6.5 / 10 , writing : `` Maybe NBA 2K18 has been the king of the court for too long and now it 's getting bored . Instead of improving gameplay , it 's figuring out more ways to make money through MyCareer and MyTeam . It 's new Neighborhood functions as a metaphor for the entire game itself , in that it seems like a big addition to the game but you quickly realize it 's pretty much just an empty shopping mall and a distraction from the actual game . '' The biggest issue talked by Kotaku about was the amount of advertising and time wasted playing the MyCareer . In older games , the MyCareer was spent in your apartment , shooting around and buying shoes from the comfort of your bed . But in NBA 2K18 , to perform a simple act such as cutting your hair or changing your shirt , you need to walk a long distance down the street . In a hub where you can meet other players but not interact with them , NBA 2K18 's MyCareer mode falls flat compared to previous years . `` 2K18 's chances of telling a good story are n't helped by the two wrong feet it sets off on . Rather than earn your spot in the NBA by playing through a college career , you 're told that you 're playing as someone who quit basketball to pursue a career as a DJ , and who is able to return to the game -- and the NBA itself -- by playing a few street games in an amateur tournament . '' Sales ( edit ) NBA 2K18 topped the sales charts in Australia and New Zealand . It reached number 2 on the US downloads chart . The game also reached number 3 in the UK sales charts . In Japan , it reached number 4 . It made it to number 10 in the European download chart . The game became the best - selling sport title of 2017 . 2K 's parent company , Take - Two Interactive , announced that the game sold 6 million copies just a month after release . As of May 2018 , the game have sold 9 million copies , becoming the best - selling sport game in history Accolades ( edit ) NBA 2K18 was nominated for `` Best Sports / Racing Game '' at The Game Awards 2017 , and came in third place for `` Best Sports '' at the Global Game Awards 2017 . It won the award for `` Best Sports Game '' at Game Informer 's Best of 2017 Awards , and also came in second place for the same category in their Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards . In their 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards , it won the awards for `` Best Graphics '' , `` Best Presentation '' , `` Best GM / Franchise Mode '' , `` Best New Feature '' for The Next Chapter , `` Biggest Disappointment '' , and `` Best Sports Game '' . In addition , the game won the award for `` Game , Franchise Sports '' at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Players who pre-ordered the game received it on September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Has Kevin Garnett And Kobe Bryant As Guest Commentators ; Check Out New Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 To Feature All - Time Teams For All 30 Franchises '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NBA 2K18 ' Classic Teams : Complete List Of The New Squads Coming To The Game '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's New Trailer Shows First Gameplay , Extremely Detailed Faces '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's Revamped MyGM Mode Includes Lots Of New Rules To Excite NBA Nerds '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalland , Robby ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' NBA 2K18 ' Announced Huge Changes To Free Agency And The Draft In MyLEAGUE Mode '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 introduces story - driven franchise mode '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's Ultimate Team - Like MyTeam Mode Detailed , Adds New Ways To Play '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's New Feature Is A Social Space , Complete With Tattoo Parlors And Barbershops '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 announced for Nintendo Switch , releases in September '' . VG247 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Confirmed For Nintendo Switch '' . IGN . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How will the Nintendo Switch fare with sports games ? '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Cover Star Revealed , And It 's A Great , Timely Choice '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 taps Cleveland 's Kyrie Irving for cover fame '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Throw NBA 2K18 's Cover In The Trash '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Will Release New Cover After The Big Kyrie Irving Trade '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chipps , Isaac ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` '' NBA 2K18 '' updates cover with Kyrie Irving donning Celtics jersey `` . ESPN . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Release Date Announced , Shaq On Special Edition Cover '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 announces launch date , celebrates Shaq on special cover '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex , Newhouse ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Special Edition Is All About Shaq '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq On NBA 2K6 Cover '' . GameZone . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` O'Neal Shaqs up NBA 2K7 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Thomas ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` DeMar DeRozan Featured on Canadian - Edition Cover of ' NBA 2K18 ' '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Has A Different Cover Athlete In Canada For The First Time Ever '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' MyNBA 2K18 ' Is Available For iOS And Android , But It Does n't Officially Release Until September 7 '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Soundtrack Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NBA 2K18 ' News : First Screenshots Feature Isaiah Thomas , Paul George and DeMar DeRozan '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Gameplay Trailer Shows Off More Of Its Ridiculously Detailed Players '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 for Switch Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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Jump up ^ https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/10/06/playstation-store-septembers-top-downloads-2/ Jump up ^ https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/software/uk/latest/index_test.jsp&ct=110042 Jump up ^ http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2017/09/27/marvel-vs-capcom-infinite-sales-disappoint-sell-8k-in-japan/ Jump up ^ https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2017/10/06/fifa-18-dukes-it-out-with-destiny-2-in-the-september-playstation-store-charts/ Jump up ^ https://venturebeat.com/2017/10/23/september-2017-npd-destiny-2-outshoots-nba-2k18-for-the-top-spot/ Jump up ^ https://venturebeat.com/2017/11/07/nba-2k-microtransaction-and-dlc-spending-jumped-57-from-2016/ Jump up ^ https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-05-16-record-years-from-grand-theft-auto-online-and-nba-2k18-drive-take-two Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sports Award Global Game Awards 2017 '' . Game Debate . November 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 4 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 4 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` The 2017 Sports Game Of The Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . 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-3275986185494788202 | White matter | White matter - wikipedia White matter Jump to : navigation , search White matter Micrograph showing white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork - like appearance ( left of image - lighter shade of pink ) and grey matter , with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies ( right of image - dark shade of pink ) . HPS stain . Human brain right dissected lateral view , showing grey matter ( the darker outer parts ) , and white matter ( the inner and prominently whiter parts ) . Details Identifiers Latin substantia alba Dorlands / Elsevier White matter TA A14. 1.00. 009 FMA 83929 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) White matter structure of human brain ( taken by MRI ) . White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system ( CNS ) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons , also called tracts . Long thought to be passive tissue , white matter affects learning and brain functions , modulating the distribution of action potentials , acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions . White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of myelin . However , the tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries . Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 White matter 1.2 Grey matter 1.3 Location 1.4 Myelinated axon length 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Imaging 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) White matter ( edit ) White matter is composed of bundles of myelinated axons , which connect various gray matter areas ( the locations of nerve cell bodies ) of the brain to each other , and carry nerve impulses between neurons . Myelin acts as an insulator , which allows electrical signals to jump , rather than coursing through the axon , increasing the speed of transmission of all nerve signals . The total number of long range fibers within a cerebral hemisphere is 2 % of the total number of cortico - cortical fibers ( across cortical areas ) and is roughly the same number as those that communicate between the two hemispheres in the brain 's largest white tissue structure , the Corpus callosum . Schüz and Braitenberg note `` As a rough rule , the number of fibres of a certain range of lengths is inversely proportional to their length . '' White matter in nonelderly adults is 1.7 -- 3.6 % blood . Grey matter ( edit ) The other main component of the brain is grey matter ( actually pinkish tan due to blood capillaries ) , which is composed of neurons . The substantia nigra is a third colored component found in the brain that appears darker due to higher levels of melanin in dopaminergic neurons than its nearby areas . Note that white matter can sometimes appear darker than grey matter on a microscope slide because of the type of stain used . Cerebral - and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites , neural cell bodies , or shorter axons , which can only be found in grey matter . Location ( edit ) White matter forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord . Aggregates of gray matter such as the basal ganglia ( caudate nucleus , putamen , globus pallidus , substantia nigra , subthalamic nucleus , nucleus accumbens ) and brainstem nuclei ( red nucleus , cranial nerve nuclei ) are spread within the cerebral white matter . The cerebellum is structured in a similar manner as the cerebrum , with a superficial mantle of cerebellar cortex , deep cerebellar white matter ( called the `` arbor vitae '' ) and aggregates of grey matter surrounded by deep cerebellar white matter ( dentate nucleus , globose nucleus , emboliform nucleus , and fastigial nucleus ) . The fluid - filled cerebral ventricles ( lateral ventricles , third ventricle , cerebral aqueduct , fourth ventricle ) are also located deep within the cerebral white matter . Myelinated axon length ( edit ) Men have more white matter than females both in volume and in length of myelinated axons . At the age of 20 , the total length of myelinated fibers in males is 176,000 km while that of a female is 149,000 km . There is a decline in total length with age of about 10 % each decade such that a man at 80 years of age has 97,200 km and a female 82,000 km . Most of this reduction is due to the loss of thinner fibers . Function ( edit ) White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of gray matter within the central nervous system . The white matter is white because of the fatty substance ( myelin ) that surrounds the nerve fibers ( axons ) . This myelin is found in almost all long nerve fibers , and acts as an electrical insulation . This is important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place . Unlike gray matter , which peaks in development in a person 's twenties , the white matter continues to develop , and peaks in middle age . Clinical significance ( edit ) Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is one of the most common diseases which affect white matter . In MS lesions , the myelin shield around the axons has been destroyed by inflammation . Alcohol use disorders are associated with decrease in white matter volume . Animal studies suggest that alcohol may cause loss of white matter by damaging oligodendrocytes , the glial cell responsible for maintaining myelin . Changes in white matter known as amyloid plaques are associated with Alzheimer 's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases . White matter injuries ( `` axonal shearing '' ) may be reversible , while gray matter regeneration is less likely . Other changes that commonly occur with age include the development of leukoaraiosis , which is a rarefaction of the white matter that can be caused by a variety of conditions , including loss of myelin , axonal loss , and a breakdown of the blood -- brain barrier . Imaging ( edit ) The study of white matter has been advanced with the neuroimaging technique called diffusion tensor imaging where magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) brain scanners are used . As of 2007 , more than 700 publications have been published on the subject . A 2009 paper by Jan Scholz and colleagues used diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) to demonstrate changes in white matter volume as a result of learning a new motor task ( e.g. juggling ) . The study is important as the first paper to correlate motor learning with white matter changes . Previously , many researchers had considered this type of learning to be exclusively mediated by dendrites , which are not present in white matter . The authors suggest that electrical activity in axons may regulate myelination in axons . Or , gross changes in the diameter or packing density of the axon might cause the change . A more recent DTI study by Sampaio - Baptista and colleagues reported changes in white matter with motor learning along with increases in myelination . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blumenfeld , Hal ( 2010 ) . Neuroanatomy through clinical cases ( 2nd ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer Associates . p. 21 . ISBN 9780878936137 . Areas of the CNS made up mainly of myelinated axons are called white matter . Jump up ^ Douglas Fields , R. ( 2008 ) . `` White Matter Matters '' . Scientific American . 298 ( 3 ) : 54 -- 61 . Bibcode : 2008SciAm. 298c ... 54D . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0308 - 54 . Jump up ^ Klein , S.B. , & Thorne , B.M. Biological Psychology . Worth Publishers : New York . 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Schüz , Almut ; Braitenberg , Valentino ( 2002 ) . `` The human cortical white matter : Quantitative aspects of cortico - cortical long - range connectivity '' . In Schüz , Almut ; Braitenberg , Valentino . Cortical Areas : Unity and Diversity , Conceptual Advances in Brain Research . Taylor and Francis . pp. 377 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 27723 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leenders , K.L. ; Perani , D. ; Lammertsma , A.A. ; Heather , J.D. ; Buckingham , P. ; Jones , T. ; Healy , M.J.R. ; Gibbs , J.M. ; Wise , R.J.S. ; Hatazawa , J. ; Herold , S. ; Beaney , R.P. ; Brooks , D.J. ; Spinks , T. ; Rhodes , C. ; Frackowiak , R.S.J. ( 1990 ) . `` Cerebral Blood Flow , Blood Volume and Oxygen Utilization '' . Brain . 113 : 27 -- 47 . PMID 2302536 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 113.1. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Marner , Lisbeth ; Nyengaard , Jens R. ; Tang , Yong ; Pakkenberg , Bente ( 2003 ) . `` Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 462 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 52 . PMID 12794739 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 10714 . Jump up ^ Sowell , Elizabeth R. ; Peterson , Bradley S. ; Thompson , Paul M. ; Welcome , Suzanne E. ; Henkenius , Amy L. ; Toga , Arthur W. ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping cortical change across the human life span '' . Nature Neuroscience. 6 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 15 . PMID 12548289 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1008 . Jump up ^ Monnig , Mollie A. ; Tonigan , J. Scott ; Yeo , Ronald A. ; Thoma , Robert J. ; McCrady , Barbara S. ( 2013 ) . `` White matter volume in alcohol use disorders : A meta - analysis '' . Addiction Biology . 18 ( 3 ) : 581 -- 92 . PMC 3390447 . PMID 22458455 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1369 - 1600.2012. 00441. x . Jump up ^ Alfonso - Loeches , Silvia ; Pascual , Maria ; Gómez - Pinedo , Ulises ; Pascual - Lucas , Maya ; Renau - Piqueras , Jaime ; Guerri , Consuelo ( 2012 ) . `` Toll - like receptor 4 participates in the myelin disruptions associated with chronic alcohol abuse '' . Glia. 60 ( 6 ) : 948 -- 64 . PMID 22431236 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 22327 . Jump up ^ Assaf , Yaniv ; Pasternak , Ofer ( 2007 ) . `` Diffusion Tensor Imaging ( DTI ) - based White Matter Mapping in Brain Research : A Review '' . Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 34 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 61 . PMID 18157658 . doi : 10.1007 / s12031 - 007 - 0029 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scholz , Jan ; Klein , Miriam C ; Behrens , Timothy EJ ; Johansen - Berg , Heidi ( 2009 ) . `` Training induces changes in white - matter architecture '' . Nature Neuroscience. 12 ( 11 ) : 1370 -- 1 . PMC 2770457 . PMID 19820707 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 2412 . Jump up ^ `` White Matter Matters '' . Dolan DNA Learning Center . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sampaio - Baptista , C. ; Khrapitchev , A.A. ; Foxley , S. ; Schlagheck , T. ; Scholz , J. ; Jbabdi , S. ; Deluca , G.C. ; Miller , K.L. ; Taylor , A. ; Thomas , N. ; Kleim , J. ; Sibson , N.R. ; Bannerman , D. ; Johansen - Berg , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Motor Skill Learning Induces Changes in White Matter Microstructure and Myelination '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 33 ( 50 ) : 19499 -- 503 . PMC 3858622 . PMID 24336716 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3048 - 13.2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White matter . White Matter Atlas WebMD ( 2009 ) . `` white matter '' . Webster 's New World Medical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 18897 - 6 . Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia Ib or Golgi II or Aβ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud The spinal cord General features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Grey matter Posterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Spinal lamina V Spinal lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf 's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure Central canal Terminal ventricle White matter Sensory Posterior Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway : Gracile Cuneate Lateral : Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Spinoreticular tract Spino - olivary tract Motor Lateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Raphespinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Anatomy of the medulla Grey matter Cranial nuclei afferent : Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent : Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matter Dorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro - olivary tract Surface Front Pyramid decussation Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei Anatomy of the pons Dorsal / ( tegmentum ) Surface Cerebellopontine angle Superior medullary velum Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus White : Sensory Trapezoid body Trigeminal lemniscus Dorsal trigeminal tract Ventral trigeminal tract Medial lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocerebellar tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Grey : Cranial nuclei afferent : GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior efferent : SVE : Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE : Abducens nucleus GVE : Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus Other Apneustic center Parabrachial area Pneumotaxic center Subparabrachial nucleus Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Caerulean nucleus Ventral / ( base ) Grey Pontine nuclei White : Motor / descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers Surface Basilar sulcus Other grey : Raphe / reticular Reticular formation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphe nuclei Median Anatomy of the midbrain Tectum ( Dorsal ) Surface Corpora quadrigemina : Inferior colliculus Brachium Superior colliculus Brachium Grey matter Pretectal area White : Sensory / ascending Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor / descending Tectospinal tract Peduncle ( Ventral ) Tegmentum White : Sensory / ascending Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Dentatothalamic tract White : Motor / descending Rubrospinal tract Rubro - olivary tract Descending MLF Grey : cranial nuclei GSA Mesencephalic - GSE Oculomotor nucleus , Trochlear nucleus - GVE Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Grey : other Periaqueductal gray Raphe nuclei dorsal Ventral tegmental area Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Pedunculopontine nucleus Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area Interpeduncular nucleus Midbrain reticular formation Ventricular system Cerebral aqueduct Base White : Motor / descending Cerebral crus : Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract / Frontopontine fibers / Temporopontine fibers Grey : Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Surface Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa Anatomy of the cerebellum Surface Lobes Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Nodule Primary fissure Medial / lateral Vermis : anterior Central lobule Culmen Lingula posterior Folium Tuber Uvula Vallecula of cerebellum Hemisphere : anterior Alar central lobule posterior Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Grey matter Deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate interposed Emboliform Globose Fastigial Cerebellar cortex Molecular layer Stellate cell Basket cell Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Granule cell layer Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Fibers : Mossy fibers Climbing fiber Parallel fiber White matter Internal Arbor vitae Peduncles Inferior ( medulla ) : Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Juxtarestiform body ( Vestibulocerebellar tract ) Trigeminocerebellar fibers Middle ( pons ) : Pontocerebellar fibers Superior ( midbrain ) : Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dentatothalamic tract ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Commissural fibers in the human brain Corpus callosum Genu Splenium Tapetum Rostrum Archicortex Supracallosal gyrus Lamina terminalis Vascular organ of lamina terminalis Anterior commissure Fornix Fornix Septum pellucidum Septal nuclei Medial septal nucleus Subfornical organ Cave of septum pellucidum Other Posterior commissure Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures Basal ganglia Grey matter Striatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts : Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus Rhinencephalon Grey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrain Grey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex : Hippocampal formation / Hippocampus anatomy Grey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_matter&oldid=792823546 '' Categories : Central nervous system Neuroanatomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 Accuracy disputes from May 2015 Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 22 : 47 . About Wikipedia | why is white matter on the inside of the brain | [
"White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.[1] Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.[2]"
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"acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions"
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-5403446866019377806 | Asafoetida | Asafoetida - wikipedia Asafoetida Asafoetida in a jar Asafoetida / æsəˈfiːtɪdə / is the English name for the dried latex ( gum oleoresin ) exuded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula , a perennial herb that grows 1 to 1.5 m ( 3.3 to 4.9 ft ) tall . It is part of the celery family Apiaceae . Asafoetida is thought to be in the same genus as silphium , a plant now believed to be extinct , and was used as a cheaper substitute for that historically important herb . The species is native to the deserts of Iran and mountains of Afghanistan , but is mainly cultivated in nearby India . Asafoetida has a pungent smell , but in cooked dishes it delivers a smooth flavour reminiscent of leeks . It is also known as food of the gods , devil 's dung , jowani badian , hing , hengu , ingu , kayam , and ting . Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Cooking 1.2 Traditional medicine 1.3 Other uses 2 History in the West 3 Cultivation and manufacture 4 Composition 5 Etymology 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Uses ( edit ) Cooking ( edit ) Containers of powdered Asafoetida This spice is used as a digestive aid , in food as a condiment , and in pickling . It plays a critical flavoring role in Indian vegetarian cuisine by acting as an umami enhancer . Used along with turmeric , it is a standard component of lentil curries such as dal , sambar as well as in numerous vegetable dishes , especially those based on potato and cauliflower . Kashmiri cuisine also uses it in lamb / mutton dishes such as Rogan Josh It is sometimes used to harmonize sweet , sour , salty , and spicy components in food . The spice is added to the food at the time of tempering . Sometimes dried and ground asafoetida ( in very small quantities ) can be mixed with salt and eaten with raw salad . In its pure form , it is sold in the form of chunks of resin , small quantities of which are scraped off for use . The odor of the pure resin is so strong that the pungent smell will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not stored in an airtight container . Many commercial preparations of asafoetida use the resin ground up and mixed with a larger volume of other neutral ingredients , such as gum arabic , wheat flour , rice flour and turmeric . The mixture is sold in sealed plastic containers with a hole that allows direct dusting of the powder . Asafetida odour and flavour become much milder and much less pungent upon heating in oil or ghee . Sometimes , it is fried along with sautéed onion and garlic . Asafoetida is considered a digestive in that it reduces flatulence . It is , however , one of the five pungent spices generally avoided by Buddhist vegetarians . Traditional medicine ( edit ) This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) Antiflatulent : In the Jammu region of India , asafoetida is used as a medicine for flatulence and constipation by 60 % of locals . A digestion aid : In Thailand and India , it is used to aid digestion and is smeared on the abdomen in an alcohol or water tincture known as mahahing . Asafoetida in this form was evidently used in western medicine as a topical treatment for abdominal injuries during the 18th and 19th centuries ; although when it came into use in the West and how long it remained in use is uncertain . One notable case in which it was used is that of Canadian Coureur des bois Alexis St. Martin , who in 1822 suffered a severe abdominal injury from an accidental shooting that perforated his right lung and stomach and shattered several ribs . St Martin was treated by American army surgeon William Beaumont , who subsequently used St Martin as the subject of a pioneering series of experiments in gastric physiology . When St Martin 's wounds had healed , there remained an open fistula into his stomach that enabled Beaumont to insert various types of food directly into St Martin 's stomach and record the results . In his account of his treatment of and later experiments on St Martin , Beaumont recorded that he treated the suppurating chest wound with a combination of wine mixed with diluted muriatic acid and 30 - 40 drops of tincture of asafoetida applied three times a day , and that this appeared to have the desired effect , helping the wound to heal . Remedy for asthma and bronchitis : It is also said to be helpful in cases of asthma and bronchitis . A folk tradition remedy for children 's colds : it is mixed into a pungent - smelling paste and hung in a bag around the afflicted child 's neck . An antimicrobial : Asafoetida has a broad range of uses in traditional medicine as an antimicrobial , with well documented uses for treating chronic bronchitis and whooping cough , as well as reducing flatulence . A contraceptive / abortifacient : Asafoetida was said to have contraceptive / abortifacient activity in the Renaissance and before . It is related to ( and considered an inferior substitute for ) the ancient Ferula species silphium . Antiepileptic : Asafoetida oleo - gum - resin has been reported to be antiepileptic in classical Unani , as well as ethnobotanical literature . Balancing the vata and kapha : In India according to the Ayurveda , asafoetida is considered to be one of the best spices for balancing the vata dosha . It mitigates vata and kapha , and relieves flatulence and colic pain . It is pungent in taste and at the end of digestion . It aggravates pitta , enhances appetite , taste , and digestion . It is easy to digest . Other uses ( edit ) Bait : John C Duval reported in 1936 that the odour of asafoetida is attractive to the wolf , a matter of common knowledge , he says , along the Texas -- Mexico border . It is also used as one of several possible scent baits , most notably for catfish and pike . Along the coasts of south India it is used to kill unwanted trees by boring a hole in the tree and filling the hole with asafoetida . May also be used as a moth ( Lepidoptera ) light trap attractant by collectors -- when mixed by approximately one part to three parts with a sweet , fruit jelly . Commonly used in Pennsylvania Dutch braucherei ( folk magic ) to prevent illness , it would be stored in a pouch on a lanyard and worn around the neck . Repelling spirits : In Jamaica , asafoetida is traditionally applied to a baby 's anterior fontanel ( Jamaican patois mole ) to prevent spirits ( Jamaican patois duppies ) from entering the baby through the fontanel . In the African American Hoodoo tradition , asafoetida is used in magic spells , as it is believed to have the power both to protect and to curse . In ceremonial magic , especially from The Key of Solomon the King , it is used to protect the magus from daemonic forces and to evoke the same and bind them . History in the West ( edit ) It was familiar in the early Mediterranean , having come by land across Iran . Though it is generally forgotten now in Europe , it is still widely used in India . It emerged into Europe from an expedition of Alexander the Great , who , after returning from a trip to northeastern ancient Persia , thought they had found a plant almost identical to the famed silphium of Cyrene in North Africa -- though less tasty . Dioscorides , in the first century , wrote , `` the Cyrenaic kind , even if one just tastes it , at once arouses a humour throughout the body and has a very healthy aroma , so that it is not noticed on the breath , or only a little ; but the Median ( Iranian ) is weaker in power and has a nastier smell . '' Nevertheless , it could be substituted for silphium in cooking , which was fortunate , because a few decades after Dioscorides ' time , the true silphium of Cyrene became extinct , and asafoetida became more popular amongst physicians , as well as cooks . Asafoetida is also mentioned numerous times in Jewish literature , such as the Mishnah . Maimonides also writes in the Mishneh Torah `` In the rainy season , one should eat warm food with much spice , but a limited amount of mustard and asafoetida . '' Asafoetida was described by a number of Arab and Islamic scientists and pharmacists . Avicenna discussed the effects of asafoetida on digestion . Ibn al - Baitar and Fakhr al - Din al - Razi described some positive medicinal effects on the respiratory system . After the Roman Empire fell , until the 16th century , asafoetida was rare in Europe , and if ever encountered , it was viewed as a medicine . `` If used in cookery , it would ruin every dish because of its dreadful smell '' asserted Garcia de Orta 's European guest . `` Nonsense , '' Garcia replied , `` nothing is more widely used in every part of India , both in medicine and in cookery . All the Hindus to add to their food . '' During the Italian Renaissance , asafoetida was used as part of the exorcism ritual . Cultivation and manufacture ( edit ) The resin - like gum comes from the dried sap extracted from the stem and roots and is used as a spice . The resin is greyish - white when fresh , but dries to a dark amber colour . The asafoetida resin is difficult to grate and is traditionally crushed between stones or with a hammer . Today , the most commonly available form is compounded asafoetida , a fine powder containing 30 % asafoetida resin , along with rice flour or maida ( white wheat flour ) and gum arabic . Ferula assafoetida is a monoecious , herbaceous , perennial plant of the family Apiaceae . It grows to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) high , with a circular mass of 30 -- 40 cm ( 12 -- 16 in ) leaves . Stem leaves have wide sheathing petioles . Flowering stems are 2.5 -- 3 m ( 8.2 -- 9.8 ft ) high and 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) thick and hollow , with a number of schizogenous ducts in the cortex containing the resinous gum . Flowers are pale greenish yellow produced in large compound umbels . Fruits are oval , flat , thin , reddish brown and have a milky juice . Roots are thick , massive , and pulpy . They yield a resin similar to that of the stems . All parts of the plant have the distinctive fetid smell . Composition ( edit ) Typical asafoetida contains about 40 -- 64 % resin , 25 % endogeneous gum , 10 -- 17 % volatile oil , and 1.5 -- 10 % ash . The resin portion is known to contain asaresinotannols ' A ' and ' B ' , ferulic acid , umbelliferone and four unidentified compounds . The volatile oil component is rich in various organosulfide compounds , such as 2 - butyl - propenyl - disulfide , diallyl sulfide , diallyl disulfide ( also present in garlic ) and dimethyl trisulfide , which is also responsible for the odor of cooked onions . The organosulfides are primarily responsible for the odor and flavor of asafoetida . Etymology ( edit ) The English name is derived from asa , a Latinized form of Farsi azā , meaning `` resin '' , and Latin foetidus meaning `` smelling , fetid '' , which refers to its strong sulfurous odour . In the U.S. , the folk spelling and pronunciation is `` asafedity '' . It is called हिंग ( hinga ) in Marathi , हींग `` ( hīng ) '' in Hindi , ହେଙ୍ଗୁ `` ( hengu ) '' in Odiya , হিং `` ( hiṅ ) '' in Bengali , ಇಂಗು ( ingu ) in Kannada , കായം ( kāyaṃ ) in Malayalam , ఇంగువ ( inguva ) in Telugu and பெருங்காயம் ( perunkayam ) in Tamil . In Pashto it is called , هنجاڼه `` ( hënjâṇa ) '' . In 14th century Malayalam it is called ' Raamadom '' and are sold by special Traders called `` Raamador . ' Its pungent odour has resulted in its being known by many unpleasant names ; In French it is known ( among other names ) as merde du Diable , meaning `` Devil 's faeces '' , in English it is sometimes called Devil 's dung , and equivalent names can be found in most Germanic languages ( e.g. German Teufelsdreck , Swedish dyvelsträck , Dutch duivelsdrek and Afrikaans duiwelsdrek ) . Also , in Finnish it is called pirunpaska or pirunpihka , in Turkish it is known as Şeytan tersi , Şeytan boku or Şeytan otu and in Kashubian it is called czarcé łajno . See also ( edit ) Ammoniacum Chaat masala Muskroot South Asian pickle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary . `` asafœtida '' . Second edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Literature Search Unit ( January 2013 ) . `` Ferula Asafoetida : Stinking Gum . Scientific literature search through SciFinder on Ferula asafetida '' . Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine . Jump up ^ Carolyn Beans . Meet Hing : The Secret - Weapon Spice Of Indian Cuisine. June 22 , 2016 . https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/22/482779599/meet-hing-the-secret-weapon-spice-of-indian-cuisine Jump up ^ Kashmiri Recipes ; Mutton Rogan Josh . http://www.polkacafe.com/authentic-kashmiri-recipes-2524.html Jump up ^ Vandevi Hing ( Asafoetida ) : list of ingredients . https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000JMDJ5C Jump up ^ `` I Spice : Asafetida '' . The Washington Post . 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hemla Aggarwal and Nidhi Kotwal . Foods Used as Ethno - medicine in Jammu . Ethno - Med , 3 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 68 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Beaumont , William : Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion ( McLachlan & Stewart , Edinburgh , 1888 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Mahendra , Poonam ; Bisht , Shadhra ( 2012 ) . `` Ferula asafoetida : Traditional uses and pharmacological activity '' . Pharmacognosy Reviews . 6 ( 12 ) : 141 -- 146 . doi : 10.4103 / 0973 - 7847.99948 . PMC 3459456 . PMID 23055640 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , K ( 2005 ) . `` Role of Spices Beyond Food Flavoring : Nutraceuticals with Multiple Health Effects '' . Food Reviews International . 21 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 188 . doi : 10.1081 / fri - 200051872 . Jump up ^ John M. Riddle 1992 . Contraception and abortion from the ancient world to the Renaissance . Harvard University Press p. 28 and references therein . Jump up ^ Traditional Systems of Medicine . Abdin , MZ , Abdin , YP Abrol . Published 2006 Alpha Science Int'l Ltd . ISBN 81 - 7319 - 707 - 5 Jump up ^ p. 74 , The Ayurvedic Cookbook by Amadea Morningstar with Urmila Desai , Lotus Light , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914955 - 06 - 1 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent No. 306 , 896 Mixture for Fish - Baits . Inventor - Carol F. Bates of Hughes Springs , Texas . Ingredients are asafoetida , oil of anise , and honey ( lines 12 - 13 ) . Jump up ^ MacGregor Mathers , Samuel Liddell , ed. ( 1889 ) . `` VII '' . The Key of Solomon ( Clavicula Salomonis ) . London : George Redway . Then he shall kindle a fire with dry rue , upon which he shall put powdered assafoetida , and other things of evil odour ; after which let him put the aforesaid names , written on parchment or virgin paper , upon the fire , saying : ( ... ) -- ^ Jump up to : Dangerous Tastes : The Story of Spices . Andrew Dalby. 2000 . University of California Press . Spices / History . 184 pages . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23674 - 2 Jump up ^ m . Avodah Zarah ch. 1 ; m . Shabbat ch. 20 ; et al . Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah , Laws of Opinions ( Hilchot Deot ) 4 : 8 . Jump up ^ Avicenna ( 1999 ) . The Canon of Medicine ( al - Qānūn fī'l - ṭibb ) , vol. 1 . Laleh Bakhtiar ( ed . ) , Oskar Cameron Gruner ( trans . ) , Mazhar H. Shah ( trans . ) . Great Books of the Islamic World . ISBN 978 - 1 - 871031 - 67 - 6 Jump up ^ Menghi , Girolamo . The Devil 's Scourge : Exorcism During the Italian Renaissance . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Abstract from Medicinal Plants of the World , Volume 3 , Chemical Constituents , Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses . Humana Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 129 - 5 ( Print ) 978 - 1 - 59259 - 887 - 8 ( Online ) . DOI 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59259 - 887 - 8_6 . Ivan A. Ross . http://www.springerlink.com/content/k358h1m6251u5053/ Jump up ^ Handbook of Indices of Food Quality and Authenticity . Rekha S. Singhal , Pushpa R. Kulkarni. 1997 , Woodhead Publishing , Food industry and trade ISBN 1 - 85573 - 299 - 8 . More information about the composition , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Ferula asafoetida : Traditional uses and pharmacological activity . Poonam Mahendra and Shradha Bisht . Pharmacogn Rev. 2012 Jul - Dec ; 6 ( 12 ) : 141 -- 146 . PMC 3459456 PMID 23055640 Jump up ^ Asafoetida . Katrina Kramer . Royal Society of Chemistry Podcast. 22 June 2016 . https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/asafoetida/1010150.article Jump up ^ Pashto - English Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Asafoetida : die geur is des duivels ! Vegatopia ( in Dutch ) , Retrieved 8 December 2011 . This used as source the book World Food Café : global vegetarian cooking by Chris and Carolyn Caldicott , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57959 - 060 - 4 Jump up ^ Thomas Carlyle 's well - known 19th century novel Sartor Resartus concerns a German philosopher named Teufelsdröckh . External links ( edit ) Gernot Katzer 's Spice Pages , Botany , etymology , uses -- detailed All Foods Natural , additional facts , sample recipe using in place of garlic Sally 's Place , Additional information from Ammini Ramachandran Saudi Aramco World article on the history of asafoetida . Caldecott , Todd ( 2006 ) . Ayurveda : The Divine Science of Life . Elsevier / Mosby . ISBN 0 - 7234 - 3410 - 7 . Contains a detailed monograph on Ferula foetida , F. narthex , F. rubricaulis ( Hing ; Devil 's Dung ; Asafoetida ) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice . Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110605012214/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/358-hingu Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori ( ground seaweed ) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor ( mango powder ) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango - ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Capsicum annuum Cayenne Jalapeño New Mexico chile Paprika Capsicum chinense Habanero Capsicum frutescens Piri piri Tabasco Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five - spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Húng lìu Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder - douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub Edible Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria Ajwain Alepidea peduncularis Alexanders Angelica archangelica Anise Anthriscus sylvestris Apium prostratum Arracacha Asafoetida Bunium persicum Caraway Carrot Celeriac Celery Centella asiatica Chaerophyllum bulbosum Chervil Chinese celery Cicely Coriander Crithmum Cryptotaenia Cumin Daucus pusillus Dill Echinophora sibthorpiana Erigenia bulbosa Eryngium foetidum Fennel Heracleum persicum Ligusticum scoticum Lomatium Lomatium parryi Lovage Oenanthe javanica Osmorhiza Parsley Parsnip Perideridia Peucedanum ostruthium Ridolfia segetum Sium sisarum Trachyspermum roxburghianum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asafoetida&oldid=855406337 '' Categories : Edible Apiaceae Medicinal plants of Asia Flora of Asia Antiflatulents Spices Resins Plants described in 1753 Indian spices Hidden categories : Articles needing additional medical references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles requiring reliable medical sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 02 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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8133415015921037273 | Rock Me on the Water | Rock Me on the Water - wikipedia Rock Me on the Water Jump to : navigation , search `` Rock Me on the Water '' Autographed 7 '' Picture Sleeve Single by Jackson Browne from the album Jackson Browne B - side `` Something Fine '' Released July 1972 Format 7 '' Recorded 1971 Length 3 : 47 7 '' version ; 4 : 13 album version Label Asylum Records Songwriter ( s ) Jackson Browne Producer ( s ) Richard Sanford Orshoff Jackson Browne singles chronology `` Doctor My Eyes '' ( 1972 ) `` Rock Me on the Water '' ( 1972 ) `` Redneck Friend '' ( 1973 ) `` Doctor My Eyes '' ( 1972 ) `` Rock Me on the Water '' ( 1972 ) `` Redneck Friend '' ( 1973 ) Lives in the Balance track listing `` Looking Into You '' ( 8 ) `` Rock Me on the Water '' ( 9 ) `` My Opening Farewell '' ( 10 ) `` Rock Me on the Water '' is an oft - covered song written and performed by American singer - songwriter Jackson Browne , released as the second single from his 1972 debut album , Jackson Browne , following the # 7 success of Browne 's debut single , `` Doctor My Eyes . '' Browne 's version reached # 48 on Billboard s Sept. 23 , 1972 , Hot 100 chart , spending nine weeks on that chart after debuting at # 73 on August 5 , 1972 . It was also released as a single in Canada , Germany and Japan , and as a promotional single in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Reaction 3 Chart positions 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) William Ruhlmann at Allmusic.com wrote that Browne was performing the song as early as autumn 1970 . `` In the songs he was writing shortly before his recording debut in 1972 , Jackson Browne continually alluded to apocalyptic events , but never more explicitly than in ' Rock Me ... ' , '' he wrote . Browne is documented as saying that the song , with its reference to the `` sisters of the sun , '' pays homage to his real - life sisters . Browne addressed the gospel and religious issues in the song , saying that `` it 's not about religion , it 's about society . '' The song is meant to employ gospel language , but , he said , he turns `` it around 180 degrees ... If you heard even three seconds of it , you would say , ' well , that 's gospel , ' but you have to have an idea in a gospel song , and if it 's not going to be Jesus , then it must at least be salvation . If I say ' when my life is over , I 'm going to stand before the father , but the sisters of the sun are going to rock me on the water now ' is like a way of , lovingly , and in a friendly way , refuting the traditional and conventional messages of redemption having to do with the straight and narrow ... I staked a lot on that song , because it was a combining of that social awareness and paying attention to what 's going on around , with the inner search for spiritual meaning . '' Like much of the album from which it came , the song is presented simply , with only Craig Doerge ( piano ) , Russ Kunkel ( drums ) , and Lee Sklar ( bass ) playing , along with David Crosby 's harmony vocals . The original single from 1972 and the version on Browne 's self - titled album are actually two different performances of the song . The single includes additional background vocals , congas , and electric guitar . It omits the piano break between the first chorus and second verse , adds a short introduction , and is played at a slightly faster tempo . The timing discrepancy is not due to an edit of the album version . The single has not been released on an album or CD . Reaction ( edit ) Bud Scoppa , in his March 1972 review of the Jackson Browne debut album , stated that `` Rock Me ... '' would make an excellent single and that the song 's `` lilting gospel - like movement '' showed a Van Morrison influence . Bruce Springsteen referenced the song in his speech upon the induction of Browne into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 saying : `` Listen to the chord changes of ' Rock Me on the Water ' and ' Before the Deluge , ' it 's gospel through and through . '' Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 48 Cover versions ( edit ) Browne did a version of the song with country singer Kathy Mattea for the Red Hot + Country AIDS / HIV awareness benefit album released in 1994 . Johnny Rivers - Home Grown , 1971 . Brewer & Shipley - Shake Off the Demon , 1971 . Linda Ronstadt - Linda Ronstadt , 1972 . Her single release predated Jackson Browne 's own single release of his version of the song by five months , although her version of it only reached # 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Diane Schuur - Deedles , 1984 , her debut album . John Hall ( of Orleans ) - Rock Me on the Water , 2005 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard magazine . Jackson Browne Chart History . Jump up ^ `` Artist Search for `` jackson browne '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Billboard Hot 100 Charts - The Seventies . Wisconsin : Record Research , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann . `` Rock Me on the Water - Jackson Browne Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2012 - 04 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Archives '' . Archive.rollingstobe.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Jackson Browne Studio albums Jackson Browne For Everyman Late for the Sky The Pretender Hold Out Lawyers in Love Lives in the Balance World in Motion I 'm Alive Looking East The Naked Ride Home Time the Conqueror Standing in the Breach Live albums Running on Empty Solo Acoustic , Vol. 1 Solo Acoustic , Vol. 2 Love Is Strange : En Vivo Con Tino Compilations The Next Voice You Hear : The Best of Jackson Browne The Very Best of Jackson Browne Singles `` Doctor My Eyes '' `` Rock Me on the Water '' `` Redneck Friend '' `` Take It Easy '' `` Walking Slow '' `` Fountain of Sorrow '' `` Here Come Those Tears Again '' `` The Pretender '' `` Running on Empty '' `` The Load - Out / Stay '' `` You Love the Thunder `` Boulevard '' `` That Girl Could Sing '' `` Hold On Hold Out '' `` Somebody 's Baby '' `` Lawyers in Love '' `` Tender Is the Night '' `` For a Rocker '' `` You 're a Friend of Mine '' `` For America '' `` In the Shape of a Heart '' `` Lives in the Balance '' `` I 'm Alive '' Related articles Discography Groove Masters Studios `` Song for Adam '' `` The Birds of St. Marks '' `` Jamaica Say You Will '' `` These Days '' `` For Everyman '' Looking Into You : A Tribute to Jackson Browne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_Me_on_the_Water&oldid=800623166 '' Categories : 1972 songs 1972 singles Jackson Browne songs Songs written by Jackson Browne Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 17 : 59 . 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-1048357609871055620 | List of SAARC summits | List of SAARC summits - wikipedia List of SAARC summits Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of summits of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . Although the SAARC Charter requires the heads of state or government to meet once a year , the summits have generally taken place approximately every eighteen months . Contents ( hide ) 1 Member Nations 2 Summits of SAARC 2.1 First summit Bangladesh 2.2 Second summit India 2.3 Third summit Nepal 2.4 Fourth summit Pakistan 2.5 Fifth summit Maldives 2.6 Sixth summit Sri Lanka 2.7 Seventh summit Bangladesh 2.8 Eighth summit India 2.9 Ninth summit Maldives 2.10 Tenth summit Sri Lanka 2.11 Eleventh summit Nepal 2.12 Twelfth summit Pakistan 2.13 Thirteenth summit Bangladesh 2.14 Fourteenth summit India 2.15 Fifteenth summit Sri Lanka 2.15. 1 Food security 2.16 Sixteenth summit Bhutan 2.17 Seventeenth summit Maldives 2.18 Eighteenth summit Nepal 2.19 Nineteenth summit Pakistan 3 References 4 External links Member Nations ( edit ) Flag of Afghanistan Flag of Bangladesh Flag of Bhutan Flag of India Flag of Maldives Flag of Nepal Flag of Pakistan Flag of Sri Lanka Summits of SAARC ( edit ) First summit Bangladesh ( edit ) The first summit was held in Dhaka , Bangladesh on 6 -- 8 December 1985 and was attended by the Government representative and president of Bangladesh , Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka , the kings of Bhutan and Nepal , and the prime minister of India . signed the SAARC Charter on 8 December 1985 , thereby establishing the regional association , and established study groups on the problems of terrorism and drug trafficking , as well as planning a ministerial - level meeting about GATT , and a ministerial - level conference on increasing the participation of women at the regional level . The summit also agreed to establish a SAARC secretariat and adopted an official SAARC emblem . Second summit India ( edit ) The second summit was held in November 16 -- 17 Bengaluru , India in 1986 . The Heads of State or Government welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the SAARC Secretariat by the Council of Ministers and their decision to locate the Secretariat in Kathmandu and appoint Ambassador Abul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary - General of south Asian association of regional cooperation . Third summit Nepal ( edit ) The third summit was held in Kathmandu , Nepal from 2 -- 4 November 1987 , and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh , the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of India and Pakistan , and the kings of Bhutan and Nepal . The foreign ministers of the member states signed the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism and an agreement to establish a South Asian Food Reserve . Fourth summit Pakistan ( edit ) The fourth summit was held in Islamabad , Pakistan on 29 -- 31 December 1988 and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh , the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of India and Pakistan , and the kings of Bhutan and Nepal . The summit discussed the coup attempt on 3 November 1988 , declared 1989 to be the `` SAARC Year Against Drug Abuse '' , declared 1990 to be the `` SAARC Year of the Girl Child '' , set up a technical committee on education , and launched a regional plan called `` SAARC - 2000 - A Basic Needs Perspective '' to meet specific targets by the end of the twentieth century in areas such as food , shelter , education and environmental protection . It was also agreed to hold regular `` South Asian Festivals '' with the first being hosted by India . Fifth summit Maldives ( edit ) The fifth summit was held in Malé , Maldives on 21 -- 23 November 1990 and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh , the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the king of Bhutan . The leaders signed the SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances , launched the Special SAARC Travel Document ( providing visa - exemptions for national judges , parliamentarians and academics and their immediate families ) , launched a Scheme for the Promotion of Organised Tourism , authorized the SAARC secretariat to share information and exchange reports , studies and publications with the European Community and the Association of South East Asian Nations , declared various SAARC years ( 1991 - 2000 AD ) to be the `` SAARC Decade of the Girl Child '' , 1991 to be the `` SAARC Year of Shelter '' , 1992 to be the `` SAARC Year of the Environment '' , 1993 to be the `` SAARC Year of Disabled Persons '' , and decided to set up the SAARC Sixth summit Sri Lanka ( edit ) The sixth summit was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 21 December 1991 and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India , Nepal and Pakistan , the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , and the king of Bhutan . Seventh summit Bangladesh ( edit ) The seventh summit was held in Dhaka , on 10 -- 11 April 1993 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the king of Bhutan . Eighth summit India ( edit ) The eighth summit was held in New Delhi , on 2 -- 4 May 1995 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India and Nepal , and the king of Bhutan . Ninth summit Maldives ( edit ) The ninth summit was held in Male , on 12 -- 14 May 1997 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the king of Bhutan . Tenth summit Sri Lanka ( edit ) The tenth summit was held in Colombo , on 29 -- 31 July 1998 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal and Pakistan. SAARC countries stressed for eradicating poverty and promoting joint collaboration . Eleventh summit Nepal ( edit ) The eleventh summit was held in Kathmandu , on 4 -- 6 January 2002 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India and Nepal . Twelfth summit Pakistan ( edit ) The twelfth summit was held in Islamabad , on 4 -- 6 January 2004 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal and Pakistan . Thirteenth summit Bangladesh ( edit ) The thirteenth summit was held in Dhaka , on 12 -- 13 November 2005 , and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India and Pakistan , the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , and the king of Nepal and attended the summit peacefully Fourteenth summit India ( edit ) The fourteenth summit of SAARC was held in New Delhi , India on 3rd - 4 April 2007 , and was attended by the presidents of Afghanistan , the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers Bhutan , INDIA , Nepal and Pakistan and the chief adviser of the government of Bangladesh . Fifteenth summit Sri Lanka ( edit ) The fifteenth summit of SAARC was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 1 -- 3 August 2008 . The issues discussed were regional cooperation , partnership for growth for the peoples of South Asia , connectivity , energy , the environment , water resources , poverty alleviation , the SAARC Development Fund , transport , information and communications technology development , science and technology , tourism , culture , the South Asian Free Trade Area , the SAARC Social Charter , women and children , education , combating terrorism , and the admission of Australia and Myanmar as observers . Food security ( edit ) At the summit , one of the major points of discussion was the global food crisis . The SAARC heads of government made a statement saying `` in view of the emerging global situation of reduced food availability and worldwide rise in food prices , we direct that an Extra-ordinary Meeting of the Agriculture Ministers of the SAARC Member States be convened in New Delhi , India in November 2008 , to evolve and implement people - centred short to medium term regional strategy and collaborative projects . '' They also acknowledged the need to forge greater cooperation with the international community to ensure the food availability and nutrition security . Sixteenth summit Bhutan ( edit ) The sixteenth summit was held in Thimpu , Bhutan on 28 -- 29 April 2010 . Bhutan hosted the SAARC summit for the first time . This was marked the silver jubilee celebration of SAARC that was formed in Bangladesh in December 1985 . Climate change was the central issue of the summit with summit 's theme `` Towards a Green and Happy South Asia '' . Outcome of Thimpu Summit regarding climate change issue : SAARC leaders signed a SAARC Convention on Cooperation on Environment to tackle the problem of climate change . The SAARC nations also pledged to plant 10 million trees over the next 5 years . India proposed setting up of climate innovation centres in South Asia to develop sustainable energy technologies . India offered services of India 's mission on sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem to the SAARC member states saying that the initiative could serve as a nucleus for regional cooperation in this vital area . India announced `` India endowment for climate change '' in South Asia to help member states meet their urgent adaption and capacity building needs posed by the climate change . The seven - page ' Thimphu Silver Jubilee Declaration - Towards a Green and Happy South Asia ' emphasised the importance of reducing dependence on high - carbon technologies for economic growth and hoped promotion of climate resilience will promote both development and poverty eradication in a sustainable manner . Seventeenth summit Maldives ( edit ) Main article : 17th SAARC summit Addu Convention Centre , venue of the 17th SAARC summit The Seventeenth Summit was held from 10 - 11 of November 2011 in Addu City , Maldives . The Meeting , which was held at the Equatorial Convention Centre , Addu City was opened by the outgoing Chair of SAARC , Prime Minister of the Royal Government of Bhutan , H.E. Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoezer Thinley . H.E. Mohamed Nasheed was elected as the Chairperson of the 17th SAARC Summit . In his inaugural address President Nasheed highlighted three areas of cooperation in which progress should be made ; trade , transport and economic integration ; security issues such piracy and climate change ; and good governance . The President also called on the Member States to establish a commission to address issues of gender inequalities in South Asia . The Head of States of all the SAARC Member States addressed the Meeting . The inaugural meeting was attended by Foreign / External Ministers of SAARC Member States , the Secretary General of SAARC , the Heads of Observer Delegation , Cabinet Ministers of the Maldives , Ministers in the visiting delegations and other state dignitaries . In her address Secretary General stated that the Summit being held under the theme of `` Building Bridges '' provides further impetus and momentum to build the many bridges that needs to be built : from bridging the gaps created by uneven economic development and income distribution , the gaps in recognizing and respecting the equality of men and women , the closing of space between intent and implementation . In this Meeting , the Foreign Ministers of the respective Member States signed four agreements : SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response to Natural Disasters SAARC Agreement on Multilateral Arrangement on Recognition of Conformity Assessment SAARC Agreement on Implementation of Regional Standards SAARC Seed Bank Agreement In addition , the Addu Declaration of the Seventeenth SAARC Summit was adopted . Eighteenth summit Nepal ( edit ) Main article : 18th SAARC summit The 18th SAARC Summit was held at the Nepalese capital Kathmandu from November 26 to November 27 , 2014 and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the presidents of the Afghanistan , Maldives and Sri Lanka . The motto was ' Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity ' . The legal permission on SAARC Satellite Scheme in this summit . The scheme will be developed in all member nations except Bangladesh and Pakistan . Nineteenth summit Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : 19th SAARC summit Pakistan scheduled to host the 19th summit of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) in Islamabad on 15 to 16 November 2016 . India including Afghanistan , Bhutan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and Maldives did not attend SAARC SUMMIT due to 2016 Uri attack . Pakistan postponed the SAARC summit and announced that new dates would be released soon , but it did not happen . Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in his address to the 19th SAARC summit being held in the Pakistan 's capital , said that the objective of this summit was to address the security issues between India and Pakistan . Hours after Indian PM Narendra Modi decided to boycott the SAARC Summit in Islamabad in the wake of Uri terror attack Bangladesh , Afghanistan , Bhutan , Maldives and Sri Lanka have pulled out of the summit . According to sources , Bangladesh believes that growing interference in internal affairs of Bangladesh by one country has created environment not conducive to successful hosting of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in November 2016 . Reportedly , Bangladesh said that it remains steadfast in its commitment to regional co-operation but believes these can only go forward in more congenial atmosphere . Afghanistan stated that `` Due to increased level of violence , fighting as a result of imposed terrorism on Afghanistan , President of Afghanistan with his responsibilities as Commander in Chief will be engaged and will not be able to attend the SAARC Summit . '' Also , Bhutan has expressed concern over recent escalation of terrorism in the region , which seriously compromises environment for successful holding of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in Nov 2016 , sources added . Bhutan has shared concerns of some of SAARC countries on deterioration of regional peace and security due to terrorism . Sri Lanka decided to pull out of SAARC Summit , becoming the fifth country to pull out , citing the non-conductive situation in Islamabad . The island nation on September 30 , 2016 , said in a statement , `` Sri Lanka condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations , and stresses in this regard , the need to deal with the issue of terrorism in the region in a decisive manner '' . Maldives on 1 October 2016 joined hands with other five nations and boycott the summit to become sixth nation to do so . India alleged Pakistan for terrorism . It is reported by Indian media that the SAARC summit in Pakistan is cancelled due to pulling out of six SAARC member states citing `` poor conducive atmosphere '' in the South Asian region . Nepal is only nation that have not pulled out of SAARC Sumit 2016 . Nepal can not pull out of SAARC summit due to present chairperson is from Nepal . Nepal , the current chair of SAARC , urged that `` a conducive environment be created soon to ensure the participation of all member states in the 19th SAARC summit in line with the spirit of the SAARC charter '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dhaka Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kathmandu Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islamabad Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malé Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seventh SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eighth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ninth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twelfth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.saarc-sec.org/data/summit15/colombostatementonfoodsecurity.htm Jump up ^ `` Area of Cooperation : Environment '' . SAARC . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Press Releases , 18th SAARC Summit Declaration , November 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Sitakanta . `` FEATURED Will SAARC Reincarnate ? '' . IndraStra Global . doi : 10.6084 / m9. figshare. 4029486 . ISSN 2381 - 3652 . 10th SAARC International Psychiatric Conference 2017 SaarcPcycon2017 Visit : http://www.saarcpsycon.com/ External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bengaluru 1986 Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993 New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_SAARC_summits&oldid=825335338 '' Categories : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Foreign relations of Afghanistan Foreign relations of Bangladesh Foreign relations of Bhutan Diplomatic conferences Diplomatic conferences in Pakistan Foreign relations of the Maldives Foreign relations of Nepal Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Diplomatic conferences in Nepal Diplomacy - related lists Asia - related lists Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 35 . 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6531023160972391112 | List of Bollywood films of 2018 | List of Bollywood films of 2018 - Wikipedia List of Bollywood films of 2018 Bollywood Cinema 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 This is a list of Bollywood films that have been released or are to be released in 2018 . Contents 1 Box office collection 2 January -- March 2018 3 April -- June 2018 4 July -- September 2018 5 October -- December 2018 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Box Office Collection ( edit ) The highest - grossing Bollywood films released in 2018 , by worldwide box office gross revenue , are as follows . * Denotes films still running in cinemas worldwide Highest worldwide gross of 2018 Rank Title Production company Distributor Worldwide gross Ref . Sanju * Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films Fox Star Studios ₹ 586.52 crore ( US $85 million ) Padmaavat Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures ₹ 585.87 crore ( US $85 million ) Race 3 Salman Khan Films Tips Films Tips Films Salman Khan Films ₹ 303.57 crore ( US $44 million ) Baaghi 2 Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment Fox Star Studios ₹ 253.18 crore ( US $37 million ) 5 Raazi Dharma Productions AA Films ₹ 194.06 crore ( US $28 million ) 6 Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety T - Series Films AA Films ₹ 148.51 crore ( US $22 million ) 7 Raid T - Series Films Panorama Studios ₹ 142.81 crore ( US $21 million ) 8 Veere Di Wedding Balaji Motion Pictures Anil Kapoor Films & Communication Network - ₹ 138.80 crore ( US $20 million ) 9 Pad Man KriArj Entertainment Sony Pictures ₹ 120.56 crore ( US $18 million ) 10 Dhadak * Zee Studios Dharma Productions Zee Studios ₹ 108.18 crore ( US $16 million ) January -- March 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . J 12 1921 Vikram Bhatt Zarine Khan Karan Kundra Tobby Hinston Sonia Armstrong Horror ASA Productions and Enterprises Kaalakaandi Akshat Verma Saif Ali Khan Isha Talwar Shenaz Treasury Akshay Oberoi Vijay Raaz Deepak Dobriyal Sobhita Dhulipala Kunaal Roy Kapur Nary Singh Dark comedy Cinestan Film Company Mukkabaaz Anurag Kashyap Vineet Kumar Singh Zoya Hussain Ravi Kishan Jimmy Sheirgill Drama Eros International , Colour Yellow Productions 19 My Birthday Song Samir Soni Sanjay Suri Nora Fatehi Pitobash Psychological Thriller Kahwa entertainment Vodka Diaries Kushal Srivastava Kay Kay Menon Mandira Bedi Raima Sen Sharib Hashmi Suspense Thriller K'Scope Entertainment Pvt Ltd & Vishalraj Films & Production Pvt Ltd Medal Ganesh Mehta Muzahid Khan Indrisha Basu Drama G.K Entertainment Nirdosh Pradeep Rangwani Arbaaz Khan Manjari Fadnis Ashmit Patel Mukul Dev Mahek Chahal Thriller UV Films Union Leader Sanjay Patel Rahul Bhat Tillotama Shome Drama Dim Light Pictures 25 Padmaavat Sanjay Leela Bhansali Deepika Padukone Ranveer Singh Shahid Kapoor Aditi Rao Hydari Period drama Viacom 18 Motion Pictures , Bhansali Productions Wo India Ka Shakespeare Suresh Mandal Raza Murad Raj Aryan Yogita Rajput Romantic suspense Jharkhandi Films Production & Impress Media Infotainment The Window V.K. Choudhary Amit Kumar Vashishth Priti Sharma Teena Singh Thriller , Mystery Adamant Pictures , Milestone creations , Era Films , Nirvana Motion Pictures , Dhanraj Productions Pvt . ltd 9 Pad Man R. Balki Akshay Kumar Sonam Kapoor Radhika Apte Comedy Drama Columbia Pictures KriArj Entertainment , Hope Productions , Cape Of Good Films , Mrs Funnybones Movies , SPE Films India Downup The Exit 796 Jaimin Bal Yatin Karyekar Vinayak Mishra Kirti Swaly Thriller Jaimin Bal Entertainment 14 Love Per Square Foot Anand Tiwari Vicky Kaushal Angira Dhar Alankrita Sahai Raghubir Yadav Romantic Comedy RSVP Films , Netflix 16 Aiyaary Neeraj Pandey Sidharth Malhotra Manoj Bajpayee Rakul Preet Singh Pooja Chopra Anupam Kher Naseeruddin Shah Drama Reliance Entertainment Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz Onir Zain Khan Durrani Geetanjali Thapa Romance Yoodlee Films Jaane Kyun De Yaaron Akshay Anand Raghu Raja Abhishek Sharma Kabir Bedi Chetna Pande Heena Panchal Viju Khote Drama NeelRishiFilms , Theatre King 23 Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Luv Ranjan Kartik Aaryan Nushrat Bharucha Sunny Nijar Drama T - Series , Luv Films Welcome To New York Chakri Toleti Karan Johar Diljit Dosanjh Lara Dutta Sonakshi Sinha Riteish Deshmukh Boman Irani Comedy Wiz Films Pari Prosit Roy Anushka Sharma Parambrata Chatterjee Rajat Kapoor Ritabhari Chakraborty Mansi Multani Thriller Clean Slate Films , KriArj Entertainment Veerey Ki Wedding Ashu Trikha Pulkit Samrat Jimmy Sheirgill Kriti Kharbanda Satish Kaushik Yuvika Chaudhary Supriya Karnik Sapna Chaudhary Drama Panorama Studios Billu Ustaad Suvhhdan Angre Akhilendra Mishra Deepraj Rana Mithila Naik KK Goswami Priyanshu Chaterjee Drama Narayan Films 9 Hate Story 4 Vishal Pandya Urvashi Rautela Vivan Bhatena Karan Wahi Ihana Dhillon Gulshan Grover Erotic thriller T - Series Dil Juunglee Aleya Sen Saqib Saleem Tapsee Pannu Abhilash Thapleyal Nidhi Singh Srishti Srivastava Ayesha Khaduskar Romantic / Comedy Pooja Entertainment 3 Storeys Arjun Mukherjee Richa Chaddha Pulkit Samrat Sharman Joshi Renuka Shahane Masumeh Makhija Laksh Singh Aisha Ahmed Ankit Rathi Thriller Excel Entertainment Note Pe Chot at 8 / 11 Imran Ahmed Khan Ajay Kuundal Ranbir Kallsi Pihu Disha Sachdeva Manoj Bakshi Inderpal Singh Satire / Comedy Kreative Krishna Entertainment , Umra Ji Entertainment 16 Raid Raj Kumar Gupta Ajay Devgn Ileana D'Cruz Saurabh Shukla Action , thriller T - Series , Panorama Studios Raja Abroadiya Lakhwinder Shabla Robin Sohi Vaishnavi Patwardhan Comedy Shabla Films 23 Hichki Siddharth P Malhotra Rani Mukerji Drama Yash Raj Films Pareshaan Parinda Devesh Pratap Singh Meeraj Shah Sakshi Singh Thriller Dreamz Productions Baa Baaa Black Sheep Vishwas Paandya Anupam Kher Kay Kay Menon Maniesh Paul Annu Kapoor Comedy Soham Rockstar Entertainment Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band Gurpreet Sondh Rajpal Yadav Mushtaq Khan Rahul Bagga Rohit Kumar Dilbagh Singh Naresh Gosain Shrashti Maheshwari Afreen Alvi Radha Bhatt Comedy Rangrezaa Films 30 Baaghi 2 Ahmed Khan Tiger Shroff Disha Patani Manoj Bajpayee Randeep Hooda Jacqueline Fernandez Action / Romance Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment , Fox Star Studios April -- June 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . 6 Blackmail Abhinay Deo Irrfan Khan Kirti Kulhari Arunoday Singh Divya Dutta Omi Vaidya Comedy T - Series , RDP Motion Pictures Missing Mukul Abhyankar Tabu Manoj Bajpayee Annu Kapoor Psychological Thriller Friday Filmwork , Abundantia Entertainment 13 October Shoojit Sircar Varun Dhawan Banita Sandhu Gitanjali Rao Slice of life Romantic drama Rising Sun Films Kino Works Mercury Karthik Subbaraj Prabhu Deva Sananth Reddy Remya Nambeesan Thriller Pen India Limited 20 Beyond the Clouds Majid Majidi Ishaan Khatter Malavika Mohanan Drama Zee Studios Nanu Ki Jaanu Faraz Haider Patralekhaa Abhay Deol Sapna Chaudhary Comedy Inbox Pictures 27 Daas Dev Sudhir Mishra Richa Chaddha Aditi Rao Hydari Rahul Bhat Saurabh Shukla Vipin Sharma Vineet Kumar Singh Dalip Tahil Anurag Kashyap Romantic thriller Saptrishi Cinevision , Storm Motion Pictures Ishq Tera Jojo D'Souza Hrishitaa Bhatt Mohit Madaan Mozhgan Taraneh ( Irani Star ) Shahbaz Khan Aman Verma Ganesh Yadav Manoj Pawha Salil Naik Manju Sharma Pyumori Mehta Ghosh Thriller Big Banner Entertainment Our Heroes Manish Parihar Devraj Singh Sarangdevot Shankar Lal Dangi Mahesh Gurjar Gourav Gurjar Action Jassi Production House Ltd . Y 102 Not Out Umesh Shukla Amitabh Bachchan Rishi Kapoor Comedy Sony Pictures Omerta Hansal Mehta Rajkummar Rao Crime Drama Swiss Entertainment 11 Raazi Meghna Gulzar Vicky Kaushal Alia Bhatt Period Thriller Junglee Pictures , Dharma Productions The Past Gagan Puri Vedita Pratap Singh Yuvraaj Parashar Horror Thriller Peacock Motion Filmz Hope Aur Hum Sudip Bandyopadhyay Naseeruddin Shah Sonali Kulkarni Aamir Bashir Drama PVR Pictures Falooda Dhiraj Singh Aarav Negi Goonj Chand Azhar Pihu Sharma Dhiraj Singh Comedy Vaibav laxmi Films , Shree S.J Entertainment , Dev Gayatri Entertainment 18 High Jack Akash Khurana Sumeet Vyas Sonnalli Seygall Mantra Taaruk Raina Priyanshu Painyuli Kumud Mishra Natasha Rastogi Comedy Phantom Films Khajoor Pe Atke Harsh Chhaya Vinay Pathak Manoj Pahwa Seema Pahwa Dolly Ahluwalia Sabah Kapoor Comedy Welcome Friends Production 25 Parmanu : The Story Of Pokhran Abhishek Sharma John Abraham Diana Penty Boman Irani Action / drama KAYTA Production , JA Entertainment One Night Out Ravinddra Khare Javed Haider Gulashan pandey Kabina Maharjan Neha Joshi Suspense thriller Music One Films Production & Studio Bioscopewala Deb Medhekar Danny Denzongpa Geetanjali Thapa Tisca Chopra Adil Hussain Drama Fox Star Studios , Star India J U Veere Di Wedding Shashanka Ghosh Kareena Kapoor Sonam Kapoor Swara Bhaskar Shikha Talsania Sumeet Vyas Romantic comedy Balaji Motion Pictures Bhavesh Joshi Superhero Vikramaditya Motwane Harshvardhan Kapoor Priyanshu Painyuli Nishikant Kamat Action Phantom Films , Eros International Phamous Karan Lalit Butani Jackie Shroff Jimmy Sheirgill Kay Kay Menon Shriya Saran Mahie Gill Pankaj Tripathi Drama / Action Vidisha Productions Pvt. Ltd . 7 Kaala Pa . Ranjith Rajnikanth Huma Qureshi Nana Patekar Action Wunderbar Films , Lyca Productions 15 Race 3 Remo D'Souza Anil Kapoor Salman Khan Bobby Deol Jacqueline Fernandez Saqib Saleem Daisy Shah Freddy Daruwala Thriller Tips Films , Salman Khan Films 29 Sanju Rajkumar Hirani Ranbir Kapoor Sonam Kapoor Dia Mirza Paresh Rawal Manisha Koirala Anushka Sharma Biopic Rajkumar Hirani Films , Vinod Chopra Films July -- September 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . J U 13 Soorma Shaad Ali Diljit Dosanjh Taapsee Pannu Angad Bedi Biopic Sony Pictures Ekta Suman Reddy Navneet Kaur Dhillon Robin Sohi Avneet Kaur Salil Ankola Pranati Rai Prakash Rushad Rana Horror / Thriller BS Production House 20 When Obama Loved Osama Sudhish Kumar Sharma Mousam Sharma Swati Bakshi Rahul Avana Mohit Baghel Heena Panchal Hemant Pandey Vikas Giri Comedy Shape Entertainment Dhadak Shashank Khaitan Ishaan Khatter Jhanvi Kapoor Drama Dharma Productions 27 Saheb , Biwi Aur Gangster 3 Tigmanshu Dhulia Sanjay Dutt Jimmy Sheirgill Mahi Gill Chitrangada Singh Drama Wave Cinemas Nawabzaade Jayesh Pradhan Raghav Juyal Punit Pathak Dharmesh Yelande Isha Rikhi Romantic Comedy Remo D'Souza Entertainment U Fanney Khan Atul Manjrekar Anil Kapoor Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Rajkummar Rao Karan Singh Chhabra Divya Dutta Musical comedy T - Series , ROMP , AA Films Mulk Anubhav Sinha Rishi Kapoor Prateik Babbar Rajat Kapoor Taapsee Pannu Ashutosh Rana Manoj Pahwa Neena Gupta Drama Soham Rockstar Entertainment Karwaan Akarsh Khurana Irrfan Khan Dulquer Salman Mithila Palkar Kriti Kharbanda Comedy RSVP Movies 10 Vishwaroopam II Kamal Haasan Kamal Haasan Rahul Bose Pooja Kumar Shekhar Kapur Jaideep Ahlawat Spy Thriller Ascar Films PVT . Limited , Raaj Kamal Films International 15 Gold Reema Kagti Akshay Kumar Kunal Kapoor Mouni Roy Amit Sadh Sports / Drama Excel Entertainment Satyameva Jayate Milap Zaveri John Abraham Manoj Bajpayee Aisha Sharma Taimoor Nadeem Action / Thriller T Series , Emmay Entertainment 24 Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi Mudassar Aziz Sonakshi Sinha Diana Penty Ali Fazal Jimmy Shergill Jassi Gill Comedy Eros International , Colour Yellow Productions Genius Anil Sharma Utkarsh Sharma Ishita Chauhan Nawazuddin Siddiqui Ayesha Jhulka Soham Rockstar Entertainment 31 Turning Point Sudhir Durlabh Tandel Sunny Pancholi Apoorva Arora Shahbaaz Khan Shekhar Shukla Action / Musical / Drama Pruthvi Film Industries Yamla Pagla Deewana : Phir Se Navaniat Singh Dharmendra Sunny Deol Bobby Deol Kriti Kharbanda Johnny Lever Comedy Pen India Limited Stree Amar Kaushik Rajkummar Rao Shraddha Kapoor Aparshakti Khurana Pankaj Tripathi Horror Comedy Maddock Films , D2R Films Andhadhun Sriram Raghavan Tabu Ayushman Khurana Radhika Apte Thriller Matchbox Pictures , Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Rajma Chawal Leena Yadav Rishi Kapoor Anirudh Tanwar Amyra Dastur Drama Saarthi Entertainment 7 Drive Tarun Mansukhani Sushant Singh Rajput Jacqueline Fernandez Vikramjeet Virk Sapna Pabbi Action / Drama / Comedy Dharma Productions Paltan J.P. Dutta Jackie Shroff Sonu Sood Arjun Rampal Gurmeet Choudhary Siddhanth Kapoor Harshvardhan Rane Luv Sinha Esha Gupta Monica Gill Sonal Chauhan Dipika Kakar Action / War Zee Studios , JP Films Laila Majnu Sajid Ali Mir Sarwar Avinash Tiwari Tripti Dimri Ruchika Kapoor Drama / Romance Pi Films , Balaji Motion Pictures Helicopter Eela Pradeep Sarkar Kajol Riddhi Sen Neha Dhupia Tota Roy Choudhury Drama Pen India Limited , Ajay Devgn FFilms 14 Arjun Patiala Rohit Jugraj Diljit Dosanjh Kriti Sanon Varun Sharma Comedy T - Series , Maddock Films Manmarziyaan Anurag Kashyap Abhishek Bachchan Vicky Kaushal Taapsee Pannu Romantic / Drama Eros International , Colour Yellow Productions , Phantom Films 21 5 Weddings Namrata Singh Gujral Rajkummar Rao Nargis Fakhri Bo Derek Candy Clark Anneliese van der Pol Suvinder Vicky Comedy , Romance , Drama Uniglobe Entertainment Batti Gul Meter Chalu Shree Narayan Singh Shahid Kapoor Shraddha Kapoor Yami Gautam Romance , Social Drama T - Series 28 Sui Dhaaga Sharat Katariya Varun Dhawan Anushka Sharma Romance Yash Raj Films Pataakha Vishal Bhardwaj Sanya Malhotra Sunil Grover Radhika Madan Drama VB Pictures October -- December 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . O 5 Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Sunny Deol Karan Deol Saher Bamba Romantic Vijayta Films Loveratri Abhiraj Minawala Aayush Sharma Warina Hussain Romantic Salman Khan Films 12 Jalebi Pushpdeep Bhardwaj Rhea Chakraborty Digangana Suryavanshi Varun Mitra Drama Vishesh Films 19 De De Pyaar De Akiv Ali Ajay Devgn Tabu Rakul Preet Singh Romantic comedy T - Series , Luv Films Namaste England Vipul Shah Arjun Kapoor Parineeti Chopra Romantic comedy Pen India Limited , Reliance Entertainment Badhaai Ho Amit Sharma Ayushman Khurrana Sanya Malhotra Romantic comedy Junglee Pictures Bhaiaji Superhit Neerraj Pathak Sunny Deol Preity Zinta Ameesha Patel Arshad Warsi Shreyas Talpade Evelyn Sharma Action / Comedy Metro Movies 26 Marudhar Express Vishal Mishra Kunaal Roy Kapur Tara Alisha Berry Drama Nastik Shailesh Varma Arjun Rampal Harshaali Malhotra Tinu Anand Meera Chopra Ravi Kishan Divya Dutta Drama Paras Software and Entertainment O V 7 Thugs of Hindostan Vijay Krishna Acharya Amitabh Bachchan Aamir Khan Katrina Kaif Fatima Sana Shaikh Period action / adventure Yash Raj Films Haathi Mere Saathi Prabhu Solomon Kalki Koechlin Rana Daggubati Zoya Hussain Pulkit Samrat Vishnu Vishal Rajiv Kachroo Eros International 29 2.0 S. Shankar Rajinikanth Akshay Kumar Amy Jackson Sci - Fi Lyca Productions 30 Kedarnath Abhishek Kapoor Sushant Singh Rajput Sara Ali Khan RSVP Movies , Guy in the Sky Pictures 7 Total Dhamaal Indra Kumar Madhuri Dixit Ajay Devgn Anil Kapoor Riteish Deshmukh Arshad Warsi Jaaved Jaaferi Aashish Chaudhary Niharica Raizada Comedy Fox Star Studios 14 Mangal Ho Pritish Chakraborty Pritish Chakraborty Aanushka Ramesh Sanjay Mishra Annu Kapoor Vrajesh Hirjee Mukesh Bhatt Swati Kumar Oksana Rasulova Shahnawaz Pradhan Aarif Sheikh Murli Sharma Sci - fi / comedy Ascent Entertainment , MK Media 21 Zero Aanand L. Rai Shah Rukh Khan Katrina Kaif Anushka Sharma Tigmanshu Dhulia Comedy / drama Red Chillies Entertainment , Colour Yellow Productions The Accidental Prime Minister Vijay Ratnakar Gutte Anupam Kher Akshaye Khanna Biopic Bohra Bos International 28 Simmba Rohit Shetty Ranveer Singh Sara Ali Khan Sonu Sood Action Comedy Dharma Productions , Reliance Entertainment See also ( edit ) List of Bollywood films of 2017 List of Bollywood films of 2019 Lists of Bollywood films Lists of films Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sanju worldwide gross : ₹ 586.52 crore ( US $85 million ) India : ₹ 438.72 crore ( US $64 million ) Overseas : US $ 21.39 million ( ₹ 147.80 crore ) Jump up ^ Padmaavat worldwide gross : ₹ 586.87 crore ( US $85 million ) India : ₹ 387.31 crore ( US $56 million ) Overseas : ₹ 198.56 crore ( US $29 million ) References ( edit ) This article includes inline citations , but they are not properly formatted . Please improve this article by correcting them . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : Hungama , Bollywood . `` Sanju Box Office Collection till Now - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/7-31-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Padmaavat grosses Rs. 400 cr . at the worldwide box office . India '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 63.665 INR per USD ) '' . OFX . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Race 3 Goes Past 303.57 Crore Worldwide '' . Box Office India . 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Baaghi 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Raazi - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` 1921 '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaalakandi '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anurag Kashyap Directorial ' Mukkabaaz ' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com '' . 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mukkabaaz '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` My Birthday Song '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vodka Diaries '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Medal Pet Nahi Bharta - Latest News , Videos , Photos - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medal '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Nirdosh '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Union Leader '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Padmavati is Padmavat : Release date is Jan 25 , film to clash with Padman '' . indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Padmaavat '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Wo India Ka Shakespeare Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` The Window Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date in Mumbai - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pad Man : Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster , reveals release date '' . 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pad Man '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` downup - the - exit - 796 - 2 - Downup The Exit 796 First Look - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Downup The Exit 796 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Love Per Square Foot - Netflix Official Site '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love Per Square Foot '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan , will now release on February 16 '' . 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aiyaary '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Watch Theatrical Trailer ( Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz ) Now - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Jaane Kyun De Yaaron '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To New York '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` '' I 'm excited to take up a genre like this '' -- says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari `` . Jump up ^ `` Pari 2018 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Veerey Ki Wedding '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Billu Ustaad teaser '' . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up '' . 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hate Story 4 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Dil Juunglee '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Storeys teaser : Farhan Akhtar 's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl '' . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Storeys '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Note Pe Chot At 8 / 11 Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date in - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raid '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Upcoming Movies - Movie Release Dates - Hindi Movie Releases - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Abroadiya '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Thugs of Hindostan , Tiger Zinda Hai , Hichki release dates announced by YRF : Here 's when they come to theatres '' . Jump up ^ `` Hichki '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Pareshaan Parinda - Latest News , Videos , Photos - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pareshaan Parinda '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Maniesh Paul : Do n't think I 've been slotted in comic genre '' . 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baa Baaa Black Sheep '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ TSeries . `` Here 's the official teaser of # ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand '' . Jump up ^ `` Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Baaghi 2 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Shroff ( @ i ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Past Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Falooda Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date in Mumbai - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Checkout Details High Jack Movie http://www.bollywoodfare.com/2018/03/high-jack-movie-2018-release-date-cast.html Jump up ^ `` Khajoor Pe Atke movie review : Manoj Pahwa , Vinay Pathak 's film lacks steam '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review : The climax of John Abraham 's film keeps you hooked '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` One Night Out release date Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Bioscopewala Movie Review : Danny Denzongpa 's Performance Is First - Rate In This Well - Crafted Sparkling Little Gem '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Sonam Kapoor announces ' Veere Di Wedding ' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018 The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With ' Sex And The City ' - Style Rom - Com '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` ' Bhavesh Joshi Superhero ' : The release date of the film postponed to June 1 - Desi superheroes of Bollywood The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Phamous trailer : Jackie Shroff , Kay Kay Menon , Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs - Entertainment News , Firstpost '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kaala time at last ! '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 2018 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Race 3 is a hit even before its release . Here 's why '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sanju ' trailer : Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt 's life on celluloid - Times of India ► '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Soorma ' review : Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ When Obama Loved Osama Movie : Showtimes , Review , Trailer , Posters , News & Videos eTimes , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fanne Khan And Karwan To Clash At The Box Office '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 2018 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan 's Vishwaroopam 2 gets a release date '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Akshay Kumar shares his first look from Reema Kagti 's ' Gold ' and it is intriguing ! - See pic '' . Zee News . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Check out Akshay Kumar 's ' Gold ' look for Reema Kagti 's next '' . DNA India . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri 's action film SMJ '' . 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi '' . Hindustan Times . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Pruthvi Film Industries '' . www.pruthvifilm.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tandel , Sudhir Durlabh , Turning Point , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date . Details Here '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Stree Teaser : Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao , We Ca n't Wait For The Trailer After This '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Andhadhun - 2018 '' . Book My Show . Jump up ^ `` Rishi Kapoor 's Rajma Chawal set to hit the screens on August 31 '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi Medium 2 , Arjun Patiala : Bhushan Kumar , Dinesh Vijan sign multiple film deal '' . 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Weddings trailer : This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Batti Gul Meter Chalu : Even before the release of ' Padmavati ' , Shahid Kapoor announces his next film - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles . Can you solve them ? '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Vishal Bhardwaj 's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha ; will release on September28 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunny Deol chooses Saher Bamba as the female lead for son Karan Deol 's debut movie '' . www.pinkvilla.com . Jump up ^ `` Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas '' . Box Office India . 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loveratri '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loveratri Movie 2018 : Plot , Cast & Crew , News , Videos & More - FE '' . Filmyearth. 2018 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ajay Devgn 's untitled romcom to hit the screens on Dussehra 2018 '' . www.pinkvilla.com . Jump up ^ Rava , Jurmoloya ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Namastey Canada to release next year - Eastern Eye '' . Jump up ^ `` Namaste England '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` बधाई हो : इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की ' बेटी ' की फिल्म '' . Jagaran. 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thugs of Hindostan '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Kedarnath '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Total Dhamaal '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mangal Ho Cast List '' . Bollywood Hungama . Jump up ^ Red Chillies Entertainment ( 1 January 2018 ) . `` Zero - Title Announcement - Shah Rukh Khan - Aanand L Rai - Anushka Sharma - Katrina Kaif - 21 Dec18 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Zero '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Accidental Prime Minister : Anupam Kher reveals his first look as Manmohan Singh '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Accidental Prime Minister '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simmba '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . 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Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Soviet Union Ukraine Northern Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden Southern Albania Andorra Bosnia - Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal Serbia Slovenia Spain Yugoslavia Western Austria Belgium France Germany East Germany Ireland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom North America Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago Central Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Northern Canada Greenland United States Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Tonga South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bollywood_films_of_2018&oldid=854622553 '' Categories : Lists of Bollywood films by year 2018 in Indian cinema Lists of 2018 films by country or language Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use Indian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2018 Articles needing footnote reformatting All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Română اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 17 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | bollywood movies in the month of july 2018 | [
"\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n",
"\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n",
"\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n",
"\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n",
"\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n",
"\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n"
] | [
"Soorma",
"Ekta",
"When Obama Loved Osama",
"Dhadak",
"Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3",
"Nawabzaade"
] |
-1948912317891478919 | LSU Tigers football | LSU Tigers football - wikipedia LSU Tigers football LSU Tigers football 2018 LSU Tigers football team First season 1893 Athletic director Joe Alleva Head coach Ed Orgeron 2nd season , 21 -- 7 (. 750 ) Stadium Tiger Stadium ( Capacity : 102,321 ) Field surface Grass Location Baton Rouge , Louisiana Conference Southeastern Conference Division Western Past conferences SIAA ( 1893 -- 1922 ) SoCon ( 1923 -- 1932 ) All - time record 791 -- 414 -- 47 (. 651 ) Bowl record 25 -- 23 -- 1 (. 520 ) Claimed nat'l titles 3 ( 1958 , 2003 , 2007 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 5 ( 1908 , 1935 , 1936 , 1962 , 2011 ) Conference titles 14 ( 11 SEC ) Division titles 8 Rivalries Alabama ( rivalry ) Arkansas ( rivalry ) Auburn ( rivalry ) Florida ( rivalry ) Ole Miss ( rivalry ) Texas A&M ( rivalry ) Heisman winners Billy Cannon Consensus All - Americans 31 Current uniform Colors Purple and Gold Fight song Fight for LSU Mascot Mike the Tiger Marching band Louisiana State University Tiger Marching Band Website LSUSports.net The LSU Tigers football program , also known as the Fighting Tigers , represents Louisiana State University in the sport of American football . The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . LSU ranks 16th most in victories in NCAA Division I FBS history and claims three National Championships ( 1958 , 2003 and 2007 ) , 15 conference championships , and 27 consensus All - Americans . As of the beginning of the 2017 NFL season , 51 former LSU players were on active rosters in the NFL , the most of any college program . The team plays in Tiger Stadium and Ed Orgeron is the head coach . Contents 1 History 1.1 1800s ( 1893 -- 1899 ) 1.2 Building the program ( 1900 -- 1934 ) 1.3 Moore and Tinsley era ( 1935 -- 1954 ) 1.4 Paul Dietzel era ( 1955 -- 1961 ) 1.5 Charles McClendon era ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 1.6 Stovall , Arnsparger , Archer , and Hallman ( 1980 -- 1994 ) 1.7 Gerry Dinardo era ( 1995 -- 1999 ) 1.8 Nick Saban era ( 2000 -- 2004 ) 1.9 Les Miles era ( 2005 -- 2016 ) 1.10 Ed Orgeron era ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Conference affiliations 3 Championships 3.1 National championships 3.2 National championship game appearances 3.3 Conference championships 3.4 Division championships 4 Logos and uniforms 5 Traditions 5.1 Tiger Stadium 5.2 Songs and cheers 5.3 Jersey No. 18 5.4 `` DBU '' 6 Rivalries 6.1 Alabama 6.2 Arkansas 6.3 Auburn 6.4 Florida 6.5 Mississippi State 6.6 Ole Miss 6.7 Texas A&M 6.8 Tulane 7 Yearly records 7.1 All - time record vs. current SEC members 7.2 College Football Playoff rankings and polls 7.3 Bowl games 8 Individual accomplishments 8.1 Player awards 8.2 Heisman Trophy voting history 8.3 Coaches awards 8.4 All - Americans 8.5 Retired numbers 8.6 SEC Legends 8.7 Statistical leaders 9 LSU and the NFL 9.1 LSU Tigers players in the NFL Draft 10 Hall of Fame inductees 10.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 10.2 Canadian Football Hall of Fame 10.3 College Football Hall of Fame 11 Stadium 11.1 Tiger Stadium 11.2 State Field 12 Practice and training facilities 13 Coaching staff 13.1 Head coaching history 13.2 2018 Coaching staff 14 Recruiting 15 Future opponents 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of LSU Tigers football See also : List of LSU Tigers football seasons 1800s ( 1893 -- 1899 ) ( edit ) Louisiana State University ( LSU ) played its first football game in school history on November 25 , 1893 , losing to rival Tulane in the first intercollegiate contest in Louisiana . The game sparked a rivalry between the Tigers and the Green Wave that has lasted generations . The Tigers were coached by university professor Dr. Charles E. Coates , known for his work in the chemistry of sugar . Future Louisiana governor Ruffin G. Pleasant was the quarterback and captain of the LSU team . In the first game against Tulane , LSU football players wore purple and gold ribbons on their uniforms . According to legend , purple and gold were chosen because they were Mardi Gras colors , and the green was sold out . The rules of play in 1893 were more like rugby than what might be considered modern football . LSU achieved its first victory by beating Natchez Athletic Club 26 -- 0 in 1894 . Samuel Marmaduke Dinwidie Clark has the honor of scoring the very first touchdown in LSU history . The first football game played on the LSU campus was at State Field on December 3 , 1894 , a loss against Mississippi . LSU 's only touchdown in that game was scored by the head coach , Albert Simmons . This was the first year of play for William S. Slaughter who lettered as an end for 5 years ( 1894 , 1895 , 1896 , 1897 , 1898 ) . Slaughter was LSU 's first five time football letterman . By 1895 , LSU had its first win in Baton Rouge . The 1896 team The 1896 team was the first to be called the `` Tigers '' and went undefeated , winning the school 's first conference championship in the school 's first year as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , the first southern athletics conference . Coach Allen Jeardeau returned for his second but final year at LSU in 1897 for two games in Baton Rouge . A yellow fever outbreak throughout the South caused the postponement of LSU 's classes starting , and the football season being cut back to only two games . Another outbreak of yellow fever similar to the one in 1897 caused LSU to play only one game in 1898 . By the time LSU was able to play its only game of the season , Allen Jeardeau had departed from the school as head football coach , and no provision had been made to replace him . The job of coach then fell to the team 's captain , Edmond Chavanne . New coach John P. Gregg led the Tigers to a 1 -- 4 season in 1899 , including a loss to the `` iron men '' of Sewanee . The only wins were in an exhibition game against a high school team -- which LSU does not officially record as a win -- and against rival , Tulane . Building the program ( 1900 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) Chavanne was rehired in 1900 , posting a 2 -- 2 record . He was replaced by W.S. Borland as head coach in 1901 , who led the team to a successful 5 -- 1 season . After a 22 -- 2 loss to Tulane , LSU protested to the SIAA and alleged that Tulane had used a professional player during the game . Several months later , the SIAA ruled the game an 11 -- 0 forfeit in favor of LSU . The seven - game 1902 season was the longest yet for the Tigers and also featured the most amount of games on the road . The 1903 season broke the previous season 's record , with nine games . Dan A. Killian coached the team from 1904 to 1906 . Running back René A. Messa made the All - Southern team in 1904 . 1907 LSU Tigers Football Team in Havana , Cuba for the 1907 Bacardi Bowl Edgar Wingard coached the team in 1907 and 1908 . In 1907 , LSU became the first American college football team to play on foreign soil in the 1907 Bacardi Bowl against the University of Havana on Christmas Day in Havana , Cuba . LSU won 56 -- 0 . John Seip ran back a 67 - yard punt return . The 1908 team posted an undefeated 10 -- 0 record . Quarterback Doc Fenton led the nation in scoring with 132 points . He threw a 40 - yard touchdown pass to Mike Lally in the win over Auburn . The National Championship Foundation retroactively awarded 1908 LSU the national championship though it is not claimed by LSU . This season also led to an SIAA championship ; but was clouded by accusations of professionalism from rival school Tulane . Auburn and Vanderbilt were among those listed as alternative conference champions . 1910 was a disastrous year for the Tigers . After a strong 1909 campaign which saw their only conference loss come to SIAA champion Sewanee , the team lost some star power with Lally , Seip , and center Robert L. Stovall all graduating . In 1912 , coach Pat Dwyer developed a `` kangaroo play '' in which back Lawrence Dupont would crawl between offensive lineman Tom Dutton 's legs ; supposedly very effective in short yardage situations . Fullback Alf Reid made the All - Southern team in 1913 . LSU 's largest loss margin came on October 31 , 1914 in a game against Texas A&M in Dallas , Texas . In 1916 , three different coaches led the team for parts of the season . The coaches were E.T. MacDonnell , Irving Pray , and College Football Hall of Fame coach Dana X . Bible . Due to World War I , no games were scheduled or played for the 1918 season by LSU . Pray also served as head coach full seasons in 1919 and 1922 , compiling a total record of 11 -- 9 at LSU . In 1923 , Mike Donahue left Auburn to become the seventeenth head football coach at LSU. 1924 saw the first game played at the newly built Tiger Stadium , with an original seating capacity of 12,000 . Donahue retired after the 1927 season . Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin recommended Russ Cohen for the LSU coaching job , which he accepted in 1928 . That season , offensive tackle Jess Tinsley made the All - Southern team . In 1931 LSU played its first night game in Tiger Stadium , a 31 -- 0 victory over Spring Hill . In Biff Jones ' first season as head coach , the 1932 team tied for the Southern Conference championship in its last season as a member of the conference . The season included a five - game winning streak in which LSU outscored its opponents by a combined 162 -- 0 . Moore and Tinsley era ( 1935 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) Under head coach Bernie Moore , LSU won their first Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) Championship finishing with a 5 -- 0 conference record and 9 -- 2 -- 0 overall in 1935 . LSU played in their first Sugar Bowl game , falling to # 4 TCU 3 -- 2 at Tulane Stadium . The Tigers and Horned Frogs both took home the Williamson Poll national championship , which is not claimed by LSU . The team was led by Abe Mickal and Gaynell Tinsley , cousin of Jess . The 1936 team won the school 's second SEC Championship finishing with a 6 - 0 conference record and 9 -- 1 -- 1 overall . The Tigers finished runner - up to Minnesota in the AP Poll . LSU won the Williamson Poll and Sagarin Ratings national championships , which are not claimed by the school . LSU 's largest margin of victory , and most points scored in a football game came on November 21 , in a game at Tiger Stadium against USL ( University of Southwestern Louisiana , now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette ) . The final score was LSU 93 , USL 0 . The 1937 team featured Ken Kavanaugh and was upset by Vanderbilt using a hidden ball trick , the school 's first - ever victory over a ranked opponent . Paul Dietzel The 1946 team played in one of the most notable instances of the Cotton Bowl Classic -- `` Ice Bowl . '' LSU , led by head coach Moore and quarterback Y.A. Tittle , entered the game against Arkansas with a 9 -- 1 record . Ice , sleet and snow pelted the stadium as LSU players filled oil drums with charcoal and started fires for makeshift heaters while fans built fires in the stands . LSU dominated the game with a 271 -- 54 advantage in total yards and 15 -- 1 advantage in first downs , but that did n't equate to the numbers on the scoreboard . The game ended in a 0 -- 0 tie and LSU finished the season 9 -- 1 -- 1 . Paul Dietzel era ( 1955 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) In 1955 , Paul Dietzel became the head coach at LSU . During Dietzel 's first three years , none of his teams had a winning season . In 1958 , however , Dietzel came up with a unique `` three - platoon system . '' Instead of replacing individual players during the game , Dietzel would bring in an entirely new set of players between plays and series . The three teams were called the White Team ( the first - string offense and defense ) , the Go Team ( the second - string offense ) , and the Chinese Bandits ( the second - string defense ) . The system worked , as the 1958 team won the school 's first claimed national championship , beating No. 12 Clemson 7 -- 0 in the Sugar Bowl . The only score was a pass from Billy Cannon to sophomore Mickey Mangham , one of the smallest players on the team . Billy Cannon Cannon won the Heisman Trophy in 1959 . On Halloween , late in the game between No. 1 LSU and No. 3 Ole Miss , LSU was trailing 3 -- 0 . Cannon returned a punt 89 yards for a TD , breaking seven tackles . This has become known as Cannon 's Halloween Run . The Rebels then drove down the field but were stopped on the LSU 1 - yard line as the game ended resulting in a 7 -- 3 victory for LSU in Tiger Stadium . In the Sugar Bowl , one of the most anticipated rematches in college football history took place . This game , however , would not be the classic that transpired only weeks before . Ole Miss dominated the game from start to finish and came away with a decisive 21 -- 0 win over the Tigers . LSU finished the season having only given up 29 points . Charles McClendon era ( 1962 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) In the 1966 Cotton Bowl , unranked LSU upset undefeated and # 2 ranked Arkansas , winning the game 14 -- 7 and snapping Arkansas ' 22 - game winning streak . LSU - Tulane , 1973 In 1972 , No. 6 LSU survived an upset bid from unranked Ole Miss in Tiger Stadium by winning the game on a TD pass from QB Bert Jones to RB Brad Davis . Ole Miss fans say the 1972 contest featured a few seconds of free football . The Tigers trailed the Rebels 16 -- 10 with four seconds to play . After a lengthy incompletion by Jones , the game clock still showed one second remaining . The Tigers used the precious second to win the game on the `` last play , '' 17 -- 16 . A song was written to commemorate the game , called `` One Second Blues '' , ( track # 11 ) which is featured on the CD `` Hey Fightin ' Tigers '' . The alleged home - clock advantage inspired a sign at the Louisiana state line ( as you left Mississippi ) reading , `` You are now entering Louisiana . Set your clocks back four seconds . '' Stovall , Arnsparger , Archer , and hallman ( 1980 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) LSU defeated Alabama 20 -- 10 in Birmingham , Alabama in what was Bear Bryant 's last game coaching against LSU , in 1982 . LSU 's defense held Alabama to 119 yards of total offense , as the Tigers defeated the Tide for the first time since 1970 . Later that week , LSU 's defensive front seven of Melancon and Joiner ( OLBs ) ; Richardson and Williams ( ILBs ) ; and Marshall , Elko and Dardar ( DL ) were named the `` Associated Press Sportswriters ' Defensive Player of the Week . '' It was the first time an entire front - seven unit was so named . In 1988 , unranked LSU staged a near - literal , earth - shattering upset victory over No. 4 Auburn in Tiger Stadium , winning the game 7 -- 6 with 1 : 41 remaining on a touchdown pass from quarterback Tommy Hodson to running back Eddie Fuller . The reaction of the crowd was so immense that it registered as an earthquake on a seismograph in LSU 's Howe - Russell Geoscience Complex . It has been dubbed the `` Earthquake Game . '' Gerry DiNardo era ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Wearing its white jerseys at home in Tiger Stadium for the first time since 1982 , LSU upset No. 5 Auburn in 1995 , winning the game 12 -- 6 as LSU DB Troy Twillie intercepted Auburn QB Patrick Nix 's 11 - yard pass into the end zone with no time remaining . This game marked a return to national significance in just head coach Gerry DiNardo 's first season . After nine straight losses to Steve Spurrier - led Florida , the No. 14 Tigers shocked the No. 1 - ranked defending national champion Gators 28 -- 21 in Tiger Stadium in 1997 , making the cover of Sports Illustrated . It was the first time LSU beat a No. 1 ranked team and the first time the goalposts were ever torn down in Tiger Stadium . Nick Saban era ( 2000 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) 2004 Sugar Bowl , LSU 21 - Oklahoma 14 In head coach Nick Saban 's first season of 2000 , LSU returned to national prominence by beating No. 11 Tennessee in overtime 38 -- 31 on ESPN , after which the goal posts were torn down for only the second time in the history of Tiger Stadium . The victory over Tennessee also marked the first time that LSU played in an overtime game at home . Just a few weeks later , the goal posts were again ripped down as LSU beat Alabama 30 -- 28 on CBS in Baton Rouge for the first time in 31 years . This was the third and final time that the goal posts came down in Death Valley . In 2001 , No. 21 LSU staged an upset victory over No. 2 Tennessee in the SEC Championship , winning 31 -- 20 . The victory earned LSU a spot in its first Sugar Bowl since 1986 , and knocked the Volunteers out of national title contention . No. 16 LSU survived an upset bid from unranked Kentucky in 2002 by winning the game 33 -- 30 on a 75 - yard Hail Mary pass as time expired known as the `` Bluegrass Miracle . '' Kentucky coach Guy Morriss had received the traditional Gatorade bath right before the Hail Mary . Kentucky fans , believing they had won , had already rushed the field and torn down one goal post . In 2003 , No. 11 LSU outlasted No. 7 Georgia , 17 -- 10 . With ESPN College Gameday on hand for the first time since 1997 , Quarterback Matt Mauck found wide receiver Skyler Green for a 34 - yard touchdown with 3 : 03 remaining in the game . All - American cornerback Corey Webster sealed the victory with an interception in the final minute . LSU won its second title and became the BCS national champion by defeating Oklahoma and their highly touted Heisman Quarterback , Jason White , 21 -- 14 in the 2004 Sugar Bowl . Les Miles era ( 2005 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) In Les Miles 's first season as head coach in 2005 at LSU was moved to Arizona State 's Sun Devil Stadium due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina . With one end zone painted with `` www.KatrinaSRF.com '' and the other with `` Together We Stand '' along with logos of the states of Louisiana and Arizona , LSU rallied in the fourth quarter for a 35 -- 31 comeback victory . 2008 BCS National Championship Game , LSU 38 -- Ohio State 24 No. 2 LSU played what was hyped as one of the most exciting games ever played in Tiger Stadium against No. 9 Florida in 2007 . The game is also known for the LSU students leaving thousands of messages on the phone of Florida quarterback , Tim Tebow , prompting him to give a `` telephone '' hand gesture to the LSU student section following an early touchdown . Florida began the fourth quarter with a 24 -- 14 lead , but behind solid defense and being a perfect 5 for 5 on fourth down conversions , the Tigers were able to take the lead 28 -- 24 with 1 : 06 left in the game after a Jacob Hester touchdown to defeat the Gators . It was LSU 's first national primetime game on CBS since 1981 . LSU went on to defeat No. 1 Ohio State in the BCS national championship 38 -- 24 , becoming the first school to win two BCS national championship titles and improving their BCS record to 4 -- 0 , the best of any team . They also became the first two loss team to ever play in the BCS national championship . Alabama - LSU , 2011 The ninth regulation game of the 2011 season for LSU found the number 1 nationally ranked Tigers against the second - ranked Alabama Crimson Tide in a match called `` The Game of the Century '' or the `` Matchup of the Year '' . Both teams were undefeated and both were also coming off a bye week ; viewed as important to the BCS Championship Game as the `` inside track '' by many of the sportswriters , the press built up the game in a Super Bowl - style atmosphere . Ultimately , the game came down to field position and a series of field goals as the top - ranked defenses of both teams prevented any touchdowns . Alabama missed three field goals and a fourth was blocked during regulation , leading to a 6 -- 6 tie heading into overtime . On the first possession of overtime , Alabama again missed a field goal from 52 yards out , only to watch LSU earn the win on the next possession with a chip - shot field goal . As a result , it was the second - lowest scoring match - up between number 1 and number 2 teams in the history of the NCAA , with a 9 -- 6 decision . For the first time in BCS National Championship history , two SEC teams , number 1 LSU and number 2 Alabama again faced each other in the National Championship Game . Alabama won the game , 21 -- 0 . The SEC - only title game added impetus to the push for a national playoff system and hastened the death of the BCS system as implemented up to that time . On September 25 , 2016 , Miles was fired after losing to the Auburn Tigers as quarterback Danny Etling failed to snap the ball before time expired which negated what would have been the game winning touchdown pass to wide receiver DJ Chark . Ed Orgeron was named interim head coach . Miles compiled a win -- loss record of 114 -- 34 (. 770 ) with LSU . Ed Orgeron era ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Ed Orgeron was named permanent head coach on November 26 , 2016 . In 2017 , Ed Orgeron 's first full season as head coach , LSU complied a record of 9 -- 4 overall and 6 -- 2 in the SEC . Orgeron 's tenure as permanent head coach began with a rocky start as an early home loss to non-conference opponent , Troy , sparked national criticism . Orgeron then followed this with a home victory against the 10th ranked Auburn Tigers which relieved some of the heat . LSU finished the season with a loss in the Citrus Bowl against Notre Dame . Conference affiliations ( edit ) LSU has been affiliated with three conferences . Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( 1893 -- 1922 ) Southern Conference ( 1923 -- 1932 ) Southeastern Conference ( 1933 -- present ) Championships ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) The NCAA 's website states that `` the NCAA does not conduct a national championship in Division I-A football and is not involved in the selection process . '' It goes on to say that `` a number of polling organizations provide a final ranking of Division I-A football teams at the end of each season . '' LSU officially claims three national championships ( 1958 , 2003 & 2007 ) ; however , the school has been recognized as national champions by polling organizations on five additional occasions : 1908 ( National Championship Foundation -- a title also recognized by the NCAA ) , 1935 ( Williamson System ) , 1936 ( Williamson System , Sagarin Ratings ) , 1962 ( Berryman - QPRS ) , and 2011 ( Anderson & Hester , Congrove Computer Rankings ) . ( The NCAA officially changed the `` I-A '' designation to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) in 2006 . ) In the 2007 season , LSU became the first program to win multiple BCS National Championship Games and the second program to win a national championship with multiple losses . Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Opponent Result 1958 Paul Dietzel AP , Coaches 11 -- 0 Sugar Bowl Clemson W 7 -- 0 2003 Nick Saban BCS , Coaches 13 -- 1 Sugar Bowl Oklahoma W 21 -- 14 2007 Les Miles BCS , AP , Coaches 12 -- 2 BCS National Championship Game Ohio State W 38 -- 24 1958 The 1958 LSU Tigers football team under head coach Paul Dietzel , cruised to an undefeated season capped by a win over Clemson in the 1959 Sugar Bowl . LSU was named the national champion in both the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll prior to their 7 - 0 Sugar Bowl victory over Clemson . It was the first recognized national championship for LSU in the poll era . 2003 The 2003 LSU Tigers football team was coached by Nick Saban . LSU won the BCS National Championship , the first national championship for LSU since 1958 . The Tigers battled for an 11 -- 1 regular season record and then defeated Georgia in the SEC Championship Game . The LSU Tigers faced off against Oklahoma for the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) national title . LSU beat Oklahoma 21 -- 14 in the 2004 Sugar Bowl designated as the BCS National Championship Game . 2007 The 2007 LSU Tigers football team , coached by Les Miles , won the Southeastern Conference championship and the national championship with a 12 -- 2 record . The LSU Tigers took on the top ranked Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2008 BCS National Championship Game defeating them 38 -- 24 . This win made the LSU Tigers the first team to win two BCS National Championships in its history . On their way to the BCS championship , the Tigers won their tenth Southeastern Conference championship by defeating Tennessee in the 2007 SEC Championship Game . Unclaimed national championships LSU was selected national champions for the 1908 , 1935 , 1936 , 1962 , and 2011 seasons by various major selectors , though these championships are not recognized by the school . National championship game appearances ( edit ) Since the BCS system came into existence in 1998 , LSU has played in the national championship game three times , compiling a 2 -- 1 record . All three of the Tigers ' appearances have come in the Superdome in New Orleans . Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Opponent Result 2003 Nick Saban BCS 13 -- 1 Sugar Bowl Oklahoma W 21 -- 14 2007 Les Miles BCS 12 -- 2 BCS National Championship Game Ohio State W 38 -- 24 2011 BCS 13 -- 1 BCS National Championship Game Alabama L 0 -- 21 Conference championships ( edit ) LSU has won a total of 15 conference championships in three different conferences . Since becoming a founding member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) in 1933 , LSU has won eleven SEC championships . Year Conference Coach Overall record Conference record 1896 † SIAA Allen Jeardeau 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 1902 † W.S. Boreland 6 -- 1 5 -- 1 1908 Edgar R. Wingard 10 -- 0 3 -- 0 1932 † SoCon Biff Jones 6 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 0 1935 SEC Bernie Moore 9 -- 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 1936 9 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 0 1958 Paul Dietzel 11 -- 0 6 -- 0 1961 † 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 1970 Charles McClendon 9 -- 3 5 -- 0 1986 Bill Arnsparger 9 -- 3 5 -- 1 1988 † Mike Archer 8 -- 4 6 -- 1 2001 Nick Saban 10 -- 3 5 -- 3 2003 13 -- 1 7 -- 1 2007 Les Miles 12 -- 2 6 -- 2 2011 13 -- 1 8 -- 0 † Co-champions Division championships ( edit ) Since the SEC began divisional play in 1992 , LSU has won or shared the SEC West title 8 times , and is 4 -- 1 in the SEC Championship game . Year Division Opponent SEC CG Result 1996 † SEC West N / A ( lost tiebreaker to Alabama ) 1997 † SEC West N / A ( lost tiebreaker to Auburn ) 2001 † SEC West Tennessee W 31 -- 20 2002 † SEC West N / A ( lost tiebreaker to Arkansas ) 2003 † SEC West Georgia W 34 -- 13 2005 † SEC West Georgia L 14 -- 34 2007 SEC West Tennessee W 21 -- 14 2011 SEC West Georgia W 42 -- 10 † Co-champions Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Helmets Pre-1946 , LSU wore leather helmets . From 1947 through 1955 , LSU wore an old gold helmet . In 1956 , head coach Paul Dietzel changed the color of the helmet to a yellow - gold similar to that of the Green Bay Packers . It featured a white one - inch center stripe with purple three - quarter inch flanking stripes . From 1957 through 1971 , LSU added jersey numbers to the sides of the helmet . In 1972 , the first logo was introduced , a tiger head inside a purple circle with LSU written underneath the tiger head . In 1977 , LSU introduced its current helmet . The logo features curved LSU lettering written above the Tiger head logo . Purple face masks were introduced in 1980 . In 2014 , LSU introduced a new Tiger head logo . Special helmets In 1997 , LSU wore White helmets in the Independence Bowl vs Notre Dame . In 2007 , LSU wore white helmets in a game against Tulane to promote relief for Hurricane Katrina . In 2009 , LSU wore `` old '' gold styled helmets in a game against Arkansas as part of a Nike Pro Combat promotion . The uniforms were donned `` Couchon De Lait '' which is cajun for pig roast . The name stemmed from LSU 's proximity to the cajun culture of the nearby Acadiana area and the mascot of Arkansas being the razorbacks , a type of wild boar or pig . In 2011 for a Nike Pro Combat promotion , the Tigers wore a white helmet with old gold and purple stripes to accompany a white uniform . In 2015 , LSU wore their white helmets in a game against South Carolina that was moved from Williams - Brice Stadium to Tiger Stadium due to the flooding disaster in South Carolina and again at Ole Miss where LSU wore all - white uniforms . A special throwback helmet with LSU 's original `` L '' that is still used by their L Club and the jersey number of each player was used in a home game against Mississippi State in 2016 along with a special gold throwback jersey with a custom number font replicating jerseys from the Y.A. Tittle era at LSU . Jerseys The Tigers coming out of the tunnel The current style of jerseys were introduced by coach Paul Dietzel in 1957 with `` TV '' numerals on the shoulders . Those numbers were moved to the sleeves in 1959 . LSU 's white jerseys have purple numbers on the front , back and sleeves with a gold center stripe flanked by two purple stripes encircling the shoulders . LSU 's purple jerseys have white numbers on the front , back and sleeves with a white center stripe flanked by two yellow stripes encircling the shoulders . LSU has worn gold jerseys four times : vs. Vanderbilt in 1996 , vs. Notre Dame in the 1997 Independence Bowl , at Florida in 1998 and throwbacks vs. Mississippi State in 2016 . LSU also wore gold jerseys as their primary jerseys during the 1940s . Save for the throwback jerseys , LSU wore gold due to the intense dislike of purple exhibited by then - LSU coach Gerry DiNardo . Since the wearing of white jerseys has become a tradition for LSU football , the white jerseys are typically worn for both home and away games . The exception is for non-SEC home games , other than the home opener , where LSU wears purple jerseys . Also , though rare , in the case of away games the home teams may choose to wear white , and if so , purple is the default for LSU . From 1983 through 1994 , LSU was mandated to wear purple jerseys at home , due to an NCAA rule which required the visiting team to wear white jerseys . In 1995 , the NCAA changed the rule to allow the home team to wear white if it obtained prior approval of the visiting team . In 1997 , the Southeastern Conference ruled the home team would have choice of jersey color without consent of the visitors for conference games . Pants LSU on defense The team traditionally wears one style of pants , which are gold with white and purple trim . For a 1995 game at Kentucky , the Tigers wore purple pants , which had no stripes and a tiger head logo on the left thigh . LSU lost to the Wildcats 24 -- 16 and the pants were never worn again . LSU has worn white pants on 10 occasions since 1996 : Three times with gold jerseys vs. Vanderbilt in 1996 , vs. Notre Dame in the 1997 Independence Bowl , and at Florida in 1998 . In 2016 , LSU wore gold throwback jerseys with white pants vs. Mississippi State . Three times with purple jerseys , in a 2007 game at Tulane to promote relief for Hurricane Katrina , A 2015 game against South Carolina that was moved from Williams - Brice Stadium to Tiger Stadium due to the flood disaster in that state , and a 2016 home game against Southern Miss . Three times with white jerseys , in a 2009 game against Arkansas , a 2011 game against Auburn for a Nike Pro Combat promotion , and a 2015 game at Ole Miss . These uniforms were made to look like white tigers . Traditions ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana State University traditions Tiger Stadium ( edit ) 5 - yard lines -- Tiger Stadium is notable for putting all 5 - yard line numbers on the field , not just those that are multiples of 10 . However , the 10 - yard line numbers are the only numbers that get directional arrows , as the rules make no provision for 5 - yard line numbers . H - style goal posts -- LSU 's Tiger Stadium sports `` H '' style goal posts , as opposed to the more modern `` Y '' style used by most other schools today . This `` H '' style allows the team to run through the goal post in the north end zone when entering the field . The crossbar from the goalposts which stood in the north end zone of Tiger Stadium from 1955 through 1984 is now mounted above the door which leads from LSU 's locker room onto the playing field . The crossbar is painted with the word `` WIN ! '' , and superstition dictates every player entering the field touch the bar on his way out the door . Night games in Tiger Stadium -- The tradition of playing night games in Tiger Stadium began on October 3 , 1931 when LSU defeated Spring Hill 35 - 0 . Several reasons were cited for playing at night such as avoiding the heat and humidity of afternoon games , avoiding scheduling conflicts with Tulane and Loyola football and giving more fans the opportunity to see the Tigers play . Attendance increased and night football became an LSU tradition . LSU has also traditionally played better during night games based on winning percentage . LSU Golden Girls Pregame show -- Louisiana State University Tiger Marching Band `` pregame show '' was created in 1964 , and revised over the next nine years into its current format . The marching band lines up along the end zone shortly before kick off . Then the band strikes up a drum cadence and begins to spread out evenly across the field . When the front of the band reaches the center of the field , the band stops and begins to play an arrangement of `` Pregame '' ( Hold That Tiger ) . While it does this , the band turns to salute the fans in all four corners of the stadium . Then the band , resuming its march across the field , begins playing `` Touchdown for LSU '' . Tailgating -- For home football games , thousands of LSU fans gather on the Baton Rouge campus . They set up motor homes and tents as early as Thursday before Saturday football games . Tailgating is found across the entire campus with many fans tailgating in the same spot year after year . LSU has continually been ranked as the top tailgating location in the country . ESPN.com ranked LSU as the top tailgating destination in America . The Sporting News proclaimed `` Saturday Night in Death Valley '' and Tiger tailgating as the top tradition in college football . Sports Illustrated said , `` When It Comes To Great Tailgating , Nothing Compares To LSU . '' LSU 's tailgating was named No. 1 in an Associated Press poll on top tailgating spots and by a CNN network survey on top tailgating locations . Victory Gold -- In 2012 , a new tradition was established at Tiger Stadium . Following an LSU football victory , the lights that illuminate the upper arches on the north end of the stadium light up in LSU `` Victory Gold '' . Victory Hill -- The LSU football players , coaches , cheerleaders and Mike the Tiger in his cage , `` Walk Down Victory Hill '' on North Stadium Drive prior to each home game on their way to Tiger Stadium . Thousands of fans line both sides of the road to watch and cheer for the Tigers football team . The practice was started under head coach Gerry Dinardo and it endures today . The LSU Tiger Marching Band or The Golden Band from Tigerland , Golden Girls and Colorguard , `` March Down Victory Hill '' about an hour prior to each home game . Fans line both sides of the road and listen for the cadence of drums announcing the band 's departure from the Greek Theatre and await the arrival of the band . The band stops on top of Victory Hill and begins to play their drum cadence while beginning to march down Victory Hill . The band then stops on Victory Hill and begins to play the opening strains of the `` Pregame Salute . '' Then , while playing the introduction to `` Touchdown for LSU , '' the band begins to run in tempo through the streets and down the hill amidst the crowd of cheering fans . From there , the band enters the PMAC and plays a pep ralley for TAF members . White jerseys -- LSU is notable as one of the few college football teams that wears white jerseys for home games as opposed to their darker jerseys ( in their case , purple ) . Most other NCAA football teams wear their darker jerseys in home games , even though football is one of the few college sports that do not require a specific jersey type for each respective team ( for instance , college basketball requires home teams to wear white or light - colored jerseys while the away team wears their darker jerseys ) , and is similar to the National Football League in letting the home team decide what to wear . The tradition started in 1958 , when Coach Paul Dietzel decided that LSU would wear white jerseys for home games . Another story is the tradition first started when Dietzel had LSU wear white at home for good luck against a ranked Georgia Tech team in 1957 because Georgia Tech 's team had long been known for wearing white at home . LSU won the game and he continued that tradition for the 1958 season and LSU went on to win the national championship that year . Since the 1958 championship season , LSU continued to wear white jerseys at home games through the 18 - year tenure of Charles McClendon . Then in 1983 , new NCAA rules prohibited teams from wearing white jerseys at home . Because of this , LSU wore purple jerseys during home games from 1983 to 1994 . The team 's fans believed wearing purple jerseys were `` bad luck '' and often complained about being forced to wear purple jerseys at home . In 1995 , LSU 's new coach , Gerry DiNardo , was determined to restore LSU 's tradition of white home jerseys . DiNardo personally met with each member of the NCAA Football Rules Committee , lobbying LSU 's case . DiNardo was successful , and LSU again began wearing white jerseys at home when the 1995 season began . In LSU 's first home game with the white jerseys , unranked LSU prevailed in a 12 -- 6 upset victory over No. 6 Auburn . The 1995 rule allowing LSU to wear white at home had one stipulation : the visiting team must agree for conference and non-conference games . In 1997 , the SEC amended its rule to allow the home team its choice of jersey color for conference games without prior approval of the visiting team . Therefore , only for non-conference home games does the home team seek permission to wear white jerseys at home . In 2009 , the NCAA further relaxed the previous rule that required most away teams to wear white . The rule now states that teams must simply wear contrasting colors . After the 1995 rule change , on three occasions LSU was forced to wear colored jerseys at Tiger Stadium . The first time was in 1996 against Vanderbilt , who was still angry at LSU for hiring Gerry DiNardo , who left Vanderbilt to become LSU 's head coach after the 1994 season . LSU wore gold jerseys for that game ( a 35 -- 0 LSU victory ) , and fans were encouraged to wear white in an effort to `` white out '' the Commodores . The other was in 2004 when Oregon State did not want to suffer in its black jerseys due to the humid weather of Louisiana in late summer , thus forcing LSU to wear its purple jerseys for a nationally televised game on ESPN . On October 10 , 2015 , LSU was scheduled to play a road conference game at South Carolina , but due to massive flooding in the state of South Carolina , the game was relocated from Columbia to Baton Rouge . Despite the game being played at Tiger Stadium , South Carolina was still the designated home team and had first choice of jersey selection . South Carolina chose to wear white as they had originally planned , forcing LSU to wear their purple jerseys at Tiger Stadium for an SEC game for the first time since 1994 . After the 1995 rule change , LSU was forced to wear colored jerseys on the road on four occasions . In 1998 and 2000 , Florida coach Steve Spurrier exercised this option and forced LSU to don a colored jersey at Gainesville . The Tigers wore gold in 1998 under Gerry DiNardo ( lost 22 -- 10 ) and purple in 2000 under Nick Saban ( lost 41 -- 9 ) . In 2007 and 2009 , LSU also wore its purple jerseys on the road at Mississippi State , but the Tigers emerged victorious both times ( 45 -- 0 in 2007 and 30 -- 26 in 2009 ) . Songs and cheers ( edit ) Callin ' Baton Rouge -- The Garth Brooks song `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' is played over the PA system in Tiger Stadium prior to kickoff for each game . LSU cheerleader I 'm from Louisiana -- This song is played before the opening kickoff and it gets the players pumped First , second , and third - down cheers -- When the Tigers are on offense and earn a first down , the fans perform the `` First Down Cheer '' . It includes the `` Hold that Tiger '' musical phrase from `` Tiger Rag '' played by the LSU band and the fans shout `` Geaux Tigers '' at the end of each phrase . The `` Second Down Cheer '' is a musical selection that is followed by the crowd chanting L-S-U ! The `` Third Down Cheer '' is based on the song `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor . Geaux Tigers -- A common cheer for all LSU athletics , Geaux Tigers , pronounced `` Go Tigers '' , is derived from a common ending in Cajun French names , - eaux . Fans began using this spelling in the 1990s to add local flavor to the standard cheer . The phrase was trademarked by the university in 2005 . Hot Boudin -- A cheer before and during games about famous food in Louisiana . It goes `` Hot boudin , cold coush - coush , come on tigers , push push push . '' Push is pronounced poosh to rhyme with coush - coush ( koosh - koosh ) . Coush - coush is a Cajun dish generally served for breakfast . Tiger bait -- LSU fans will yell `` Tiger Bait , Tiger Bait '' at visiting fans . Tiger Bandits -- Whenever LSU forces a turnover or gets the ball back via a defensive stop , the LSU band plays the Tiger Bandits song and LSU fans bow in respect to the defensive stop . The original title of the song was called `` Chinese Bandits '' , but the title was eventually changed to `` Tiger Bandits '' ( or just simply `` Bandits '' ) to make the tradition more inclusive . The term `` Chinese Bandits '' originated as the nickname that LSU Coach Paul Dietzel gave to the defensive unit he organized in 1958 , which helped LSU to win its first national championship . The next season , the 1959 Chinese Bandit defense held their opponents to an average of only 143.2 yards per game . No LSU defense since has done better . Jersey No. 18 ( edit ) Jersey No. 18 is an LSU tradition established in 2003 when quarterback Matt Mauck guided LSU to a national championship . After Mauck 's final season , he passed jersey No. 18 to running back Jacob Hester , who helped LSU win the 2007 national championship . The jersey became synonymous with success on and off the field as well as having a selfless attitude . Each season , a player is chosen by the coaching staff to wear the No. 18 jersey . In 2017 , LSU awarded the jersey to two players , one each on offense and defense . No. 18 by season : 2003 : Matt Mauck , quarterback 2004 -- 2007 : Jacob Hester , running back 2008 -- 2009 : Richard Dickson , tight end 2010 : Richard Murphy , running back 2011 : Brandon Taylor , safety 2012 : Bennie Logan , defensive tackle 2013 : Lamin Barrow , linebacker 2014 : Terrence Magee , running back 2015 -- 2016 : Tre'Davious White , cornerback 2017 : Christian LaCouture , defensive end and J.D. Moore , fullback 2018 : Foster Moreau , tight end `` DBU '' ( edit ) In recent years , LSU has had a high number of defensive backs earn recognition for their play , leading to both current and former players to refer to the school as `` Defensive Back University '' , or `` DBU '' . This has led to a sense of pride among LSU defensive backs , who strive to continue the tradition of excellence at the position . Since 2005 , 18 LSU defensive backs have been drafted into the NFL , including six in the first round : LaRon Landry ( 6th pick in 2007 ) , Patrick Peterson ( 5th pick in 2011 ) , Morris Claiborne ( 6th pick in 2012 ) , Eric Reid ( 18th pick in 2013 ) , Jamal Adams ( 6th pick in 2017 ) , and Tre'Davious White ( 27th pick in 2017 ) . Rivalries ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Main article : Alabama -- LSU football rivalry LSU and Alabama have played every year since the 1960s , with Alabama holding a historic edge in the series , 51 -- 25 -- 5 . Many trace the origins of the rivalry back to a 15 - game undefeated streak Alabama had in Tiger Stadium , which is generally considered to be one of the most hostile atmospheres in college football . While their rivalries against Auburn and Tennessee may overshadow their rivalry with LSU , the significance of this rivalry increased after Alabama hired former LSU coach Nick Saban in 2007 . The LSU - Alabama rivalry continued after the November 5 , 2011 game and the 2012 National Championship where the two teams faced off . Alabama currently owns a six - game winning streak over LSU . Arkansas ( edit ) Main article : Arkansas -- LSU football rivalry The Golden Boot trophy is awarded to the annual winner of the Arkansas - LSU football game . After the Razorbacks left the Southwest Conference in 1990 , Arkansas joined the SEC in 1991 and began a yearly rivalry with LSU . During their first year in the SEC , Arkansas would defeat LSU for the first time , since 1929 , the razorbacks first win over LSU in Fayetteville . The winner takes home the Golden Boot , a trophy in the shape of the states of Arkansas and Louisiana that resembles a boot . The trophy was created by the SEC to try to help develop fan and player interest in the new rivalry . The game , played the day after Thanksgiving until the 2010 season , was usually the last regular season game for each team and is broadcast on CBS . In 2002 , the rivalry gained momentum as the game winner would represent the Western Division of the SEC in the SEC Championship Game . Arkansas won on a last second touchdown pass by Matt Jones . In 2006 , the Razorbacks , who had already clinched the SEC Western Division and were on a 10 - game winning streak , were beaten by LSU in Little Rock . In 2007 , Arkansas defeated top - ranked LSU in triple overtime , giving them their first win in Baton Rouge since 1993 , and again defended the Golden Boot trophy with a last minute touchdown drive in 2008 . Fifteenth - ranked LSU won back the trophy for the first time in two years in 2009 after Razorback kicker Alex Tejada missed a field goal that would have sent the game into a second overtime , and LSU went on to the Capital One Bowl . In 2011 , with both teams ranked in the top 3 in the AP Poll , # 1 LSU would demolish # 3 Arkansas by a score 41 - 17 , sending LSU to the SEC title game . Auburn ( edit ) Main article : Auburn -- LSU football rivalry While Auburn 's rivalries against Alabama and Georgia may overshadow its rivalry with LSU , in the 2000s , LSU had a heated rivalry with the Auburn Tigers . The two share more than just a nickname , as they have both enjoyed success in the SEC 's Western Division and plenty of memorable match ups . Either Auburn or LSU has won at least a share of the SEC Western Division championship for eight of the last eleven years . The home team won every game from 2000 through 2007 . Florida ( edit ) Main article : Florida -- LSU football rivalry Although both universities were founding members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) in December 1932 , the Florida Gators and Tigers did not meet on the gridiron for the first time until 1937 . LSU is Florida 's permanent inter-divisional rival . LSU has played Florida every year since 1971 . Florida leads the series 32 -- 29 -- 3 . The longest winning streak in the LSU -- Florida series is held by Florida , with nine victories from 1988 to 1996 . LSU 's longest winning streak is four , from 1977 to 1980 . The winner of the Florida - LSU game went on to win the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) national championship game from 2006 to 2008 . Some of the notable games in this rivalry include the 1960 : Wristband Robbery , 1964 : Hurricane Delay , 1972 : Flooded Swamp , 1989 : College Football 's First Overtime Game , 1997 : LSU 's Revenge , 2006 : Tebow Domination , 2007 : 5 for 5 on fourth down , and 2016 : Hurricane Delay Pt 2 . With a few exceptions , this rivalry has been known for close games in recent years , with both teams usually coming into the match - up highly ranked . The Gators and Tigers have combined to win five national championships and eleven SEC titles over the past two decades . Mississippi State ( edit ) Main article : LSU -- Mississippi State football rivalry The LSU -- Mississippi State rivalry , is an annual football game between the Louisiana State Tigers and Mississippi State Bulldogs . Both universities are founding members of the Southeastern Conference , as well as the Western Division . This rivalry is LSU 's longest rivalry with 108 meetings . LSU is second only to Ole Miss ( 3 games behind ) on Mississippi St. 's list of most - commonly played opponents . The Tigers lead the series 73 -- 34 -- 3 . Mississippi State 's 34 -- 29 victory on September 20 , 2014 was the Bulldogs ' first over LSU since 1999 , their first in Baton Rouge since 1991 , and just their fourth overall since 1985 . Ole Miss ( edit ) Magnolia Bowl trophy Main article : Magnolia Bowl LSU 's traditional SEC rival is Ole Miss . Throughout the fifties and sixties , games between the two schools featured highly ranked squads on both sides and seemingly every contest had conference , and at times national , title implications . The Magnolia Bowl Trophy is now awarded to the winner of the LSU - Ole Miss rivalry now known as the `` Magnolia Bowl '' . Recently , the second to last regular season game has been between these two colleges . There is still a strong rivalry between both schools . From 1961 through 1988 , LSU did not play on the Ole Miss campus in Oxford , Mississippi . Instead , all of the Rebels ' home dates in the series were contested at Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium in Jackson . LSU and Ole Miss played at Oxford in 1989 for the first time in 29 seasons , then moved the series permanently to Vaught -- Hemingway Stadium in 1994 after the 1991 and 1992 contests returned to Jackson . Texas A&M ( edit ) Main article : LSU -- Texas A&M football rivalry Texas A&M LSU leads the series 33 -- 20 -- 3 . The Tigers and Aggies have faced each other in two bowl games . LSU won the January 1 , 1944 , Orange Bowl 19 -- 14 and LSU won the January 7 , 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic 41 -- 24 . From 1945 to 1973 , LSU was 17 -- 3 -- 1 vs Texas A&M . LSU is the only SEC team Texas A&M has not defeated since joining the conference . Currently , Texas A&M has not defeated LSU in 23 years . Tulane ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Rag LSU 's oldest rival is Tulane ; the first LSU - Tulane football game was played in 1893 and for the first fifty or so years of Tiger football , no team was more hated by LSU fans than the Green Wave . The series , in which they battle for the Tiger Rag , was played continuously from 1919 to 1994 . The intrastate rivalry featured two teams which were geographically close ( Baton Rouge and New Orleans are roughly 80 miles ( 130 km ) apart ) and drew on socio - political tensions between the state 's capital and seat of government and its biggest and most culturally important city . As opponents in the SIAA , Southern Conference and SEC , the Tulane rivalry flourished for many years but slowly declined after Tulane left the SEC and de-emphasized athletics . Until 1949 , the series was very competitive , with LSU leading 23 -- 18 -- 5 ; since 1949 , LSU has dominated , going 45 -- 4 -- 2 . The two teams renewed the annual series in 2006 and ended it again after the 2009 meeting . Yearly records ( edit ) All - time record vs. current SEC members ( edit ) Through the 2017 season School LSU record Streak First meeting Last meeting Alabama 25 -- 52 -- 5 Lost 7 1895 2017 Arkansas 39 -- 22 -- 2 Won 2 1901 2017 Auburn 30 -- 22 -- 1 Won 2 1901 2018 Florida 29 -- 33 -- 3 Lost 1 1937 2018 Georgia 17 -- 13 -- 1 Won 1 1928 2018 Kentucky 40 -- 16 -- 1 Won 2 1949 2014 Ole Miss 62 -- 41 -- 4 Won 3 1894 2018 Mississippi State 73 -- 35 -- 3 Lost 1 1896 2017 Missouri 1 -- 1 -- 0 Won 1 1978 2016 South Carolina 18 -- 2 -- 1 Won 6 1930 2015 Tennessee 10 -- 20 -- 3 Won 5 1925 2017 Texas A&M 33 -- 20 -- 3 Won 7 1899 2017 Vanderbilt 22 -- 7 -- 1 Won 7 1902 College football Playoff Rankings and polls ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football College Football Playoff rankings and Poll history College Football Playoff rankings The LSU Tigers football team finished in the Top 25 in the first College Football Playoff rankings . Preseason polls The LSU Tigers football team has been ranked # 1 in the Pre-season Associated Press Poll ( AP Poll ) in 1959 and the Pre-season Coaches ' Poll in 2012 . Final polls The LSU Tigers football team finished the season ranked # 1 in the Final Associated Press Poll ( AP Poll ) in 1958 and 2007 . The Tigers were ranked # 1 in the Final Coaches ' Poll in 1958 , 2003 and 2007 . The Tigers also finished # 2 in the Final AP Poll in 2003 and 2011 and the Final Coaches Poll in 2011 . Bowl games ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers bowl games LSU has played in 49 bowl games , compiling a record of 25 -- 23 -- 1 . The Tigers have played in 18 straight bowl games since 2000 , the fifth longest active streak in the NCAA and second longest in the Southeastern Conference . Individual accomplishments ( edit ) Player awards ( edit ) Heisman Trophy Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Bronko Nagurski Trophy Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Chic Harley Award Billy Cannon ( 1958 ) Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Chuck Bednarik Award Patrick Peterson ( 2010 ) Tyrann Mathieu ( 2011 ) Dave Rimington Trophy Ben Wilkerson ( 2004 ) Fred Biletnikoff Award Josh Reed ( 2001 ) Jack Tatum Trophy Patrick Peterson ( 2010 ) Jim Thorpe Award Patrick Peterson ( 2010 ) Morris Claiborne ( 2011 ) Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy Ken Kavanaugh ( 1939 ) Lombardi Award Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Lott Trophy Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Manning Award JaMarcus Russell ( 2006 ) Outland Trophy Glenn Dorsey ( 2007 ) Paul Hornung Award Odell Beckham Jr. ( 2013 ) Sporting News Player of the Year Billy Cannon ( 1958 ) Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Bert Jones ( 1972 ) UPI Player of the Year Billy Cannon ( 1958 ) Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Walter Camp Football Foundation - All - Century Team Tommy Casanova ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Walter Camp Memorial Trophy Billy Cannon ( 1959 ) Jerry Stovall ( 1962 ) William V. Campbell Trophy Rudy Niswanger ( 2005 ) Wuerffel Trophy Rudy Niswanger ( 2005 ) Heisman Trophy voting history ( edit ) Year Player Finish Votes 1939 Ken Kavanaugh 7th 1958 Billy Cannon 3rd 975 1959 Billy Cannon 1st 1,929 1962 Jerry Stovall 2nd 618 1972 Bert Jones 4th 351 1977 Charles Alexander 9th 54 1978 Charles Alexander 5th 282 2007 Glenn Dorsey 9th 30 2011 Tyrann Mathieu 5th 327 2015 Leonard Fournette 6th 110 Coaches awards ( edit ) AFCA Coach of the Year Paul Dietzel ( 1958 ) Charles McClendon ( 1970 ) Les Miles ( 2011 ) AP Coach of the Year Nick Saban ( 2003 ) Les Miles ( 2011 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Paul Dietzel ( 1958 ) Nick Saban ( 2003 ) Home Depot Coach of the Year Les Miles ( 2011 ) Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award Les Miles ( 2011 ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Nick Saban ( 2003 ) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Jerry Stovall ( 1982 ) Les Miles ( 2011 ) Broyles Award ( Assistant ) John Chavis ( 2011 ) All - Americans ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football All - Americans LSU has had 27 players selected as consensus All - Americans , with 9 selections being selected unanimously . Consensus All - Americans Gaynell Tinsley : 1935 , 1936 Ken Kavanaugh : 1939 Sid Fournet : 1954 Billy Cannon : 1958 , 1959 Roy Winston : 1961 Jerry Stovall : 1962 Mike Anderson : 1970 Tommy Casanova : 1970 , 1971 Bert Jones : 1972 Charles Alexander : 1977 , 1978 Nacho Albergamo : 1987 Wendell Davis : 1987 Alan Faneca : 1997 Chad Kessler : 1997 Josh Reed : 2001 Chad Lavalais : 2003 Marcus Spears : 2004 Ben Wilkerson : 2004 LaRon Landry : 2006 Glenn Dorsey : 2007 Craig Steltz : 2007 Josh Jasper : 2010 Patrick Peterson : 2010 Morris Claiborne : 2011 Tyrann Mathieu : 2011 Leonard Fournette : 2015 Tre'Davious White : 2016 Retired numbers ( edit ) No . Player Pos . Career Retired 20 Billy Cannon RB 1957 -- 59 1960 37 Tommy Casanova DB 1969 -- 71 2009 21 Jerry Stovall RB 1960 - 62 2018 SEC Legends ( edit ) Main article : SEC Football Legends Starting in 1994 , the Southeastern Conference has annually honored one former football player from each of the member schools as an `` SEC Legend '' . Statistical leaders ( edit ) Main article : LSU Tigers football statistical leaders LSU and the NFL ( edit ) LSU Tigers players in the NFL Draft ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers in the NFL Draft The LSU Tigers football team has had 318 players drafted into the National Football League ( NFL ) . This includes 38 players taken in the first round and two overall number one picks : Billy Cannon in the 1960 NFL Draft and 1960 AFL Draft , and Jamarcus Russell in the 2007 NFL Draft . Hall of Fame inductees ( edit ) Pro football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Three former LSU football players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Player Position Seasons at LSU Inducted Steve Van Buren Halfback 1940 -- 1943 1965 Y.A. Tittle Quarterback 1944 -- 1947 1971 Jim Taylor Fullback 1956 -- 1957 1976 Canadian football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Football Hall of Fame One former LSU player is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame . Player Position Seasons at LSU Inducted Ron Estay Defensive line 1969 -- 1971 2003 College football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : College Football Hall of Fame LSU has had nine players and five head coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . Players Player Position Seasons at LSU Inducted Gaynell Tinsley End 1934 -- 1936 1956 Ken Kavanaugh End 1937 -- 1939 1963 Abe Mickal Running back 1933 -- 1935 1967 Doc Fenton Quarterback , End 1904 -- 1909 1971 Tommy Casanova Cornerback 1969 -- 1971 1995 Billy Cannon Halfback 1957 -- 1959 2008 Jerry Stovall Halfback 1960 -- 1962 Charles Alexander Halfback 1975 -- 1978 2012 Bert Jones Quarterback 1969 -- 1972 2016 Coaches Coach Seasons at LSU Induction Dana X . Bible 1916 1951 Michael `` Iron Mike '' Donahue 1923 -- 1927 1951 Lawrence `` Biff '' Jones 1932 -- 1934 1954 Bernie Moore 1935 -- 1947 1954 Charles McClendon 1962 -- 1979 1986 Stadium ( edit ) Tiger Stadium ( edit ) Main article : Tiger Stadium ( LSU ) Tiger Stadium Tiger Stadium Tiger Stadium is the 102,321 capacity home of the LSU Tigers football team . The stadium is the sixth largest on - campus stadium in the NCAA and the ninth largest stadium in the world . The current record attendance of 102,321 was set on September 20 , 2014 when LSU played host to Mississippi State . Tiger Stadium contains 70 skyboxes , called `` Tiger Den '' suites and a 3,200 seat club level named `` The Stadium Club '' . The Paul Manasseh Press Box is located in the west upper - deck . On April 27 , 2012 , the LSU Board of Supervisors voted unanimously in favor of a $80 million south end - zone upper deck expansion that added approximately 60 `` Tiger Den '' suites , 3,000 club seats and 1,500 general public seats to bring the total capacity of Tiger Stadium to 102,321 , making it the 6th - largest college football stadium in the country . Tiger Stadium first opened its gates in the fall of 1924 with a seating capacity of 12,000 . In the season finale , LSU hosted Tulane in the first game . As of the 2012 season , LSU has gone on to post a 384 - 143 - 18 (. 722 ) mark in Tiger Stadium . Moreover , Tiger Stadium is also known for night games , an idea that was first introduced in 1931 against Spring Hill ( a 35 - 0 LSU victory ) . In 2006 , LSU celebrated its 75th year of playing night football in Tiger Stadium . LSU has played the majority of its games at night , and the Tigers have fared better under the lights than during the day . From 1960 to 2012 , LSU is 221 -- 60 -- 4 (. 782 ) at night in Tiger Stadium compared to a 25 -- 26 -- 3 (. 491 ) record during the day over that span . 384 - 143 - 18 (. 722 ) State field ( edit ) Main article : State Field State Field was the former home stadium of the LSU Tigers football team from 1893 to 1923 . The field was located on the old downtown Baton Rouge campus of LSU . Practice and training facilities ( edit ) Charles McClendon Practice Facility Main article : Charles McClendon Practice Facility Charles McClendon Practice Facility The Charles McClendon Practice Facility is the name of the LSU Tigers football practice facility . The facility features the LSU Football Operations Center , the Tigers Indoor Practice Facility and four outdoor 100 - yard football practice fields . In 2002 , it was named after former LSU head coach and College Football Hall of Fame member , Charles McClendon . LSU Football Operations Center LSU Football Operations Center Main article : LSU Football Operations Center The LSU Football Operations Center , built in 2006 , is an all - in - one facility that includes the Tigers locker room , players ' lounge , weight room , training room , equipment room , video operations center and coaches offices . The operations center atrium holds team displays and graphics , trophy cases and memorabilia of LSU football . LSU Indoor Practice Facility LSU Indoor Practice Facility and Outdoor Practice Fields Main article : LSU Indoor Practice Facility The LSU Indoor Practice Facility , built in 1991 , is a climate - controlled 82,500 square feet facility connected to the Football Operations Center . It holds the 100 - yd Anderson - Feazel LSU indoor field with Momentum Field Turf by SportExe . The indoor practice facility is located behind the football operations center . LSU Outdoor Practice Fields The four outdoor practice fields are directly adjacent to the football operations center and indoor practice facility . Three of the fields are natural grass , while the fourth , The Scott & Espe Moran Outdoor Turf Field has a Momentum Field Turf by SportExe playing surface . Coaching staff ( edit ) Head coaching history ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers head football coaches LSU has had 32 head coaches since organized football began in 1893 . In that time , 11 coaches have led the Tigers in postseason bowl games : Bernie Moore , Gus Tinsley , Paul Dietzel , Charles McClendon , Jerry Stovall , Bill Arnsparger , Mike Archer , Gerry DiNardo , Nick Saban , Les Miles and Ed Orgeron . Five of those coaches also won conference championships after LSU left the Southern Conference to join the SEC : Moore , Dietzel , McClendon , Arnsparger , Archer , Saban and Miles won a combined eleven as a member of the SEC . During their tenures , Dietzel , Saban , and Miles each won national championships awarded by major selectors while with the Tigers . Of the 32 different head coaches who have led the Tigers , Dana X . Bible , Michael Donahue , Lawrence `` Biff '' Jones , Moore and McClendon have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . 2018 Coaching staff ( edit ) Current staff as of February 8 , 2018 Head Coach Ed Orgeron Name Position Ed Orgeron Head coach Steve Ensminger Offensive coordinator / quarterbacks coach Dave Aranda Defensive coordinator / linebackers coach / associate head coach Jerry Sullivan Senior offensive assistant / passing game coordinator James Cregg Offensive line coach / running game coordinator Mickey Joseph Wide receivers coach Tommie Robinson Running backs coach / assistant head coach / recruiting coordinator Dennis Johnson Defensive line coach Corey Raymond Cornerbacks coach Bill Busch Safeties coach Greg McMahon Special teams coordinator Tommy Moffitt Strength and conditioning coordinator Recruiting ( edit ) Main article : List of LSU Tigers football recruiting history Since 2002 , LSU has been ranked in the Top 25 in recruiting ranking by multiple ranking services . Future opponents ( edit ) Non-division opponents LSU plays Florida as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the East division among the other six schools . 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 at Florida vs Florida at Florida vs Florida at Florida vs Florida at Florida vs Florida vs Georgia at Vanderbilt vs South Carolina at Kentucky vs Tennessee at Missouri vs Vanderbilt at Georgia Non-conference opponents Announced schedules as of September 14 , 2017 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vs Georgia Southern vs UTSA at UCLA vs New Mexico vs UCLA at Texas vs Texas vs McNeese St vs Rice vs Northwestern State vs Rice ( at NRG Stadium , Houston ) vs Central Michigan vs. South Alabama vs Utah St . vs Nicholls vs. UL Monroe See also ( edit ) Louisiana State University traditions LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers Tiger Athletic Foundation List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs List of undefeated NCAA Division I football teams Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An LSU baseball team had also worn purple and gold in its first varsity game against Tulane earlier in 1893 , even though LSU 's official colors at the time were actually blue and white . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . Fs.ncaa.org . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LSU Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines for Internal , Vendor or Media Use ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cyr , Andrew ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Colleges most represented on 2017 NFL Opening Day rosters '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Herb . `` LSU Football Vault , The History of the Fighting Tigers '' . Whitman Publishing , LLC . Atlanta , GA. 2008 . page 7 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bailey , John Wendell ( 1924 ) . Handbook of Southern Intercollegiate Track and Field Athletics . Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College . p. 14 . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Auburn Goes Down Before Louisiana '' , Montgomery Advertiser , November 1 , 1908 . Jump up ^ `` From ' The LSU Football Vault ' : The 1908 Season '' . Jump up ^ National Collegiate Athletic Association ( 1911 ) . `` Louisiana State University '' . The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide : 227 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dutton '' . Jump up ^ `` Composite All - Southern Eleven Chosen By Eighteen Dopesters '' . Atlanta Constitution . December 2 , 1913 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Edwin Pope ( 1955 ) . Football 's Greatest Coaches . p. 341 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 -- via archive.org . Jump up ^ Vincent 2008 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2008 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : Hidden - ball play beat LSU in 1937 '' . Jump up ^ LSU Gumbo Yearbook 1956 , LSU Press , p. 318 - 319 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 University of Alabama Football Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Peter ( November 7 , 1982 ) . `` L.S.U Defeats Alabama '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LSU vs Auburn seismogram , October 08 , 1988 : : LSU University Archives Print Materials Collection '' . www.louisianadigitallibrary.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Footneauxts of ' 88 '' . The War Eagle Reader . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` In No. 1 Upset of the Day , LSU Beats Florida , 28 - 21 '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy Staples ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) . `` After all the buildup , Game of Century decided by ... kickers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Michael Bonnette ( 2011 - 11 - 05 ) . `` It 's GameDay : The Matchup of the Year '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jayson Love ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) . `` 5 . Lowest Scoring No. 1 vs. No. 2 Matchup Since 1946 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomas Watts ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` College Football Playoff : I Did n't Say You Stole the Money '' . Bama Hammer . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dellenger , Ross ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Les Miles ' firing : When decision made , how players took news , what ex-coach told players '' . The Advocate . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 LSU Fighting Tigers Schedule and Results '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : LSU Sports Information Office . `` LSU Football 2015 Official Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . LSUsports.net . LSU Publications Office . p. 179 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBS College Football History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Berryman , Clyde ( January 2014 ) . `` QPRS American College Football National Champions ( 1920 -- 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Wisc.edu . 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The Eagle . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College football 's most unique rivalry trophies '' . foxsports.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 LSU Fighting Tigers Schedule and Results '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 LSU Football Media Guide '' . LSUsports.net . Jump up ^ `` LSU Fighting Tigers Bowls '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Active Bowl Streaks in College Football '' . Scout.com . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Heisman Trophy Voting '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Heisman Trophy Voting '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Heisman Trophy Voting '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Heisman Trophy Voting '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Heisman Trophy Voting '' . sports-reference.com . 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Jump up ^ `` LSU Football Guide '' . lsusports.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` L.S.U. Gets Ready for Reunion With Saban '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2010 LSU Football Media Guide . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : LSU Sports Information Office . 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football Coaches '' . lsusports.net . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` LSU completes staff by hiring Rutgers ' Bill Busch as safeties coach '' . theadvocate.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` LSU Football Signing Classes '' . lsusports.net . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` LSU football schedule updates : Tigers reportedly to host Georgia in 2018 , Central Michigan in 2021 '' . theadvocate.com. 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . 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-8772753618378956195 | Satyashodhak Samaj | Satyashodhak Samaj - Wikipedia Satyashodhak Samaj Satyashodhak Samaj ( Truth - seekers ' Society ) is a social reform society founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune , India , on 24 September 1873 . Its purpose was to liberate the less privileged in the then prevailing society such as women , Shudra , and Dalit from exploitation and oppression . Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals of human well - being , happiness , unity , equality , and easy religious principles and rituals . A Pune - based newspaper , Deenbandhu , provided the voice for the views of the Samaj . The membership of the samaj included Muslims , Brahmans , and government officials. However , Non-Brahman castes dominated. Phule 's own Mali caste provided the leading members and financial supporters for the organization . Samaj after Phule ( edit ) The non-Brahmin movement , that was embodied in Satyashodhak Samaj , had not made much difference to any sections of the society in the 19th century and languished after the death of Phule . However , it was revived in the early 20th century by the Maratha ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur , Shahu Maharaj . In 1902 , Shahu reserved 50 per cent civil service posts in Kolhapur state for all communities other than Brahmins , Prabhus and Parsi . He also sponsored religious ceremonies that did not need a brahmin priest to officiate . By the 1920s , the samaj had established strong roots among the rural masses in Western Maharashtra and Vidarbha and took a strong economic overtone in its message . At that time the organization styled itself the representative of the Bahujan samaj . It also defined the brahmins , merchants and moneylenders as the oppressors of the masses . The Samaj also conducted activities in Satara District , Kolhapur State and other places in this area that were designed to harass Brahmins , and to drive them from their positions as priests , government officials , money - lenders , and teachers in the rural areas . Prior to 1920s , the samaj opposed the Indian national movement because it was a movement led by the elites . Later followers of the Samaj during 20th century included educationalist Bhaurao Patil and Maratha leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe , Nana Patil , Khanderao Bagal and Madhavrao Bagal . By the 1930s , given the mass movement nature of the Congress party under Mahatma Gandhi , the samaj leaders such as Jedhe joined the Congress , and the samaj activities withered away . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Prabhus are subdivided into CKP and Pathare Prabhu . Citations ^ Jump up to : Bhadru , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Contribution of Shatyashodhak Samaj to the Low Caste Protest Movement in 19th Century '' . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 63 : 845 -- 854 . JSTOR 44158153 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life & Work of Mahatma Jotirao Pule '' . University of Pune . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 11 ... Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Neil ( 2002 ) . Peasants and Imperial Rule : Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850 - 1935 ( Revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52152 - 640 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vijaya Gupchup . Bombay : Social Change 1813 - 1857 . p. 166 . The other intellectual class , the Prabhus were once again subdivided in the Chnadraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and the Pathare Prabhus Jump up ^ Charles Heimsath ( 1964 ) . Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform . Princeton University Press . p. 249 . Jump up ^ Omvedt , Gail ( 1973 ) . `` Non-Brahmans and Communists '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 8 ( 16 ) : 749 -- 759 . JSTOR 4362559 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Maureen LP ( 1954 ) . `` Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal '' ( PDF ) . THE ECONOMI C WEEKL Y ( September 25 ) : 1065 -- 1067 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Maureen LP ( 1954 ) . `` Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal '' ( PDF ) . THE ECONOMI C WEEKL Y ( September 25 ) : 1065 -- 1067 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Maureen LP ( 1954 ) . `` Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal '' ( PDF ) . THE ECONOMI C WEEKL Y ( September 25 ) : 1065 -- 1067 . Further reading ( edit ) O'Hanlon , Rosalind ( 1985 ) . Caste , conflict , and ideology : Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth - century western India ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 220 -- 251 . ISBN 0521266157 . Rege , Sharmila ( 2000 ) . `` Understanding popular culture : The Satyashodhak and Ganesh mela in Maharashtra '' ( PDF ) . Sociological bulletin. 49 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 209 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . This Indian history - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyashodhak_Samaj&oldid=848619037 '' Categories : Dalit politics 1873 establishments in India Satyashodhak Samaj Religious organizations established in 1873 Hindu new religious movements Religious organisations based in India Indian history stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 04 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who organized the non brahmin movement in maharashtra | [
"The non-Brahmin movement, that was embodied in Satyashodhak Samaj, had not made much difference to any sections of the society in the 19th century and languished after the death of Phule. However, it was revived in the early 20th century by the Maratha ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur, Shahu Maharaj. In 1902, Shahu reserved 50 per cent civil service posts in Kolhapur state for all communities other than Brahmins, Prabhus[a] and Parsi. He also sponsored religious ceremonies that did not need a brahmin priest to officiate.[5] By the 1920s, the samaj had established strong roots among the rural masses in Western Maharashtra and Vidarbha and took a strong economic overtone in its message. At that time the organization styled itself the representative of the Bahujan samaj. It also defined the brahmins,merchants and moneylenders as the oppressors of the masses.[6] The Samaj also\nconducted activities in Satara District, Kolhapur State and other places in this area that were designed\nto harass Brahmins, and to drive them from their positions as priests, government officials, money-lenders, and teachers in the rural areas.[7]\nPrior to 1920s,the samaj opposed the Indian national movement because it was a movement led by the elites.\nLater followers of the Samaj during 20th century included educationalist Bhaurao Patil and Maratha leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe, Nana Patil, Khanderao Bagal and Madhavrao Bagal.[8] By the 1930s,given the mass movement nature of the Congress party under Mahatma Gandhi,the samaj leaders such as Jedhe joined the Congress, and the samaj activities withered away.[9]\n"
] | [
"Satyashodhak Samaj"
] |
1712419216137871668 | Supporting characters on Will & Grace | Supporting characters on Will & Grace - wikipedia Supporting characters on Will & Grace Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the supporting or recurring characters and guest stars on the NBC situation comedy Will & Grace , with information on each of them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Supporting characters 1.1 Family members 1.1. 1 Grace 's family 1.1. 2 Will 's family 1.1. 3 Karen 's family 1.1. 4 Rosario Inez Consuela Yolanda Salazar 1.1. 5 Jack 's family 1.2 Friends 1.3 Love interests 1.3. 1 Grace 1.3. 2 Will 1.3. 3 Karen 1.3. 4 Jack 1.4 Other supporting characters 2 Guest stars playing one - time characters 3 Guest stars playing themselves 4 References Supporting characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Leigh - Allyn Baker Ellen Tom Gallop Rob Molly Shannon Val Bassett Debbie Reynolds Bobbi Adler Steve Paymer Steve Gregory Hines Ben Doucette Marshall Manesh Mr. Zamir Laura Kightlinger Nurse Sheila Sydney Pollack George Truman Tim Bagley Larry Jerry Levine Joe Lesley Ann Warren Tina Woody Harrelson Nathan Leslie Jordan Beverley Leslie Blythe Danner Marilyn Truman Eileen Brennan Zandra Charles C. Stevenson Jr . Smitty Rip Torn Lionel Banks Harry Connick , Jr . Dr. Marvin ' Leo ' Markus Minnie Driver Lorraine Finster Jamie Kaler Gary Emily Rutherfurd Joanne Jon Fleming Russell Bobby Cannavale Vince D'Angelo Alec Baldwin Malcolm Widmark Mathew Botuchis Dave Bernadette Peters Gin Family members ( edit ) Grace 's family ( edit ) Dr. Marvin `` Leo '' Markus , portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick , Jr. , is a Jewish doctor and Grace 's husband from the fifth season . Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will 's baby . After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating , they have their biggest fight of the entire series , in which Will tells Grace to move out . Thanks to Jack and Karen 's meddling , they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace 's relationship . In November , 2002 , Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park , which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show . It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal , but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after . Leo and Grace 's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace , although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other - Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship . Leo 's true first name is Marvin , as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception . According to The Nation Magazine , this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith . Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected . Their marriage fails after less than two years , when Leo reveals that he had a one - night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders . Leo admits his affair to Will first . Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace . After Leo comes clean about his affair , Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage , but quickly decides she wants a divorce . Leo reappears during season eight , a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline , in the episode `` Love Is in the Airplane . '' In the episode , he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London , though Leo was to continue to Thailand . The result is Grace 's pregnancy , as discovered in the season eight episode `` The Definition of Marriage '' . A couple of months later Grace meets Leo , with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby , but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman , Kate . Consequently , Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy . In the series finale ( May 2006 ) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her . Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome , Italy , and this is where Grace gives birth . After one year in Rome , Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn , New York , where they raise their daughter , Laila , together . Bobbi Adler , Grace 's mother , is played by Debbie Reynolds . Bobbi is an actress and singer , although her performances are generally with the Schenectady Players and involve gender changing roles , in plays such as `` Death of a Salesperson '' , `` The Music Person '' and `` Queen Lear '' . She has a constant desire to meddle in the love lives of her daughters , is the creator of the Adler family `` Told you so '' dance , and can always be relied upon to have a song for every occasion . She has , in the past , shown a perfect willingness for Will and Grace to get married . it is mentioned in Season 9 episode `` Rosario 's Quinceañera '' that she passed away . Martin Adler , Grace 's father , is played by Alan Arkin . Portrayed by his family as the stereotypical Jewish patriarch , Martin shows genuine affection for Grace , although remarks he has made suggest Joyce is his favorite . He has been known to pinpoint Grace 's flaws without looking up from his Kojak and Baretta reruns . Janet Adler , Grace 's older sister , is played by Geena Davis . Janet lives in a van and designs jewelry . Her nickname for Grace is `` Smudge '' . It is once implied that she has difficulties with her mother . In the episode `` Lows in the Mid-Eighties '' , Will asks if Grace has another sister named Janet , to which Bobbi , Joyce , and Grace quickly answer `` No ! '' Joyce Adler , Grace 's younger sister , is played by Sara Rue . It is suggested that Grace and Joyce had a not too friendly relationship growing up , and that Joyce was formerly a binge eater . She is often hostile to Grace , but one word from Will and she tends to giggle and act girlishly ; it appears that she , like Grace before her , has a crush on Will . Laila Markus , Grace and Leo 's daughter , is played by Maria Thayer . Laila was conceived by Leo and Grace on an aircraft , during a period where her parents were divorced . She was going to be raised by Will and Grace , but her parents remarried shortly before her birth . She appears on screen only during the series finale . Warren , played by Jesse Fremont Allis , is the imaginary son of Grace and Leo in a dream that Grace has during the last episode of season 8 . Grace and Will raise ' their ' son together . Will 's family ( edit ) Vince D'Angelo , played by Bobby Cannavale . An Italian - American police officer , Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing . Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will 's first long - term relationship in the series ' run . Vince broke up with Will , requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job . He re-encountered Will in season 8 and , during the funeral of Will 's father , they acknowledged their mutual feelings , thus rekindling their romance . In the finale , Will and Vince are shown to raise a son , Ben , together . Marilyn Truman , Will 's mother , is played by Blythe Danner . A typical WASP , Marilyn regularly drinks , collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children , and put up with her husband 's regular affairs until their ultimate separation . She is not a fan of musical theater -- once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because `` poor people do n't sing that much '' -- but was impressed with Mamma Mia ! . She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will 's sexuality , saying , `` Is that a gay joke ? I do n't like that . '' George Truman , Will 's father , is played by Sydney Pollack . While he and Will have a close loving relationship , of which both Jack and Grace are envious , it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son 's sexuality , initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace . He dies in season 8 , only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay . Sam Truman , Will 's brother , is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8 . He had a falling - out with Will over comments Will made about his wife , but reconciled after he had a one - night stand with Grace . He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children . Paul Truman , Will 's brother , is played by Jon Tenney . Paul never really came to terms with his brother 's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully , belittling and insulting Will . Peggy Truman , Paul 's wife and Will 's sister - in - law , is played by Helen Slater . She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace 's friendly behavior towards her own husband . Tina , George 's mistress , is played by Lesley Ann Warren . She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn , but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back . Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding , that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on . This arrangement apparently ended not long before George 's death . Jordy Truman , Sam 's son and Will 's nephew , is played by Reed Alexander . Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will , since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will . His nickname is Jordy . He is perceived to be gay by the other characters , although he is still a child , because of his flamboyant nature , love of show tunes and musicals , along with his general disposition . Casey Truman , Sam 's daughter and Will 's niece , is played by Kyla Dang . Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife . Ben Truman , Will and Vince 's son , is played by Ben Newmark . Appearing only during the series finale , Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will 's sperm . Upon going to college , he meets and later marries Grace 's daughter , Laila . Karen 's family ( edit ) Stanley `` Stan '' Walker , Karen 's third husband ( little is known about her first two ) , is a mostly unseen character . He is an obese man , and has worn a toupee since his teens . Stan has two children from a previous marriage to a woman named Kathy . Karen fell in love with him in the 1980s but they did n't marry until 1995 . Stan was jailed for tax evasion in season four , and began an affair with a cafeteria worker named Lorraine ( played by Minnie Driver ) , and -- after his release in season five -- continued the affair , ultimately separating from Karen because of it . He is reported to have died at the end of season five but , at the end of season seven , he reveals to Will that he had faked his own death and is hiding out with the aid of the government . He and Karen reconcile in season 8 , but subsequently faced marital difficulties and divorce . Stan 's popularity with fast food establishments leads to Pizza Hut taking out a full - page ad in the New York Times to congratulate him on his release from prison ; Taco Bell also organize a flyover at his funeral . It is revealed in the series finale that Stan 's riches were actually borrowed and that he had no real money of his own . Mason Walker , Stan 's son , is another unseen character . He is known to Karen as `` the fat one '' . During one episode , Karen visits Mason during a swim try - out . She cheers and applauds and has a conversation with him until , at the end , she realizes she has been conversing with the wrong boy and not Mason after all . Olivia Walker , Stan 's daughter , is played by Hallee Hirsh . Although she has had fun times with Karen , such as sticking food to the floor to see how long Mason will spend trying to eat it , she also has problems with her stepmother . Lois Whitley , Karen 's mother , played by Suzanne Pleshette . A con artist who used Karen in her early schemes . They had been estranged for several years when they reconciled in season 4 , with the help of Jack . Virginia `` Ginny '' Delaney , Karen 's sister , played by Bernadette Peters . In 1963 , as a child , she was injured in a brutal game of Twister played with Karen . Barry , Karen 's cousin , is played by Dan Futterman . Originally a gay bookish homebody , Karen had Will and Jack bring him out of his shell to become an attractive person whom both Will and Jack fall for . Sylvia Walker , Karen 's mother - in - law , is played by Ellen Albertini Dow . She is a woman that ' strikes fear in her heart - facsimile ' . A seemingly kind , but homophobic old woman , Sylvia appears in one episode to accompany Will and Jack to a club . In the beginning neither Will nor Jack wanted to babysit Sylvia , known as `` Syl '' . She had been dumped on them by Karen , who then ditched her . Karen and Syl have a caustic relationship . Sumner , Karen 's nephew , is played by Paul Satterfield . Karen tries to keep him from dating Grace in season 3 . Rosario inez consuela yolanda salazar ( edit ) Karen Walker 's put - upon but faithful maid portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison . In 1985 , Rosario met Karen Walker at a club , while working as a cigarette lady , and went to work for her as a maid , which was where she was working when the series began in 1998 . Rosario and Karen are very close , but their relationship is love - hate . They are notorious for swapping insults . Rosario is just as feisty as Karen , and is one of the few people who manage to go head - to - head with her . A native of El Salvador , Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor 's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master 's degree . She also attended business school . At some point , she moved to the Bronx , presumably while studying business ; however , Karen makes a comment that she bought Rosario from Rosario 's parents . While there , she also performed with a then - unknown Jennifer Lopez , including a production of `` Tea for Two '' at the Shalom Retirement Center . At one point , she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee . Although she had been mentioned by Karen since the pilot episode , Rosario 's first appearance was in the season 1 finale . Due to Karen 's patronizing tone , we 're made to think that Rosario does n't speak English well . Rosario actually speaks English fluently , albeit with a thick accent , but is an illegal alien . To keep her in the country , Karen has her marry Jack McFarland , her gay friend , to get a green card . The marriage was later terminated at the end of season 2 when Rosario asked for a divorce in order to pursue other romantic interests . However , she maintained a close relationship with Jack ( often echoing hers with Karen ) and claimed to still think of him as family . In the series finale , Rosario was shown to have lived with Karen and Jack in the years after the show ended , growing older with them and possibly still working for them despite being in a wheelchair ( though she states that she is only in the wheelchair due to a sprained ankle ) . Jack 's family ( edit ) Judith McFarland , Jack 's mother , is played by Veronica Cartwright . Despite the obvious clues , Judith did not learn about Jack 's sexuality until he was 30 . She was impregnated with Jack while at a swinger 's costume and pool party . Daniel McFarland , Jack 's stepfather , is played by Beau Bridges . Daniel always had trouble relating to Jack , due to his own athleticism and Jack 's lack thereof . Despite Jack 's statements to the contrary , Daniel is shown to be a caring man who is at least recently trying to reconnect with Jack . Joe Black , Jack 's biological father . Never portrayed on screen , Joe was revealed to have attended a swingers costumed pool party during the 60s , where he was dressed as Richard Nixon . During the party he impregnated Judith , who was dressed as the rear end of a horse . He dies several years before Jack discovers that Daniel McFarland is not his biological father . Elliott , Jack 's son , is played by Michael Angarano . Shortly after learning of his biological father 's death , Jack meets Elliott -- his biological son created from sperm Jack donated at the age of 17 . He is described by Will as , `` Polite , sweet , and kind '' which , he says , is the reason Karen initially dislikes him . His relationship with Jack is shown to be very close - Jack noting in one episode that he wants to avoid being the kind of father he had as he always regretted the fact that they never really connected . However , they have a brief rift when Elliott prepares to leave for college during the last season . Bonnie , Elliott 's mother , is played by Rosie O'Donnell . Initially , Bonnie did not want Jack to be included in Elliott 's life . Bonnie was a lesbian , but was not open about her sexuality to Elliott . She felt jealous that Jack found it easy to be open with Elliott about his sexuality when she did not feel she could be . Friends ( edit ) Rob and Ellen , Will and Grace 's close friends , are played by Tom Gallop and Leigh - Allyn Baker . Ellen and Grace were best friends since college , as were Rob and Will , and the two couples regularly played charades and other games during dinner parties . Grace also sleeps with Rob in season one when they were both going through break - ups and felt emotionally vulnerable , a fact that did n't come up until Rob and Ellen 's wedding some years later . The couple did get married , however , and have since had three children , the youngest named Roman ( which is the name of Debra Messing 's real - life son , born in 2004 ) . Rob and Ellen want to separate , so that they could begin dating other people , and they announce their separation at a dinner date with Will and Grace . Grace makes them realize that they had worked at their marriage and they should remain together ; and also keenly reminded them that no one else would have them . Rob and Ellen decided to give their marriage another chance . Joe and Larry are Will , Jack and Grace 's close friends , and are played by Jerry Levine and Tim Bagley . A gay couple , once party animals , Joe and Larry adopted a baby girl called Hannah in season three . Karen occasionally refers to them as `` Mo and Mary '' , with `` Mo '' being a play on the word `` Homo '' . Val Bassett , a neighbor of Will and Grace , is played by Molly Shannon . Slightly unstable , and alcoholic , Val originally befriends only Will , until Grace eventually discovers some common interests with her . Both of them still consider her unstable , as does Jack , who found her as an uninvited guest in his bedroom . When Grace accidentally attends an AA meeting , she is seen there by Val , who coerces her to stay . Grace pretends to be an alcoholic for the `` free food and therapy '' . Beverley Leslie , played by Leslie Jordan , is an effeminate and very short `` frenemy '' of Karen 's . Having a wealthy spouse , as Karen does , Karen and Beverley routinely find themselves traveling in the same society circle of the wealthy and elite . Their relationship is that of friends and enemies . Beverley 's wife 's name is Crystal and is considerably older than he is . His marriage seems to be held together purely out of his love of Crystal 's money . Karen , Will , Grace , and Jack see Beverley as a closeted gay man . He is often seen with a younger attractive man named Benji who appears to be his lover , but Beverley tries to pass him off as a `` business associate '' . When Beverley appears on screen he often catches the other characters by surprise . Sometimes his appearance comes after a character says something that could be comically associated with him . For instance , whilst discussing a dessert , Jack says , `` I want something small and fruity , with ladyfingers , '' and Beverley enters . Beverley and Karen often trade insults , as Karen enjoys ridiculing him for his height . Whenever he appears on screen he can usually be heard saying ' Well , Well , Well ' in an effeminate way . Crystal later dies and Beverley inherits the fortune . Some years later Karen 's husband Stan loses his fortune , putting Karen 's extravagant lifestyle in jeopardy . Beverley presumably spends several more years with Benji after Crystal 's death , and then begins seeing a reluctant Jack , who only dated Beverley to support Karen 's excessive spending habits , as she had done for him for so many years . During the series finale Beverley is swept off a balcony by a strong gust of wind and dies , leaving his estate in his will to Jack . Rory , Toby , and Josh are friends of Jack who are never seen , but mentioned in various episodes . Early in Season 3 Rory is mentioned as being into Asian men . In Season 4 Josh , Toby and Jack watch a video of Will freezing up on camera talking about Stanley Walker , but Josh and Toby leave before Will gets home . Love interests ( edit ) Grace ( edit ) Nathan , played by Woody Harrelson . Nathan is Grace 's neighbor in season 3 , who becomes her boyfriend . They appear to be a good match , but early in Season 4 he abruptly proposes to her during sex and she becomes distraught at the unromantic nature of his proposal , forcing him to take it back and ask again in a more romantic way . For several days they are awkward around each other and , fearing that their relationship is over , Grace proposes to Nathan who reluctantly refuses and breaks up with her . Ben Doucette , played by Gregory Hines , is introduced in mid-season 2 . Grace sues him after he violates her contract of employment , firing her without reimbursement for expenses she incurred while decorating his house . Although at first he played Grace and Will , who was representing her , he eventually gave her the money voluntarily and hired Will to work at his renowned law firm . Grace and he disliked each other for the rest of the season , until the season finale when Ben showed her his more humane face , when Will invited him to dine with them . They then started a happy , semi-monogamous relationship that lasted for roughly six months , until they broke up early in Season 3 when they realized that they were not in love . Josh , played by Corey Parker . A sweet , romantic New Age - y man whom Grace dates in season 2 . Grace often has issues with him being far too affectionate and nice , to the point of being obnoxious . The two broke up because Jack confessed that he had slept with him . Nick , played by Edward Burns . A greetings - card writer who falls for Grace when he meets her one Valentine 's Day in season 7 , after her divorce from Leo . Nick is the first guy Grace starts dating after her divorce with Leo . They decide to break up when he has to go out of the country to work on a screenplay he wrote . Tom Cassidy , played by Eric Stoltz . An old friend of Grace 's , now married , with whom she reunited briefly at the end of season 7 . He asks her to help design his and his wife 's hotel , yet she still feels chemistry with him and kisses him . She nearly takes it further , but feels guilty and breaks it off with him at the beginning of season 8 . Danny , played by Tom Verica , Grace 's long - term boyfriend from roughly 1995 -- 1998 , whom she nearly marries in the pilot episode . She realizes , after Will advised her against the marriage , that Danny was too immature for her , and practically leaves him at the altar . They reunite at the end of season 1 , much to Will 's dismay . Yet again Grace decides that she does not love him and , after roughly a week ( one episode ) , Grace breaks up with him off - screen . Mark , played by Ken Marino , is another of Grace 's partners in Season 3 , `` Three 's a Crowd , Six is a Freakshow '' . She dumps him because he has 6 toes , although the actual 6th toe was not seen in the episode . Will ( edit ) Barry , played by Dan Futterman . Karen sets up her hopeless cousin Barry with Will , shortly after he comes out . Will and Jack soon undertake a Pygmalion-esque attempt at turning Barry into a more confident gay man , ending when Will falls for Barry though Barry wants to play around before settling down . James Hanson , played by Taye Diggs . Will meets James at a Manhattan theater and the two have an immediate connection . He later runs into James while on a trip to Los Angeles . James has recently discovered he is going to be deported back to Canada . Grace agreed to marry James so that he can acquire a green card in order to remain in the United States , thus giving James and Will 's relationship a chance . However , Will soon discovers James was not who he thought he was , as James began showing himself to be self - centered . Will requests that Grace annul their marriage . Matthew , played by Patrick Dempsey , is a sports reporter Will meets at a Banana Republic store while trying to help Jack woo him . Jack and Matt have little in common and Will instead finds himself in a relationship with him . They date for a while but Matt 's refusal to come out leads to their break - up . Scott , played by Branden Williams , is Will 's 23 - year - old date in two episodes in season 3 , and works at a local video rental shop . Although they get along well together , Will feels self - conscious about dating Scott , who is quite a bit younger than he is . Will agrees to break it off with Scott if Grace agrees to dump Nathan . Grace agrees and Will breaks up with Scott , though Grace keeps on seeing Nathan . Diane , played by Mira Sorvino & Lisa Borgnes , is a woman with whom Will has a drunken one - night stand in order to convince himself he was a 100 % gay after leaving Grace . She is also one of Leo 's exes . Both of these facts make Grace very jealous . Diane states that Will is much better in bed than Leo . Diane was shown briefly ( though she had no lines ) in the season 3 episode titled `` Lows In the Mid-Eighties '' , but was played by a writer 's assistant , Lisa Borgnes . Claire , played by Megyn Price , is Will 's high school friend and girlfriend , the first of the only two women Will has ever dated , the second being Grace . She lives in Paris and asks Will to donate sperm so that she can have a baby , but Will realizes that if he was going to donate sperm he wanted to donate it to Grace . Michael , played by Chris Potter , is a mostly unseen character and is Will 's lover of seven years . When the sitcom first appeared , he and Michael had recently broken up . Michael appears in the episode `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' , which aired on March 14 , 2000 . He is mentioned occasionally by Will and Grace , and more than once Will refers to him as the love of his life . In the early seasons of the show Will has a hard time letting him go . Karen ( edit ) Lyle Finster , played by John Cleese . Lyle is the father of Stan 's mistress , Lorraine . He becomes Karen 's fourth husband for about 20 minutes until the couple realize how little they had in common outside of the bedroom . Scott Woolley , played by Jeff Goldblum . Wooley is the man who lost to Karen for Student Body President and has spent his life hatching schemes to ruin her . Sadly , his schemes are often poorly thought out and eventually Grace realises that he does n't hate Karen , he loves her . However , his attempts to woo her are as misguided as his previous ones . Woolley also has a dreadful sense of word - play ( i.e. `` The Scotty Mammoth '' , `` Beam me up , Woolley '' ) . He also changes his first name when using an alias , whereas most people change their last names . Lionel Banks , played by Rip Torn . Banks is a bachelor who falls for Karen , under her alias Anastasia Beaverhausen , while Stan is in jail and tempts her into having an affair . Malcolm Widmark , played by Alec Baldwin . Widmark is a government agent who helps Stan fake his death . He has a brief relationship with Karen before she reconciles with Stan , and Widmark goes on a government mission to Sri Lanka . Jack ( edit ) Stuart Lamarack , played by Dave Foley , is a client of Will 's who becomes Jack 's longest relationship , until Jack cheats on him . Jack has countless short - term lovers over the course of the series ( and presumably long before and after ) , although most are never mentioned by name , or mentioned at all ; it is constantly assumed , and not always stated , that he has multiple boyfriends in every episode . Due to Jack 's promiscuity , and his habit of forgetting his boyfriends ' names , it would be literally impossible to list all of his love interests over the course of the show . Will jokes that if he was to avoid every man that Jack has ever slept with , `` That would leave me with ... women ! '' , Grace jokes that if everyone stopped working for every man that broke his heart `` The city would shut down '' . Jack also comments that he goes on thousands of dates a year . Other supporting characters ( edit ) Lorraine Finster , played by Minnie Driver , is Stan 's mistress . She is a slutty prison cafeteria worker ( and , it is implied , prostitute ) who instantly forms a hatred of Karen . She was Karen 's stepdaughter very briefly ( for about 20 minutes ) when Lyle , her father , marries Karen . Lorraine was unable to attend the wedding due to an aggressive strain of herpes that kept her from flying . According to the episode `` The Accidental Tsuris '' she was raised as a girl , despite being genetically male or perhaps a hermaphrodite . It is implied she was estranged from her father for several years and may have been born out of wedlock . Harlin Polk , played by Gary Grubbs , is a major client of Will 's in season one who ultimately fires him . Mrs. Freeman , played by Jo Marie Payton , is an executive assistant at Doucette & Stein , her most commonly uttered phrase is `` Mm - hmm '' which is often said with sass . Zandra Zoggin , played by Eileen Brennan , is Jack 's crusty acting coach and a chain - smoking former Hollywood star . After Jack takes over her class , Zandra loses her interest in life and ends up in an actor 's retirement village . Dr. Jay Markus , played by Tom Skerritt , is Leo 's father and Grace 's eventual father - in - law . She meets him during brunch , thinking he is one of Leo 's `` old friends '' . Eleanor Markus , played by Judith Ivey , is Leo 's mother and a noted author of three books on theatre ; she meets Grace during brunch alongside her husband . She also is the first to tell her new daughter - in - law her son 's actual name , Marvin . Mr. Stein , played by Gene Wilder , is the senior partner at Will 's firm , an eccentric man who takes a liking to Will . He refers to Will as `` Gay Will , '' but without at first realising that Will is actually gay . He and Karen are attracted to each other , but nothing comes of it . He is away from the office for some time prior to season 5 due to a mental breakdown and subsequent incarceration in a mental facility ; having been referred to in the company letter - head as running `` The London Office '' in his absence . Margot , played by Lily Tomlin , is a senior partner at Will 's firm , who apparently takes over after Mr. Stein . She is also quite eccentric and sarcastic . She promotes Will to partner . Dorleen , played by Parker Posey , is Jack 's bitchy , chain - smoking boss during his brief tenure at Barneys New York . Mr. Zamir , played by Marshall Manesh , is an obnoxious tenant in Will and Grace 's building , with a tendency to take off his shirt and to steal Will and Grace 's newspapers . Benji , played by Brian A. Setzer , is Beverley Leslie 's `` business associate '' and boytoy . Joanne , played by Emily Rutherfurd , is a student of Zandra 's acting class who becomes a devoted follower of Jack and his `` McFarland method '' . Russell , played by Jon Fleming , is a handsome , muscular student of Zandra 's acting class who is often asked by Jack to take his shirt off when Jack is teaching the `` McFarland method '' . Julius , played by Neil Vipond , is Bobbi Adler 's close friend and a pianist . Gary , played by Jamie Kaler , is Will 's coworker at Doucette and Stein . Nurse Sheila , played by Laura Kightlinger , is a rather creepy nurse who works at the sperm bank ( where Will visits , intending to donate sperm to his high - school friend Claire ) . She openly admits she is a whore in season 4 ( when Will and Grace are planning to have a baby together ) , and thereafter seems to appear whenever Will goes into a hospital . She is pregnant in season 8 and attends birth - classes alongside Grace . Her brother , a doctor played by guest - star Jack Black ( Kightlinger 's real - life former boyfriend ) , claims he would be `` tappin ' that big time '' if they were n't related . Dave , played by Mathew Botuchis , is the only openly straight worker at OutTV , the gay network where Jack works in the last seasons . Jack is unimpressed with his heterosexuality and instead refers to him as Elizabeth . Jamie , played by John Ducey , is the station manager at OutTV . Tim , played by Mark Harelik , is a member of Senior Management at OutTV . Jimmy , played by Sam Pancake , is a colleague of Jack 's at OutTV . Smitty , played by Charles C. Stevenson Jr , is a bartender who regularly serves Karen at different establishments . She has been known to call other bartenders `` Smitty '' , even when they tell her it is n't their name . If Karen is depressed Smitty will tell her a tragic story about his own life , which she will laugh at thinking it is a joke . Guest stars playing one - time characters ( edit ) Shohreh Aghdashloo , as Pam , an incompetent Iranian hired by Grace who she then fires upon realizing Pam is Jewish and thus she ' does n't owe ( her ) anything ' . Rosanna Arquette , as Julie , a masseuse who lives in the same building as Leo and Grace . Orson Bean , as Professor Joseph Dudley , a gay former literature professor of Will and Grace . Jason Biggs , as Baby Glenn , a former local celebrity and a guest at Will 's auction . Roscoe Lee Browne , as Linus , owner of a landmark gay bookstore about to be turned into a gym . Jack Black ( uncredited ) , as Dr. Isaac Hershberg . He examines Karen and is also the brother of the occasionally seen nurse Sheila , played by show writer and Black 's girlfriend at the time , Laura Kightlinger . Richard Chamberlain , as Clyde , an elderly man who Will brings to game night , much to Grace 's chagrin Glenn Close , as Fannie Lieber ( a play on celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz ) , a noted photographer who takes Will and Grace 's picture . Joan Collins , as Helena Barnes , a designer with whom Grace competes for a job , and a nemesis of Karen 's . Macaulay Culkin , as Jason Towne , a lawyer representing Karen in her divorce from Stan . Tim Curry , as Marion Finster , Lyle Finster 's brother . Matt Damon , as Owen , Jack 's heterosexual rival , pretending to be gay to vie for a spot in the Manhattan Gay Men 's Chorus . Kristin Davis , as Nadine , Vince 's straight female friend -- the same as Grace is to Will . Ellen DeGeneres , as Sister Louise , a nun to whom Will sells Grace 's uncle 's old car . Michael Douglas , as Gavin Hatch , a somewhat closeted gay police detective who becomes attracted to Will and has issues with seeing food stuck in people 's teeth . Christine Ebersole , as Candy Pruitt , another of Karen 's rivals . Edie Falco , as Deirdre , one of a pair of lesbian real - estate `` flippers '' . Victor Garber , as Peter Bovington , a former actor now working as a doorman . Andy García , as Milo , a restaurateur , and lover of Karen 's , who fails to phone Karen after their date and is confronted by Grace . Sara Gilbert , as Cheryl who , like Will , is a Barry Manilow fanatic , a.k.a. `` fanilow '' . Seth Green , as Randall Finn , a former child star . Clark Gregg , as Cameron , Jack 's wealthy boyfriend who becomes Grace 's client . Neil Patrick Harris , as Bill , the leader of a group of so - called `` former '' lesbians and gays . Alex Kapp Horner , as Alice Robinson , one of Grace 's former classmates . Peter Jacobson , as Paul Budnik , an overbearing guy who Will dates but is more fond of his dog . Kathryn Joosten , as the owner to a cabin Grace finds money in . Stacy Keach , as Wendell Schacter , a former colleague of Jack 's who usurps his acting class . Piper Laurie , as Sharon Timmers , the best friend of Professor Joseph Dudley . Michele Lee , as Lucille , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with both Will & Jack . Hal Linden , as Alan Mills , an elderly gay man who befriends Will and bestows expensive gifts upon him . Natasha Lyonne , as Gillian , Grace 's intern who decides to turn into the spitting image of Karen . Madonna , as Liz , Karen 's roommate . Lee Majors , as Burt Wolfe , a friend of Grace 's father . Camryn Manheim , as Psychic Sue . Jason Marsden , as Kim , a friend of Leo 's . Dylan McDermott , as Tom , a boyfriend of Will 's who is very closely attached to his elderly mother . Michael McDonald , as a Don , a student in a cooking class Will takes and dates his brother . Julian McMahon , guy in an elevator who Grace flirts with . Demi Moore , as Sissy , Jack 's former babysitter . Nick Offerman , as a plumber that Karen has sex with on Thanksgiving when Stan asks her to be sexually active while he is still in jail . Sharon Osbourne , as a bartender in No Sex N ' in the City . Peter Paige , as a gay Immigration and Naturalization Service officer whom Jack tries to convince his marriage with Rosario is real . Scott Patterson , as Grace 's former high school crush in `` Das Boob '' . Sara Paxton , as Melanie , the head cheerleader at Elliot 's school . Luke Perry , as Aaron , a `` hot gay nerd '' bird - watcher on whom Jack develops a crush . Jeremy Piven , as Nicholas , Grace 's ex. who asks Grace if she wants to join him in a threesome with his current lover . Chita Rivera , as Lenore , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with Will & Jack . Brandon Routh , as Sebastian , a stud whom Alan Mills replaces Will with , after the two have a falling out over Will 's misinterpretation of their relationship . Chloë Sevigny , as Monet , a wealthy bisexual real - estate agent who falls for Will . Nicollette Sheridan , as Dr. Danielle Morty , a fellow doctor who wanted Leo sexually . Jamie - Lynn Sigler , as Ro , Vince 's lesbian sister . Britney Spears , as Amber Louise , a conservative Christian and a `` hardcore lesbian '' as she describes herself , and a co-host to Jack on his talk show . Wendie Jo Sperber , as April , Grace 's short - lived housekeeper . Sharon Stone , as Georgia Keller , Will and Grace 's therapist . Larry Sullivan , as Robert , Will 's ballet dancing boyfriend on the holiday episode `` Jingle Balls '' . Wanda Sykes , as Cricket , a woman Karen offers to pay to deliver a child for her . Tamlyn Tomita , as Naomi , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Rip Torn , as Lionel Banks , a man with whom Karen almost cheats on Stan with during his incarceration . Stuart Townsend , as Edward , Karen 's pansexual pastry chef , who ends up `` sexing '' Will , Karen , and Rosario . Tracey Ullman , as Anne , the instructor of a couples cooking class that Will , Jack , and Jack 's boyfriend Stuart attend . Steve Valentine , as Kai , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Steven Weber , as Will 's brother Sam . Guest stars playing themselves ( edit ) Kevin Bacon Candice Bergen Sandra Bernhard Cher Katie Couric John Edward Jennifer Lopez Rudy Galindo Hall & Oates Deborah Harry Janet Jackson Elton John James Earl Jones Matt Lauer Stone Phillips Josh Lucas Patti LuPone Barry Manilow Martina Navratilova Bebe Neuwirth Al Roker George Takei Rip Taylor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grace Expectations , Entertainment Weekly , November 3 , 2003 Jump up ^ Vince says `` He 's ( Ben ) looking more like you ( Will ) everyday '' during the Finale . ( hide ) Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supporting_characters_on_Will_%26_Grace&oldid=814271975 '' Categories : Will & Grace characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of minor fictional characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 20 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played grace husband on will and grace | [
"Dr. Marvin \"Leo\" Markus, portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick, Jr., is a Jewish doctor and Grace's husband from the fifth season. Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will's baby. After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating, they have their biggest fight of the entire series, in which Will tells Grace to move out. Thanks to Jack and Karen's meddling, they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace's relationship. In November, 2002, Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park, which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show. It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal, but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after. Leo and Grace's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace, although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other - Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship. Leo's true first name is Marvin, as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception. According to The Nation Magazine, this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith.[1] Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected. Their marriage fails after less than two years, when Leo reveals that he had a one-night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders. Leo admits his affair to Will first. Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace. After Leo comes clean about his affair, Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage, but quickly decides she wants a divorce. Leo reappears during season eight, a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline, in the episode \"Love Is in the Airplane.\" In the episode, he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London, though Leo was to continue to Thailand. The result is Grace's pregnancy, as discovered in the season eight episode \"The Definition of Marriage\". A couple of months later Grace meets Leo, with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby, but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman, Kate. Consequently, Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy. In the series finale (May 2006) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her. Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome, Italy, and this is where Grace gives birth. After one year in Rome, Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn, New York, where they raise their daughter, Laila, together."
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"Harry Connick, Jr."
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6793018751323102996 | Washington, D.C. | Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia Washington , D.C. This article is about the capital of the United States . For the state on the U.S. West Coast , see Washington ( state ) . For other uses , see United States capital ( disambiguation ) , Washington ( disambiguation ) , and Columbia District . Capital of the United States Federal District in United States Washington , D.C. Federal District District of Columbia Clockwise from top right : United States Capitol , Washington Monument , the White House , Smithsonian Institution Building , Lincoln Memorial and Washington National Cathedral Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Nicknames of Washington , D.C. Motto ( s ) : Justitia Omnibus ( English : Justice for All ) Location of Washington , D.C. , in the contiguous United States and in relation to Maryland and Virginia Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W / 38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W / 38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Country United States Residence Act 1790 Organized 1801 Consolidated 1871 Home Rule Act 1973 Named for George Washington Government Mayor Muriel Bowser ( D ) D.C. Council List ( show ) Phil Mendelson ( D ) , Chairman Anita Bonds ( D ) , At ‐ large David Grosso ( I ) , At ‐ large Robert White ( D ) , At ‐ large Elissa Silverman ( I ) , At ‐ large Brianne Nadeau ( D ) , Ward 1 Jack Evans ( D ) , Ward 2 Mary Cheh ( D ) , Ward 3 Brandon Todd ( D ) , Ward 4 Kenyan McDuffie ( D ) , Ward 5 Charles Allen ( D ) , Ward 6 Vincent C. Gray ( D ) , Ward 7 Trayon White ( D ) , Ward 8 U.S. House Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) , Delegate ( At - large ) Area Federal District 68.34 sq mi ( 177.0 km ) Land 61.05 sq mi ( 158.1 km ) Water 7.29 sq mi ( 18.9 km ) Highest elevation 409 ft ( 125 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2017 estimate ) Federal District 693,972 Rank 20th , U.S. as of 2017 incorporated places estimate Density 11,367 / sq mi ( 4,389 / km ) Metro 6,131,977 ( 6th , U.S. ) CSA 9,665,892 ( 4th , U.S. ) Demonym Washingtonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 20001 -- 20098 , 20201 -- 20599 Area code ( s ) 202 Website dc.gov Washington , D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C. , is the capital of the United States of America . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , first President of the United States and Founding Father . Washington is the principal city of the Washington metropolitan area , which has a population of 6,131,977 . Washington is described as the political Capital of the World , owing to its status as the seat of the United States federal government and numerous international institutions , such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . Washington is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million annual tourists . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . Named in honor of President George Washington , the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 693,972 as of July 2017 . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's population to more than one million during the workweek . The Washington metropolitan area , of which the District is the principal city , has a population of over 6 million , the sixth - largest metropolitan statistical area in the country . All three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the District : U.S. Congress ( legislative ) , President ( executive ) , and the U.S. Supreme Court ( judicial ) . Washington is home to many national monuments and museums , which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall . The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations , trade unions , non-profit , lobbying groups , and professional associations , including the Organization of American States , AARP , the National Geographic Society , the Human Rights Campaign , the International Finance Corporation , and the American Red Cross . A locally elected mayor and a 13 ‐ member council have governed the District since 1973 . However , Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws . D.C. residents elect a non-voting , at - large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives , but the District has no representation in the Senate . The District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Retrocession and the Civil War 1.3 Growth and redevelopment 1.4 Civil rights and home rule era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Landmarks 6.2 Museums 6.3 Arts 6.4 Sports 7 Media 8 Government and politics 8.1 Politics 8.2 Budgetary issues 8.3 Voting rights debate 8.4 Sister cities 9 Education 9.1 Higher education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Utilities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. Various tribes of the Algonquian - speaking Piscataway people ( also known as the Conoy ) inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century . One group known as the Nacotchtank ( also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries ) maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present - day District of Columbia . Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people , some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks , Maryland . In his Federalist No. 43 , published January 23 , 1788 , James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety . Five years earlier , a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia . Known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security . Article One , Section Eight , of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . However , the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the southern United States . Foundation On July 9 , 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16 . Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia , the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side , totaling 100 square miles ( 259 km ) . Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory : the port of Georgetown , Maryland , founded in 1751 , and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1749 . During 1791 -- 92 , Andrew Ellicott and several assistants , including a free African American astronomer named Benjamin Banneker , surveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point . Many of the stones are still standing . A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac , to the east of Georgetown . On September 9 , 1791 , the three commissioners overseeing the capital 's construction named the city in honor of President Washington . The federal district was named Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government . Further , the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties : the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west . After the passage of this Act , citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia , which therefore ended their representation in Congress . On August 24 -- 25 , 1814 , in a raid known as the Burning of Washington , British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812 . The Capitol , Treasury , and White House were burned and gutted during the attack . Most government buildings were repaired quickly ; however , the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868 . Retrocession and the Civil War President Abraham Lincoln insisted that construction on the United States Capitol dome continue during the American Civil War ; 1861 . See also : District of Columbia retrocession and Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War In the 1830s , the District 's southern territory of Alexandria went into economic decline partly due to neglect by Congress . The city of Alexandria was a major market in the American slave trade , and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District , further depressing the economy . Alexandria 's citizens petitioned Virginia to take back the land it had donated to form the District , through a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846 to accept the return of Alexandria and on July 9 , 1846 , Congress agreed to return all the territory that had been ceded by Virginia . Therefore , the District 's current area consists only of the portion originally donated by Maryland . Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians , the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the District , although not slavery itself . The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the District 's population , including a large influx of freed slaves . President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 , which ended slavery in the District of Columbia and freed about 3,100 enslaved persons , nine months prior to the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868 , Congress granted the District 's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections . Growth and redevelopment Crowds surrounding the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool during the Great March on Washington ; 1963 . By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale projects that greatly modernized Washington , but ultimately bankrupted the District government . In 1874 , Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three - member Board of Commissioners . The city 's first motorized streetcars began service in 1888 and generated growth in areas of the District beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . Washington 's urban plan was expanded throughout the District in the following decades . Georgetown was formally annexed by the City of Washington in 1895 . However , the city had poor housing conditions and strained public works . Washington was the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the `` City Beautiful movement '' in the early 1900s . Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings , memorials , and museums in Washington . World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950 , the District 's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents . Civil Rights and home Rule era The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961 , granting the District three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president , but still no voting representation in Congress . After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , on April 4 , 1968 , riots broke out in the District , primarily in the U Street , 14th Street , 7th Street , and H Street corridors , centers of black residential and commercial areas . The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops stopped the violence . Many stores and other buildings were burned ; rebuilding was not completed until the late 1990s . In 1973 , Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , providing for an elected mayor and 13 - member council for the District . In 1975 , Walter Washington became the first elected and first black mayor of the District . Geography Main article : Geography of Washington , D.C. Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson The Washington Metropolitan Area has a population of 6,131,977 , as of 2014 . Washington , D.C. , is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . Due to the District of Columbia retrocession , the city has a total area of 68.34 square miles ( 177.0 km ) , of which 61.05 square miles ( 158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles ( 18.9 km ) ( 10.67 % ) is water . The District is bordered by Montgomery County , Maryland , to the northwest ; Prince George 's County , Maryland , to the east ; and Arlington and Alexandria , Virginia , to the south and west . The south bank of the Potomac River forms the District 's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries : the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through the National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s . The creek also formed a portion of the now - filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River , located at the northwest edge of Washington at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington . The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River . The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW . The District has 7,464 acres ( 30.21 km ) of parkland , about 19 % of the city 's total area and the second - highest percentage among high - density U.S. cities . This factor contributed to Washington , D.C. being ranked as third in the nation for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the park systems of the 100 most populous cities in the United States , according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . The National Park Service manages most of the 9,122 acres ( 36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government . Rock Creek Park is a 1,754 - acre ( 7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington , which extends 9.3 miles ( 15.0 km ) through a stream valley that bisects the city . Established in 1890 , it is the country 's fourth - oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species including raccoon , deer , owls , and coyotes . Other National Park Service properties include the C&O Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city 's 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds , 40 swimming pools , and 68 recreation centers . The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates the 446 - acre ( 1.80 km ) U.S. National Arboretum in Northeast Washington . Climate See also : List of Maryland hurricanes ( 1950 -- present ) and List of tornadoes of Washington , D.C. The Washington Monument seen across the Tidal Basin during the National Cherry Blossom Festival . Meridian Hill Park in Columbia Heights , Northwest , Washington , D.C. Washington is in the northern part of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen : Cfa ) However , under the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Winters are usually chilly with light snow , and summers are hot and humid . The District is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown , and zone 7b elsewhere in the city , indicating a humid subtropical climate . Spring and fall are mild to warm , while winter is chilly with annual snowfall averaging 15.5 inches ( 39 cm ) . Winter temperatures average around 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) from mid-December to mid-February . Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 ° F ( 26.6 ° C ) and average daily relative humidity around 66 % , which can cause moderate personal discomfort . The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms , some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in the area . Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years . The most violent storms are called `` nor'easters '' , which often affect large sections of the East Coast . From January 27 to January 28 , 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches ( 71 cm ) of snowfall , the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885 . According to notes kept at the time , the city received between 30 and 36 inches ( 76 and 91 cm ) from a snowstorm in January 1772 . Hurricanes ( or their remnants ) occasionally track through the area in late summer and early fall , but are often weak by the time they reach Washington , partly due to the city 's inland location . Flooding of the Potomac River , however , caused by a combination of high tide , storm surge , and runoff , has been known to cause extensive property damage in the neighborhood of Georgetown . Precipitation occurs throughout the year . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 6 , 1918 , and on July 20 , 1930 . while the lowest recorded temperature was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) on February 11 , 1899 , right before the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year , the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 64 nights at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) . On average , the first day at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) is November 18 and the last day is March 27 . Climate data for Washington , D.C. ( Reagan National Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 95.2 ( 35.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.5 ( 26.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 56.8 ( 13.8 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) 58.1 ( 14.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.9 ( − 10.6 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 36 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.93 ( 74.4 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 39.74 ( 1,009.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 15.4 ( 39.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.5 8.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Percent possible sunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Cityscape See also : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. ; Neighborhoods in Washington , D.C. ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. The L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 . Washington , D.C. , is a planned city . In 1791 , President Washington commissioned Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant , a French - born architect and city planner , to design the new capital . He enlisted Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston to help layout the city plan . The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles , providing room for open space and landscaping . He based his design on plans of cities such as Paris , Amsterdam , Karlsruhe , and Milan that Thomas Jefferson had sent to him . L'Enfant's design also envisioned a garden - lined `` grand avenue '' approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in length and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide in the area that is now the National Mall . President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792 due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital 's construction . Andrew Ellicott , who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city , was then tasked with completing the design . Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans , including changes to some street patterns , L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city . Construction of the 12 - story Cairo Apartment Building in 1894 spurred D.C. 's building height restrictions . By the early 1900s , L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings , including a railroad station on the National Mall . Congress formed a special committee charged with beautifying Washington 's ceremonial core . What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included re-landscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall , clearing slums , and establishing a new citywide park system . The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design . By law , Washington 's skyline is low and sprawling . The federal Height of Buildings Act of 1910 allows buildings that are no taller than the width of the adjacent street , plus 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) . Despite popular belief , no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555 - foot ( 169 m ) Washington Monument , which remains the District 's tallest structure . City leaders have criticized the height restriction as a primary reason why the District has limited affordable housing and traffic problems caused by urban sprawl . The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area : Northwest ( NW ) , Northeast ( NE ) , Southeast ( SE ) , and Southwest ( SW ) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building . All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol . Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east -- west streets named with letters ( e.g. , C Street SW ) , north -- south streets with numbers ( e.g. , 4th Street NW ) , and diagonal avenues , many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north ( renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 ) , Rock Creek to the west , and the Anacostia River to the east . Washington 's street grid was extended , where possible , throughout the District starting in 1888 . Georgetown 's streets were renamed in 1895 . Some streets are particularly noteworthy , such as Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol and K Street , which houses the offices of many lobbying groups . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies , constituting approximately 297 buildings beyond the more than 1,600 residential properties owned by foreign countries , many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . Architecture The White House ranked second on the AIA 's `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' . The architecture of Washington varies greatly . Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' are in the District of Columbia : the White House , the Washington National Cathedral , the Thomas Jefferson Memorial , the United States Capitol , the Lincoln Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington . Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Outside downtown Washington , architectural styles are even more varied . Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian revival , Beaux - Arts , and a variety of Victorian styles . Rowhouses are especially prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federalist and late Victorian designs . Georgetown 's Old Stone House was built in 1765 , making it the oldest - standing original building in the city . Founded in 1789 , Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in the District with a total area of approximately 3.1 million square feet ( 288,000 m ) . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Washington , D.C. Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 8,144 -- 1810 15,471 90.0 % 1820 23,336 50.8 % 1830 30,261 29.7 % 1840 33,745 11.5 % 1850 51,687 53.2 % 1860 75,080 45.3 % 1870 131,700 75.4 % 1880 177,624 34.9 % 1890 230,392 29.7 % 1900 278,718 21.0 % 1910 331,069 18.8 % 1920 437,571 32.2 % 1930 486,869 11.3 % 1940 663,091 36.2 % 1950 802,178 21.0 % 1960 763,956 − 4.8 % 1970 756,510 − 1.0 % 1980 638,333 − 15.6 % 1990 606,900 − 4.9 % 2000 572,059 − 5.7 % 601,723 5.2 % Est. 2017 693,972 15.3 % Source : Note : The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the District 's population was 693,972 on July 1 , 2017 , a 15.3 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The increase continues a growth trend since 2000 , following a half - century of population decline . The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010 . According to data from 2010 , commuters from the suburbs increase the District 's daytime population to over one million people . If the District were a state it would rank 49th in population , ahead of Vermont and Wyoming . The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the District and surrounding suburbs , is the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the United States with an estimated 6 million residents in 2014 . When the Washington area is included with Baltimore and its suburbs , the Baltimore -- Washington Metropolitan Area had a population exceeding 9.6 million residents in 2016 , the fourth - largest combined statistical area in the country . According to 2016 Census Bureau data , the population of Washington , D.C. , was 47.7 % Black or African American , 44.6 % White ( 36.4 % non-Hispanic White ) , 4.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , and 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander . Individuals from two or more races made up 2.7 % of the population . Hispanics of any race made up 10.9 % of the District 's population . Map of racial distribution in Washington , D.C. , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Washington has had a significant African American population since the city 's foundation . African American residents composed about 30 % of the District 's total population between 1800 and 1940 . The black population reached a peak of 70 % by 1970 , but has since steadily declined due to many African Americans moving to the surrounding suburbs . Partly as a result of gentrification , there was a 31.4 % increase in the non-Hispanic white population and an 11.5 % decrease in the black population between 2000 and 2010 . About 17 % of D.C. residents were age 18 or younger in 2010 ; lower than the U.S. average of 24 % . However , at 34 years old , the District had the lowest median age compared to the 50 states . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 81,734 immigrants living in Washington , D.C. Major sources of immigration include El Salvador , Vietnam , and Ethiopia , with a concentration of Salvadorans in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood . Researchers found that there were 4,822 same - sex couples in the District of Columbia in 2010 ; about 2 % of total households . Legislation authorizing same - sex marriage passed in 2009 and the District began issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples in March 2010 . A 2007 report found that about one - third of District residents were functionally illiterate , compared to a national rate of about one in five . This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English . As of 2011 , 85 % of D.C. residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language . Half of residents had at least a four - year college degree in 2006 . D.C. residents had a personal income per capita of $55,755 ; higher than any of the 50 states . However , 19 % of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 , higher than any state except Mississippi . Of the District 's population , 17 % is Baptist , 13 % is Catholic , 6 % is evangelical Protestant , 4 % is Methodist , 3 % is Episcopalian / Anglican , 3 % is Jewish , 2 % is Eastern Orthodox , 1 % is Pentecostal , 1 % is Buddhist , 1 % is Adventist , 1 % is Lutheran , 1 % is Muslim , 1 % is Presbyterian , 1 % is Mormon , and 1 % is Hindu . Over 90 % of D.C. residents have health insurance coverage , the second - highest rate in the nation . This is due in part to city programs that help provide insurance to low - income individuals who do not qualify for other types of coverage . A 2009 report found that at least 3 % of District residents have HIV or AIDS , which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) characterizes as a `` generalized and severe '' epidemic . Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Study on religion in the Washington , D.C. show Affiliation % of Washington , D.C. adult population Total 100 100 Christian 65 65 Protestant 41 41 Historically Black Protestant 23 23 Catholic 20 20 Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Other Mormon Orthodox Christian Greek Orthodox Other Christian Unaffiliated 25 25 Nontheist 10 10 Atheist Agnostic 6 6 Nothing in particular 6 6 Nothing in particular ( religion not important ) 9 9 Nothing in particular ( religion important ) 6 6 Do n't know Non-Christian faiths 9 9 Jewish 5 5 Muslim Hindu Other non-Christian faiths Crime Main articles : Crime in Washington , D.C. and List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia Crime in Washington , D.C. is concentrated in areas associated with poverty , drug abuse , and gangs . A 2010 study found that 5 % of city blocks accounted for over one - quarter of the District 's total crime . The more affluent neighborhoods of Northwest Washington are typically safe , especially in areas with concentrations of government operations , such as Downtown Washington , D.C. , Foggy Bottom , Embassy Row , and Penn Quarter , but reports of violent crime increase in poorer neighborhoods generally concentrated in the eastern portion of the city . Approximately 60,000 residents are ex-convicts . In 2012 , Washington 's annual murder count had dropped to 88 , the lowest total since 1961 . The murder rate has since risen from that historic low , though it remains close to half the rate of the early 2000s . Washington was once described as the `` murder capital '' of the United States during the early 1990s . The number of murders peaked in 1991 at 479 , but the level of violence then began to decline significantly . In 2016 , the District 's Metropolitan Police Department tallied 135 homicides , a 53 % increase from 2012 but a 17 % decrease from 2015 . Many neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights and Logan Circle are becoming safer and vibrant . However , incidents of robberies and thefts have remained higher in these areas because of increased nightlife activity and greater numbers of affluent residents . Even still , citywide reports of both property and violent crimes have declined by nearly half since their most recent highs in the mid-1990s . On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v. Heller that the city 's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment . However , the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control ; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place , as does the city 's assault weapon ban . In addition to the District 's own Metropolitan Police Department , many federal law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the city as well -- most visibly the U.S. Park Police , founded in 1791 . Economy Federal Triangle on Pennsylvania Avenue ; the U.S. federal government accounts for about 29 % of D.C. jobs . See also : Category : Companies based in Washington , D.C. and Category : Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Washington has a growing , diversified economy with an increasing percentage of professional and business service jobs . The gross state product of the District in 2010 was $103.3 billion , which would rank it No. 34 compared to the 50 states . The gross product of the Washington Metropolitan Area was $435 billion in 2014 , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Between 2009 and 2016 , GDP per capita in Washington , D.C has consistently ranked on the very top among U.S. states . In 2016 , at $160,472 , its GDP per capita is almost three times as high as that of Massachusetts , which ranked second place in the country . As of June 2011 , the Washington Metropolitan Area had an unemployment rate of 6.2 % ; the second - lowest rate among the 49 largest metro areas in the nation . The District of Columbia itself had an unemployment rate of 9.8 % during the same time period . In December 2017 , 25 % of the employees in Washington , D.C. , were employed by a federal governmental agency . This is thought to immunize Washington , D.C. , to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions . Many organizations such as law firms , defense contractors , civilian contractors , nonprofit organizations , lobbying firms , trade unions , industry trade groups , and professional associations have their headquarters in or near Washington , D.C. , in order to be close to the federal government . Tourism is Washington 's second - largest industry . Approximately 18.9 million visitors contributed an estimated $4.8 billion to the local economy in 2012 . The District also hosts nearly 200 foreign embassies and international organizations such as the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization of American States , the Inter-American Development Bank , and the Pan American Health Organization . In 2008 , the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington employed about 10,000 people and contributed an estimated $400 million annually to the local economy . The District has growing industries not directly related to government , especially in the areas of education , finance , public policy , and scientific research . Georgetown University , George Washington University , Washington Hospital Center , Children 's National Medical Center and Howard University are the top five non-government - related employers in the city as of 2009 . According to statistics compiled in 2011 , four of the largest 500 companies in the country were headquartered in the District . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Washington was ranked as having the 12th most competitive financial center in the world , and fifth most competitive in the United States ( after New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , and Boston ) . Culture Main article : Culture of Washington , D.C. Landmarks The Lincoln Memorial receives approximately 6 million visits annually . See also : List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. ; National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington , D.C. ; and List of museums in Washington , D.C. The National Mall is a large , open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Given its prominence , the mall is often the location of political protests , concerts , festivals , and presidential inaugurations . The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall , south of the White House . Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool , the Korean War Veterans Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Directly south of the mall , the Tidal Basin features rows of Japanese cherry blossom trees that originated as gifts from the nation of Japan . The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , George Mason Memorial , Jefferson Memorial , Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , and the District of Columbia War Memorial are around the Tidal Basin . The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history including the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill , the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of over 147 million books , manuscripts , and other materials . The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935 ; before then , the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol . Museums The Smithsonian Institution is the world 's largest research and museum complex , operating 19 museums & galleries and the National Zoo . The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation 's official museums and galleries in Washington , D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections are open to the public free of charge . The Smithsonian 's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013 . The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall . Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are : the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries , which both focus on Asian art and culture ; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; the S. Dillon Ripley Center ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building ( also known as `` The Castle '' ) , which serves as the institution 's headquarters . The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building , near Washington 's Chinatown . The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House . Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include : the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington ; the National Postal Museum near Union Station ; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park . The National Gallery of Art is one of the largest art museums in the world . The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features works of American and European art . The gallery and its collections are owned by the U.S. government but are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution . The National Building Museum , which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square , was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture , urban planning , and design . There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia , which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts ; the Corcoran Gallery of Art , the largest private museum in Washington ; and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle , the first museum of modern art in the United States . Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum , the O Street Museum Foundation , the International Spy Museum , the National Geographic Society Museum , the Marian Koshland Science Museum and the Museum of the Bible . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits , documentation , and artifacts related to the Holocaust . Arts The Kennedy Center for Performing Arts is home to the Washington National Opera and National Symphony Orchestra . Main articles : Theater in Washington , D.C. and Music of Washington , D.C. Washington , D.C. , is a national center for the arts . The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra , the Washington National Opera , and the Washington Ballet . The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States . The historic Ford 's Theatre , site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as museum . The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band ; founded in 1798 , it is the country 's oldest professional musical organization . American march composer and Washington - native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892 . Founded in 1925 , the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city . Washington has a strong local theater tradition . Founded in 1950 , Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city 's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company , Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company , and the Studio Theatre . Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city 's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010 . The GALA Hispanic Theatre , now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights , was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts . The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C. , known as `` Washington 's Black Broadway '' , is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre , Bohemian Caverns , and the Lincoln Theatre , which hosted music legends such as Washington - native Duke Ellington , John Coltrane , and Miles Davis . Washington has its own native music genre called go - go ; a post-funk , percussion - driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown . The District is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States . The label Dischord Records , formed by Ian MacKaye , was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s . Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9 : 30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area . Sports Main article : Sports in Washington , D.C. Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men 's sports and is home to one major professional women 's team . The Washington Wizards ( National Basketball Association ) , the Washington Capitals ( National Hockey League ) , and the Washington Mystics ( Women 's National Basketball Association ) , play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown . Nationals Park , which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008 , is home to the Washington Nationals ( Major League Baseball ) . D.C. United ( Major League Soccer ) plays at RFK Stadium . The Washington Redskins ( National Football League ) play at FedExField in nearby Landover , Maryland . Current D.C. teams have won a combined eleven professional league championships : the Washington Redskins have won five ; D.C. United has won four ; and the Washington Wizards ( then the Washington Bullets ) and Washington Capitals have each won a single championship . Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include : the Washington Kastles ( World TeamTennis ) ; the Washington D.C. Slayers ( USA Rugby League ) ; the Baltimore Washington Eagles ( U.S. Australian Football League ) ; the D.C. Divas ( Independent Women 's Football League ) ; and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC ( Rugby Super League ) . The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open . Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races : the Marine Corps Marathon , which is held every autumn , and the Rock ' n ' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring . The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called `` The People 's Marathon '' because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants . The District 's four NCAA Division I teams , American Eagles , George Washington Colonials , Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison , have a broad following . The Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena . From 2008 to 2012 , the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium , called the Military Bowl . The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network , Comcast SportsNet ( CSN ) , based in Bethesda , Maryland . Media Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. See also : List of newspapers in Washington , D.C. and List of television shows set in Washington , D.C. The Washington Post Building on Franklin Square . Washington , D.C. , is a prominent center for national and international media . The Washington Post , founded in 1877 , is the oldest and most - read local daily newspaper in Washington . `` The Post '' , as it is popularly called , is well known as the newspaper that exposed the Watergate scandal . It had the sixth - highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011 . The Washington Post Company also publishes a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express , which summarizes events , sports and entertainment , as well as the Spanish - language paper El Tiempo Latino . Another popular local daily is The Washington Times , the city 's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in political circles . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also have substantial readership in the Washington area . The Watergate Complex was the site of the Watergate Scandal , which led to President Nixon 's resignation . Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues , including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly , which focus on LGBT issues ; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American , which highlight topics of interest to the black community ; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers . Congressional Quarterly , The Hill , Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government . Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner , The New Republic and Washington Monthly . The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth - largest television media market in the nation , with two million homes , approximately 2 % of the country 's population . Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area , including C - SPAN ; Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) ; Radio One ; the National Geographic Channel ; Smithsonian Networks ; National Public Radio ( NPR ) ; Travel Channel ( in Chevy Chase , Maryland ) ; Discovery Communications ( in Silver Spring , Maryland ) ; and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) ( in Arlington , Virginia ) . The headquarters of Voice of America , the U.S. government 's international news service , is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington . Government and politics Main article : Government of the District of Columbia Politics See also : District of Columbia home rule ; List of mayors of Washington , D.C. ; and List of District of Columbia symbols Article One , Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the city . The District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act . The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor , currently Muriel Bowser , and the thirteen - member Council of the District of Columbia . However , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . Each of the city 's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at - large members to represent the District as a whole . The council chair is also elected at - large . There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions ( ANCs ) elected by small neighborhood districts . ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents ; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , currently Karl Racine , is elected to a four - year term . Washington , D.C. , observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16 , which commemorates the end of slavery in the District . The flag of Washington , D.C. , was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington 's family coat of arms . Budgetary issues The Wilson Building houses the offices of the Mayor of Washington and the Council of the District of Columbia . The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget , which must be approved by Congress . The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city 's high percentage of tax - exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District 's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year . Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system ; however , analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America . '' In 1995 , at the start of Barry 's fourth term , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended . Voting Rights debate Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1964 85.5 % 169,796 14.5 % 28,801 1968 81.8 % 139,566 18.2 % 31,012 1972 78.1 % 127,627 21.6 % 35,226 1976 81.6 % 137,818 16.5 % 27,873 1980 74.9 % 130,231 13.4 % 26,218 1984 85.4 % 180,408 13.7 % 29,009 82.6 % 159,407 14.3 % 27,590 84.6 % 192,619 9.1 % 20,698 85.2 % 158,220 9.3 % 17,339 2000 85.2 % 171,923 9.0 % 18,073 89.0 % 202,970 9.3 % 21,256 2008 92.5 % 245,800 6.5 % 17,367 2012 90.9 % 267,070 7.3 % 21,381 2016 90.9 % 282,830 4.1 % 12,723 Mayoral election results Year Democratic Republican 82.5 % 79,065 3.7 % 3,501 1978 70.2 % 68,354 28.1 % 27,366 1982 81.0 % 95,007 14.1 % 16,502 1986 61.4 % 79,142 32.8 % 42,354 1990 86.2 % 140,011 11.5 % 18,653 56.0 % 102,884 41.9 % 76,902 1998 66.2 % 92,504 30.2 % 42,280 2002 60.6 % 79,841 34.5 % 45,407 2006 89.7 % 98,740 6.1 % 6,744 74.2 % 97,978 2014 54.5 % 96,666 See also : District of Columbia voting rights and Political party strength in Washington , D.C. The District is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in Congress . D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives , currently Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - D.C. At - Large ) , who may sit on committees , participate in debate , and introduce legislation , but can not vote on the House floor . The District has no official representation in the United States Senate . Neither chamber seats the District 's elected `` shadow '' representative or senators . Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam , which also have non-voting delegates , D.C. , residents are subject to all federal taxes . In the financial year 2012 , D.C. , residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes ; more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita . A 2005 poll found that 78 % of Americans did not know that residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the 50 states . Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city 's unofficial motto , `` Taxation Without Representation '' , on D.C. vehicle license plates . There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights ; various polls indicate that 61 to 82 % of Americans believe that D.C. should have voting representation in Congress . Despite public support , attempts to grant the District voting representation , including the D.C. statehood movement and the proposed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment , have been unsuccessful . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building , once the world 's largest office building , houses the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for District residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states . Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim that such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city , particularly one certain to elect Democratic representatives . Sister cities Washington , D.C. , has fourteen official sister city agreements . Listed in the order each agreement was first established , they are Bangkok , Thailand ( 1962 , renewed 2002 ) ; Dakar , Senegal ( 1980 , renewed 2006 ) ; Beijing , China ( 1984 , renewed 2004 ) ; Brussels , Belgium ( 1985 , renewed 2002 ) ; Athens , Greece ( 2000 ) ; Paris , France ( 2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement , renewed 2005 ) ; Pretoria , South Africa ( 2002 , renewed 2008 ) ; Seoul , South Korea ( 2006 ) ; Accra , Ghana ( 2006 ) ; Sunderland , United Kingdom ( 2006 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 2011 ) ; Ankara , Turkey ( 2011 ) ; Brasília , Brazil ( 2013 ) ; and Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( 2013 ) . Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland , which includes the town of Washington , the ancestral home of George Washington 's family . Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a partner city due to their special one sister city policy . Education See also : List of colleges and universities in Washington , D.C. and List of parochial and private schools in Washington , D.C. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world , with more than 164 million cataloged items . District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) operates the city 's 123 public schools . The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009 . In the 2010 -- 11 school year , 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system . DCPS has one of the highest - cost yet lowest - performing school systems in the country , both in terms of infrastructure and student achievement . Mayor Adrian Fenty 's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools , replacing teachers , firing principals , and using private education firms to aid curriculum development . The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city . Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system , enrollment in public charter schools has steadily increased . As of fall 2010 , D.C. , charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000 , a 9 % increase from the prior year . The District is also home to 92 private schools , which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008 . The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Library . Higher education Private universities include American University ( AU ) , the Catholic University of America ( CUA ) , Gallaudet University , George Washington University ( GW ) , Georgetown University ( GU ) , Howard University , the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , and Trinity Washington University . The Corcoran College of Art and Design , the oldest arts school in the capital , was absorbed into the George Washington University in 2014 , now serving as its college of arts . The University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) is a public land - grant university providing undergraduate and graduate education . D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country . The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children 's National Medical Center , as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . In addition , the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington , Georgetown , and Howard universities . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Washington Union Station is one of the busiest rail stations in the United States . There are 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of streets , parkways , and avenues in the District . Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s , much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , the nation 's major east coast highway , therefore bends around the District to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region 's public transportation infrastructure instead . The interstate highways that continue into Washington , including I - 66 and I - 395 , both terminate shortly after entering the city . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) operates the Washington Metro , the city 's rapid transit system , as well as Metrobus . Both systems serve the District and its suburbs . Metro opened on March 27 , 1976 and , as of July 2014 , consists of 91 stations and 117 miles ( 188 km ) of track . With an average of about one million trips each weekday , Metro is the second - busiest rapid transit system in the country . Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation 's fifth - largest bus system . The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system , which connects commercial areas within central Washington . Union Station is the city 's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day . It is Amtrak 's second - busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes . Maryland 's MARC and Virginia 's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station . Following renovations in 2011 , Union Station became Washington 's primary intercity bus transit center . Three major airports serve the District . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington , Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights . Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport , 26.3 miles ( 42.3 km ) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia . Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles ( 51.0 km ) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County , Maryland . According to a 2010 study , Washington - area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays , which tied with Chicago for having the nation 's worst road congestion . However , 37 % of Washington - area commuters take public transportation to work , the second - highest rate in the country . An additional 12 % of D.C. commuters walked to work , 6 % carpooled , and 3 % traveled by bicycle in 2010 . A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80 % of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent . In 2013 , the Washington - Arlington - Alexandria metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had the eighth lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile ( 75.7 percent ) , with 8 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit . An expected 32 % increase in transit usage within the District by 2030 has spurred construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city 's neighborhoods . Construction has also started on an additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport . The District is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program . Started in 2010 , it is currently one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with over 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions . By 2012 , the city 's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles ( 90 km ) of streets . Utilities The Capitol Power Plant , built to supply energy for the U.S. Capitol Complex , is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol . The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority ( i.e. WASA or D.C. Water ) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington . WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct , which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The water , sourced from the Potomac River , is treated and stored in the city 's Dalecarlia , Georgetown , and McMillan reservoirs . The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the District and Virginia , including Arlington , Falls Church , and a portion of Fairfax County . The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties . Pepco is the city 's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the District and suburban Maryland . An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington . As a result , all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington , and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street . A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles ( 97 km ) of primary power lines throughout the District . Washington Gas is the city 's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs . Incorporated by Congress in 1848 , the company installed the city 's first gas lights in the Capitol , the White House , and along Pennsylvania Avenue . See also Washington , D.C. portal Book : Washington , D.C. Index of Washington , D.C. - related articles Outline of Washington , D.C. Notes Jump up ^ By 1790 , the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War . The Northern states had not , and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities . Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River . Jump up ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River . However , Washington shifted the federal territory 's borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the District 's southern tip . In 1791 , Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site , including territory ceded by Virginia . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Washington , D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945 , and at Reagan National since July 1945 . Jump up ^ Until 1890 , the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington , Georgetown , and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas . The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today . Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available . Jump up ^ These figures count adherents , meaning all full members , their children , and others who regularly attend services . In all of the District , 55 % of the population is adherent to any particular religion . Jump up ^ Independents David Catania and Carol Schwartz , both former Republicans , garnered 61,388 and 12,327 votes or 34.6 % and 7.0 % , respectively . References Jump up ^ `` Demonyms for people from the USA '' . www.geography-site.co.uk . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Demonym `` '' . addis.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : District of Columbia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction : Where Oh Where Should the Capital Be ? '' . WHHA . Jump up ^ `` Washington , D.C. History F.A.Q. '' The Historical Society of Washington , D.C . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broder , David S. ( February 18 , 1990 ) . `` Nation 's Capital in Eclipse as Pride and Power Slip Away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . In the days of the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO , ( Clark Clifford ) said , we saved the world , and Washington became the capital of the world . Jump up ^ `` The 10 most - visited cities in the US this year '' . Insider . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` D.C. breaks another domestic tourism record '' . www.bizjournals.com . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert Lee ; Chambers , Mary Elizabeth ( 1977 ) . Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley . George Washington University . ISBN 9781888028041 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Washington Becomes The Capital '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Historic District '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandria 's History '' . Alexandria Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . pp. 76 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia '' . BoundaryStones.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 101 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know D.C. '' Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Moves to Washington '' . United States Senate . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saving History : Dolley Madison , the White House , and the War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Mark David ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ) . `` The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia , 1801 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Washington History . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. : 54 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States . Chicago : G. & C.W. Sherwood . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Library of Congress . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia '' . Statutes at Large , 41st Congress , 3rd Session . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Delos Franklin ( 1910 ) . Great cities in America : their problems and their government . The Macmillan Company . pp. 27 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schneider Smith , ed. ( 2010 ) . Washington at Home : An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation 's Capital ( 2 ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9353 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , William ( 1907 ) . Origin and government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 26 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ramroth , William ( 2007 ) . `` The City Beautiful Movement '' . Planning for Disaster . Kaplan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4195 - 9373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 2001 ) . History of American Architecture . Manchester University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4727 - 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul Kelsey ( 2004 ) . Washington , D.C. : the World War II years . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1636 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Third Amendment '' . CRS Annotated Constitution . Legal Information Institute ( Cornell University Law School ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Robert E. Pierre ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` From Ruins To Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Home Rule Act '' . Government of the District of Columbia . February 1999 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jay ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` City 's 1st Mayoral Race , as Innocent as Young Love '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . June 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & FAQs '' . Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant III , Ulysses Simpson ( 1950 ) . `` Planning the Nation 's Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 50 : 43 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Heine , Cornelius W. ( 1953 ) . `` The Washington City Canal '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 53 : 1 -- 27 . JSTOR 40067664 . Jump up ^ `` C&O Canal National Historic Park : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dvorak , Petula ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. 's Puny Peak Enough to Pump Up ' Highpointers ' '' . Washington Post . pp. B01 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winegar , Deane ( 2003 ) . Highroad Guide to the Chesapeake Bay . John F. Blair . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Science In Your State : District of Columbia '' . United States Geological Survey . July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Washington 's Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales -- Some of Which Are True '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Built on a Swamp ? Think Again '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ParkScore '' . www.parkscore.tpl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage of States '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Creek Park '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY12 Performance Plan '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Arboretum History and Mission '' . United States National Arboretum . October 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna . November 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trewartha , Glenn Thomas ; Horn , Lyle Henry ( 1980 ) . An introduction to climate ( 5th ed ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 9780070651524 . OCLC 4883118 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones '' . Arbor Day Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions : Washington DC , USA '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iovino , Jim . `` Severe Storm Warnings , Tornado Watches Expire '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Barbara McNaught ( November 17 , 1999 ) . `` Washington Area Winters '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Kevin ; Junker , Wes ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where Snowzilla fits into D.C. 's top 10 snowstorms '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Heidorn , Keith C. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm of 1772 '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Rick ( 2007 ) . Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States . Blue Diamond Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9786280 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Bulk of Flooding Expected in Old Town , Washington Harbour '' . The Washington Post . p . B02 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for WASHINGTON DC / NATIONAL ARPT VA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Washington , D.C. shatters all - time June record high , sizzles to 104 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Grieser , Justin ; Livingston , Ian ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The first freeze is coming Saturday and , for most of the D.C. area , it 's historically late '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Livingston , Ian ; Grieser , Justin ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` When will the last freeze happen around the D.C. region , and when is it safe to plant ? '' The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Station Extremes '' . threadex.rcc-acis.org . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : VA WASHINGTON REAGAN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Matt ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` April outlook : Winter be gone ! First half of month looks warmer than average '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christopher Bush ( 1920 ) . Indiana Magazine of History . Indiana Historical Society . p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minta , Anna ( 2009 ) . Klaus Benesch ; Jeffrey L. Meilke ; David E. Nye ; Miles Orvell , eds . Planning a National Pantheon : Monuments in Washington , D.C. and the Creation of Symbolic Space . Public Space and the Ideology of Place in American Culture . Amsterdam -- New York , NY : Rodopi B.V. p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2574 - 5 . OCLC 644525117 . Jump up ^ `` Map 1 : The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 101 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` High - Level Debate On Future of D.C. '' The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layout of Washington DC '' . United States Senate . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laws relating to the permanent system of highways outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . 1908 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( June 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Road to Riches Is Called K Street '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dyne , Larry ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Foreign Affairs : DC 's Best Embassies '' . Washingtonian Magazine . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . American Institute of Architects and Harris Interactive . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington , D.C. , List of Sites '' . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Pamela ( 2005 ) . `` Residential Architecture of Washington , D.C. , and Its Suburbs '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Old Stone House '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Building '' . Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` D.C. population soars past 600,000 for first time in years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population Change for Places With Populations of 50,000 or More in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2000 to 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Austermuhle , Martin ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. 's Population Grows 79 Percent Every Workday , Outpacing Other Cities '' . WAMU . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolchin , Peter ( 1994 ) . American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Number of black D.C. residents plummets as majority status slips away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age and Sex Composition : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . May 2011 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States '' . American Community Survey 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Singer , Audrey ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The World in a Zip Code : Greater Washington , D.C. as a New Region of Immigration '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Abigail M. Cooke ( September 2011 ) . `` District of Columbia Census Snapshot : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Keith L. ; Anne E. Marimow ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. begins licensing same - sex marriages '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Study Finds One - Third in D.C. Illiterate '' . Associated Press . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ( August 2013 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Income Per Capita in Current and Constant ( 2000 ) Dollars by State : 2000 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals and Families Below Poverty Level -- Number and Rate by State : 2000 and 2005 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` County Membership Report : District of Columbia : Religious Traditions , 2010 '' . Association of Religion Data Archives . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jenny ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` National Health Care Reform is a Win for DC '' . DC Fiscal Policy Institute . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio ; Darryl Fears ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` HIV / AIDS Rate in D.C. Hits 3 % '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Religious composition of adults in the District of Columbia '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill , Meagan ; John K. Roman ( November 2010 ) . `` Small Number of Blocks Account for Lots of Crime in D.C. '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierre , Robert ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Ex-Offenders Protest Dearth of Jobs , Services '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mollenbeck , Andrew ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` District celebrates historically low homicide rate '' . WTOP . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rate in Washington , District of Columbia ( DC ) '' . City-data.com . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( July 13 , 2006 ) . `` Washington Officials Try to Ease Crime Fear '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Matt Zapotosky ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` As homicides fall in D.C. , rise in Prince George 's , numbers meet in the middle '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District Crime Data '' . Mpdc.dc.gov . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Dan Keating ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Liveliest D.C. Neighborhoods Also Jumping With Robberies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Crime Rates 1960 -- 2010 '' . Disaster Center . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Ban on Handguns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. Attorney General : All Guns Must Be Registered '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Park Police Authority and Jurisdiction '' . National Park Service . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` What Housing Crisis ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Wage and Salary Employment by Industry and Place of Work '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Department of Employment Services . 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Prashant ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Some Cities Will Be Safer in a Recession '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Matt ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. sets tourism record with 19m visitors in 2012 '' . The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Chief Executive Officers of the Major Employers in the District of Columbia 2009 '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Employment Services . 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2011 : States : District Of Columbia Companies '' . Fortune Magazine . CNNMoney.com . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 21 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . 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Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : All - Time Champions '' . National Basketball Association . 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Khurshudyan , Isabelle ; Stubbs , Roman ; Dougherty , Jesse ; Allen , Scott ; Greenberg , Neil ; Steinberg , Dan ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Capitals win Stanley Cup , Washington 's first major sports championship since 1992 '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MCM History '' . Marine Corps Marathon . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emergence of the Bowl '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Bowl Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Post '' . 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Watergate Story Timeline '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Rick ; Emily Guskin ; Tom Rosenstiel ; Amy Mitchell . `` Newspapers : By the Numbers '' . The State of the News Media 2012 . Pew Research Center . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Sr. To Celebrate Rev. Sun Myung Moon -- Again '' . Jump up ^ `` Times circulation climbs to buck trend '' . The Washington Times . May 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington City Paper '' . Association of Alternative Newsweeklies . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia , 2010 -- 2011 '' . Chronicling America : Historic American Newspapers . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US TV Households Up 1.5 % -- Asian , Hispanic Households Triple That '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About VOA '' . Voice of America . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DC Home Rule '' . Council of the District of Columbia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Elected Officials in DC '' . D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About ANC '' . Government of the District of Columbia . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` § 1 -- 204.35 . Election of the Attorney General '' . Code of the District of Columbia ( Unofficial ) . Open Law DC . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Jason ( 2003 ) . Washington , D.C. Capstone . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Buildling the Best Capital City in the World '' ( PDF ) . DC Appleseed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Structural Imbalance and Management Issues '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . May 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Poor Management , Federal Rule , Undermine Services '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeParle , Jason ( January 1 , 1989 ) . `` The worst city government in America '' . The Washington Monthly . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( April 8 , 1995 ) . `` Congress creates board to oversee Washington , D.C. '' The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` After 10 years , D.C. control board is gone but not forgotten '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Dictrict of Columbia '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Has the District of Columbia Never Elected a Republican Mayor ? '' . InsideSources. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals Living or Working in U.S. Possessions '' . Internal Revenue Service . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal Year 2012 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll Shows Nationwide Support for DC Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . DC Vote Voice. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taxation without Representation ' Tags '' . District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post Poll : D.C. Voting Rights '' . The Washington Post . April 23 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortier , John ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` The D.C. colony '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friendship and cooperation agreements '' . Paris : Marie de Paris . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC & Addis to Become Sister Cities '' . Tadias Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DC Sister Cities '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twinning with Rome '' . Ville de Paris . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 School Opening Report '' . District of Columbia Public Schools . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` DC Public School Enrollment Up for Third Straight Year '' . Office of the State Superintendent of Education . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Best And Worst School Districts For The Buck '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Bill Turque ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Rhee Offers Plan To Improve D.C. 's Troubled Schools '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SY2010 - 2011 Charter School Profile '' . D.C. Public Charter School Board . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Theola Labbe ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` A Boom for D.C. Charter Schools '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table 15 . Number of private schools , students , full - time equivalent ( FTE ) teachers , and 2006 -- 07 high school graduates , by state : United States , 2007 -- 08 '' . National Center for Education Statistics . 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Your Neighborhood '' . D.C. Public Library . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DC Tuition Assistance Grant '' . Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Inci A. `` Historic Medical Sites in the Washington , DC Area '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public Road Length '' . Highway Statistics 2006 . Federal Highway Administration . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Zachary ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Bridge '' . The Great Society Subway . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8906 - 6 . Jump up ^ I - 66 : Kozel , Scott M. ( May 31 , 2000 ) . `` Interstate 66 in Virginia '' . Roads to the Future . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . I - 395 : BMI ( February 1999 ) . I - 95 / i - 395 Hov Restriction Study ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Transportation . p. 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metro launches Silver Line , largest expansion of region 's rail system in more than two decades '' ( Press release ) . Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority . July 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie R. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Estimated Unliked Transit Passenger Trips '' ( PDF ) . American Public Transport Association . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DC Circulator '' . DC Circulator . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station gets new bus depot '' . WJLA - TV . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Washington area tied with Chicago for traffic congestion , study finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are top transit users '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Commuting Characteristics by Sex '' . 2010 American Community Survey . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. among top 10 most walkable cities '' . WTOP . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Brian ( August 2015 ) . `` Who Drives to Work ? Commuting by Automobile in the United States : 2013 '' ( PDF ) . American Survey Reports . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History -- DC Streetcar '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Metrorail Project Overview '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Bike - Share Washington DC / Arlington PBSC '' . PBSC Solutions Urbanes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Program '' . District Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Aqueduct System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . District of Columbia Washington and Sewer Authority . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Pepco '' . January 5 , 2014 . Pepco . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. streetcar project may get hung up on overhead wires '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Plan to bury D.C. 's outage - prone power lines backed by task force '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile / History '' . Washington Gas Light Co . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . 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Virginia 's incorporated cities are listed under their surrounding county . The incorporated cities bordering more than one county ( Alexandria , Falls Church and Fredericksburg ) are listed under the county they were part of before incorporation as a city . Capital districts and territories Federal districts Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Federal District ( Brazil ) Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) Australian Capital Territory ( Australia ) Capital District ( Venezuela ) Islamabad Capital Territory ( Pakistan ) Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) National Capital Territory of Delhi ( India ) Mexico City ( Mexico ) District of Columbia ( United States ) Other related topics George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball Washington ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse - Terre , Guadeloupe ( France ) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos ( UK ) Fort - de-France , Martinique ( France ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( UK ) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy ( France ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( UK ) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin ( France ) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Oranjestad , Aruba ( Netherlands ) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Plymouth ( de jure ) Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat ( UK ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands ( UK ) Roseau , Dominica Saint - Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico ( US ) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George 's , Grenada St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba ( Netherlands ) The Valley , Anguilla ( UK ) Washington , D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao ( Netherlands ) Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the term district of columbia come from | [
"A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington. The federal district was named Columbia, which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time.[20][21] Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800.[22]"
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-1799508638246866468 | Social class in ancient Rome | Social class in ancient Rome - wikipedia Social class in ancient Rome Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Status in Roman legal system . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The toga , shown here on a statue restored with the head of Nerva , was the distinctive garb of Roman male citizens . Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical , but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies , and an individual 's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another . The status of freeborn Romans during the Republic was established by : ancestry ( patrician or plebeian ) ; census rank ( ordo ) based on wealth and political privilege , with the senatorial and equestrian ranks elevated above the ordinary citizen ; attainment of honors ( the novus homo or self - made man established his family as nobilis ( `` noble '' ) and thus there were noble plebeians ) ; and citizenship , of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges . For example , men who lived in towns outside Rome ( such as municipia or colonies ) might hold citizenship , but lack the right to vote ( see ius Latinum ) ; free - born Roman women were citizens , but could not vote or hold political office . There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights , such as peregrini . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no rights as such . However , some laws regulated slavery and offered slaves protections not extended to other forms of property such as animals . Slaves who had been manumitted were freedmen ( liberti ) , and for the most part enjoyed the same legal rights and protections as free - born citizens . Roman society was patriarchal in the purest sense ; the male head of household ( paterfamilias ) held special legal powers and privileges that gave him jurisdiction ( patria potestas ) over all the members of his familia -- a more encompassing term than its modern derivative `` family '' that included adult sons , his wife ( but only in Rome 's earlier history , when marriage cum manu was practiced ) , married daughters ( in the Classical period of Roman history ) , various dependent relatives , and slaves . The patron - client relationship ( clientela ) , with the word patronus deriving from pater ( `` father '' ) , was another way in which Roman society was organized into hierarchical groups , though clientela also functioned as a system of overlapping social networks . A patron could be the client of a socially superior or more powerful patron ; a client could have multiple patrons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Patricians and plebeians 2 Property - based classes 3 Citizenship 3.1 Women 3.2 Latin Right 3.3 Peregrini 3.4 Slaves 3.5 Freed men 4 References Patricians and plebeians ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Patrician ( ancient Rome ) and Plebs The Patrician Torlonia bust believed to be of Cato the Elder . 1st century BCE Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century CE , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman portraiture fresco of a young man with a papyrus scroll , from Herculaneum , 1st century CE In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians . The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus , who monopolised political power . The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens ( see below ) . Adult males who were not Roman citizens , whether free or slave , fall outside this division . Women and children were also not citizens , but took the social status of their father or husband , which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank . The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome , and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome , are entirely incorrect . From the Late Republic era onward many members of the elite , including an increasing proportion of senators , came from plebeian families . The first Roman Emperor , Augustus , was of plebeian origin , as were many of his successors . By the Late Empire , few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families , most of which had died out . Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system , but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians . Originally , all public offices were open only to patricians , and the classes could not intermarry . Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power . A series of social struggles ( see Conflict of the Orders ) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions , the last in 297 BCE , until their demands were met . They won the right to stand for office , the abolition of the intermarriage law , and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs . This office , founded in 494 BCE as a result of a plebeian secession , was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class , and only plebeians were eligible . The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate . Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers , such as the right to veto legislation . A tribune 's person was sacrosanct , and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office . Some patricians , notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BCE , petitioned to be assigned plebeian status , in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded . The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BCE when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law . Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important , and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods . Over time , some patrician families declined , some plebeian families rose in status , and the composition of the ruling class changed . A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo ( `` new man '' ) , and he and his descendants became `` noble '' ( nobiles ) . Notable examples of novi homines are the seven - time consul Marius , and Cicero , whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than , as with Marius , military success . During the Empire , patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors . A young woman sits while a servant fixes her hair with the help of a cupid , who holds up a mirror to offer a reflection , detail of a fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii , c. 50 BCE Property - based classes ( edit ) Further information : Roman Senate and Equestrian order The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property . The richest were the senatorial class , who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii , the same as the equites ; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate , he raised the property requirement to 1,000 , 0000 sestertii . The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates , and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity . Below the senatores in rank , but above others were the equites ( `` equestrians '' or `` knights '' ) , with 400,000 sestertii , who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class . Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites , including tax farming and , under the Principate , leadership of the Praetorian Guard . Below the equites were three more classes of property - owning citizens ; and lastly the proletarii , whose property was valued below 11,000 asses . Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509 - 241 BCE * Class Census property rating money ( property ) Electoral assembly votes per person Military Equipment ( self - supplied ) Patricians ( historical aristocracy ) Senatores 400 , 0000 sestertii ( 1,000 , 0000 sestertii ) Equites * * 400,000 sestertii Horse , ... Plebians ( commoners ) First 100,000 As ( 100 iugera ) Helm , round shield , cuirass , greaves , sword , and spear . Second 75,000 As ( 75 iugera ) Helm , round shield , greaves , sword and spear . Third 50,000 As ( 50 iugera ) Helm , oblong shield , sword and spear . Fourth 25,000 As ( 25 iugera ) Oblong shield , Spear or Sword , Javelin Fifth 11,000 As ( 11 iugera ) 12,500 As ( 12 iugera ) Slings or Javelins ( velites ) Proles ( landless poor ) Proletarii below 11,000 asses Fleets ( oarsmen ) * This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution . Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy , Polybius , and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus . For a contrasting version of the same or similar data , see the table in the Equites article . * * The equites class was available for both plebians and patricians , and favored by ambitious young men in both groups . At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As ; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors . Citizenship ( edit ) Main article : Roman citizenship The Orator , c. 100 BCE , an Etrusco - Roman bronze sculpture depicting Aule Metele ( Latin : Aulus Metellus ) , an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric ; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet Women ( edit ) Free - born women in ancient Rome were citizens ( cives ) , but could not vote or hold political office . The form of Roman marriage called conubium , for instance , requires that both spouses be citizens ; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio , women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage . The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son 's citizenship . The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status , in specific contrast to a peregrina . Latin right ( edit ) The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights . It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era , and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire . Latin citizens had rights , but not the vote , although their leading magistrates could become full citizens . Peregrini ( edit ) Free - born foreign subjects were known as peregrini , and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes . These distinctions continued until 212 CE , when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free - born men in the empire . Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome Slaves ( servi ) were not citizens , and lacked even the legal standing accorded free - born foreigners . For the most part , slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war , especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece , Italy , Spain , and Carthage . In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire , more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul , Britain , North Africa , and Asia Minor . Many slaves were created as the result of Rome 's conquest of Greece , but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome : hence Horace 's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ( `` Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive '' ) . The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave . Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth , misfortune , or war ; it was defined in terms of legal status , or rather the lack thereof , and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race , nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition . Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor . Those who were violent or disobedient , or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society , might be sentenced to labor in the mines , where they suffered under inhumane conditions . Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom . Since slaves were legally property , they could be disposed of by their owners at any time . All children born to female slaves were slaves . Some slave owners , as for instance Tacitus , freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children . Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will . Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves , and some might be able to buy their own freedom . Over time , legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves . Although many prostitutes were slaves , for instance , the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution . Freed men ( edit ) Freed men ( libertieu ) were freed slaves , whose free - born children were full citizens . The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased . Livy states that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians . Juvenal , writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire . The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy . Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes , fraud , or other forms of corruption , or were given large estates by the Emperor they served . Other freedmen engaged in commerce , amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles . Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen , some ' with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel ' . Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their ( often ill - gotten ) wealth . Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon . The majority of freedmen , however , joined the plebeian classes , and often worked as farmers or tradesmen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koenraad Verboven. ( 2007 ) . The Associative Empire . Athenaeum 95 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Carlin A. Barton . ( 1993 ) . The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans : The Gladiator and the Monster , pp. 176 -- 177 . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Livy , Ab Urbe Condita 1 : 8 Jump up ^ McKay , John P. ( 2013 ) . Study guide for a History of World Societies , Volume A : To 1500 , 51 . Content Technologies . Jump up ^ `` patricians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` plebeians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Garnsey & Richard Saller. ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture , pp. 112f . Berkeley : University of California . Jump up ^ Joseph Wells , A Short History of Rome to the Death of Augustus ( Plymouth : William Brendan and Sons , 1896 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Based on Livy 1.43 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus IV , 16 - 18 . First referenced by Cornell , T.J. ( 1995 ) . The Beginnings of Rome : Italy and Rome from Bronze Age to the Punic Wars 1000 - 264 BCE , 179 . Jump up ^ Ligt , Luuk / de ; Northwood , S.J. ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . People , Land , and Politics : Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC - AD 14 . BRILL . ISBN 9004171185 . Jump up ^ Bruce W. Frier & Thomas A.J. McGinn. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 , et passim . Oxford University Press : American Philological Association . Jump up ^ See Frier and McGinn , passim , and A.N. Sherwin - White . ( 1979 ) . Roman Citizenship , pp. 211 & 268 . Oxford University Press. online ( on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women ) et passim . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) . Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 293 . Oxford University Press . Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Social class Status Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=808400695 '' Categories : Social classes in ancient Rome Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who belonged to the class of plebians in ancient rome | [
"\nAnalysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509-241 BCE *[9]\n\nClass\nCensus property rating\nmoney (property)\n\nElectoral\nassembly\nvotes per\nperson\nMilitary Equipment\n(self-supplied)\n\n\n\nPatricians (historical aristocracy)\n\n\nSenatores\n400,0000 sestertii (1,000,0000 sestertii)\n\n\n\n\nEquites**\n400,000 sestertii\n\nHorse, ...\n\n\nPlebians (commoners)\n\n\nFirst\n100,000 As (100 iugera)\n2\nHelm, round shield, cuirass, greaves, sword, and spear.\n\n\nSecond\n75,000 As (75 iugera)\n1\nHelm, round shield, greaves, sword and spear.\n\n\nThird\n50,000 As (50 iugera)\n1\nHelm, oblong shield, sword and spear.\n\n\nFourth\n25,000 As (25 iugera)\n1\nOblong shield, Spear or Sword, Javelin\n\n\nFifth\n11,000 As (11 iugera)\n12,500 As (12 iugera)\n1\nSlings or Javelins (velites)\n\n\nProles (landless poor)\n\n\nProletarii\nbelow 11,000 asses\n\nFleets (oarsmen)\n\n\n* This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution. Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy, Polybius, and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus.\nFor a contrasting version of the same or similar data, see the table in the Equites article.\n\n\n** The equites class was available for both plebians and patricians, and favored by ambitious young men in both groups.\n\n\nAt the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors.[10]\n\n"
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-7010095114263400642 | European balance of power | European balance of power - wikipedia European balance of power Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The European balance of power referred to European international relations before the First World War , which evolved into the present states of Europe . The current European balance of power is a supranational organization known as the European Union rather than the Nineteenth Century political concept that emerged at the Peace of Paris in 1815 . It is often known by the term European State System . Its basic tenet is that no single European power should be allowed to achieve hegemony over a substantial part of the continent and that this is best curtailed by having a small number of ever - changing alliances contend for power , it also meant that none should be able to achieve absolute power . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 16th to 18th centuries 1.2 19th century 1.3 World Wars 1.4 Post-World War II : Cold War period 1.5 Post-Cold War era 2 See also 3 Bibliography 4 References History ( edit ) 16th to 18th centuries ( edit ) In the 16th and 17th centuries , English foreign policy strove to prevent a creation of a single universal monarchy in Europe , which many believed France or Spain might attempt to create . To maintain the balance of power , the English made alliances with other states -- including Portugal , the Ottoman Empire , and the Netherlands -- to counter the perceived threat . These Grand Alliances reached their height in the wars against Louis XIV and Louis XV of France . They often involved the English ( later the British ) and Dutch paying large subsidies to European allies to finance large armies . In the 18th century , this led to the stately quadrille , with a number of major European powers -- such as Austria , Prussia , Great Britain , and France -- changing alliances multiple times to prevent the hegemony of one nation or alliance . A number of wars stemmed , at least in part , from the desire to maintain the balance of power , including the War of the Spanish Succession , War of the Austrian Succession , the Seven Years ' War , the War of the Bavarian Succession and the Napoleonic Wars . Following Britain 's success in the Seven Years ' War , many of the other powers began to see Great Britain as a greater threat than France . Several states entered the American War of Independence in the hope of overturning Britain 's growing strength by securing the independence of the Thirteen colonies of British America . 19th century ( edit ) See also : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) and Pax Britannica During the 19th century , to achieve lasting peace , the Concert of Europe tried to maintain the balance of power . The territorial boundaries laid down at the Congress of Vienna were maintained , and even more important there was an acceptance of the theme of balance with no major aggression . Otherwise the Congress system says historian Roy Bridge , `` failed '' by 1823 . In 1818 the British decided not to become involved in continental issues that did not directly affect them . They rejected the plan of Tsar Alexander I to suppress future revolutions . The Concert system fell apart as the common goals of the Great Powers were replaced by growing political and economic rivalries . Artz says the Congress of Verona in 1822 `` marked the end . '' There was no Congress called to restore the old system during the great revolutionary upheavals of 1848 with their demands for revision of the Congress of Vienna 's frontiers along national lines . Before 1850 Britain and France dominated Europe , but by the 1850s they had become deeply concerned by the growing power of Russia and Prussia . The Crimean War of 1854 -- 55 and the Italian War of 1859 shattered the relations among the Great Powers in Europe . After 1870 the creation and rise of the German Empire as a dominant nation restructured the European balance of power . For the next twenty years , Otto von Bismarck managed to maintain the balance of power , by proposing treaties and creating many complex alliances between the European nations such as the Triple Alliance . World wars ( edit ) After the resignation of Otto Von Bismarck in the 1890s , the foreign policy of the German Empire became expansionary and the newly created alliances were proven to be fragile , something that triggered the First World War in 1914 . One of the objectives of the Treaty of Versailles , the main post-World War I treaty , was to abolish the dominance of the ' Balance of Power ' concept and replace it with the ( global ) League of Nations . This idea floundered as Europe split into three principal factions in the 1920s and 1930s : liberal democratic states led by the UK and France , communist states led by the Soviet Union , and authoritarian nationalists led by Germany and Italy . The failure of the democratic states to prevent the advance of Nazi Germany ultimately led to the Second World War , which led to a temporary alliance between the UK and the Soviets . The UK did not condemn the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 , but declared war on Germany . Later they sided with the Soviet Union against Germany after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union . Post-World War ii : cold War period ( edit ) During the post-Second World War era the Allies split into two blocs , a balance of power emerged in between the Eastern Bloc : affiliated with the Soviet Union and the Socialist nations of Central and Eastern Europe ; the Western Bloc : affiliated with the Western democracies , particularly France , the United States , and the United Kingdom , and neutral or non-aligned countries , including the Republic of Ireland , Sweden , Switzerland and Yugoslavia . The majority of the European democratic nations , together with Canada and the US , came together under the military alliance of NATO , which continues to this day and has expanded to other countries in Europe . The first NATO Secretary General , the British Lord Ismay , famously stated the organization 's initial goal was `` to keep the Russians out , the Americans in , and the Germans down . '' Post-cold War era ( edit ) NATO Quint leaders discussing with Petro Poroshenko the Ukrainian crisis . From the late 20th century , the four most powerful members of the European Union -- the UK , France , Italy and Germany -- are referred to as the EU big four . They are major European powers and the only EU countries individually represented as full members of the G7 , the G8 and the G20 . The NATO Quint is made up by the United States and the Big Four . The term G4 is especially ( although not only ) used to describe meeting of the four nations at the leaders ' level . In addition , the term EU three ( or G - 3 ) is used to describe the grouping of foreign ministers from France , the UK and Germany during the Iran nuclear talks . On the other hand , the grouping of interior ministers that includes Spain and Poland is known as the G6 . Germany ( which has the largest economy in Europe ) is often regarded as the EU 's economic leader , such as with the ongoing European sovereign debt crisis , whilst France and the United Kingdom ( both permanent members of the UNSC ) often lead in defence and foreign policy matters , such as the intervention in Libya in 2011 , even if the major actor in the attack was Italy . This , to an extent , represents a balancing of leadership power for the Western sphere of the continent . How this balance will change after the Brexit vote in 2016 is still an open matter . There continues however to be a wider , strategic balance of Western and ( now ) Russian power , albeit with the boundary between the two pushed further east since the collapse of the Soviet Union , with many former Communist countries in central Europe having since joined the EU and NATO . See also ( edit ) Balance of power ( international relations ) Concert of Europe International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Treaty of Versailles Great power Bibliography ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René . A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) , 736pp ; basic survey Bartlett , C.J. Peace , War and the European Powers , 1814 - 1914 ( 1996 ) brief overview 216pp Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600 - 1947 . Penguin Books , 2007 Kennedy , Paul . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 - 2000 ( 1987 ) , stress on economic and military factors Kissinger , Henry . Diplomacy ( 1995 ) , 940pp ; not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century Langer , William . An Encyclopedia of World History ( 5th ed. 1973 ) ; highly detailed outline of events Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat . Penguin Books , 2008 . Strachan , Hew . The First World War . Simon & Schuster , 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History and Origins of the Nation - State Jump up ^ Gordon Craig , `` The System of Alliances and the Balance of Power . '' in J.P.T. Bury , ed. , The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 10 : The Zenith of European Power , 1830 - 70 ( 1960 ) p 266 . Jump up ^ Roy Bridge , `` Allied Diplomacy in Peacetime : The Failure of the Congress ' System , ' 1815 -- 23 '' in Alan Sked , ed. , Europe 's Balance of Power , 1815 -- 1848 ( 1979 ) , pp 34 -- 53 Jump up ^ C.W. Crawley , `` International Relations , 1815 - 1830 '' in C.W. Crawley , ed. , The New Cambridge Modern History : Volume 9 , War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval , 1793 - 1830 . Vol. 9 ( 1965 ) pp 669 - 71 , 676 - 77 , 683 - 86 . Jump up ^ Frederick B. Artz , Reaction & Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( 1934 ) p 170 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Schroeder , The Transformation of European Politics : 1763 -- 1848 ( 1996 ) p 800 . Jump up ^ René Albrecht - Carrié , A diplomatic history of Europe since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) pp 65 - 68 , 84 - 106 . Jump up ^ Erich Eyck , Bismarck and the German Empire ( 1964 ) pp 58 - 68 Jump up ^ René Albrecht - Carrié , A diplomatic history of Europe since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) pp 163 - 206 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 1994 , p. 13 . 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-876378965057242152 | Arches National Park | Arches National Park - Wikipedia Arches National Park Jump to : navigation , search Arches National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) The Organ is an impressive sandstone tower . Location Grand County , Utah , United States Nearest city Moab , Utah Coordinates 38 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 34 ′ 00 '' W / 38.68333 ° N 109.56667 ° W / 38.68333 ; - 109.56667 Coordinates : 38 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 34 ′ 00 '' W / 38.68333 ° N 109.56667 ° W / 38.68333 ; - 109.56667 Area 76,679 acres ( 119.811 sq mi ; 31,031 ha ; 310.31 km ) Established April 12 , 1929 ( 1929 - 04 - 12 ) , as a National Monument Visitors 1,585,718 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Arches National Park Arches National Park is a US National Park in eastern Utah . The park is adjacent to the Colorado River , 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Moab , Utah . It is home to over 2,000 natural sandstone arches , including the world - famous Delicate Arch , in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations . It contains the highest density of natural arches in the world . The park consists of 76,679 acres ( 119.811 sq mi ; 31,031 ha ; 310.31 km ) of high desert located in the Colorado Plateau . Its highest elevation is 5,653 feet ( 1,723 m ) at Elephant Butte , and its lowest elevation is 4,085 feet ( 1,245 m ) at the visitor center . Forty - three arches are known to have collapsed since 1977 . The park receives on average 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of rain a year . Administered by the National Park Service , the area was originally named a National Monument on April 12 , 1929 . It was redesignated as a National Park on November 12 , 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 History 3.1 National Monument and Park 4 Recreational activities 5 Publicity 6 Plants and animals 7 Features 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) Map of Arches National Park The national park lies atop an underground evaporite layer or salt bed , which is the main cause of the formation of the arches , spires , balanced rocks , sandstone fins , and eroded monoliths in the area . This salt bed is thousands of feet thick in places , and was deposited in the Paradox Basin of the Colorado Plateau some 300 million years ago when a sea flowed into the region and eventually evaporated . Over millions of years , the salt bed was covered with debris eroded from the Uncompahgre Uplift to the northeast . During the Early Jurassic ( about 210 Ma ) desert conditions prevailed in the region and the vast Navajo Sandstone was deposited . An additional sequence of stream laid and windblown sediments , the Entrada Sandstone ( about 140 Ma ) , was deposited on top of the Navajo . Over 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of younger sediments were deposited and have been mostly eroded away . Remnants of the cover exist in the area including exposures of the Cretaceous Mancos Shale . The arches of the area are developed mostly within the Entrada formation . The weight of this cover caused the salt bed below it to liquefy and thrust up layers of rock into salt domes . The evaporites of the area formed more unusual salt anticlines or linear regions of uplift . Faulting occurred and whole sections of rock subsided into the areas between the domes . In some places , they turned almost on edge . The result of one such 2,500 - foot ( 760 m ) displacement , the Moab Fault , is seen from the visitor center . Delicate Arch with background of La Sal Mountains As this subsurface movement of salt shaped the landscape , erosion removed the younger rock layers from the surface . Except for isolated remnants , the major formations visible in the park today are the salmon - colored Entrada Sandstone , in which most of the arches form , and the buff - colored Navajo Sandstone . These are visible in layer cake fashion throughout most of the park . Over time , water seeped into the surface cracks , joints , and folds of these layers . Ice formed in the fissures , expanding and putting pressure on surrounding rock , breaking off bits and pieces . Winds later cleaned out the loose particles . A series of free - standing fins remained . Wind and water attacked these fins until , in some , the cementing material gave way and chunks of rock tumbled out . Many damaged fins collapsed . Others , with the right degree of hardness and balance , survived despite their missing sections . These became the famous arches . Although the park 's terrain may appear rugged and durable , it is extremely fragile . More than 1 million visitors each year threaten the fragile high desert ecosystem . The problem lies within the soil 's crust which is composed of cyanobacteria , algae , fungi , and lichens that grow in the dusty parts of the park . Factors that make Arches National Park sensitive to visitor damage include : semiarid region , and the scarce , unpredictable rainfall , lack of deep freezing , and lack of plant litter which results in soils that have both a low resistance to , and slow recovery from , compressional forces such as foot traffic . Methods of indicating effects on the soil are cytophobic soil crust index , measuring of water infiltration , and t - tests that are used to compare the values from the undisturbed and disturbed areas . Climate ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Arches National Park Headquarters ( 1981 -- 2015 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 64 ( 18 ) 71 ( 22 ) 82 ( 28 ) 93 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 97 ( 36 ) 88 ( 31 ) 74 ( 23 ) 56 ( 13 ) 45 ( 7 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 35 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 60 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 66 ( 19 ) 55 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.58 ( 14.7 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 0.74 ( 18.8 ) 0.68 ( 17.3 ) 0.44 ( 11.2 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 0.96 ( 24.4 ) 0.84 ( 21.3 ) 1.24 ( 31.5 ) 0.60 ( 15.2 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 8.74 ( 222 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) . 9 ( 2.3 ) . 7 ( 1.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) . 6 ( 1.5 ) 2.5 ( 6.4 ) 6.6 ( 16.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 4.0 4.4 6.1 5.3 4.6 3.1 5.2 6.6 5.2 5.5 4.5 3.9 58.4 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.3 . 8 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 1.4 4.3 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1893 -- present ) ( show ) Climate data for Moab , Utah ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 67 ( 19 ) 78 ( 26 ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 109 ( 43 ) 113 ( 45 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 108 ( 42 ) 97 ( 36 ) 82 ( 28 ) 67 ( 19 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 98.9 ( 37.2 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.2 ( 6.8 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 29.6 ( − 1.3 ) 21.3 ( − 5.9 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 36 ( 2 ) 43 ( 6 ) 40 ( 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 15 ( − 9 ) ( − 17 ) − 19 ( − 28 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 0.99 ( 25.1 ) 0.97 ( 24.6 ) 0.87 ( 22.1 ) 1.17 ( 29.7 ) 0.74 ( 18.8 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 9.41 ( 238.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) ( 5.3 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) . 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) . 1 ( 0.3 ) . 6 ( 1.5 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 6.9 ( 17.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 4.8 2.9 4.8 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.7 5.1 62.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) . 7 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 1.5 3.9 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1893 -- present ) History ( edit ) Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago . Fremont people and Ancient Pueblo People lived in the area up until about 700 years ago . Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775 , but the first European - Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855 , who soon abandoned the area . Ranchers , farmers , and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the 1880s . Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination . National monument and Park ( edit ) The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh , passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad . Wadleigh , accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam , visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer , a Hungarian - born prospector living in Salt Valley . Ringhoffer had written to the railroad in an effort to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son - in - law , which he called the `` Devil 's Garden '' ( known today as the `` Klondike Bluffs '' ) . Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him , and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument . A panoramic view of sandstone fins of the Fiery Furnace A panoramic view of Tower of Babel The following year , additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould , a University of Michigan graduate student ( and future polar explorer ) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains , who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J.W. `` Doc '' Williams . A succession of government investigators examined the area , in part due to confusion as to the precise location . In the process , the name `` Devil 's Garden '' was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley , and Ringhoffer 's original discovery was omitted , while another area nearby , known locally as `` The Windows '' , was included . Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service from 1926 , but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge 's Interior Secretary , Hubert Work . Finally in April 1929 , shortly after his inauguration , President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating Arches National Monument , consisting of two comparatively small , disconnected sections . The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches , spires , balanced rocks , and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value . The name `` Arches '' was suggested by Frank Pinkely , superintendent of the Park Service 's southwestern national monuments , following a visit to the Windows section in 1925 . In late 1938 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation which enlarged Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit development of facilities to promote tourism . A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment . In early 1969 , just before leaving office , President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging Arches . Two years later , President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress which significantly reduced the total area enclosed , but changed its status to a National Park . Recreational activities ( edit ) The Three Gossips Exit rappel on the popular Elephant Butte , a rock formation in the park Climbing on named arches within the park has long been banned by park regulations . Following Dean Potter 's successful free climb on the Delicate Arch in May 2006 , however , the wording of the regulations was deemed unenforceable by the park attorney . The park revised its regulations as follows in response : All rock climbing or similar activities on any arch or natural bridge named on the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographical maps covering Arches National Park are prohibited . Climbing on other features in the park is allowed , but regulated . The revised regulations also prohibit slacklining parkwide . Approved recreational activities include auto touring , backpacking , biking , camping , and hiking , some of which require permits . Guided commercial tours and ranger programs are also available . Astronomy is also popular in the park due to its dark skies despite the increasing light pollution from towns like Moab . Publicity ( edit ) American writer Edward Abbey was a park ranger at Arches National Monument where he kept journals that became his book Desert Solitaire . The success of this book , as well as the rise in adventure - based recreation , has drawn many hikers , mountain - bikers , and off - road enthusiasts to the area , but activities are limited within park boundaries : camping , foot hiking ( along designated trails ) , and driving only along marked roads . The Hayduke Trail , an 825 - mile ( 1,328 km ) backpacking route named after one of Edward Abbey 's characters , begins in the park . Arches National Park was used as one of the filming locations for the 1965 biblical epic film , The Greatest Story Ever Told . Portions of The Windows section of Arches National Park were used as locations in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Arches National Park is the subject of the third 2014 quarter scheduled as part of the U.S. Mint 's America the Beautiful quarters coin program commemorating national parks and historic sites . Plants and Animals ( edit ) There is an abundance of wildlife in Arches . The list includes : spadefoot toad , antelope squirrel , scrub jay , peregrine falcon , many kinds of sparrows , red fox , desert bighorn sheep , kangaroo rat , mule deer , cougar , midget faded rattlesnake , yucca moth , many types of cyanobacteria , Western rattlesnake , and the Western collared lizard . Plants also dominate the landscape in the park . The list of plants includes : prickly pear cactus , Indian ricegrass , bunch grasses , cheatgrass , lichen , moss , liverworts , Utah juniper , Mormon tea , blackbrush , cliffrose , four - winged saltbrush , pinyon pine , stemless woollybase , evening primrose , sand verbena , yucca , and sacred datura . Features ( edit ) Among the notable features of the park are : Balanced Rock -- a large balancing rock , the size of three school buses Courthouse Towers -- a collection of tall stone columns Dark Angel -- a free - standing 150 - foot - tall ( 46 m ) sandstone pillar at the end of the Devils Garden Trail Delicate Arch -- a lone - standing arch which has become a symbol of Utah and the most recognized arch in the park Devils Garden or The Klondike Bluffs -- with many arches and columns scattered along a ridge Double Arch -- two arches that share a common end Fiery Furnace -- an area of maze - like narrow passages and tall rock columns ( see biblical reference Fiery Furnace ) Landscape Arch -- a very thin and long arch with a span of 290 feet ( 88 m ) ( This is the longest arch in the park ) Petrified Dunes -- petrified remnants of sand dunes blown from the ancient lakes that covered the area Wall Arch -- located along the popular Devils Garden Trail ; collapsed sometime on August 4 / 5 , 2008 Gallery ( edit ) View at the entrance of the Park Balanced Rock Balanced Rock During Winter Dark Angel Delicate Arch , one of the most famous arches in the world The Delicate Arch through Frame Arch The Double Arch Double O Arch Superior arch of Double O Arch Landscape Arch Skyline Arch North Window as viewed from Windows Trails Pine Tree Arch Tunnel Arch Parade Of Elephants Panorama Panorama of Delicate Arch area See also ( edit ) Utah portal Natural Bridges National Monument featuring water - eroded bridges instead of wind - eroded arches Rainbow Bridge National Monument National Register of Historic Places listings in Arches National Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rowan , James . `` Arches National Park '' . YC.edu . Yavasai College . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nature '' . NPS.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park '' . nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park '' . The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kiver , Eugene P. and David V. Harris , Geology of U.S. Parklands , Wiley , 5th ed. , 1999 p. 503 - 515 ISBN 0 - 471 - 33218 - 6 Jump up ^ Guide to the National Parks of the United States. 5th ed . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . 152 -- 157 . Print . Jump up ^ Belnap , J. `` Choosing Indicators of Natural Resource Condition : a Case Study in Arches National Park , Utah , Usa . '' Environmental Management New York . 22.4 ( 1998 ) : 635 -- 642. Print . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Arches announces climbing closures '' . May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park -- Lightscape / Night Sky '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park -- Dark Sky , USA '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Animals - Arches National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Plants - Arches National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Collapses '' . Arches National Park : National Park Service . August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stark , Mike ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` Iconic Stone Arch Collapses in Southern Utah Park '' . Washington Post . Further reading ( edit ) Geologic road and trail guides to Arches National Park , 2000 , Utah Geological Association External links ( edit ) Find more aboutArches National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Utah Office of Tourism page on Arches National Park Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . UT - 70 , `` Arches National Park Main Entrance Road , Beginning at U.S. Highway 191 , approximately 6 miles north of Moab , Moab , Grand County , UT '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 23 data pages , 2 photo caption pages HAER No . UT - 70 - A , `` Arches National Park Main Entrance Road , Moab Canyon Wash Culvert , Spanning Moab Canyon wash at Main Entrance Road , Moab , Grand County , UT '' , 3 photos , 6 data pages , 1 photo caption page National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of Utah Federal National Parks Arches Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Zion NPS National Monuments Cedar Breaks Dinosaur Hovenweep Natural Bridges Rainbow Bridge Timpanogos Cave National Historic Site Golden Spike National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Historic Trail Mormon Pioneer National Forests Ashley Caribou - 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Escalante National Monument Hovenweep National Monument Natural Bridges National Monument Rainbow Bridge National Monument Timpanogos Cave National Monument National parks Arches National Park Bryce Canyon National Park Canyonlands National Park Capitol Reef National Park Zion National Park National Recreation Areas Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Ski resorts Alta Ski Area Beaver Mountain Brian Head Ski Resort Brighton Ski Resort Cherry Peak Resort Deer Valley Park City Mountain Resort Powder Mountain Snowbasin Snowbird Ski Resort Solitude Mountain Resort Sundance Resort Wolf Mountain Other Bonneville Salt Flats Golden Spike National Historic Site Great Salt Lake Lagoon ( amusement park ) Temple Square Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arches_National_Park&oldid=792988785 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Arches National Park 1929 establishments in Utah Colorado Plateau National parks in Utah Natural arches of Utah Protected areas established in 1971 Protected areas of Grand County , Utah Protected areas on the Colorado River Natural arches of Grand County , Utah Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 00 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is arches national park located in utah | [
"Arches National Park is a US National Park in eastern Utah. The park is adjacent to the Colorado River, 4 miles (6 km) north of Moab, Utah. It is home to over 2,000 natural sandstone arches, including the world-famous Delicate Arch, in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations. It contains the highest density of natural arches in the world.[3][4]"
] | [
"adjacent to the Colorado River, 4 miles (6 km) north of Moab"
] |
6587981581929770186 | The Wanderer (Dion song) | The Wanderer ( Dion song ) - wikipedia The Wanderer ( Dion song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Wanderer '' US single cover Single by Dion from the album Runaround Sue A-side `` The Majestic '' Released November 1961 ( 1961 - 11 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Rhythm and blues pop rock and roll Length 2 : 51 Label Laurie Songwriter ( s ) Ernie Maresca Producer ( s ) Gene Schwartz Dion singles chronology `` Runaround Sue '' ( 1961 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1961 ) `` Lovers Who Wander '' ( 1962 ) `` Runaround Sue '' ( 1961 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1961 ) `` Lovers Who Wander '' ( 1962 ) `` The Wanderer '' is a song written by Ernie Maresca and originally recorded by Dion . The song , with a 12 - bar blues - base verse and an eight - bar bridge , tells the story of a travelling man and his many loves . The song is ranked # 243 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Cover versions 3 In popular culture 4 Chart positions 4.1 Dion 4.2 Eddie Rabbitt 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Maresca had co-written Dion 's previous # 1 hit , `` Runaround Sue '' , but originally intended `` The Wanderer '' to be recorded by another group , Nino and the Ebb Tides . They passed on it in favor of another Maresca song , so Dion was given it as the B - side of his follow - up single , `` The Majestic '' , a song which his record company had chosen for him . The record was turned over by radio DJs who preferred `` The Wanderer '' , which duly entered the US charts in December 1961 and rose to # 2 in early 1962 ( behind `` Duke of Earl '' by Gene Chandler ) . It also reached # 10 in the UK and # 1 in Australia . The song was recorded with an uncredited background vocal group , the Del - Satins , in a rockier style than Dion 's earlier hits with the Belmonts . The Del - Satins were an established doo - wop group led by Stan Ziska ( later known as Stan Sommers ) , who at the time were also contracted to Laurie Records , and who later formed the core of Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge . Musicians on the original recording included Bobby Gregg , Bucky Pizarelli and Johnny Falbo on guitars , Jerome Richardson on alto sax , Buddy Lucas on tenor sax , and Panama Francis and Sticks Evans on drums . Dion said of `` The Wanderer '' : At its roots , it 's more than meets the eye . `` The Wanderer '' is black music filtered through an Italian neighborhood that comes out with an attitude . It 's my perception of a lot of songs like `` I 'm A Man '' by Bo Diddley or `` Hoochie Coochie Man '' by Muddy Waters . But you know , `` The Wanderer '' is really a sad song . A lot of guys do n't understand that . Bruce Springsteen was the only guy who accurately expressed what that song was about . It 's `` I roam from town to town and go through life without a care , I 'm as happy as a clown with my two fists of iron , but I 'm going nowhere . '' In the fifties , you did n't get that dark . It sounds like a lot of fun but it 's about going nowhere . However , on Maresca 's original demo of the song , the lyrics were `` with my two fists of iron and my bottle of beer '' , and the change to `` with my two fists of iron but I 'm going nowhere '' in fact seems to have been at the record company 's insistence . The song has been categorized as rock and roll , rhythm and blues and pop . Cover versions ( edit ) `` The Wanderer '' Single by Eddie Rabbitt from the album I Wanna Dance with You B - side `` Workin ' Out '' Released April 1988 Format 7 '' Recorded December 1987 Genre Country Length 3 : 22 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ernie Maresca Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Eddie Rabbitt singles chronology `` I Wanna Dance with You '' ( 1988 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1988 ) `` We Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' ( 1988 ) `` I Wanna Dance with You '' ( 1988 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1988 ) `` We Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' ( 1988 ) `` The Wanderer '' has been covered by many other popular singers and bands , including Bad Company ( band ) , Status Quo , Dee Snider , Gary Glitter , The Beach Boys , Leif Garrett ( US # 49 in 1978 ) , Alvin and the Chipmunks , Arthur Alexander , Bruce Springsteen , Delbert McClinton , Ted Chippington , Dave Edmunds , The Alley Cats , Avenue D , by My Morning Jacket at Madison Square Garden on 31 December 2008 and more recently by Laurence Collyer / The Diamond Family Archive . Status Quo covered the song twice , once as a complete version , and once again as part of their Anniversary Waltz , Pt. 1 . Status Quo 's version was a # 7 hit in the U.K. in 1984 and later included on the 2016 reissue of Back to Back , and Rabbitt 's version was a Number One hit on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in mid-1988 . Mel Gibson sings a version in the animated movie Chicken Run . The Portuguese version by Renato e Seus Blue Caps & Erasmo Carlos was a huge hit in Brazil in the 1960s , changing the title to `` O Lobo Mau '' ( which translates as `` The Big Bad Wolf '' ) . The `` Big Bad Wolf '' in the Portuguese lyrics is somewhat like the wanderer , riding in his car and getting all the girls . Another cover version can be found on Kidsongs video and DVD , `` A Day with the Animals '' . The French version `` Le Vagabond '' ( which tells the same story as the original ) was a hit in French - speaking countries by Richard Anthony . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Wanderer '' is played before all Bolton Wanderers and Western Sydney Wanderers home matches . Featured prominently in The Wanderers ( 1979 ) . NYC Rockabilly band The Stray Cats have used `` The Wanderer '' as their live intro music since their initial run in the early 1980s . It is the song usually played loudly over the house PA as the lights dim just before the band appears onstage and begins to play . In Brian Azzarello 's Watchmen prequel comic Comedian , the song is featured twice , in small but pivotal scenes . The song was used in a 1995 ad for Black And Decker 's `` Snake Light '' . Actor Ray Sharkey sings part of `` The Wanderer '' in the 1993 movie Cop and a Half . In the Canadian Showcase series Lost Girl , the song is featured prominently and repeatedly in seasons 3 and 4 as a callout to a character referred to by the same name , including an arrangement performed by Merry - Go - Round Instrumentation . The TV show The West Wing uses the song in Season 4 , Episode 2 `` 20 Hours in America : Part 2 '' . In the movie `` Behind Enemy Lines '' the song was also used . The song is featured very prominently in the 2015 Bethesda video game Fallout 4 . It is used in the revelatory trailer and is included in the game as part of the Diamond City Radio station , accessed through the Pip - Boy . The trailer is the subject of a federal lawsuit filed by DiMucci . Chart positions ( edit ) Dion ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 Eddie Rabbitt ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks Preceded by `` The Bluest Eyes in Texas '' by Restless Heart Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 27 , 1988 Succeeded by `` I Could n't Leave You If I Tried '' by Rodney Crowell Preceded by `` Do n't We All Have the Right '' by Ricky Van Shelton RPM Country Tracks number - one single August 13 - August 20 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Give a Little Love '' by The Judds See also ( edit ) Travelin ' Man References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dion , ' The Wanderer ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dion DiMucci '' , The Pop History Dig . Retrieved 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Original Wanderer : Ernie Maresca '' , Ace Records . Retrieved 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . Dion - The Wanderer at AllMusic . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Hatch ; Stephen Millward ( 1 January 1987 ) . From Blues to Rock : An Analytical History of Pop Music . Manchester University Press . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 1489 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brock Helander ( 1999 ) . Rocking Sixties . Schirmer Books . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 864873 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Leif Garrett , `` The Wanderer '' Chart Position `` . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 4 - The Wanderer Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fallout 4 ' Makers Sued for $1 Million Over Use of ' The Wanderer ' in ' Repugnant ' Ads '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Dion . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 279 . External links ( edit ) Chords and lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dion DiMucci Albums Born to Be with You Streetheart Singles `` Lonely Teenager '' `` Runaround Sue '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Lovers Who Wander '' `` Little Diane '' `` Love Came to Me '' `` Ruby Baby '' `` Come Go with Me '' `` Donna the Prima Donna '' `` Drip Drop '' `` I 'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man '' `` Shout '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` Purple Haze '' `` And the Night Stood Still '' `` Sea Cruise '' Book : Dion DiMucci Eddie Rabbitt Studio albums Eddie Rabbitt Rocky Mountain Music Rabbitt Variations Loveline Horizon Step by Step Radio Romance The Best Year of My Life Rabbitt Trax I Wanna Dance with You Jersey Boy Ten Rounds Beatin ' the Odds Songs from Rabbittland Notable singles `` Drinkin ' My Baby ( Off My Mind ) '' `` Rocky Mountain Music '' `` Two Dollars in the Jukebox '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' `` We Ca n't Go On Living Like This '' `` Hearts on Fire '' `` You Do n't Love Me Anymore '' `` I Just Want to Love You '' `` Every Which Way But Loose '' `` Suspicions '' `` Pour Me Another Tequila '' `` Gone Too Far '' `` Drivin ' My Life Away '' `` I Love a Rainy Night '' `` Step by Step '' `` Someone Could Lose a Heart Tonight '' `` I Do n't Know Where to Start '' `` You and I '' ( with Crystal Gayle ) `` You Ca n't Run from Love '' `` You Put the Beat in My Heart '' `` Nothing Like Falling in Love '' `` B-B-B - Burnin ' Up with Love '' `` The Best Year of My Life '' `` Warning Sign '' `` She 's Comin ' Back to Say Goodbye '' `` A World Without Love '' `` Repetitive Regret '' `` Both to Each Other ( Friends and Lovers ) '' ( with Juice Newton ) `` Gotta Have You '' `` I Wanna Dance with You '' `` The Wanderer '' `` We Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' `` That 's Why I Fell in Love with You '' `` On Second Thought '' `` Runnin ' with the Wind '' `` It 's Lonely Out Tonite '' `` American Boy '' Related articles Discography Elektra Records Warner Bros. Records RCA Records Capitol Records `` Kentucky Rain '' `` Pure Love '' Leif Garrett Albums Leif Garrett Feel the Need Same Goes for You Ca n't Explain My Movie of You The Leif Garrett Collection F8 Three Sides of ... Singles `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' `` Surfin ' USA '' `` Runaround Sue '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` The Wanderer '' `` I Was Made for Dancin ' '' `` Sheila '' `` Feel the Need '' `` When I Think of You '' `` Memorize Your Number '' `` I Was Looking for Someone to Love '' `` You Had to Go and Change on Me '' `` New York City Nights '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` Runaway Rita '' Dave Edmunds Studio albums Rockpile Subtle as a Flying Mallet Get It Tracks on Wax 4 Repeat When Necessary Twangin ... D.E. 7th Information Riff Raff Closer to the Flame Plugged In Live albums I Hear You Rockin ' Singles `` I Hear You Knocking '' `` Blue Monday '' `` Promised Land '' `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Where or When '' `` I Knew the Bride '' `` Girls Talk '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Almost Saturday Night '' `` The Race Is On '' with Stray Cats `` Slipping Away '' `` Do You Want to Dance '' `` The Wanderer '' Related articles Love Sculpture Nick Lowe Rockpile Porky 's Revenge ! `` And the Night Stood Still '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wanderer_(Dion_song)&oldid=802207855 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1961 singles 1978 singles Songs written by Ernie Maresca Dion DiMucci songs Leif Garrett songs Eddie Rabbitt songs The Beach Boys songs Status Quo ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Richard Landis Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Records singles Laurie Records singles Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 17 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what movie is the song the wanderer in | [] | [] |
2795716883186502015 | Internet | Internet - Wikipedia Internet Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the worldwide computer network . For other uses , see Internet ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the World Wide Web . Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( show ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal Computer network types by spatial scope Nanoscale Near - field ( NFC ) Body ( BAN ) Personal ( PAN ) Near - me ( NAN ) Local ( LAN ) Home ( HAN ) Storage ( SAN ) Wireless ( WLAN ) Campus ( CAN ) Backbone Metropolitan ( MAN ) Wide ( WAN ) Cloud ( IAN ) Internet Interplanetary Internet Internet users per 100 population members and GDP per capita for selected countries . The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a network of networks that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services , such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ) , electronic mail , telephony , and file sharing . The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States Federal Government in the 1960s to build robust , fault - tolerant communication via computer networks . The linking of commercial networks and enterprises in the early 1990s marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet , and generated rapid growth as institutional , personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network . By the late 2000s , its services and technologies had been incorporated into virtually every aspect of everyday life . Most traditional communications media , including telephony , radio , television , paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped , redefined , or even bypassed by the Internet , giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony , Internet television , online music , digital newspapers , and video streaming websites . Newspaper , book , and other print publishing are adapting to website technology , or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their `` brick and mortar '' presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online . Business - to - business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries . The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage ; each constituent network sets its own policies . Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) space and the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , are directed by a maintainer organization , the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Governance 4 Infrastructure 4.1 Routing and service tiers 4.2 Access 5 Protocols 6 Services 6.1 World Wide Web 6.2 Communication 6.3 Data transfer 7 Social impact 7.1 Users 7.2 Usage 7.3 Social networking and entertainment 7.4 Electronic business 7.5 Telecommuting 7.6 Collaborative publishing 7.7 Politics and political revolutions 7.8 Philanthropy 8 Security 8.1 Malware 8.2 Surveillance 8.3 Censorship 9 Performance 9.1 Outages 9.2 Energy use 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Terminology The Internet Messenger by Buky Schwartz , located in Holon , Israel See also : Capitalization of `` Internet '' When the term Internet is used to refer to the specific global system of interconnected Internet Protocol ( IP ) networks , the word is a proper noun that should be written with an initial capital letter . In common use and the media , it is often erroneously not capitalized , viz . the internet . Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun , but not capitalized when used as an adjective . The Internet is also often referred to as the Net , as a short form of network . Historically , as early as 1849 , the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective , meaning interconnected or interwoven . The designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking , meaning interconnecting computer networks . The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech ; it is common to speak of `` going on the Internet '' when using a web browser to view web pages . However , the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services . The Web is a collection of interconnected documents ( web pages ) and other web resources , linked by hyperlinks and URLs . As another point of comparison , Hypertext Transfer Protocol , or HTTP , is the language used on the Web for information transfer , yet it is just one of many languages or protocols that can be used for communication on the Internet . The term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user . History Main articles : History of the Internet and History of the World Wide Web Research into packet switching by Paul Baran and Donald Davies emerged in the early to mid-1960s , and packet switched networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , the Merit Network , Telenet , and CYCLADES , were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s using a variety of protocols . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a single network of networks . ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the Network Measurement Center at the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science directed by Leonard Kleinrock , and the NLS system at SRI International ( SRI ) by Douglas Engelbart in Menlo Park , California , on 29 October 1969 . The third site was the Culler - Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California , Santa Barbara , followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department . In an early sign of future growth , fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971 . These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing . Early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare . European developers were concerned with developing the X. 25 networks . Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) in June 1973 , followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter T. Kirstein 's research group in the United Kingdom , initially at the Institute of Computer Science , University of London and later at University College London . In December 1974 , RFC 675 ( Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program ) , by Vinton Cerf , Yogen Dalal , and Carl Sunshine , used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use . Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) funded the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . In 1982 , the Internet Protocol Suite ( TCP / IP ) was standardized , which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks . T3 NSFNET Backbone , c. 1992 . TCP / IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network ( NSFNet ) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States for researchers , first at speeds of 56 kbit / s and later at 1.5 Mbit / s and 45 Mbit / s . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . By 1995 , the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned , removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic . The Internet rapidly expanded in Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s . The beginning of dedicated transatlantic communication between the NSFNET and networks in Europe was established with a low - speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm , Sweden in December 1988 . Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time , this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network . Public commercial use of the Internet began in mid-1989 with the connection of MCI Mail and Compuserve 's email capabilities to the 500,000 users of the Internet . Just months later on 1 January 1990 , PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use ; one of the networks that would grow into the commercial Internet we know today . In March 1990 , the first high - speed T1 ( 1.5 Mbit / s ) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN , allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites . Six months later Tim Berners - Lee would begin writing WorldWideWeb , the first web browser after two years of lobbying CERN management . By Christmas 1990 , Berners - Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web : the HyperText Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) 0.9 , the HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) , the first Web browser ( which was also a HTML editor and could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files ) , the first HTTP server software ( later known as CERN httpd ) , the first web server , and the first Web pages that described the project itself . In 1991 the Commercial Internet eXchange was founded , allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks CERFnet and Alternet . Since 1995 the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce , including the rise of near instant communication by email , instant messaging , telephony ( Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP ) , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . Worldwide Internet users 2005 2016 World population 6.5 billion 6.9 billion 7.3 billion Users worldwide 16 % 30 % 47 % Users in the developing world 8 % 21 % 40 % Users in the developed world 51 % 67 % 81 % Estimate . Source : International Telecommunications Union . The Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge , commerce , entertainment and social networking . During the late 1990s , it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year , while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20 % and 50 % . This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration , which allows organic growth of the network , as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols , which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network . As of 31 March 2011 , the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion ( 30.2 % of world population ) . It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunication , by 2000 this figure had grown to 51 % , and by 2007 more than 97 % of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet . Governance Main article : Internet governance ICANN headquarters in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles , California , United States . The Internet is a global network that comprises many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks . It operates without a central governing body . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols ( IPv4 and IPv6 ) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise . To maintain interoperability , the principal name spaces of the Internet are administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical , business , academic , and other non-commercial communities . ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet , including domain names , Internet Protocol ( IP ) addresses , application port numbers in the transport protocols , and many other parameters . Globally unified name spaces are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet . This role of ICANN distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet . Regional Internet Registries ( RIRs ) allocate IP addresses : African Network Information Center ( AfriNIC ) for Africa American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) for North America Asia - Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) for Asia and the Pacific region Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) for Latin America and the Caribbean region Réseaux IP Européens -- Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) for Europe , the Middle East , and Central Asia The National Telecommunications and Information Administration , an agency of the United States Department of Commerce , had final approval over changes to the DNS root zone until the IANA stewardship transition on 1 October 2016 . The Internet Society ( ISOC ) was founded in 1992 with a mission to `` assure the open development , evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world '' . Its members include individuals ( anyone may join ) as well as corporations , organizations , governments , and universities . Among other activities ISOC provides an administrative home for a number of less formally organized groups that are involved in developing and managing the Internet , including : the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) , and Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) . On 16 November 2005 , the United Nations - sponsored World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis established the Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) to discuss Internet - related issues . Infrastructure See also : List of countries by number of Internet users and List of countries by Internet connection speeds 2007 map showing submarine fiberoptic telecommunication cables around the world . The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture . Routing and service tiers Packet routing across the Internet involves several tiers of Internet service providers . Internet service providers establish the worldwide connectivity between individual networks at various levels of scope . End - users who only access the Internet when needed to perform a function or obtain information , represent the bottom of the routing hierarchy . At the top of the routing hierarchy are the tier 1 networks , large telecommunication companies that exchange traffic directly with each other via peering agreements . Tier 2 and lower level networks buy Internet transit from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet , though they may also engage in peering . An ISP may use a single upstream provider for connectivity , or implement multihoming to achieve redundancy and load balancing . Internet exchange points are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs . Large organizations , such as academic institutions , large enterprises , and governments , may perform the same function as ISPs , engaging in peering and purchasing transit on behalf of their internal networks . Research networks tend to interconnect with large subnetworks such as GEANT , GLORIAD , Internet2 , and the UK 's national research and education network , JANET . Both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale - free networks . Computers and routers use routing tables in their operating system to direct IP packets to the next - hop router or destination . Routing tables are maintained by manual configuration or automatically by routing protocols . End - nodes typically use a default route that points toward an ISP providing transit , while ISP routers use the Border Gateway Protocol to establish the most efficient routing across the complex connections of the global Internet . Access Common methods of Internet access by users include dial - up with a computer modem via telephone circuits , broadband over coaxial cable , fiber optics or copper wires , Wi - Fi , satellite and cellular telephone technology ( 3G , 4G ) . The Internet may often be accessed from computers in libraries and Internet cafes . Internet access points exist in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops . Various terms are used , such as public Internet kiosk , public access terminal , and Web payphone . Many hotels also have public terminals , though these are usually fee - based . These terminals are widely accessed for various usages , such as ticket booking , bank deposit , or online payment . Wi - Fi provides wireless access to the Internet via local computer networks . Hotspots providing such access include Wi - Fi cafes , where users need to bring their own wireless devices such as a laptop or PDA . These services may be free to all , free to customers only , or fee - based . Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks . Commercial Wi - Fi services covering large city areas are in place in New York , London , Vienna , Toronto , San Francisco , Philadelphia , Chicago and Pittsburgh . The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench . Apart from Wi - Fi , there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet , various high - speed data services over cellular phone networks , and fixed wireless services . High - end mobile phones such as smartphones in general come with Internet access through the phone network . Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets , which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software . More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs , though this is not as widely used . An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online . Protocols Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... While the hardware components in the Internet infrastructure can often be used to support other software systems , it is the design and the standardization process of the software that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success . The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been assumed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . The IETF conducts standard - setting work groups , open to any individual , about the various aspects of Internet architecture . Resulting contributions and standards are published as Request for Comments ( RFC ) documents on the IETF web site . The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards . Other less rigorous documents are simply informative , experimental , or historical , or document the best current practices ( BCP ) when implementing Internet technologies . The Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite . This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols , originally documented in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123 . The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate . At the top is the application layer , space for the application - specific networking methods used in software applications . For example , a web browser program uses the client - server application model and a specific protocol of interaction between servers and clients , while many file - sharing systems use a peer - to - peer paradigm . Below this top layer , the transport layer connects applications on different hosts with a logical channel through the network with appropriate data exchange methods . Underlying these layers are the networking technologies that interconnect networks at their borders and exchange traffic across them . The Internet layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet Protocol ( IP ) addresses , and routes their traffic via intermediate ( transit ) networks . Last , at the bottom of the architecture is the link layer , which provides logical connectivity between hosts on the same network link , such as a local area network ( LAN ) or a dial - up connection . The model , also known as TCP / IP , is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware used for the physical connections , which the model does not concern itself with in any detail . Other models have been developed , such as the OSI model , that attempt to be comprehensive in every aspect of communications . While many similarities exist between the models , they are not compatible in the details of description or implementation . Yet , TCP / IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking . As user data is processed through the protocol stack , each abstraction layer adds encapsulation information at the sending host . Data is transmitted over the wire at the link level between hosts and routers . Encapsulation is removed by the receiving host . Intermediate relays update link encapsulation at each hop , and inspect the IP layer for routing purposes . The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol ( IP ) , which provides addressing systems , including IP addresses , for computers on the network . IP enables internetworking and , in essence , establishes the Internet itself . Internet Protocol Version 4 ( IPv4 ) is the initial version used on the first generation of the Internet and is still in dominant use . It was designed to address up to ~ 4.3 billion ( 10 ) hosts . However , the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion , which entered its final stage in 2011 , when the global address allocation pool was exhausted . A new protocol version , IPv6 , was developed in the mid-1990s , which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic . IPv6 is currently in growing deployment around the world , since Internet address registries ( RIRs ) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion . IPv6 is not directly interoperable by design with IPv4 . In essence , it establishes a parallel version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software . Thus , translation facilities must exist for internetworking or nodes must have duplicate networking software for both networks . Essentially all modern computer operating systems support both versions of the Internet Protocol . Network infrastructure , however , has been lagging in this development . Aside from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure , the Internet is facilitated by bi - or multi-lateral commercial contracts , e.g. , peering agreements , and by technical specifications or protocols that describe the exchange of data over the network . Indeed , the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies . Services The Internet carries many network services , most prominently mobile apps such as social media apps , the World Wide Web , electronic mail , multiplayer online games , Internet telephony , and file sharing services . World Wide Web Main article : World Wide Web This NeXT Computer was used by Tim Berners - Lee at CERN and became the world 's first Web server . Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web , or just the Web , interchangeably , but the two terms are not synonymous . The World Wide Web is the primary application program that billions of people use on the Internet , and it has changed their lives immeasurably . However , the Internet provides many other services . The Web is a global set of documents , images and other resources , logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers ( URIs ) . URIs symbolically identify services , servers , and other databases , and the documents and resources that they can provide . Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web . Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data . World Wide Web browser software , such as Microsoft 's Internet Explorer / Edge , Mozilla Firefox , Opera , Apple 's Safari , and Google Chrome , lets users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents . These documents may also contain any combination of computer data , including graphics , sounds , text , video , multimedia and interactive content that runs while the user is interacting with the page . Client - side software can include animations , games , office applications and scientific demonstrations . Through keyword - driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo ! , Bing and Google , users worldwide have easy , instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information . Compared to printed media , books , encyclopedias and traditional libraries , the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale . The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and time delay . Publishing a web page , a blog , or building a website involves little initial cost and many cost - free services are available . However , publishing and maintaining large , professional web sites with attractive , diverse and up - to - date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition . Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs , which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries . Some commercial organizations encourage staff to communicate advice in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information , and be attracted to the corporation as a result . Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative , and e-commerce , which is the sale of products and services directly via the Web , continues to grow . Online advertising is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers . It includes email marketing , search engine marketing ( SEM ) , social media marketing , many types of display advertising ( including web banner advertising ) , and mobile advertising . In 2011 , Internet advertising revenues in the United States surpassed those of cable television and nearly exceeded those of broadcast television . Many common online advertising practices are controversial and increasingly subject to regulation . When the Web developed in the 1990s , a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server , formatted in HTML , complete for transmission to a web browser in response to a request . Over time , the process of creating and serving web pages has become dynamic , creating a flexible design , layout , and content . Websites are often created using content management software with , initially , very little content . Contributors to these systems , who may be paid staff , members of an organization or the public , fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose while casual visitors view and read this content in HTML form . There may or may not be editorial , approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors . Communication This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Email is an important communications service available on the Internet . The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet . Pictures , documents , and other files are sent as email attachments . Emails can be cc - ed to multiple email addresses . Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet . VoIP stands for Voice - over-Internet Protocol , referring to the protocol that underlies all Internet communication . The idea began in the early 1990s with walkie - talkie - like voice applications for personal computers . In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone . The benefit is that , as the Internet carries the voice traffic , VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call , especially over long distances and especially for those with always - on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL . VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service . Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available . Simple , inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that eliminate the need for a personal computer . Voice quality can still vary from call to call , but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls . Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialing and reliability . Currently , a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service , but it is not universally available . Older traditional phones with no `` extra features '' may be line - powered only and operate during a power failure ; VoIP can never do so without a backup power source for the phone equipment and the Internet access devices . VoIP has also become increasingly popular for gaming applications , as a form of communication between players . Popular VoIP clients for gaming include Ventrilo and Teamspeak . Modern video game consoles also offer VoIP chat features . Data Transfer File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet . A computer file can be emailed to customers , colleagues and friends as an attachment . It can be uploaded to a website or File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) server for easy download by others . It can be put into a `` shared location '' or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues . The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of `` mirror '' servers or peer - to - peer networks . In any of these cases , access to the file may be controlled by user authentication , the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption , and money may change hands for access to the file . The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from , for example , a credit card whose details are also passed -- usually fully encrypted -- across the Internet . The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests . These simple features of the Internet , over a worldwide basis , are changing the production , sale , and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission . This includes all manner of print publications , software products , news , music , film , video , photography , graphics and the other arts . This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products . Streaming media is the real - time delivery of digital media for the immediate consumption or enjoyment by end users . Many radio and television broadcasters provide Internet feeds of their live audio and video productions . They may also allow time - shift viewing or listening such as Preview , Classic Clips and Listen Again features . These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet `` broadcasters '' who never had on - air licenses . This means that an Internet - connected device , such as a computer or something more specific , can be used to access on - line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver . The range of available types of content is much wider , from specialized technical webcasts to on - demand popular multimedia services . Podcasting is a variation on this theme , where -- usually audio -- material is downloaded and played back on a computer or shifted to a portable media player to be listened to on the move . These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody , with little censorship or licensing control , to broadcast audio - visual material worldwide . Digital media streaming increases the demand for network bandwidth . For example , standard image quality needs 1 Mbit / s link speed for SD 480p , HD 720p quality requires 2.5 Mbit / s , and the top - of - the - line HDX quality needs 4.5 Mbit / s for 1080p . Webcams are a low - cost extension of this phenomenon . While some webcams can give full - frame - rate video , the picture either is usually small or updates slowly . Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole , ships in the Panama Canal , traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises , live and in real time . Video chat rooms and video conferencing are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams , with and without two - way sound . YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with a vast number of users . It uses a flash - based web player to stream and show video files . Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile . YouTube claims that its users watch hundreds of millions , and upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily . Currently , YouTube also uses an HTML5 player . Social impact The Internet has enabled new forms of social interaction , activities , and social associations . This phenomenon has given rise to the scholarly study of the sociology of the Internet . Users See also : Global Internet usage and English on the Internet Internet users per 100 inhabitants Source : International Telecommunications Union . Internet users by language Website content languages Internet usage has seen tremendous growth . From 2000 to 2009 , the number of Internet users globally rose from 394 million to 1.858 billion . By 2010 , 22 percent of the world 's population had access to computers with 1 billion Google searches every day , 300 million Internet users reading blogs , and 2 billion videos viewed daily on YouTube . In 2014 the world 's Internet users surpassed 3 billion or 43.6 percent of world population , but two - thirds of the users came from richest countries , with 78.0 percent of Europe countries population using the Internet , followed by 57.4 percent of the Americas . The prevalent language for communication on the Internet has been English . This may be a result of the origin of the Internet , as well as the language 's role as a lingua franca . Early computer systems were limited to the characters in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) , a subset of the Latin alphabet . After English ( 27 % ) , the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese ( 25 % ) , Spanish ( 8 % ) , Japanese ( 5 % ) , Portuguese and German ( 4 % each ) , Arabic , French and Russian ( 3 % each ) , and Korean ( 2 % ) . By region , 42 % of the world 's Internet users are based in Asia , 24 % in Europe , 14 % in North America , 10 % in Latin America and the Caribbean taken together , 6 % in Africa , 3 % in the Middle East and 1 % in Australia / Oceania . The Internet 's technologies have developed enough in recent years , especially in the use of Unicode , that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world 's widely used languages . However , some glitches such as mojibake ( incorrect display of some languages ' characters ) still remain . In an American study in 2005 , the percentage of men using the Internet was very slightly ahead of the percentage of women , although this difference reversed in those under 30 . Men logged on more often , spent more time online , and were more likely to be broadband users , whereas women tended to make more use of opportunities to communicate ( such as email ) . Men were more likely to use the Internet to pay bills , participate in auctions , and for recreation such as downloading music and videos . Men and women were equally likely to use the Internet for shopping and banking . More recent studies indicate that in 2008 , women significantly outnumbered men on most social networking sites , such as Facebook and Myspace , although the ratios varied with age . In addition , women watched more streaming content , whereas men downloaded more . In terms of blogs , men were more likely to blog in the first place ; among those who blog , men were more likely to have a professional blog , whereas women were more likely to have a personal blog . According to forecasts by Euromonitor International , 44 % of the world 's population will be users of the Internet by 2020 . Splitting by country , in 2012 Iceland , Norway , Sweden , the Netherlands , and Denmark had the highest Internet penetration by the number of users , with 93 % or more of the population with access . Several neologisms exist that refer to Internet users : Netizen ( as in as in `` citizen of the net '' ) refers to those actively involved in improving online communities , the Internet in general or surrounding political affairs and rights such as free speech , Internaut refers to operators or technically highly capable users of the Internet , digital citizen refers to a person using the Internet in order to engage in society , politics , and government participation . Usage The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location , especially with the spread of unmetered high - speed connections . The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means , including through mobile Internet devices . Mobile phones , datacards , handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet wirelessly . Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket - sized devices , the services of the Internet , including email and the web , may be available . Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be significantly higher than other access methods . Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites . Examples range from CBeebies , through school and high - school revision guides and virtual universities , to access to top - end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar . For distance education , help with homework and other assignments , self - guided learning , whiling away spare time , or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact , it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere . The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education . Further , the Internet allows universities , in particular , researchers from the social and behavioral sciences , to conduct research remotely via virtual laboratories , with profound changes in reach and generalizability of findings as well as in communication between scientists and in the publication of results . The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas , knowledge , and skills have made collaborative work dramatically easier , with the help of collaborative software . Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups more easily to form . An example of this is the free software movement , which has produced , among other things , Linux , Mozilla Firefox , and OpenOffice.org ( later forked into LibreOffice ) . Internet chat , whether using an IRC chat room , an instant messaging system , or a social networking website , allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way while working at their computers during the day . Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via email . These systems may allow files to be exchanged , drawings and images to be shared , or voice and video contact between team members . Content management systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other 's work . Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information . Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research , software development , conference planning , political activism and creative writing . Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy spread . The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily from any access point . Access may be with computer security , i.e. authentication and encryption technologies , depending on the requirements . This is encouraging new ways of working from home , collaboration and information sharing in many industries . An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country , on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth . These accounts could have been created by home - working bookkeepers , in other remote locations , based on information emailed to them from offices all over the world . Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet , but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice . An office worker away from their desk , perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday , can access their emails , access their data using cloud computing , or open a remote desktop session into their office PC using a secure virtual private network ( VPN ) connection on the Internet . This can give the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data , including email and other applications , while away from the office . It has been referred to among system administrators as the Virtual Private Nightmare , because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into remote locations and its employees ' homes . Social networking and entertainment See also : Social networking service § Social impact Many people use the World Wide Web to access news , weather and sports reports , to plan and book vacations and to pursue their personal interests . People use chat , messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide , sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals . Social networking websites such as Facebook , Twitter , and Myspace have created new ways to socialize and interact . Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages , to pursue common interests , and to connect with others . It is also possible to find existing acquaintances , to allow communication among existing groups of people . Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and business connections . YouTube and Flickr specialize in users ' videos and photographs . While social networking sites were initially for individuals only , today they are widely used by businesses and other organizations to promote their brands , to market to their customers and to encourage posts to `` go viral '' . `` Black hat '' social media techniques are also employed by some organizations , such as spam accounts and astroturfing . A risk for both individuals and organizations writing posts ( especially public posts ) on social networking websites , is that especially foolish or controversial posts occasionally lead to an unexpected and possibly large - scale backlash on social media from other Internet users . This is also a risk in relation to controversial offline behavior , if it is widely made known . The nature of this backlash can range widely from counter-arguments and public mockery , through insults and hate speech , to , in extreme cases , rape and death threats . The online disinhibition effect describes the tendency of many individuals to behave more stridently or offensively online than they would in person . A significant number of feminist women have been the target of various forms of harassment in response to posts they have made on social media , and Twitter in particular has been criticised in the past for not doing enough to aid victims of online abuse . For organizations , such a backlash can cause overall brand damage , especially if reported by the media . However , this is not always the case , as any brand damage in the eyes of people with an opposing opinion to that presented by the organization could sometimes be outweighed by strengthening the brand in the eyes of others . Furthermore , if an organization or individual gives in to demands that others perceive as wrong - headed , that can then provoke a counter-backlash . Some websites , such as Reddit , have rules forbidding the posting of personal information of individuals ( also known as doxxing ) , due to concerns about such postings leading to mobs of large numbers of Internet users directing harassment at the specific individuals thereby identified . In particular , the Reddit rule forbidding the posting of personal information is widely understood to imply that all identifying photos and names must be censored in Facebook screenshots posted to Reddit . However , the interpretation of this rule in relation to public Twitter posts is less clear , and in any case , like - minded people online have many other ways they can use to direct each other 's attention to public social media posts they disagree with . Children also face dangers online such as cyberbullying and approaches by sexual predators , who sometimes pose as children themselves . Children may also encounter material which they may find upsetting , or material which their parents consider to be not age - appropriate . Due to naivety , they may also post personal information about themselves online , which could put them or their families at risk unless warned not to do so . Many parents choose to enable Internet filtering , and / or supervise their children 's online activities , in an attempt to protect their children from inappropriate material on the Internet . The most popular social networking websites , such as Facebook and Twitter , commonly forbid users under the age of 13 . However , these policies are typically trivial to circumvent by registering an account with a false birth date , and a significant number of children aged under 13 join such sites anyway . Social networking sites for younger children , which claim to provide better levels of protection for children , also exist . The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception , with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers , and humor - related Usenet groups receiving much traffic . Many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos . The Internet pornography and online gambling industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web , and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites . Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries ' use of the Internet , in general , this has failed to stop their widespread popularity . Another area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming . This form of recreation creates communities , where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast - paced world of multiplayer games . These range from MMORPG to first - person shooters , from role - playing video games to online gambling . While online gaming has been around since the 1970s , modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer . Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games . Many people use the Internet to access and download music , movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation . Free and fee - based services exist for all of these activities , using centralized servers and distributed peer - to - peer technologies . Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists ' copyrights than others . Internet usage has been correlated to users ' loneliness . Lonely people tend to use the Internet as an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with others , such as in the `` I am lonely will anyone speak to me '' thread . Cybersectarianism is a new organizational form which involves : `` highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy , while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts , and often a common devotion to a particular leader . Overseas supporters provide funding and support ; domestic practitioners distribute tracts , participate in acts of resistance , and share information on the internal situation with outsiders . Collectively , members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith , exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in the collective study via email , on - line chat rooms , and web - based message boards . '' In particular , the British government has raised concerns about the prospect of young British Muslims being indoctrinated into Islamic extremism by material on the Internet , being persuaded to join terrorist groups such as the so - called `` Islamic State '' , and then potentially committing acts of terrorism on returning to Britain after fighting in Syria or Iraq . Cyberslacking can become a drain on corporate resources ; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work , according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services . Internet addiction disorder is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life . Nicholas G. Carr believes that Internet use has other effects on individuals , for instance improving skills of scan - reading and interfering with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity . Electronic business Electronic business ( e-business ) encompasses business processes spanning the entire value chain : purchasing , supply chain management , marketing , sales , customer service , and business relationship . E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners . According to International Data Corporation , the size of worldwide e-commerce , when global business - to - business and - consumer transactions are combined , equate to $16 trillion for 2013 . A report by Oxford Economics adds those two together to estimate the total size of the digital economy at $20.4 trillion , equivalent to roughly 13.8 % of global sales . While much has been written of the economic advantages of Internet - enabled commerce , there is also evidence that some aspects of the Internet such as maps and location - aware services may serve to reinforce economic inequality and the digital divide . Electronic commerce may be responsible for consolidation and the decline of mom - and - pop , brick and mortar businesses resulting in increases in income inequality . Author Andrew Keen , a long - time critic of the social transformations caused by the Internet , has recently focused on the economic effects of consolidation from Internet businesses . Keen cites a 2013 Institute for Local Self - Reliance report saying brick - and - mortar retailers employ 47 people for every $10 million in sales while Amazon employs only 14 . Similarly , the 700 - employee room rental start - up Airbnb was valued at $10 billion in 2014 , about half as much as Hilton Hotels , which employs 152,000 people . And car - sharing Internet startup Uber employs 1,000 full - time employees and is valued at $18.2 billion , about the same valuation as Avis and Hertz combined , which together employ almost 60,000 people . Telecommuting Telecommuting is the performance within a traditional worker and employer relationship when it is facilitated by tools such as groupware , virtual private networks , conference calling , videoconferencing , and voice over IP ( VOIP ) so that work may be performed from any location , most conveniently the worker 's home . It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows workers to communicate over long distances , saving significant amounts of travel time and cost . As broadband Internet connections become commonplace , more workers have adequate bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home to their corporate intranet and internal communication networks . Collaborative publishing Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries . In those settings , they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing , strategic planning , departmental documentation , and committee work . The United States Patent and Trademark Office uses a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to examination of pending patent applications . Queens , New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park . The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic . Politics and political revolutions See also : Internet censorship , Culture of fear , and Mass surveillance Banner in Bangkok during the 2014 Thai coup d'état , informing the Thai public that ' like ' or ' share ' activities on social media could result in imprisonment ( observed June 30 , 2014 ) . The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool . The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet . Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing for carrying out their mission , having given rise to Internet activism , most notably practiced by rebels in the Arab Spring . The New York Times suggested that social media websites , such as Facebook and Twitter , helped people organize the political revolutions in Egypt , by helping activists organize protests , communicate grievances , and disseminate information . The potential of the Internet as a civic tool of communicative power was explored by Simon R.B. Berdal in his 2004 thesis : As the globally evolving Internet provides ever new access points to virtual discourse forums , it also promotes new civic relations and associations within which communicative power may flow and accumulate . Thus , traditionally ... national - embedded peripheries get entangled into greater , international peripheries , with stronger combined powers ... The Internet , as a consequence , changes the topology of the `` centre - periphery '' model , by stimulating conventional peripheries to interlink into `` super-periphery '' structures , which enclose and `` besiege '' several centres at once . Berdal , therefore , extends the Habermasian notion of the public sphere to the Internet , and underlines the inherent global and civic nature that interwoven Internet technologies provide . To limit the growing civic potential of the Internet , Berdal also notes how `` self - protective measures '' are put in place by those threatened by it : If we consider China 's attempts to filter `` unsuitable material '' from the Internet , most of us would agree that this resembles a self - protective measure by the system against the growing civic potentials of the Internet . Nevertheless , both types represent limitations to `` peripheral capacities '' . Thus , the Chinese government tries to prevent communicative power to build up and unleash ( as the 1989 Tiananmen Square uprising suggests , the government may find it wise to install `` upstream measures '' ) . Even though limited , the Internet is proving to be an empowering tool also to the Chinese periphery : Analysts believe that Internet petitions have influenced policy implementation in favour of the public 's online - articulated will ... Incidents of politically motivated Internet censorship have now been recorded in many countries , including western democracies . Philanthropy The spread of low - cost Internet access in developing countries has opened up new possibilities for peer - to - peer charities , which allow individuals to contribute small amounts to charitable projects for other individuals . Websites , such as DonorsChoose and GlobalGiving , allow small - scale donors to direct funds to individual projects of their choice . A popular twist on Internet - based philanthropy is the use of peer - to - peer lending for charitable purposes . Kiva pioneered this concept in 2005 , offering the first web - based service to publish individual loan profiles for funding . Kiva raises funds for local intermediary microfinance organizations which post stories and updates on behalf of the borrowers . Lenders can contribute as little as $25 to loans of their choice , and receive their money back as borrowers repay . Kiva falls short of being a pure peer - to - peer charity , in that loans are disbursed before being funded by lenders and borrowers do not communicate with lenders themselves . However , the recent spread of low - cost Internet access in developing countries has made genuine international person - to - person philanthropy increasingly feasible . In 2009 , the US - based nonprofit Zidisha tapped into this trend to offer the first person - to - person microfinance platform to link lenders and borrowers across international borders without intermediaries . Members can fund loans for as little as a dollar , which the borrowers then use to develop business activities that improve their families ' incomes while repaying loans to the members with interest . Borrowers access the Internet via public cybercafes , donated laptops in village schools , and even smart phones , then create their own profile pages through which they share photos and information about themselves and their businesses . As they repay their loans , borrowers continue to share updates and dialogue with lenders via their profile pages . This direct web - based connection allows members themselves to take on many of the communication and recording tasks traditionally performed by local organizations , bypassing geographic barriers and dramatically reducing the cost of microfinance services to the entrepreneurs . Security Main article : Internet security Internet resources , hardware , and software components are the target of criminal or malicious attempts to gain unauthorized control to cause interruptions , commit fraud , engage in blackmail or access private information . Malware Main article : Malware Malicious software used and spread on the Internet includes computer viruses which copy with the help of humans , computer worms which copy themselves automatically , software for denial of service attacks , ransomware , botnets , and spyware that reports on the activity and typing of users . Usually , these activities constitute cybercrime . Defense theorists have also speculated about the possibilities of cyber warfare using similar methods on a large scale . Surveillance Main article : Computer and network surveillance See also : Signals intelligence and Mass surveillance The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of data and traffic on the Internet . In the United States for example , under the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act , all phone calls and broadband Internet traffic ( emails , web traffic , instant messaging , etc . ) are required to be available for unimpeded real - time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies . Packet capture is the monitoring of data traffic on a computer network . Computers communicate over the Internet by breaking up messages ( emails , images , videos , web pages , files , etc . ) into small chunks called `` packets '' , which are routed through a network of computers , until they reach their destination , where they are assembled back into a complete `` message '' again . Packet Capture Appliance intercepts these packets as they are traveling through the network , in order to examine their contents using other programs . A packet capture is an information gathering tool , but not an analysis tool . That is it gathers `` messages '' but it does not analyze them and figure out what they mean . Other programs are needed to perform traffic analysis and sift through intercepted data looking for important / useful information . Under the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act all U.S. telecommunications providers are required to install packet sniffing technology to allow Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to intercept all of their customers ' broadband Internet and voice over Internet protocol ( VoIP ) traffic . The large amount of data gathered from packet capturing requires surveillance software that filters and reports relevant information , such as the use of certain words or phrases , the access of certain types of web sites , or communicating via email or chat with certain parties . Agencies , such as the Information Awareness Office , NSA , GCHQ and the FBI , spend billions of dollars per year to develop , purchase , implement , and operate systems for interception and analysis of data . Similar systems are operated by Iranian secret police to identify and suppress dissidents . The required hardware and software was allegedly installed by German Siemens AG and Finnish Nokia . Censorship Internet censorship and surveillance by country Pervasive Substantial Selective Changing situation Little or none Not classified or no data Main articles : Internet censorship and Internet freedom See also : Culture of fear and Great Firewall Some governments , such as those of Burma , Iran , North Korea , the Mainland China , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates restrict access to content on the Internet within their territories , especially to political and religious content , with domain name and keyword filters . In Norway , Denmark , Finland , and Sweden , major Internet service providers have voluntarily agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities . While this list of forbidden resources is supposed to contain only known child pornography sites , the content of the list is secret . Many countries , including the United States , have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material , such as child pornography , via the Internet , but do not mandate filter software . Many free or commercially available software programs , called content - control software are available to users to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks , in order to limit access by children to pornographic material or depiction of violence . Performance This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) As the Internet is a heterogeneous network , the physical characteristics , including for example the data transfer rates of connections , vary widely . It exhibits emergent phenomena that depend on its large - scale organization . Outages An Internet blackout or outage can be caused by local signalling interruptions . Disruptions of submarine communications cables may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas , such as in the 2008 submarine cable disruption . Less - developed countries are more vulnerable due to a small number of high - capacity links . Land cables are also vulnerable , as in 2011 when a woman digging for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia . Internet blackouts affecting almost entire countries can be achieved by governments as a form of Internet censorship , as in the blockage of the Internet in Egypt , whereby approximately 93 % of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for anti-government protests . Energy use In 2011 , researchers estimated the energy used by the Internet to be between 170 and 307 GW , less than two percent of the energy used by humanity . 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Jump up ^ `` Internet Enemies '' , Enemies of the Internet 2014 : Entities at the heart of censorship and surveillance , Reporters Without Borders ( Paris ) , 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Internet Enemies , Reporters Without Borders ( Paris ) , 12 March 2012 Jump up ^ Access Controlled : The Shaping of Power , Rights , and Rule in Cyberspace Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Ronald J. Deibert , John G. Palfrey , Rafal Rohozinski , and Jonathan Zittrain ( eds ) , MIT Press , April 2010 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 51435 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 51435 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Finland censors anti-censorship site '' . The Register . 18 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Georgian woman cuts off web access to whole of Armenia '' . The Guardian . 6 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowie , James . `` Egypt Leaves the Internet '' . Renesys . Archived from the original on 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt severs internet connection amid growing unrest '' . BBC News . 28 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet responsible for 2 per cent of global energy usage '' Archived 1 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Jim Giles , New Scientist ( Reed Business Information Ltd . ) , 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Energy and Emergy of the Internet '' Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Barath Raghavan ( ICSI ) and Justin Ma ( UC Berkeley ) , in Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks , 14 -- 15 November 2011 , Cambridge , MA , USA . ACM SIGCOMM . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4503 - 1059 - 8 / 11 / 11 . Further reading First Monday , a peer - reviewed journal on the Internet established in 1996 as a Great Cities Initiative of the University Library of the University of Illinois at Chicago , ISSN 1396 - 0466 Rise of the Network Society , Manual Castells , Wiley - Blackwell , 1996 ( 1st ed ) and 2009 ( 2nd ed ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9686 - 4 `` The Internet : Changing the Way We Communicate '' in America 's Investment in the Future , National Science Foundation , Arlington , Va . USA , 2000 `` Lessons from the History of the Internet '' , Manuel Castells , in The Internet Galaxy , Ch. 1 , pp 9 -- 35 , Oxford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925577 - 1 `` Media Freedom Internet Cookbook '' by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Vienna , 2004 The Internet Explained , Vincent Zegna & Mike Pepper , Sonet Digital , November 2005 , Pages 1 -- 7 . `` How Much Does The Internet Weigh ? '' , by Stephen Cass , Discover , 2007 `` The Internet spreads its tentacles '' , Julie Rehmeyer , Science News , Vol. 171 , No. 25 , pp. 387 -- 388 , 23 June 2007 Internet , Lorenzo Cantoni & Stefano Tardini , Routledge , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 69888 - 4 External links Find more aboutInternetat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity The Internet Society Berkman Center for Internet and Society European Commission Information Society Living Internet , Internet history and related information , including information from many creators of the Internet Media culture Media Mass media Mainstream media 24 - hour news cycle Corporate media News broadcasting News media Film Internet Radio Television Ideology Mainstream Advanced capitalism American Dream Bipartisanship Consumerism Pensée unique Pop music Deception Forms Advertising Propaganda Public relations Spin Tabloid journalism Techniques Cult of personality Dumbing down Framing Media circus Media event Narcotizing dysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Others Crowd manipulation Managing the news Media manipulation Philosophers Theodor W. 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-819270082979136490 | Cold War | Cold War - wikipedia Cold War Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold War ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold warrior '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ) . The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew , 1975 ; During the Cold War , the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count , between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall , 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup , four months before the USSR will be dissolved , 1991 . The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party of the Soviet Union , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( e.g. , the internationally successful James Bond movie franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 47 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 62 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 79 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 85 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 91 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 85 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 91 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . There is disagreement among historians regarding the starting point of the Cold War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . Vladimir Lenin stated that the new Soviet Union was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . His successor Joseph Stalin viewed the USSR as a `` socialist island '' , stating that it must see that `` the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement . '' Various events before the Second World War demonstrated the mutual distrust and suspicion between the Western powers and the Soviet Union , apart from the general philosophical challenge that communism posed towards capitalism : The Western military intervention in support of the anti-Bolshevik White movement in the Russian Civil War , the Soviet funding of the 1926 United Kingdom general strike causing Britain to break relations with the Soviet Union , Stalin 's 1927 declaration of peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries `` receding into the past , '' conspiratorial allegations during the 1928 Shakhty show trial of a planned British - and French - led coup d'état , the American refusal to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933 and the Stalinist Moscow Trials of the Great Purge , with allegations of British , French , Japanese and Nazi German espionage . However , both the US and the USSR were generally isolationist between the two world wars . The Soviet Union initially signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in August 1939 . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied both Britain and the Soviets through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of world War II ( 1945 -- 47 ) Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . The western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . The Western Allies were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , and at Yalta Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Further Allied negotiations concerning the post-war balance took place at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , albeit this conference also failed to reach a firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( January 11 , 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( September 15 , 1946 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( January 19 , 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( April 13 , 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( May 9 , 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( August 20 , 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( October 7 , 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Greek monarchical military regime in its civil war against communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . Even though the insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Yugoslavia , American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence . Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American communists , paid by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of consensus politics came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC - 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 62 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third world Main articles : Decolonization § Decolonization after 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 79 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third world escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of an estimated half - million members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . An American PoW speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer , 1973 . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 85 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 85 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . The map of the route of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , which was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 91 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 91 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the only violent revolution in Europe that brought the end of the Communist rule . By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , and Yugoslav Wars Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list and is in its second season . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War Danube River Conference of 1948 Index of Soviet Union - related articles List of Soviet Union -- United States summits McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Post -- World War II economic expansion Soviet Empire Soviet war crimes Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Cold War II Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , November 21 , 2013 Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Tucker 1992 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Halliday 2001 , p. 2e Jump up ^ Tucker 1992 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Tucker 1992 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Tucker 1992 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 1993 , pp. 194 -- 197 Jump up ^ Tim Tzouliadis . The Forsaken . The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Heller , p. 19 . `` But by 1924 the Soviet Union , now led by Joseph Stalin , abandoned this policy of promoting world revolution . Exhausted by wars against both external and internal enemies , the Soviet government resolved to concentrate for the immediate future on its own economic recovery and development ... The United States was also politically isolationist during the interwar period . '' Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Max Frankel , `` Stalin 's Shadow , '' New York Times 21 Nov 2012 reviewing Anne Applebaum , Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 ( 2012 ) , See Introduction , text after note 26 , and ch. 3 , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Heller , p. 27 . `` From the Soviet perspective , a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable . Therefore , the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies , the United States and Great Britain , was greatly to be desired . '' ^ Jump up to : Plokhy 2010 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Zubok 1996 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bourantonis 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Garthoff 1994 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . In McLean , Iain ; McMillan , Alistair . The concise Oxford dictionary of politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280276 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Wood , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . 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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Cold War International History Project , Working Paper 14 , May 1996 . Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Heike Bungert , `` A New Perspective on French - American Relations during the Occupation of Germany , 1945 -- 1948 : Behind - the - Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger . '' Diplomatic History ( 1994 ) 18 # 3 pp : 333 -- 352 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Patrick ( 1997 ) . Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe . Routledge . pp. 15 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4765 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Wood , p. 111 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cummings , Richard H. ( 2010 ) . Radio Free Europe 's `` Crusade for freedom '' : Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting , 1950 -- 1960 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4410 - 6 . 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Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p. 818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day June 16 , 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 1997 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Njolstad 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Breslauer , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day that Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13282 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joshel , p. 128 Jump up ^ Rycroft , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Glees , pp. 126 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Edelheit , p. 382 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ( 2000 ) . `` Cold War '' . In Charles Townshend . The Oxford History of Modern War . New York , USA : Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285373 - 2 . 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In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2007 ) . `` Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion , 1965 -- 1966 '' . 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Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ Stone , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Grenville , J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein ( 1987 ) . Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Volume 2 . London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . 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The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . 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-6917865774828072974 | I Say a Little Prayer | I Say a Little Prayer - wikipedia I Say a Little Prayer This article is about the song by Burt Bacharach and Hal David . For the Australian film directed by Richard Lowenstein , see Say a Little Prayer . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Single by Dionne Warwick from the album The Windows of the World B - side `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' Released October 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded 9 April 1966 A & R Studios , NYC ; Engineered by Phil Ramone Genre Soul pop Brill Building Length 3 : 09 Label Scepter Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` The Windows of the World '' ( 1967 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1967 ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick , originally peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967 . On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight . Contents 1 Dionne Warwick original 2 Aretha Franklin version 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Other recordings 5 Diana King version 5.1 Charts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Dionne Warwick original ( edit ) Intended by lyricist Hal David to convey a woman 's concern for her man who 's serving in the Vietnam War , `` I Say a Little Prayer '' was recorded by Dionne Warwick in a 9 April 1966 session . Although Bacharach 's recordings with Warwick typically took no more than three takes ( often only taking one ) , Bacharach did ten takes on `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and still disliked the completed track , feeling it rushed . The track went unreleased until September 1967 when it was introduced on the album The Windows of the World and it was Scepter Records owner Florence Greenberg rather than Bacharach who wanted `` I Say a Little Prayer '' added to that album . When disc jockeys from the United States began playing the album track in October 1967 , significant air play led Scepter Records to release the track as a single backed with newly recorded track `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' . The brisk sound of `` I Say a Little Prayer '' which Bacharach disliked proved to be a million - selling hit for Warwick as `` I Say a Little Prayer '' reached # 4 that December on the Billboard Hot 100 and also # 8 on the Billboard R & B Chart and # 4 on the Canadian Charts . `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' , the B - side would become another hit for Warwick reaching # 2 in February 1968 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 1 on the Record World Chart : Warwick 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' single would receive gold certification from the RIAA for sales of a million units in January 1968 . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' b / w `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' , became one of the most successful double - sided hits of the Rock era . Like several Bacharach compositions , both sides contain passages written in unusual time signatures . The verses of `` Prayer '' are constructed of 2 successive measures of 4 / 4 , a measure of 10 / 4 ( using 4 / 4 + 2 / 4 + 4 / 4 ) , and 2 final measures of 4 / 4 . The chorus is in 11 / 4 ( using 4 / 4 + 3 / 4 + 4 / 4 ) , played by session drummer Gary Chester . Aretha Franklin version ( edit ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Single by Aretha Franklin from the album Aretha Now A-side `` The House That Jack Built '' Released July 1968 Format 7 '' Genre Soul R&B gospel Length 3 : 30 Label Atlantic 2546 Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Producer ( s ) Jerry Wexler Aretha Franklin singles chronology `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' also returned to the Pop & R&B Top Ten in the fall of 1968 via a recording by Aretha Franklin taken from her 1968 album Aretha Now . Franklin and background vocalists The Sweet Inspirations were singing the song for fun while rehearsing the songs intended for the album when the viability of their recording `` I Say a Little Prayer '' became apparent , significantly re-invented from the format of the Dionne Warwick original via the prominence of Clayton Ivey 's piano work . Similar to the history of Warwick 's double - sided hit , the Aretha Franklin version was intended for the B - side of the July 1968 single release `` The House That Jack Built '' but began to accrue its own airplay that August . In October 1968 `` I Say a Little Prayer '' reached number ten on the Hot 100 and number three on the R&B singles chart . The same month the single was certified Gold by the RIAA . `` Prayer '' became Franklin 's ninth and last consecutive Hot 100 top 10 hit on the Atlantic label . Franklin 's `` Prayer '' has a special significance in her UK career , as with its September 1968 No. 4 peak it became Franklin 's biggest UK hit ; subsequently Franklin has surpassed that track 's UK peak only with her No. 1 collaboration with George Michael , `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' . In February 1987 , UK music weekly New Musical Express published its critics ' top 150 singles of all time , with Franklin 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ranked at No. 1 , followed by Al Green 's `` Tired of Being Alone '' and Warwick 's `` Walk On By '' . ( Franklin 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' did not appear in the magazine 's in - house critics ' top 100 singles poll conducted in November 2002 . ) In Australia , `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and `` The House That Jack Built '' were assigned a joint chart ranking which saw the double - A-side hit reach No. 10 in November 1968 . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' also gave Franklin a European hit with chartings in France ( # 12 ) , Germany ( # 29 ) and the Netherlands ( # 4 ) . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Dionne Warwick Chart ( 1967 -- 68 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 77 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Top R&B Songs 8 US Cash Box Top 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 46 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 48 Aretha Franklin Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) 8 Belgium ( Wallonia ) 7 Germany 29 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 11 UK US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 18 Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 74 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 85 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 Chart ( 1968 ) Rank UK 41 US Billboard Hot 100 93 Other recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Warwick 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' did not appear on the Billboard Easy Listening chart although two instrumental versions of the song were Easy Listening chart items in 1968 : the first by Sérgio Mendes at No. 21 in the spring of 1968 while that fall Julius Wechter and the Baja Marimba Band took `` I Say a Little Prayer '' to No. 10 Easy Listening . The 1971 album Anne Murray / Glen Campbell features a medley of `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' ; the songs are sung in counterpoint to each other , with Murray vocalizing on `` I Say a Little Prayer '' while Campbell reprises his `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' hit . The track was a minor C&W hit at No. 40 and reached No. 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The concept had previously been used on a 1968 single release by Big Dee Irwin and Mamie Galore and was subsequently reworked when Dionne Warwick herself sang `` I Say a Little Prayer '' while Isaac Hayes sang `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' on their joint live album A Man and a Woman ( 1977 ) . The song is also a popular soundtrack item : in the 1969 comedy The April Fools , for which Warwick sang the title song , `` I Say a Little Prayer '' is performed at a swanky house party in a live performance by singer Susan Barrett . The song was reused in the 2010 revival of Promises , Promises . In 2011 , the song was also included in the Broadway Musical `` The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of The Desert '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' is one of several Bacharach / David songs featured prominently in the comedy My Best Friend 's Wedding in 1997 , which featured both a reggae - style cover by Diana King and a version sung by the film 's cast . King 's version was released as a single and brought the song back to the Top 40 almost thirty years after Dionne Warwick 's original , albeit with a No. 38 peak ; King 's single also reached No. 1 in Hungary , No. 34 in France , and No. 6 in Australia , where the film 's soundtrack was a No. 1 album . Cassie Henderson , 14 , sung this song for Soul Week on The X-Factor NZ Season 1 Episode 16 . A parody of the song with altered lyrics was featured in the 2006 comedy film Date Movie making fun of its use in My Best Friend 's Wedding . Martha and the Vandellas on their 1968 album Ridin ' High . Woody Herman on his 1969 album Light My Fire . Anita Kerr Singers on their 1969 Dot label album , Reflect on the Hits of Burt Bacharach and Hal David . Rahsaan Roland Kirk on his 1969 album Volunteered Slavery . Al Green on his 1978 album Truth n ' Time ( reissued on The Right Stuff Records label ) , as well as on The Very Best of Al Green ( Music Club label ) in 2001 . In Mexico , the song was covered in 1978 by Enrique Guzmán . The version is called `` Una pequeña oración '' . In 1978 , Spanish singer Paloma San Basilio performed this song for her live album Paloma San Basilio en directo . UK dance act Bomb the Bass ( featuring Maureen ) in 1988 which peaked at # 10 in the UK Singles Chart . Mary Black on her 1989 album No Frontiers . British Britpop band Gene recorded a live cover at Glastonbury , which was released on their compilation album To See the Lights . Jackie Leven on his 1994 album The Mystery of Love Is Greater Than the Mystery of Death . Japanese band Ground Zero covered the Rahsaan Roland Kirk cover version of this song on their 1997 album Plays Standards . Jane McDonald on her 2001 album Love at the Movies . Karine Costa in 2002 : a No. 16 hit in France which also charted on the Swiss charts at # 82 ; this version was used in a television advertising campaign for the Crédit mutuel . The BossHoss in 2006 : a minor German hit ( # 79 ) . In 2012 , the group re-recorded this song as a collaboration with Ivy Quainoo , the first winner of The Voice of Germany . Trijntje Oosterhuis on her 2006 album The Look of Love . This song was covered and used in the television show Glee . It was sung by Dianna Agron , Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as their characters Quinn Fabray , Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce as their audition song to join the school 's glee club . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' charted in the UK Singles Chart at 125 . Canadian electronic music duo Zeds Dead sampled this song for their track titled `` Coffee Break '' in 2011 . Calypso Rose released a version of the song on her 2012 album The Queen of Trinidad . Dami Im released a version on her 2018 album , I Hear a Song . Australian band Human Nature covered the song on their 2018 album Romance of the Jukebox . This version also featured Dami Im . Paul Poulton released a version on his 2018 album , Heaven . Diana King version ( edit ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Single by Diana King from the album Think Like a Girl B - side `` Remix '' Released Format CD single Genre Reggae pop Length 3 : 34 Label Sony Records Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Diana King singles chronology `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 1995 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1997 ) `` L-L - Lies '' ( 1997 ) Music video `` I Say a Little Prayer '' on YouTube In 1997 Diana King released a reggae - style cover of `` I Say a Little Prayer '' . It was also featured prominently in the comedy My Best Friend 's Wedding and the Love to Infinity dance remix popularized the song on radio . King 's single reached No. 1 in Hungary , No. 6 in Australia , No. 12 in Norway and No. 17 in the UK . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA Charts ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 73 Hungary ( Mahasz ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 38 US Billboard Hip Hop Songs 68 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs 8 See also ( edit ) `` I Sign a Little Player or Two '' , a parody of both the song and José Mourinho , at the time manager of Chelsea F.C. `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' , the A side to `` I Say a Little Prayer '' . The k.d. lang cover of `` ( Theme from ) The Valley of the Dolls '' by Dionne Warwick ( from the 1967 motion picture Valley of the Dolls ) was used in several scenes from the Showtime original series Nurse Jackie ( 2009 - 2015 ) . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' was the title of the series finale episode , which also included k.d. lang 's `` ( Theme from ) The Valley of the Dolls '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . 79 ( 49 ) : 95 . 1967 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 610 . ^ Jump up to : Dominic , Serene ( 2003 ) . Burt Bacharach , song by song : the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans . New York City : Schirmer Trade Books . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Gary Chester Website - Discography '' . Angelfire.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1967 - 12 - 17 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ RPM Top 100 Singles of 1967 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Say a Little Prayer '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- March 1989 '' . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- I Say a Little Prayer '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- I Say a Little Prayer '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- I Say a Little Prayer '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1968.shtml Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart for the week ending 27 February 2010 '' . ChartsPlus . Liverpool : UKChartsPlus ( 444 ) : 1 -- 4 . February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Diana King -- I Say A Little Prayer '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Diana King Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( NR. 241 Vikuna 2.10. ' 97 - 9.10. ' 97 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Diana King -- I Say A Little Prayer '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Diana King -- I Say A Little Prayer '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Aretha Franklin Studio albums Columbia Aretha ( 1961 ) The Electrifying Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) The Tender , the Moving , the Swinging Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) Laughing on the Outside ( 1963 ) Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington ( 1964 ) Runnin ' Out of Fools ( 1964 ) Yeah ! ! ! ( 1965 ) Soul Sister ( 1966 ) Take It Like You Give It ( 1967 ) Take a Look ( 1967 ) Soft and Beautiful ( 1969 ) Atlantic I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) Aretha Arrives ( 1967 ) Lady Soul ( 1968 ) Aretha Now ( 1968 ) Soul ' 69 ( 1969 ) This Girl 's in Love with You ( 1970 ) Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) Hey Now Hey ( The Other Side of the Sky ) ( 1973 ) Let Me in Your Life ( 1974 ) With Everything I Feel in Me ( 1974 ) You ( 1975 ) Sparkle ( 1976 ) Sweet Passion ( 1977 ) Almighty Fire ( 1978 ) La Diva ( 1979 ) A Brand New Me ( 2017 ) Arista Aretha ( 1980 ) Love All the Hurt Away ( 1981 ) Jump to It ( 1982 ) Get It Right ( 1983 ) Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) Aretha ( 1986 ) Through the Storm ( 1989 ) What You See Is What You Sweat ( 1991 ) A Rose Is Still a Rose ( 1998 ) So Damn Happy ( 2003 ) Other Songs of Faith ( 1965 ) This Christmas , Aretha ( 2008 ) A Woman Falling Out of Love ( 2011 ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ( 2014 ) Live albums Aretha in Paris ( 1968 ) Aretha Live at Fillmore West ( 1971 ) Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) One Lord , One Faith , One Baptism ( 1987 ) Oh Me Oh My : Aretha Live in Philly , 1972 ( 2007 ) Compilation albums Aretha 's Gold ( 1969 ) Aretha 's Greatest Hits ( 1971 ) The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1973 ) Aretha Sings the Blues ( 1980 ) 30 Greatest Hits ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits : 1980 -- 1994 ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Aretha Franklin , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) The Early Years ( 1997 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Aretha 's Best ( 2001 ) Respect : The Very Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2002 ) Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( 2007 ) Jewels in the Crown : All - Star Duets with the Queen ( 2007 ) A Deeper Love : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2009 ) The Great American Songbook ( 2011 ) Knew You Were Waiting : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1980 - 1998 ) ( 2012 ) Box sets Queen of Soul : The Atlantic Recordings ( 1992 / 2014 ) Take A Look : Aretha Franklin Complete on Columbia ( 2011 ) Singles `` Precious Lord ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1959 ) `` Today I Sing the Blues '' ( 1960 ) `` Wo n't Be Long '' ( 1960 ) `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' ( 1961 ) `` Operation Heartbreak '' ( 1961 ) `` I Surrender , Dear '' ( 1962 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1962 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1963 ) `` Skylark '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' ( 1964 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1965 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1965 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1967 ) `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Respect '' ( 1967 ) `` Baby I Love You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` Do Right Woman , Do Right Man '' `` Chain of Fools '' ( 1967 ) `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' ( 1968 ) `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` You Send Me '' ( 1968 ) `` The House That Jack Built '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` My Song '' ( 1968 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't See Myself Leaving You '' ( 1969 ) `` Gentle on My Mind '' ( 1969 ) `` Share Your Love with Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Eleanor Rigby '' ( 1969 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1970 ) `` Spirit in the Dark '' ( 1970 ) `` The Thrill Is Gone '' ( 1970 ) `` Do n't Play That Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Border Song ( Holy Moses ) '' ( 1970 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1971 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 1971 ) `` Spanish Harlem '' ( 1971 ) `` Rock Steady '' ( 1971 ) `` Day Dreaming '' ( 1972 ) `` Wholy Holy '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1973 ) `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( 1973 ) `` I 'm in Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` Something He Can Feel '' ( 1976 ) `` Break It to Me Gently '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's My Turn '' ( 1981 ) `` Jump to It '' ( 1982 ) `` Get It Right '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeway of Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( 1986 ) `` Jimmy Lee '' ( 1986 ) `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Oh Happy Day '' ( 1988 ) `` Gimme Your Love '' ( 1989 ) `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' ( 1989 ) `` Everyday People '' ( 1991 ) `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' ( 1992 ) `` Ever Changing Times '' ( 1992 ) `` A Deeper Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Willing to Forgive '' ( 1994 ) `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' ( 1998 ) `` Here We Go Again '' ( 1998 ) `` Put You Up on Game '' ( 2007 ) `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ( 2009 ) `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( 2014 ) Related topics Awards and nominations Discography `` Wood Beez ( Pray Like Aretha Franklin ) '' ( by Scritti Politti ) Book Category Portal Glen Campbell Studio albums Big Bluegrass Special Too Late to Worry -- Too Blue to Cry The Astounding 12 - String Guitar of Glen Campbell The Big Bad Rock Guitar of Glen Campbell Burning Bridges Gentle on My Mind By the Time I Get to Phoenix Hey Little One A New Place in the Sun Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell That Christmas Feeling Wichita Lineman Galveston True Grit Try a Little Kindness Oh Happy Day Norwood The Glen Campbell Goodtime Album The Last Time I Saw Her Anne Murray / Glen Campbell The Artistry of Glen Campbell Glen Travis Campbell I Knew Jesus ( Before He Was a Star ) I Remember Hank Williams Houston ( I 'm Comin ' to See You ) Reunion : The Songs of Jimmy Webb Ernie Sings & Glen Picks Rhinestone Cowboy Bloodline Southern Nights Basic Highwayman Somethin ' ' Bout You Baby I Like It 's the World Gone Crazy Old Home Town Letter to Home No More Night It 's Just a Matter of Time Still Within the Sound of My Voice Light Years Favorite Hymns Walkin ' in the Sun Unconditional Love Show Me Your Way Rock - A-Doodle Wings of Victory Somebody Like That Home for the Holidays The Boy in Me Christmas with Glen Campbell A Glen Campbell Christmas My Hits and Love Songs Love Is the Answer : 24 Songs of Faith , Hope and Love Meet Glen Campbell Ghost on the Canvas See You There I 'll Be Me soundtrack Adiós Live albums Glen Campbell Live Live in Japan Live at the Royal Festival Hall Glen Campbell Live Glen Campbell Live ! His Greatest Hits Glen Campbell in Concert with the South Dakota Symphony Through the Years Live - Ultimate Collection Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb : In Session Compilations Country Shindig The 12 String Guitar of Glen Campbell Glen Campbell Plays 12 String Guitar Portrait Country Soul Country Music Star No. 1 The Glen Campbell Album Limited Collector 's Edition A Satisfied Mind Glen Campbell 's Greatest Hits Gentle on My Mind The Good Time Songs of Glen Campbell I 'll Paint You a Song Arkansas The Best of Glen Campbell Glen Campbell 's Twenty Golden Greats The Great Hits of Glen Campbell The Glen Campbell Collection All I Have to Do Is Dream The Very Best of Glen Campbell Presents His Hits in Concert Classics Collection Greatest Country Hits Best of the Early Years Merry Christmas All - Time Greatest Hits The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Two The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Three Jesus and Me : The Collection Home at Last The Glen Campbell Collection ( 1962 -- 1989 ) Gentle on My Mind The Capitol Years 65 / 77 Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974 -- 1988 Love Songs Glen Campbell Christmas Super Hits 20 Greatest Hits Rhinestone Cowboy / Bloodline The Lambert & Potter Sessions 1975 -- 1976 Southern Nights / Basic All the Best The Legacy ( 1961 -- 2002 ) Rhinestone Cowboy ( New Studio Recordings ) Glen Campbell Collection Rhinestone Cowboy Live , on the Air & in the Studio Sings the Best of Jimmy Webb 1967 -- 1992 The Platinum Collection Classic Campbell Words and Music Greatest Hits Singles `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Too Late to Worry - Too Blue to Cry '' `` Long Black Limousine '' `` Guess I 'm Dumb '' `` Universal Soldier '' `` Gentle on My Mind '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Hey Little One '' `` I Wanna Live '' `` Dreams of the Everyday Housewife '' `` Wichita Lineman '' `` Let It Be Me '' ( with Bobbie Gentry ) `` Galveston '' `` Where 's the Playground Susie '' `` True Grit '' `` Try a Little Kindness '' `` Honey Come Back '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( with Bobbie Gentry ) `` Oh Happy Day '' `` Everything a Man Could Ever Need '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Dream Baby ( How Long Must I Dream ) '' `` The Last Time I Saw Her '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` Oklahoma Sunday Morning '' `` Manhattan , Kansas '' `` Bonaparte 's Retreat '' `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' `` Country Boy ( You Got Your Feet in L.A. ) '' `` Do n't Pull Your Love / Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye '' `` Southern Nights '' `` Sunflower '' `` I Love How You Love Me '' `` Faithless Love '' `` A Lady Like You '' `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Cradle '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Still Within the Sound of My Voice '' `` I Remember You '' `` I Have You '' `` She 's Gone , Gone , Gone '' `` I 'm Not Gonna Miss You '' Related articles Discography Collaborative discography Videos The Wrecking Crew The Beach Boys Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour Ashley Campbell Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No. 1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' `` I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book Category Portal Diana King Studio album Tougher Than Love ( 1995 ) Think Like a Girl ( 1997 ) Respect ( 2002 ) Singles `` Stir It Up '' `` Shy Guy '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Say_a_Little_Prayer&oldid=862048305 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1971 singles 1997 singles Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Dionne Warwick songs Aretha Franklin songs Anne Murray songs Glen Campbell songs Diana King songs Adriano Celentano songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Hungary 1967 songs Scepter Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for France Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Svenska ไทย 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 20 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i say a little prayer for you | [
"\"I Say a Little Prayer\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick, originally peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967.[1] On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight.[2]\n",
"\"I Say a Little Prayer\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick, originally peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967.[1] On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight.[2]\n"
] | [
"Burt Bacharach",
"Hal David"
] |
3073641037029916638 | Blow (film) | Blow ( film ) - Wikipedia Blow ( film ) Blow Theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Demme Produced by Ted Demme Joel Stillerman Denis Leary Written by David McKenna Nick Cassavetes Starring Johnny Depp Jordi Mollà Penélope Cruz Ray Liotta Paul Reubens Franka Potente Rachel Griffiths Music by Graeme Revell Cinematography Ellen Kuras Edited by Kevin Tent Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date April 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 06 ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $53 million Box office $83.3 million Blow is a 2001 American biographical crime film about the American cocaine smuggler George Jung , directed by Ted Demme . David McKenna and Nick Cassavetes adapted Bruce Porter 's 1993 book Blow : How a Small Town Boy Made $100 Million with the Medellín Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All for the screenplay . It is based on the real - life stories of George Jung , Pablo Escobar , Carlos Lehder Rivas ( portrayed in the film as Diego Delgado ) , and the Medellín Cartel . The film 's title comes from a slang term for cocaine . Blow was the final theatrical film directed by Demme to be released in his lifetime . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Track listing 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) A young George Jung and his parents Fred and Ermine live in Weymouth , Massachusetts . When George is ten years old , Fred files for bankruptcy , but tries to make George realize that money is not important . As an adult , George moves to Los Angeles with his friend `` Tuna '' ; they meet Barbara , an airline stewardess , who introduces them to Derek Foreal , a marijuana dealer . With Derek 's help , George and Tuna make a lot of money . Kevin Dulli , a college student back in Boston , visits them and tells them of the demand for marijuana in Boston . They start selling marijuana in Boston , buying marijuana directly from Mexico with the help of Santiago Sanchez , a Mexican drug lord . Two years later , George is caught in Chicago trying to import 660 pounds ( 300 kg ) of marijuana and is sentenced to two years . After unsuccessfully trying to plead his innocence , George skips bail to take care of Barbara , who dies from cancer . Her death marks the disbanding of the group of friends ; even his friend , Tuna , flees their vacation home in Mexico and is never seen again . While hiding from the authorities , George visits his parents . George 's mother calls the police , who arrest him . George is sentenced to 26 months in a federal prison in Danbury , Connecticut . His cellmate Diego Delgado has contacts in the Medellín cocaine cartel and convinces George to help him go into business . Upon his release from prison , George violates his parole conditions and heads down to Cartagena , Colombia , to meet with Diego . They meet with cartel officer Cesar Rosa to negotiate the terms for smuggling 15 kilograms ( 33 lb ) to establish `` good faith '' . As the smuggling operation grows , Diego gets arrested , leaving George to find a way to sell 50 kg ( 110 lb ) . George reconnects with Derek in California , and the two sell all the cocaine . George then goes to Medellín , Colombia , where he meets Pablo Escobar , who agrees to go into business with them . With the help of Derek , the pair becomes Escobar 's top U.S. importer . At Diego 's wedding , George meets Cesar 's fiancée Mirtha and later marries her . However , Diego resents George for keeping Derek 's identity secret and pressures George to reveal his connection . George eventually discovers that Diego has betrayed him by cutting him out of the connection with Derek . Inspired by the birth of his daughter and a drug - related heart attack , George severs his relationship with the cartel . All goes well with George 's newfound civilian life for five years , until Mirtha organizes a 38th birthday party for him . Many of his former drug associates attend , including Derek , who reveals that Diego eventually cut him out as well . The FBI and DEA raid the party and arrest George . George becomes a fugitive , and his bank account -- heretofore under Manuel Noriega 's protection in Panama -- is seized by Noriega . One night , he and Mirtha get into a fight while driving . They are pulled over by police and Mirtha tells them Jung is a fugitive and has stashed a kilogram of cocaine in his trunk . He is sent to jail for three years , Mirtha divorces him , and takes custody of their nine - year - old daughter , Kristina `` Sunshine '' Jung . Upon his release , George struggles to maintain his relationship with his daughter . George promises Kristina a vacation in California and seeks one last deal to garner enough money for the trip . George completes a deal with former accomplices but learns too late that the deal had been set up by the FBI and DEA , with Dulli and Derek having leaked the nature and location of the action in exchange for pardons for their involvement in his prior action . George is sentenced to 60 years at Otisville Correctional Facility in upstate New York . He explains in the end that neither the sentence nor the betrayal bothered him , but that he can never forgive himself for having to break a promise to his daughter . While in prison , George requests a furlough to see his dying father , Fred . His mother denies the request . George records a final message to his father , recounting his memories of working with his father , his run - ins with the law , and finally , too late , his understanding of what Fred meant when he said that money is not `` real '' . An old man in prison , George imagines that his daughter finally comes to visit him . She slowly fades away as a guard calls for George . The film concludes with notes indicating that Jung 's sentence will not expire until 2015 , and that his daughter has yet to visit him . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as George Jung Jesse James as Young George Penélope Cruz as Mirtha Jung Franka Potente as Barbara `` Barbie '' Buckley Rachel Griffiths as Ermine Jung Paul Reubens as Derek Foreal ( Richard Barile ) Jordi Molla as Diego Delgado ( Carlos Lehder ) Cliff Curtis as Pablo Escobar Max Perlich as Kevin Dulli Miguel Sandoval as Augusto Oliveras Ethan Suplee as `` Tuna '' Alan James Morgan as Young `` Tuna '' Ray Liotta as Frederick `` Fred '' Jung Kevin Gage as Leon Minghella Tony Amendola as Santiago Sanchez Bobcat Goldthwait as Mr. T Michael Tucci as Dr. Bay Monet Mazur as Maria Lola Glaudini as Rada Jennifer Gimenez as Inez Emma Roberts as Kristina Sunshine Jung Jaime King as Older Kristina Soundtrack ( edit ) Blow 's soundtrack is a compilation of songs and artists from the 1970s . Graeme Revell also composed the original score for the film . However , his work was not released in the soundtrack CD . For example , the music in the scene where George and Mirtha have sex , a track titled `` Little Ditty '' , written and performed by Paul Wagner , is missing in the soundtrack album . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Ca n't You Hear Me Knocking '' The Rolling Stones 7 : 17 2 . `` Rumble '' Link Wray 2 : 26 3 . `` Glad and Sorry '' Faces 3 : 07 4 . `` Strange Brew '' Cream 2 : 48 5 . `` Black Betty '' Ram Jam 2 : 31 6 . `` Blinded by the Light '' Manfred Mann 's Earth Band 7 : 08 7 . `` Let 's Boogaloo '' '' Willie Rosario 3 : 32 8 . `` Keep It Comin ' Love '' KC and the Sunshine Band 3 : 54 9 . `` Yellow World '' J. Girls 2 : 57 10 . `` That Smell '' Lynyrd Skynyrd 5 : 49 11 . `` All the Tired Horses '' Bob Dylan 3 : 11 12 . `` Ca n't You See '' Marshall Tucker Band 6 : 04 13 . `` Push & Pull '' Nikka Costa 4 : 48 Reception ( edit ) Blow was a minor box office success . With a budget of roughly $53 million , it managed to rake in just under $53 million domestically , but raised just over $30 million internationally for a worldwide total of $83,282,296 . Reviews for Blow were decidedly mixed . The film holds an approval rating of 55 % at Rotten Tomatoes based on 136 reviews with a weighted average score of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus is : `` With elements that seem borrowed from movies like Goodfellas and Boogie Nights , Blow is pretty much been - there - done - that despite another excellent performance from Johnny Depp . It also becomes too sentimental at the end . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Penélope Cruz was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Blow as well as Captain Corelli 's Mandolin and Vanilla Sky . Rob Gonsalves from eFilmCritic.com gave the film 4 out of 5 stars stating : `` Blow is n't really a classic , but it 's a sobering story well - told . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 21⁄2 out of 4 stars , but questioned the value about making Jung the subject of this film , stating : `` That 's the thing about George ( Jung ) . He thinks it 's all about him . His life , his story , his success , his fortune , his lost fortune , his good luck , his bad luck . Actually , all he did was operate a toll gate between suppliers and addicts . You wonder , but you never find out , if the reality of those destroyed lives ever occurred to him . '' David Nusair of Reel Films also questioned making a film about Jung , stating `` The biggest problem with Blow is that Jung is such a complete moron . '' Nusair concludes that while it `` is not a bad film ... the central character of George Jung just does n't seem worthy to be the center of attention . '' Christopher Smith from Bangor Daily News gave the film a `` D + '' , stating `` Blow is ultimately more about charisma than it is about truth , more about Depp 's smooth strut and tousled hair than it is about George Jung 's fatal flaws -- his stupidity , desperation , ego and small - town greed . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Blow '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Bruce ( 2014 ) . Blow . How a Small - Town Boy Made $100 Million With the Medellin Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All . New York City : St. Martin 's Griffin . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 466 - 87624 - 8 . ISBN 1 - 46687624 - 7 . 1th ed. : 1993 . New York City : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 060 - 17930 - 4 . ISBN 0 - 06017930 - 9 . Jump up ^ Blow at Discogs ( list of releases ) . Jump up ^ `` Blow ( 2001 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blow ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blow Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalves , Rob . `` Blow '' . eFilmCritic.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 6 , 2001 ) . `` Blow ( R ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nusair , David ( April 24 , 2001 ) . `` Blow ( 2001 ) '' . Reelfilm.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Christopher ( 2001 ) . `` Blow : Movie Review , DVD Review ( 2001 ) '' . Weekinrewind.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Blow ( film ) Official website ( 2008 archive ) Blow on IMDb Blow at Box Office Mojo Blow at Rotten Tomatoes Blow at Metacritic Blow at AllMovie Films directed by Ted Demme The Bet ( 1992 ) Who 's the Man ? ( 1993 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) Beautiful Girls ( 1996 ) Monument Ave. ( 1998 ) Life ( 1999 ) Blow ( 2001 ) A Decade Under the Influence ( 2003 ) GND : 7605268 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blow_(film)&oldid=856449912 '' Categories : English - language films 2000s biographical films 2000s crime drama films 2001 films American biographical films American crime drama films American films Biographical films about drug traffickers Biographical films about Pablo Escobar Cultural depictions of Pablo Escobar Drama films based on actual events American films about cannabis Films about cocaine Films about organized crime in the United States Films set in Massachusetts Films set in 1955 Films set in 1968 Films set in 1969 Films set in 1976 Films set in 1980 Films set in 1987 Films set in 1990 Films set in 1994 Films directed by Ted Demme Films based on biographies Films about Colombian drug cartels Films about Mexican drug cartels Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime Films scored by Graeme Revell Films about the illegal drug trade Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 08 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what did the girl in blow die from | [
"As an adult, George moves to Los Angeles with his friend \"Tuna\"; they meet Barbara, an airline stewardess, who introduces them to Derek Foreal, a marijuana dealer. With Derek's help, George and Tuna make a lot of money. Kevin Dulli, a college student back in Boston, visits them and tells them of the demand for marijuana in Boston. They start selling marijuana in Boston, buying marijuana directly from Mexico with the help of Santiago Sanchez, a Mexican drug lord. Two years later, George is caught in Chicago trying to import 660 pounds (300 kg) of marijuana and is sentenced to two years. After unsuccessfully trying to plead his innocence, George skips bail to take care of Barbara, who dies from cancer. Her death marks the disbanding of the group of friends; even his friend, Tuna, flees their vacation home in Mexico and is never seen again.\n"
] | [
"cancer"
] |
-6431851951340882612 | Australian two-dollar coin | Australian two - dollar coin - Wikipedia Australian two - dollar coin Jump to : navigation , search Two Dollars Australia Value 2.00 AUD Mass 6.60 g Diameter 20.50 mm Thickness 2.80 mm Edge interrupted milled 20 notches Composition 92 % Copper , 6 % Aluminium , 2 % Nickel Years of minting 1988 -- present Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Ian Rank - Broadley Design date 1999 Reverse Design Male Aboriginal Elder Designer Horst Hahne Design date The Australian 2 dollar coin is the highest - denomination coin of the Australian dollar . It was first issued on 20 June 1988 , having been in planning since the mid-1970s . It replaced the Australian two - dollar note due to having a longer circulatory life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Minting figures 2.1 Commemorative coins 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Design ( edit ) In accordance with all other Australian coins , the obverse features the portrait of the reigning monarch , who during the lifetime of the coin has only been Queen Elizabeth II . From 1988 to 1998 the portrait of her was by Raphael Maklouf before being replaced in the following year by one sculpted by Ian Rank - Broadley . Designed by Horst Hahne , the reverse depicts an Aboriginal Elder , inspired by an Ainslie Roberts drawing of Gwoya Jungarai , known as One Pound Jimmy . However , the design is not intended to depict any person in particular . The design also incorporates the Southern Cross and native grasstrees . The initials of its designer , Horst Hahne , were removed from the design from 1990 onwards . All two - dollar coins have been struck at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra . 160.9 million coins were minted in the first year of issue . It has been issued in all years since except 1991 , with an average mintage of 22 million coins per annum from 1989 to 2008 . The 2012 Remembrance reverse $2 coin . In 2012 , the Australian mint released the first ever different designed 2 dollar coin . It features a poppy flower , with the words Lest we Forget and Remembrance Day in the background of the coin . There had been no commemorative designs for this issue , until the 2012 Remembrance coin was minted . Along with the 2012 Remembrance coin was a coin with the same text and image but the centre poppy was red with a black centre . It was therefore the first coloured circulating coin in Australia . On 21 June 2013 , a third commemorative 2 dollar coin was launched by the Royal Australian Mint . This coin , commemorating the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , featured a purple circle bordering St Edward 's Crown . As a part of the 100 years of Anzac Day a coin programme launched by the Royal Australian Mint , two separate coloured coins were released . The first was released in 2014 , it featured two green circles in the middle of the coin and a dove in the centre . The word Remembrance was stretched across the top of the coin . In 2015 , the fourth circulating coloured coin in Australia was released . It includes red stripes much like the 2013 Queen Coronation coin . It also features five crosses amongst poppies and the words Lest we Forget in the centre . A fifth coin was also released in 2015 . It is sunset orange and it features a sun in the centre with birds and the Flanders Field poem in the background . In 2016 a commemorative coin was issued for the Rio Olympic Games . Five Coins were issued for circulation via Woolworths and were made available in packs of the 5 coins on the 27 July 2016 . A Paralympic Games coin was issued on the 22 August 2016 . When the coin was introduced there were complaints that the coin was too small for its value and was easily lost , or counterfeited by placing two 5 cent pieces together and colouring them gold . However , with an uninterrupted milling on the 5 cent and the 2 dollars having 5 grooves in 4 lots separated by 7mm length of the side , identification is easy . It has the same size and milling as the 10 Swedish kronor . Its smaller size in comparison to the $1 coin can lead to confusion for visitors from outside Australia . Elizabeth the second was featured on one of the sides and on the other was an unidentified aboriginal man . Minting figures ( edit ) The coin has only been struck at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra , the nation 's capital . The only year without production was 1991 ( due to the large amount issued for the coin 's introduction in 1988 ) . Year Mintage 1988 * 160,900,000 1989 * 31,600,000 10,300,000 1991 - 15,500,000 4,900,000 22,100,000 1995 15,500,000 13,900,000 19,000,000 1998 8,700,000 1999 27,300,000 2000 5,700,000 35,600,000 2002 29,700,000 2003 13,700,000 20,000,000 2005 45,500,000 2006 40,500,000 2007 26,000,000 2008 47,000,000 2009 74,500,000 36,500,000 2011 1,800,000 2012 5,900,000 2013 35,100,000 2014 39,900,000 2015 22,000,000 2016 12,900,000 `` * '' denotes that coins were minted with the designer 's initials References : Commemorative coins ( edit ) Year Subject Colours / Features Mintage 2012 Poppy N / A 5,800,000 Red 500,000 2013 60th Anniversary of Queen 's Coronation Purple 1,000,000 2014 Remembrance Day Green 1,900,000 2015 100 Years of ANZACs Red 1,500,000 In Flanders Field Orange 2,200,000 2016 50 Years of Decimal Currency Pre-decimal Crown on obverse 2,700,000 * 2016 Rio Olympics * * Blue 2,000,000 Black Red Yellow Green 2016 Rio Paralympics Green / Yellow / Red / Blue 2017 Lest We Forget Blue / Green / Yellow N / A Possum Magic * * Pink / Purple / Orange / Blue Red / Orange / Purple / Yellow / Blue Blue / Navy / Pink / Orange / Green `` * '' denotes partial numbers for 2016 - total production to be confirmed `` * * '' denotes release through Woolworths Supermarkets References : See also ( edit ) Coins of the Australian dollar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.ramint.gov.au/designs/ram-designs/2dollars.cfm Jump up ^ http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/display.php?image=img11/10-2d03&desc=Australia km406 2 Dollars ( 2001 -- ) &query = Australia Jump up ^ Pitt 2000 p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Royal Australian Mint - Designs & Products - Two Dollars Jump up ^ Royal Australian Mint - Frequently Asked Questions - About Australian Coins Jump up ^ `` Governor - General launches Australia 's first purple striped coin '' . Jump up ^ https://www.ramint.gov.au/publications/woolworths-shoppers-win-gold-exclusive-olympic-coin-launch ^ Jump up to : `` Two Dollars '' . Royal Australian Mint . Australian Government . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woolworths shoppers win gold with exclusive Olympic coin launch '' ( Media release ) . Royal Australian Mint . Australian Government . 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ian W. Pitt , ed. ( 2000 ) . Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values ( 19th ed . ) . Chippendale , NSW : Renniks Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9585574 - 4 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Australian Decimal Currency Preceded by Two Dollar Note ( Australian ) Two Dollars ( Australian ) 1988 -- present Succeeded by Present ( hide ) Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_two-dollar_coin&oldid=817369574 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1988 Decimal coins of Australia Two - base - unit coins Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use Australian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coin article with no obverse image All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 23 : 11 . 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-2596906165230626371 | Latin American wars of independence | Latin American wars of independence - wikipedia Latin American wars of independence Jump to : navigation , search For the independence struggle in the Hispanic American nations , see Spanish American wars of independence . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Countries in Latin America by date of birth independence The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America . These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions , which had profound effects on the British , Spanish , Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas . Haiti , a French slave colony , was the first to follow the United States to independence , during the Haitian Revolution , which lasted from 1791 to 1804 . From this emerged Napoleon Bonaparte as French ruler , whose armies set out to conquer Europe , including Spain and Portugal in 1808 . The Peninsular War , which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain , caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain , stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence , which lasted almost two decades . At the same time , the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal 's French occupation . After the royal court returned to Lisbon , the prince regent , Pedro , remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conditions prior to revolution 1.1 American Revolution 1.2 French Revolution 1.3 Napoleonic Wars 1.4 Spanish military presence in its colonies 1.5 Other factors 2 The Caribbean 3 Portuguese America 4 Spanish America 4.1 Argentina 4.2 Bolivia 4.3 Chile 4.4 Colombia 4.5 Ecuador 4.6 Mexico 4.7 Uruguay 4.8 Paraguay 4.9 Peru 4.10 Venezuela 5 World reaction 5.1 United States and Great Britain 6 Later developments in Latin America 6.1 Attempts at hemispheric unity 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Conditions prior to Revolution ( edit ) American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution The rebellion by the Thirteen Colonies in lower British North America from Great Britain was shifted by several factors , including a number of imposed taxes , repressive acts , and the lack of American representation in British government . This infuriated many colonists , and eventually became the spark that ignited the American Revolutionary War . Initial fighting began in 1775 and lasted until October 1781 , when with French aid under Lafayette defeated the British army . British General Cornwallis surrendered in Yorktown , Virginia . The American colonists subsequently , coming after or later , founded a federated republican government grounded in Enlightenment thought . A wave of revolutions followed the conclusion of the American Revolution . The remaining portion of British North America ( Upper and Lower Canada ) remained loyal to the British crown . French Revolution ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution The French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) started during the storming of the Bastille , and was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole , during which the French governmental structure , previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy , underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of democracy , citizenship , and inalienable rights . These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil , including executions and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power . Napoleonic wars ( edit ) Main articles : Napoleonic Wars and Peninsular War Evolving from the wars that Revolutionary France fought with the rest of Europe , the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought between France ( led by Napoleon Bonaparte ) and alliances involving Britain , Prussia , Spain , Portugal , Russia and Austria at different times , from 1799 to 1815 . In the case of Spain and its colonies , in May 1808 , Napoleon captured Carlos IV and King Fernando VII and installed his own brother , Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish Throne because he did n't want anyone outside of his own bloodline to rule Spain . This pivotal point greatly disrupted the political stability of both Spain and its colonies . Cities throughout Spain and its colonies in America each formed governing bodies primarily consisting of local elites . These ruling local elites were called juntas and their underlying principal in taking power over their communities was that `` in absence of the king , Fernando VII , their sovereignty devolved temporarily back to the community . '' The juntas swore loyalty to the captive Fernando VII and each ruled different and diverse parts of the colony . Most of Fernando 's subjects were loyal to him in 1808 , but after he was restored to the Spanish crown in 1814 , his policy of restoring absolute power alienated both the juntas and his subjects . He abrogated the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 and persecuted anyone who had supported it . The violence used by royalist forces and the prospect of being ruled by Fernando shifted the majority of the colonist population in favor of separation from Spain . Spanish military presence in its colonies ( edit ) Graphs showing the make - up of the royalist army at the time of the revolution . The royalists were the American and European supporters of King Ferdinand . Americans and formed the royalist army , with Americans composing 9 % of the royalist forces in all fronts . There were two types of units : the expeditionary units created in Spain and militias created in the Americas . The militias included some veteran units ( called the disciplined militia ) . Only 11 % of the personnel in the militias were European or American whites . After Rafael del Riego 's revolution , in 1820 , no more Spanish soldiers were sent to the wars in the Americas . In 1820 there were only 10,001 Spanish soldiers in the Americas , and Spaniards formed only 10 % of all the royalist armies , and only half of the soldiers of the expeditionary units were European . By the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 , less than 1 % of the soldiers were European . Other factors ( edit ) Main articles : Enlightenment Spain and Bourbon Reforms Other factors included Enlightenment thinking . The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social and economic reform to spread throughout Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula . Ideas about free trade and physiocratic economics were raised by the Enlightenment . The Caribbean ( edit ) Main articles : Haitian Revolution and History of the Dominican Republic § 1540 -- 1844 Independence movements in South America can be traced back to slave revolts in plantations in the northernmost part of the continent and Caribbean . In 1791 , a massive slave revolt sparked a general insurrection against the plantation system and French colonial power . These events were followed by a violent uprising led by José Leonardo Chirino and José Caridad González that sprung up in 1795 Venezuela , allegedly inspired by the revolution in Haiti . Main articles : History of Central America § Independence , History of Cuba § The 19th century : Years of upheaval , and History of Puerto Rico § Early 19th century When Mexico achieved its independence in 1821 with the Treaty of Córdoba , the Captaincy General of Guatemala that had ruled Central America became politically independent as well , without the necessity of violent struggle . Guatemala declared its own independence September 15 , 1821 , likely to prevent the Mexican Army of the Three Guarantees from `` liberating '' Guatemala and over-riding nascent local autonomy . However , Guatemala chose to the annexed to the First Mexican Empire , led by royalist - turned - insurgent military leader Agustín de Iturbide , who was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1822 . When Iturbide abdicated from the monarchy and Mexico took steps to be a republic , Central America claimed its independence . Portuguese America ( edit ) Main articles : Portuguese colonization of the Americas , Colonial Brazil , and Brazilian Declaration of Independence After several failed revolts , The Portuguese colony of Brazil declared independence , forming a separate , local Empire founded by Prince Regent Dom Pedro I . The war between the Brazilians and Portuguese lasted from February 1822 , with the burst of first skirmishes between militias , to November 1823 , when the last Portuguese garrisons surrendered . The Brazilian Empire lasted until a coup in 1889 overthrew the monarchy leading to its current status as a republic . Spanish America ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence The crisis of political legitimacy in Spain with the Napoleonic invasion sparked reaction in Spain 's overseas empire . The outcome in Spanish America was that most of the region achieved political independence and instigated the creation of sovereign nations . The areas that were most recently formed as viceroyalties were the first to achieve independence , with the old centers of Spanish power in Mexico and Peru with strong and entrenched institutions and elites were the last to achieve independence in this era . The two exceptions to independence were the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico , which with the Philippines , remained Spanish colonies until the 1898 Spanish - America War . Argentina ( edit ) Main article : Argentine War of Independence After the defeat of Spain in the Peninsular War and the abdication King Ferdinand VII , the Spanish colonial government of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , present - day Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay , became greatly weakened . Without a rightful king in the Spanish throne to render the office of the Viceroy as legitimate , the right of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros to govern came under fire . The local elites , tired of the Spanish trade restrictions and taxes , seized the opportunity and during the May Revolution of 1810 , removed Cisneros and created the first local government , the Primera Junta . José de San Martín Following a half a decade of battles and skirmishes with provincial royalist forces within the former Vice-royalty along with military expeditions across the Andes to Chile , Peru and Bolivia led by General José de San Martín to finally end Spanish rule in America , a formal declaration was signed on July 9 , 1816 by an assembly in San Miguel de Tucumán , declaring full independence with provisions for a national constitution . The Argentine Constitution was signed in 1853 , declaring the creation of the Argentine Republic . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : Bolivian War of Independence Following upheaval caused by the May Revolution , along with the independence movements in Chile and Venezuela , local struggle for independence kicked off with two failed revolutions that . Over sixteen years of struggle followed before the first steps towards the establishment of a republic where taken . Formally , it is considered that the fight for independence culminated in the Battle of Ayacucho , on December 9 , 1824 . Retreat of European colonialism and change of political borders in South America , 1700 -- present Chile ( edit ) Main article : Chilean War of Independence The Chilean Independence movement was led by Chilean - born criollos , who sought political and economic independence from Spain . The movement for independence was far from gaining unanimous support among Chileans , who became divided between independentists and royalists . What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master , finally ended as a full - fledged civil war . Traditionally , the process is divided into three stages : Patria Vieja , Reconquista , and Patria Nueva . Colombia ( edit ) Main articles : Patria Boba , Spanish reconquest of New Granada , and Bolívar 's campaign to liberate New Granada Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : Ecuadorian War of Independence The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1809 , and criollos in Ecuador set up a junta on September 22 , 1810 to rule in the name of the Bourbon monarch ; but as elsewhere , it allowed assertion of their own power . Only in 1822 did Ecuador fully gain independence and became part of Gran Colombia , from which it withdrew in 1830 . At the Battle of Pichincha , near present - day Quito , Ecuador on May 24 , 1822 , General Antonio José de Sucre 's forces defeated a Spanish force defending Quito . The Spanish defeat guaranteed the liberation of Ecuador . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Mexican War of Independence Independence in Mexico was a protracted struggle from 1808 until the fall of royal government in 1821 and the establishment of independent Mexico . In the Viceroyalty of New Spain , as elsewhere in Spanish America in 1808 , reacted to the unexpected French invasion of the Iberian peninsula and the ouster of the Bourbon king , replaced by Joseph Bonaparte . Local American - born Spaniards saw the opportunity to seize local control from Viceroy José de Iturrigaray , who may well have been sympathetic to creoles aspirations . Iturrigaray was ousted by pro-royalists . A few creole elites sought independence , including Juan Aldama , and Ignacio Allende , but especially secular parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Hidalgo made a proclamation in his home parish of Dolores , which was not recorded in writing at the time , but denounced bad government and gachupines ( pejorative for peninsular - born Spaniards ) , and declared independence . The unorganized hordes following Hidalgo wrought destruction on property and the lives of whites in the region of the Bajío . Hidalgo was caught , defrocked , and executed in 1811 , along with Allende . Their heads remained on display until 1821 . His former student José María Morelos continued the rebellion and was himself caught and killed in 1815 . The struggle of Mexican insurgents continued under the leadership of Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria . From 1815 to 1820 there was a stalemate in New Spain , with royalist forces unable to defeat the insurgents and the insurgents unable to expand beyond their narrow territory in the southern region . Again , events in Spain intervened , with an uprising of military men against Ferdinand VII and the restoration of the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 , which mandated a constitutional monarchy and curtailed the power of the Roman Catholic Church . The monarch had repudiated the constitution once the Spanish monarchy was restored in 1814 . For conservatives in New Spain , these changed political circumstances threatened the institutions of church and state . Royal military officer Agustín de Iturbide seized the opportunity to lead , making an alliance with his former enemy Guerrero . Iturbide proclaimed the Plan de Iguala , which called for independence , equality of peninsular and American - born Spaniards , and a monarchy . He persuaded the insurgent Guerrero to form an alliance with him and creating the Army of the Three Guarantees . Crown rule in New Spain collapsed , with the incoming Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signing the Treaty of Córdoba , recognizing Mexico 's sovereignty . With no European monarch presenting himself for the crown of Mexico , Iturbide himself was proclaimed emperor Agustin I in 1822 . He was overthrown in 1823 and Mexico was established as a republic . Decades of political and economic instability ensued . Uruguay ( edit ) Following the events of the May Revolution , in 1811 José Gervasio Artigas , launched a successful revolt against the Spanish forces in the Provincia Oriental , now Uruguay , joining the independentist movement that was taking place in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the time . In 1821 , the Provincia Oriental was invaded by Portugal , trying to annex it into Brazil under the name of Província Cisplatina . The former Vice-royalty of the Río de la Plata , The United Provinces of the River Plate , fought back Brazil in a war that lasted over 2 years , eventually turning into a stalemate . The Brazilian forces withdrew with the United Provinces keeping them at bay but failing to win any decisive victory . With neither side gained the upper hand and the economic burden of the war crippling the United Provinces economy , the Treaty of Montevideo was signed in 1828 , fostered by Britain , declaring Uruguay as an independent state . Paraguay ( edit ) Paraguay gained its independence on the night of May 14 and the morning of May 15 , 1811 , after a plan organized by various pro-independence nationalists including Fulgencio Yegros and José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Peruvian War of Independence Spain initially had the support of the Lima oligarchs because of their opposition to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires and Chile . Therefore , the Viceroyalty of Peru became the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America . Nevertheless , a Creole rebellion arose in 1812 in Huánuco and another in Cusco between 1814 and 1816 . Both were suppressed . These rebellions were supported by the armies of Buenos Aires . Peru finally succumbed after the decisive continental campaigns of José de San Martín ( 1820 -- 1823 ) and Simón Bolívar ( 1824 ) . While San Martin was in charge of the land campaign , a newly built Chilean Navy led by Lord Cochrane transported the fighting troops and launched a sea campaign against the Spanish fleet in the Pacific . San Martín , who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Maipú , and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1820 , proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28 , 1821 . Four years later , the Spanish Monarchy was defeated definitively at the Battle of Ayacucho . After independence , the conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of Creole Peruvian society and the particular ambitions of the caudillos , made the organization of the country excessively difficult . Only three civilians -- Manuel Pardo , Nicolás de Piérola and Francisco García Calderón -- acceded to the presidency in the first seventy - five years of Peru 's independence . The Republic of Bolivia was created from Upper Peru . In 1837 a Peru - Bolivian Confederation was also created but was dissolved two years later due to Chilean military intervention . Venezuela ( edit ) Main articles : Venezuelan War of Independence , First Republic of Venezuela , and Second Republic of Venezuela Simón Bolívar According to the American Encyclopedia of 1865 , General Francisco de Miranda , already a hero to the French , Prussians , English and Americans had garnered a series of successes against the Spanish between 1808 and 1812 . He had effectively negated their access to all the ports on the Caribbean , thus preventing them from receiving reinforcements and supplies and was essentially conducting mopping - up operations throughout the country . At that point he convinced Simon Bolivar to join the struggle and put him in charge of the fort at Puerto Cabello . This was all at once a supply and arms depot , a strategic port and the central holding facility for Spanish prisoners . Through what amounts to a gross dereliction of duty , Simon Bolivar neglected to enforce the customary security dispositions before departing to a social event . During the night there was an uprising of the Spanish prisoners and they managed to subdue the Independentist garrison and gain control of the supplies , the arms and ammunition , and the port . The Loyalist forces progressively regained control of the country and eventually Monteverde 's successes forced the newly formed congress of the republic to ask of Miranda that he sign a capitulation at La Victoria in Aragua , on July 12 , 1812 , thus ending the first phase of the revolutionary war . After the capitulation of 1812 , Simón Bolívar turned over Francisco de Miranda to the Spanish authorities , secured a safe passage for himself and his closest officers and fled to New Granada . He later returned with a new army , while the war had entered a tremendously violent phase . After much of the local aristocracy had abandoned the cause of independence , blacks and mulattoes carried on the struggle . Elites reacted with open distrust and opposition to the efforts of these common people . Bolívar 's forces invaded Venezuela from New Granada in 1813 , waging a campaign with a ferocity captured perfectly by their motto of `` war to the death '' . Bolívar 's forces defeated Domingo Monteverde 's Spanish army in a series of battles , taking Caracas on August 6 , 1813 and besieging Monteverde at Puerto Cabello in September 1813 . Battle of Carabobo With loyalists displaying the same passion and violence , the rebels achieved only short - lived victories . The army led by the loyalist José Tomás Boves demonstrated the key military role that the Llaneros came to play in the region 's struggle . Turning the tide against independence , these highly mobile , ferocious fighters made up a formidable military force that pushed Bolívar out of his home country once more . In 1814 , heavily reinforced Spanish forces in Venezuela lost a series of battles to Bolívar 's forces but then decisively defeated Bolivar at La Puerta on June 15 , took Caracas on July 16 , and again defeated his army at Aragua on August 18 , at a cost of 2,000 Spanish casualties out of 10,000 soldiers as well as most of the 3,000 in the rebel army . Bolívar and other leaders then returned to New Granada . Later that year the largest expeditionary force ever sent by Spain to America arrived under the command of Pablo Morillo . This force effectively replaced the improvised llanero units , who were disbanded by Morillo . Bolívar and other republican leaders returned to Venezuela in December 1816 , leading a largely unsuccessful insurrection against Spain from 1816 to 1818 from bases in the Llanos and Ciudad Bolívar in the Orinoco River area . In 1819 Bolívar successfully invaded New Granada , and returned to Venezuela in April 1821 , leading a large army of 7,000 . At Carabobo on June 24 , his forces decisively defeated Spanish and colonial forces , winning Venezuelan independence , although hostilities continued . The Battle of Boyacá sealed Colombia 's independence Provinces of the South American viceroyalties . Further information : Libertadores World reaction ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States and Great Britain ( edit ) Great Britain and the United States were rivals for influence in the newly independent sovereign nations . As a result of the successful revolutions which established so many new independent nations , United States President James Monroe and the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine . It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere . This measure ostensibly was taken in order to safeguard the newfound liberties of these new countries , but it was also taken as a precautionary measure against the intrusion of European states . Since the United States was a newly founded nation , it lacked the capacity to prevent other European powers from interfering , for that the United States looked for Britain 's help and support to execute the Monroe Doctrine into action . Great Britain 's trade with Latin America greatly expanded during the revolutionary period , which until then was restricted due to Spanish mercantilist trade policies . British pressure was sufficient to prevent Spain from attempting any serious reassertion of its control over its lost colonies . Later developments in Latin America ( edit ) See also : Ten Years ' War , Little War ( Cuba ) , Cuban War of Independence , History of the Dominican Republic § 1844 - 1929 , and Empire of Brazil Internal divisions also resulted in internecine wars . For example , Gran Colombia proved too fragile and the South American nation collapsed within ten years . Because many of the political strongmen of this period ( caudillos ) , who came to power were from the military , a strong authoritarian streak marked many of the new governments . There were countless revolts , coup d'états and inter-state wars , which never allowed Latin America to become united . This was exacerbated by the fact that Latin America is a land of various and very diverse cultures that do not identify with , nor have a sense of unity , with one another . The Spanish Empire in America was reduced to three Caribbean islands : Cuba and Puerto Rico . Santo Domingo was under Spanish rule for some years before definitive independence was achieved . After three independence wars in Cuba , the 1898 Spanish -- American War ended Spanish colonial rule . Brazil achieved its independence peacefully in 1822 , becoming a monarchy , the Empire of Brazil . It retained its territorial integrity following independence , as opposed to the fragmentation of Spanish America into separate republics . Brazil was an anomaly in Latin America as a large , successful and stable monarchy until 1889 , when the monarchy was overthrown following the abolition of slavery , and República Velha ( `` Old Republic '' ) was founded . Attempts at hemispheric unity ( edit ) Main article : Latin American integration The notion of closer Spanish American cooperation and unity was first put forward by the Liberator Simón Bolívar who , at the 1826 Congress of Panama , proposed the creation a league of American republics , with a common military , a mutual defense pact , and a supranational parliamentary assembly . This meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia ( comprising the modern - day nations of Colombia , Ecuador , Panama , and Venezuela ) , Peru , the United Provinces of Central America ( Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica ) , and Mexico . Nevertheless , the great distances and geographical barriers , not to mention the different national and regional interests , made union impossible . Sixty - three years later the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics was established . It was renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference of 1901 -- 1902 . These two bodies , in existence as of 14 April 1890 , represent the point of inception of today 's Organization of American States . See also ( edit ) Spanish Empire Libertadores Spanish reconquest of Mexico Spanish American Royalists Wars of national liberation History of South America Spanish American wars of independence Territorial evolution of the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Sarah C. , and John Charles Chasteen . Latin American Independence : An Anthology of Sources . Indianapolis : Hackett Pub. , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Haiti '' . BBC News . April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ralph Lee Woodward , Central America : A Nation Divided . 2nd edition . New York : Oxford University Press 1985 , pp. 85 - 90 . Jump up ^ David Bushnell , Wars of Independence : South America , '' in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5 , p. 447 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ Fuertes Medina , Aurelia . `` History of Ecuador '' . A Guide to Andean Countries . Jump up ^ Nilton Freixinho , `` International Relations in South America Nineteenth Century A Case Study : The Independence and Sovereignty of Uruguay , '' in Peacekeeping 1815 To Today ( 1995 ) pp 612 - 19 ; ISBN 0 - 662 - 62062 - 3 online Jump up ^ Fred Rippy , Rivalry of the U.S. and Great Britain over Latin America ( 1808 - 1830 ) New York , Octagon Press , 1964 ( c1929 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Andrien , Kenneth J. and Lyman , L. Johnson . The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution , 1750 -- 1850 . Albuquerque , University of New Mexico Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1489 - 5 Bethell , Leslie . From Independence to 1870 . The Cambridge History of Latin America , Vol. 3 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34128 - 0 Burns , Bradford E. The Poverty of Progress : Latin America in the Nineteenth Century . Berkeley , University of California Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04160 - 8 Brown , Matthew . Adventuring through Spanish Colonies : Simón Bolívar , Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations . Liverpool University Press , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84631 - 044 - X Bushnell , David and Macaulay , Neill . The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508402 - 0 Chasteen , John Charles . Americanos : Latin America 's Struggle for Independence . Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517881 - 4 Costeloe , Michael P ... Response to Revolution : Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions , 1810 -- 1840 . Cambridge University Press , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32083 - 2 Graham , Richard . Independence in Latin America : A Comparative Approach ( 2nd edition ) . McGraw - Hill , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 024008 - 6 Harvey , Robert . `` Liberators : Latin America ` s Struggle For Independence , 1810 -- 1830 '' . John Murray , London ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5566 - 3 Hasbrouck , Alfred . Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America . New York : Octagon Books , 1969 . Higgins , James ( editor ) . The Emancipation of Peru : British Eyewitness Accounts , 2014 . Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu Humphreys , R.A. and Lynch , John ( editors ) . The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions , 1808 -- 1826 . New York , Alfred A. Knopf , 1965 . Kaufman , William W ... British Policy and the Independence of Latin America , 1804 -- 1828 . New Haven , Yale University Press , 1951 . Kinsbruner , Jay . Independence in Spanish America . 1994 Lynch , John . The Spanish American Revolutions , 1808 - 1826 , 2nd ed ... 1986 Robertson , William Spence . France and Latin American Independence . New York , Octagon , ( 1939 ) 1967 . Savelle , Max . Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 -- 1824 . Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion , Vol. 5 . Minneapolis , University of Minnesota Press , 1974 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0709 - 9 Uribe , Victor M. `` The Enigma of Latin American Independence : Analyses of the Last Ten Years , '' Latin American Research Review ( 1997 ) 32 # 1 pp. 236 -- 255 in JSTOR Whitaker , Arthur P . The United States and the Independence of Latin America , 1800 -- 1830 . Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . Zea , Leopoldo . The Latin - American Mind . Norman , University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . ( hide ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_wars_of_independence&oldid=803668364 '' Categories : Latin America Rebellions against the Spanish Empire Colonization of the Americas Latin American wars of independence History of South America Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 22 : 07 . 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-931838359860628562 | Bobby Anderson (actor) | Bobby Anderson ( actor ) - wikipedia Bobby Anderson ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Bobby Anderson Bobby Anderson ( left ) with young Mary and Violet in It 's a Wonderful life ( 1946 ) Robert James Anderson ( 1933 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1933 Hollywood , California , U.S. June 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 75 ) Palm Springs , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Other names Bobbie Anderson Bob Anderson Robert J. Anderson Occupation Actor / Television producer Years active 1940 -- 1996 Spouse ( s ) Victoria Anderson ( ? - June 6 , 2008 ; his death ) Children 6 Robert James Anderson ( March 6 , 1933 -- June 6 , 2008 ) was an American actor and television producer , most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It 's a Wonderful Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Partial filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bobby Anderson was born in Hollywood , to a showbiz family . He was the son of Eugene Randolph Anderson , an assistant director and production manager , and Marie Augusta Fleischer , and his brothers and cousins were editors and production managers in their own right . He was also the nephew , by marriage , of directors William Beaudine and James Flood , both of whom were married to Anderson 's mother 's sisters . Anderson 's film career as an actor was brief . He appeared in the TV show Spin and Marty , and he made his last film in 1956 . Anderson enlisted in the Navy during the Korean War , serving as a photographer on aircraft carriers . After his time in the Navy , he went on to work behind the scenes in assistant directing , then later production with Disney , Warner Bros. , Universal , HBO , United Artists , Columbia , and 20th Century Fox on such films and TV shows as The Apartment , Hawaii , The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter , Code Red , Police Story , and Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . He also worked as a line producer and production consultant for films such as Passenger 57 , Demolition Man and Heat . He died of cancer at age 75 at his home in Palm Springs , California . He is survived by his wife Victoria ; sons John , Robert , and Joseph ; daughters Kathleen , Debora , and Heidi ; and 11 grandchildren . Partial filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1940 The Grapes of Wrath Hungary Boy Film debut 1940 Maryland Lee Danfield - Age 7 1940 Young People Jerry Dakin 1943 Tender Comrade Boy 1945 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Augie 1946 Gentleman Joe Palooka Young Boy 1946 It 's a Wonderful Life Little George 1947 The Fabulous Texan Boy 1947 The Bishop 's Wife Defense Captain 1948 Ruthless Horace Vendig as Child 1948 Silver River Boy 1949 Samson and Delilah Boy 1951 A Place in the Sun Eagle Scout 1953 Born to the Saddle Ricky Summers Final film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Schaden , Chuck ( Spring 2009 ) . `` Necrology for 2008 '' . Nostalgia Digest . 35 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! News Archived June 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bob Anderson , 75 , Child Actor , Is Dead '' . New York Times . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Robert Anderson on IMDb United States Navy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Anderson_(actor)&oldid=800499333 '' Categories : 1933 births 2008 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male child actors American military personnel of the Korean War Deaths from cancer in California Male actors from Los Angeles United States Navy sailors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played young george in it's a wonderful life | [
"Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life."
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"Robert James Anderson"
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5528334675292652409 | Federer–Nadal rivalry | Federer -- Nadal rivalry - wikipedia Federer -- Nadal rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , on their respective favorite surfaces , grass and clay . The Federer -- Nadal rivalry , often referred to as Fedal , is between professional tennis players , Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , who currently occupy the two top spots in the ATP Rankings and are widely regarded as the two greatest players of all time . They are engaged in a storied rivalry , which many consider to be the greatest in tennis history . They have played 38 times , most recently in the final of the 2017 Shanghai Masters , with Nadal leading their rivalry with an overall record of 23 -- 15 . Of their 38 matches , 20 have been on hard court , 15 have been on clay , and three have been on grass . The results of their matches are somewhat polarized by playing surface , with Nadal leading on clay ( 13 -- 2 ) and Federer having the edge on both hard courts ( 11 -- 9 ) and grass ( 2 -- 1 ) . Of their 12 meetings in majors , 9 have been in finals . Nadal has won 6 of these 9 matches ; he leads 4 -- 0 at the French Open , while Federer leads 2 -- 1 at Wimbledon and they remain tied 1 -- 1 at the Australian Open . The two have yet to meet at any stage of the US Open . Federer with 20 total major titles , and Nadal with 16 , are first and second on the all - time list for the most majors titles , and hold numerous other records between them . Together they have won 11 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open and another 5 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2017 Australian Open to the 2018 Australian Open . They are the only pair of men to have finished six consecutive calendar years as the top two ranked players on the ATP Tour , which they did from 2005 to 2010 and seven times overall including 2017 . This included a record 211 consecutive weeks sharing the top two rankings from July 2005 to August 2009 . As tournament seedings are based on rankings , with the top two seeds placed on opposite sides of the draw , 24 of Nadal and Federer 's 38 matches have been in tournament finals , including an all - time record nine Grand Slam finals and 12 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals . Another nine have been semifinals , two have been quarterfinals , with only three taking place before the last - 8 stage . In 31 out of 38 matches between Nadal and Federer , the winner of the first set won the match . The 2007 Wimbledon final , 2008 Wimbledon final , 2009 Australian Open final and 2017 Australian Open final are classified as the greatest and most notable matches in their rivalry , with each match going to five sets . From 2006 to 2008 , they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final . Their 2008 Wimbledon final was lauded as the greatest match ever by many long - time tennis analysts . Their 2017 Australian Open final was widely regarded as among the most highly anticipated Grand Slam finals of all time due to the tennis history that would be made from either player 's victory , the subsequent implications on both players ' respective legacies , and the relevance within popular and critical discussions on who between them can claim to be ' the greatest tennis player of all time ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2004 : Miami 1.2 2005 : Miami , French Open 1.3 2006 : Dubai , Monte Carlo , Rome , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup 1.4 2007 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup 1.5 2008 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon 1.6 2009 : Australian Open , Madrid 1.7 2010 : Madrid , World Tour Finals 1.8 2011 : Miami , Madrid , French Open , World Tour Finals 1.9 2012 : Australian Open , Indian Wells 1.10 2013 : Indian Wells , Rome , Cincinnati , World Tour Finals 1.11 2014 : Australian Open 1.12 2015 : Basel 1.13 2017 : Australian Open , Indian Wells , Miami , Shanghai 2 List of all head - to - head matches 2.1 Singles 2.2 Doubles 2.3 Exhibitions 3 Analysis 3.1 Significant aspects 3.2 Comparison of Grand Slam tournament titles 3.3 Comparison of Masters 1000 titles 3.4 Comparison of Year - End Championships 3.5 Head - to - head tallies 3.5. 1 Set tallies 3.5. 2 Hard / Grass Timeline 3.5. 3 Clay Timeline 3.5. 4 Hard 3.5. 5 Clay 3.5. 6 Grass 3.6 Skill comparisons 3.7 Media and player commentary 4 Relationship and competitive dynamic 4.1 Cultural impact 5 Pairing Federer and Nadal 5.1 Significant achievements 6 Records 7 Miscellaneous 8 Performance timeline comparison 8.1 Grand Slam tournaments 8.1. 1 1999 -- 2004 8.1. 2 2005 -- 2010 8.1. 3 2011 -- 2016 8.1. 4 2017 -- present 8.2 By age ( end of season ) 8.2. 1 18 -- 22 8.2. 2 23 -- 27 8.2. 3 28 -- 32 8.2. 4 33 -- 37 8.3 ATP Rankings 8.3. 1 Year - End ranking timeline 8.3. 2 ATP Year - End ranking timeline by age 9 Career evolution 9.1 Titles by tournaments played comparison 9.2 Federer -- Nadal Grand Slam era ( 2003 -- present ) 9.3 Combined singles performance timeline ( best result ) 9.4 Federer -- Nadal ATP world No. 1 era 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) 2004 : Miami ( edit ) Federer and Nadal played their first match in March 2004 at the third round of the Miami Masters . Nadal , only 17 years old and ranked No. 34 at the time , surprised many by beating the then No. 1 in straight sets . 2005 : Miami , French Open ( edit ) Their second meeting was one year later , again in Miami , but this time in a best - of - five - set final . Federer recovered from a two - set deficit to win in five sets . They played again two months later in the semifinals of the French Open , which was their first match on clay . Nadal defeated Federer in four sets en route to his first Grand Slam title . 2006 : Dubai , Monte Carlo , Rome , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup ( edit ) Nadal serves to Federer during the 2006 Wimbledon final . Federer celebrates his eighth Grand Slam title after a win over Nadal . In 2006 , Nadal and Federer faced each other in six matches . Nadal won the first four , beginning with the Dubai final in February played on hard court . This was Federer 's first loss of the year and ended his Open era record of 56 consecutive wins on hard courts . The clay season ensued , and Nadal continued his dominance on clay , defeating Federer in the finals of the Monte Carlo Masters , the Rome Masters , and the French Open , in what was their first Grand Slam final . Federer won the first set quickly , but Nadal fought back and took the next three sets to capture his second French Open title . In the Rome final , Federer held two championship points on Nadal 's serve at 5 -- 6 in the fifth set , but failed to convert . Federer then led 5 -- 3 in the fifth - set tiebreaker , but Nadal won the next four points to claim the title . At five hours and five minutes , this is the longest match Federer and Nadal have ever contested . They faced off again a month later in the final of Wimbledon , which was their first meeting on grass . Federer won in four sets to capture his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title with two sets going to tiebreakers . They did not meet again until the semifinals of the year - end Masters Cup . Federer won in straight sets , en route to his third Masters Cup title in four years . At year 's end , Nadal 's career head - to - head advantage had risen to 6 -- 3 . 2007 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup ( edit ) Federer in the finals of Monte Carlo 2007 Nadal and Federer faced each other five times in 2007 , and Federer won three of their matches . For the second straight year , Federer and Nadal played in three finals on clay . Nadal won the first meeting in straight sets , winning his third consecutive Monte Carlo title . A few weeks later they met at the Hamburg Masters , where Federer defeated Nadal for the first time on clay , ending Nadal 's 81 - match winning streak on clay . Nadal in the finals of Monte Carlo 2007 . Their next encounter was the French Open final , and Nadal won their much - anticipated rematch in four sets , capturing his third consecutive French Open title . Their last two meetings in 2007 were also a repeat of 2006 : the finals of Wimbledon and the semifinals of the Masters Cup . Once again , Federer won both matches , though their Wimbledon final lasted five sets , instead of the previous year 's four sets. . Also , their Masters Cup match was the shortest match of their rivalry , lasting less than an hour . By the end of the year Federer narrowed the head - to - head record to 6 -- 8 . 2008 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon ( edit ) Federer and Nadal played four times in 2008 , and Nadal won all four times , extending his career advantage to 12 -- 6 . For the third straight year , Federer and Nadal played in three clay - court finals . Nadal beat Federer in the Monte Carlo Masters for the third straight year , capturing his Open - Era - record fourth consecutive title there . A few weeks later Nadal avenged his only clay - court loss to Federer by defeating him in three sets for his first Hamburg Masters title . Federer had double - break leads in the first sets of both Monte Carlo and Hamburg , but could not close out the sets . Federer and Nadal during the 2008 Wimbledon final Also for the third straight year , they played in the final of the French Open . Nadal won his fourth consecutive French Open title , by a score of 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 . The scoreline puts the match among the most one - sided in Grand Slam finals history . Nadal and Federer also met in the final of Wimbledon for the third straight year , in the most anticipated match of their rivalry . Amidst rain delays , they played the longest final in Wimbledon history ( 4 hours and 48 minutes ) , and Nadal captured the title , winning a fifth set that finished in near darkness . This match broke Federer 's Open - Era - record 65 - match winning streak on grass , which spanned more than five years . 2009 : Australian Open , Madrid ( edit ) Federer in the finals of Australian Open 2009 . Federer and Nadal played each other only twice in 2009 , splitting their matches . Both players began the year strong , reaching the final of the Australian Open . This was the first hard - court Grand Slam final for Nadal , but Federer was undefeated in eight hard - court finals ( five US Open , three Australian ) . The final was long ( 4 hours and 23 minutes ) and competitive in the first four sets , with Nadal pulling away decisively in the fifth set to secure his first hard - court championship . Nadal in the finals of Australian Open 2009 Federer rebounded against Nadal at the Madrid Masters ( their first match on Spanish soil ) , defeating him in the final in straight sets . This was a pivotal match because it broke Nadal 's five - match winning streak against Federer . The victory by Federer also ended Nadal 's 33 - match winning streak on clay and foreshadowed the Swiss ' historic victory at the French Open , which completed his Career Grand Slam . 2010 : Madrid , World Tour finals ( edit ) In 2010 , Federer and Nadal played twice , with Nadal winning the first and Federer winning the second match . The two met in the final of the Madrid Open , one year after their last match , and Nadal defeated Federer in straight sets . Federer and Nadal met in the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals ' final , marking their third meeting at the year - end championships and their first ever meeting in the finals . Federer continued his indoor dominance against Nadal , winning in three sets . This victory gave Federer a record - tying fifth title at the year - end tournament . Federer and Nadal met in the finals of the Year - End Championships for the first time in 2010 . 2011 : Miami , Madrid , French Open , World Tour finals ( edit ) Federer and Nadal played four singles matches , with Nadal winning the first three matches and Federer winning the last match . Their lone doubles match was at the BNP Paribas Open . Federer , partnering with Stanislas Wawrinka , defeated Nadal and Marc López in the semifinals . In their first singles match of 2011 , the two met in the semifinals of the Miami Masters , where Nadal won in straight sets . They met in the semifinals at the Mutua Madrid Open , and Nadal won in three sets . They then met in the final of the 2011 French Open , their first Grand Slam tournament meeting since the 2009 Australian Open final . Although it was a competitive match , Nadal again defeated Federer in four sets to win his tenth Grand Slam title and sixth French Open crown . This denied Federer an opportunity to become the first man in the open era to have won all four Grand Slam tournaments twice . This would be their last meeting at a Grand Slam final until the 2017 Australian Open final . Their final meeting of the year came in the round - robin stage of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals . Their match , a rematch of the previous year 's final , saw Federer win a lopsided match in straight sets . 2012 : Australian Open , Indian Wells ( edit ) Federer defeated Nadal in a memorable first meeting at Indian Wells that included a rain delay on match point . Federer and Nadal first met during 2012 in the semifinals of the 2012 Australian Open . Federer was leading by a set and a break before a 20 - minute fireworks delay due to the celebrations of Australia Day . After the delay , Nadal came back to win in four sets , improving his hard - court record over Federer . They next met in the semifinals of the Indian Wells Masters , where Federer won the match in straight sets en route to claiming his fourth Indian Wells Masters title . 2013 : Indian Wells , Rome , Cincinnati , World Tour finals ( edit ) Federer and Nadal met four times in 2013 with Nadal prevailing on every occasion . Federer and Nadal met for the first time during the quarterfinals of the Indian Wells Masters . It was the earliest the pair had met in a tournament since 2004 , with Nadal winning in straight sets . On 1 April , by winning the Miami Masters , Andy Murray passed Federer in the ATP Rankings for second place . This marked the first time since 10 November 2003 that neither Federer nor Nadal was ranked in the ATP top 2 , a span of an unprecedented 490 weeks . Nadal then defeated Federer in the 2013 Rome Masters final in two sets . They finally played in the quarterfinals at the 2013 Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati , where Nadal unseated the five - time champion in the quarterfinals in three sets . Federer had just switched back to his old racquet after experimenting with a larger frame in his previous two tournaments . Nadal and Federer met in semifinals of the indoor event , 2013 ATP World Tour Finals in the O2 arena . Nadal beat Federer in straight sets . This was Nadal 's first win over Federer on indoor hard courts . This would also be Federer 's last career match played with his 90 - inch racquet before upgrading to a larger frame . 2014 : Australian Open ( edit ) Federer and Nadal had their only meeting of the 2014 season in the semifinals of the Australian Open . Nadal won in straight sets and improved his record to 3 -- 0 against Federer at the Australian Open ( 9 -- 2 overall in majors ) . This was the first Grand Slam tournament that Federer played after switching to a new larger racquet . 2015 : Basel ( edit ) In November 2015 , Federer defeated Nadal in three sets in the final of the Swiss Indoors . This was their first encounter on Swiss soil , as Federer captured a seventh title in his hometown of Basel . It was Federer 's first victory over Nadal in over 3 and a half years , having lost the previous five meetings . 2017 : Australian Open , Indian Wells , Miami , Shanghai ( edit ) Federer defeated Nadal to capture a record 18th Grand Slam title . Federer and Nadal played four times in 2017 , with Federer prevailing on all four occasions . This marked the first time in their rivalry that Federer confronted and went undefeated against Nadal multiple times in a single tennis season . The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 Australian Open final , their first meeting in a Grand Slam final since 2011 . Federer , returning from a six - month layoff from knee injury that saw him miss out most of the 2016 season , came into the tournament seeded 17th , and Nadal seeded 9th . Prior to the match , Nadal had won every match between the two in a Grand Slam tournament since the Wimbledon final in 2007 , three of which were in the Australian Open . Federer came back from a break down in the fifth set to take the match , becoming the first man in history to win 18 Grand Slam singles titles and the first man to win at least five titles in three different Grand Slam tournaments each , and denying Nadal 's third effort to win the Australian Open title again and also his second opportunity to become the first man in the Open Era to win each Grand Slam tournament in men 's singles at least twice . Federer 's victory over Nadal in the Australian Open 2017 final also marked his first win over Nadal in a Grand Slam singles match outside the grass courts of Wimbledon . They met again at Indian Wells in the round of 16 , only their second - ever meeting before the quarterfinal stage in any tournament . Federer prevailed in straight sets ; it was the first time he had won three matches in a row against Nadal . Their 37th meeting came in the Miami final . This was their first meeting in a final on American soil since the 2005 Miami final , and Federer won in straight sets , his 4th consecutive win over Nadal . In the 2017 Laver Cup Nadal and Federer played doubles together for the first time , against Sam Querrey / Jack Sock , and won in a match tiebreak . Federer and Nadal met at the Shanghai Masters for the first time , contesting the final . Federer won in straight sets , claiming a fifth consecutive win over Nadal . This was the first time they had contested a match as the top two ranked players in the world since the 2010 ATP Finals . Federer 's newfound success against Nadal has been ascribed to the improvement in the backhand , which he has been hitting harder and more easily returning Nadal 's high bouncing forehand with the larger racquet . List of all head - to - head matches ( edit ) ATP , Davis Cup , and Grand Slam main draw results included . Legend ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Legend ( 2009 -- present ) Federer Nadal Grand Slam Grand Slam 9 Tennis Masters Cup ATP Finals ATP Masters Series ATP World Tour Masters 1000 7 12 ATP International Series Gold ATP World Tour 500 Series Total 15 23 Singles ( edit ) Federer -- Nadal ( 15 -- 23 ) No . Year Tournament Series Surface Round Winner Score Length Sets Federer Nadal 1 . Miami Open Masters Hard Round of 32 Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1 : 10 2 / 3 0 2 . 2005 Miami Open Masters Hard Final Federer 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 3 : 43 5 / 5 3 . 2005 French Open Major Clay Semifinals Nadal 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2 : 47 4 / 5 4 . 2006 Dubai Championships 500 Hard Final Nadal 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1 : 53 3 / 3 5 . 2006 Monte - Carlo Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 3 : 50 4 / 5 6 . 2006 Italian Open Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 5 : 05 5 / 5 5 7 . 2006 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 3 : 02 4 / 5 6 8 . 2006 Wimbledon Major Grass Final Federer 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2 : 58 4 / 5 6 9 . 2006 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Semifinals Federer 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1 : 53 2 / 3 6 10 . 2007 Monte - Carlo Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1 : 35 2 / 3 7 11 . 2007 Hamburg Masters Masters Clay Final Federer 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1 : 55 3 / 3 7 12 . 2007 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 3 : 10 4 / 5 8 13 . 2007 Wimbledon Major Grass Final Federer 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 3 : 45 5 / 5 5 8 14 . 2007 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Semifinals Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 0 : 59 2 / 3 6 8 15 . 2008 Monte - Carlo Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 1 : 43 2 / 3 6 9 16 . 2008 Hamburg Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2 : 52 3 / 3 6 10 17 . 2008 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1 : 48 3 / 5 6 11 18 . 2008 Wimbledon Major Grass Final Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 9 -- 7 4 : 48 5 / 5 6 12 19 . 2009 Australian Open Major Hard Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 4 : 23 5 / 5 6 13 20 . 2009 Madrid Open Masters Clay Final Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1 : 26 2 / 3 7 13 21 . Madrid Open Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2 : 10 2 / 3 7 14 22 . ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Final Federer 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1 : 37 3 / 3 8 14 23 . 2011 Miami Open Masters Hard Semifinals Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1 : 18 2 / 3 8 15 24 . 2011 Madrid Open Masters Clay Semifinals Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2 : 36 3 / 3 8 16 25 . 2011 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 3 : 40 4 / 5 8 17 26 . 2011 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Round Robin Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1 : 00 2 / 3 9 17 27 . 2012 Australian Open Major Hard Semifinals Nadal 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 3 : 42 4 / 5 9 18 28 . 2012 Indian Wells Masters Masters Hard Semifinals Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1 : 31 2 / 3 10 18 29 . 2013 Indian Wells Masters Masters Hard Quarterfinals Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1 : 24 2 / 3 10 19 30 . 2013 Italian Open Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1 : 08 2 / 3 10 20 31 . 2013 Cincinnati Masters Masters Hard Quarterfinals Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2 : 14 3 / 3 10 21 32 . 2013 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Semifinals Nadal 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1 : 19 2 / 3 10 22 33 . 2014 Australian Open Major Hard Semifinals Nadal 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2 : 24 3 / 5 10 23 34 . 2015 Swiss Indoors 500 Hard ( i ) Final Federer 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2 : 03 3 / 3 11 23 35 . 2017 Australian Open Major Hard Final Federer 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 3 : 37 5 / 5 12 23 36 . 2017 Indian Wells Masters Masters Hard Round of 16 Federer 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1 : 08 2 / 3 13 23 37 . 2017 Miami Open Masters Hard Final Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1 : 34 2 / 3 14 23 38 . 2017 Shanghai Masters Masters Hard Final Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1 : 12 2 / 3 15 23 Doubles ( edit ) Federer -- Nadal ( 1 -- 2 ) No . Year Tournament Surface Round Winner Score Opponents Federer Nadal 1 . Indian Wells Masters Hard Round of 32 Nadal / Robredo 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Federer / Allegro 0 2 . 2007 Italian Open Clay Round of 32 Nadal / Moyá 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Federer / Wawrinka 0 3 . 2011 Indian Wells Masters Hard Semifinals Federer / Wawrinka 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Nadal / M. López As a pair ( 1 -- 0 ) No . Year Tournament Surface Round Winner Score Opponents Wins Losses 1 . 2017 Laver Cup Hard ( i ) Day 2 Federer / Nadal 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Querrey / Sock 0 Exhibitions ( edit ) Federer -- Nadal ( 2 -- 7 ) On 21 November 2006 they played an exhibition match on a hard court in Seoul , South Korea . Federer won 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 . On 2 May 2007 they played in the `` Battle of Surfaces '' on a hybrid court that was half clay and half grass . This match was held at the Palma Arena in Palma , the capital city of Nadal 's native Mallorca . Nadal won 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . On 21 December 2010 they played in Zürich , Switzerland on a hard court a charity tennis match for the Roger Federer Foundation . Federer won 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 . They played another exhibition match on 22 December 2010 in Madrid , Spain . Nadal won 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . This was a charity tennis match for the Fundación Rafa Nadal ( Rafael Nadal Foundation ) . On 1 January 2011 they played in the final of the knockout exhibition tournament ; the Mubadala World Tennis Championship on a hard court . Federer had beaten Söderling in the previous round and Nadal had beaten Berdych in the previous round . Nadal won the encounter by a score of 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . On 8 March 2011 the two played a set at Matthew Knight Arena in Eugene , Oregon , United States . Nadal won the charity exhibition 7 -- 5 . On 31 December 2011 they played again at Mubadala 2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship ( December ) on a hard court , this time for third place . Nadal won again 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 . On 12 December 2015 they played two matches in New Delhi , India at 2015 International Premier Tennis League season on a hard court . Nadal won both a set of singles against Federer 6 -- 5 and , paired with Rohan Bopanna , a doubles set against Roger Federer and Marin Cilic 6 -- 4 to lead the Indian Aces to a 30 -- 19 victory over the UAE Royals . Analysis ( edit ) Significant aspects ( edit ) The rivalry between Federer and Nadal has been a huge part of both men 's careers . Their Grand Slam tournament histories are of particular interest , especially their all - time record of nine finals encounters . This includes playing French Open and Wimbledon finals for three consecutive years ( 2006 -- 08 ) , culminating in what many consider the greatest match in tennis history at Wimbledon 2008 . Nadal , who had to defeat Federer during each of his first six Grand Slam title runs , possesses a 6 -- 3 advantage in their finals encounters plus three victories in semifinals . Nadal denied Federer a Career Grand Slam plus two potential Calendar Year Grand Slams ( 2006 -- 07 ) by defeating him at the French Open every year from 2005 -- 08 . Federer would complete a Career Grand Slam by winning the French title in 2009 after Nadal was upset in the fourth round . Meanwhile , Federer twice denied Nadal from becoming the first man since Björn Borg in 1980 to win the `` Channel Slam '' ( both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year ) by defeating him in their first two Wimbledon finals , but Nadal succeeded the following year . This was the first of three combined Channel Slams with Federer accomplishing it in 2009 followed by Nadal 's second in 2010 . Federer has also prevented Nadal from winning the Year - End Championships by defeating him in the 2010 finals and eliminating Nadal from the tournament in the 2006 and 2007 semifinals preventing Nadal from becoming only the second man after Andre Agassi to win a Career Grand Slam , a gold singles Olympic medal , and the Year End Championships , a distinction dubbed as a `` Career Super Slam '' by Sports Illustrated . In their latest match in the 2017 Australian Open final , Federer won a record - breaking 18th singles major while denying Nadal 's second opportunity ( the 2014 Australian Open final was the first ) to become the first man in the Open Era to have won each of the Grand Slam tournaments twice in men 's singles . Their record six consecutive calendar years atop the rankings from 2005 -- 10 was due to their unprecedented combined performance in the Grand Slam and Masters Series tournaments . During this span , they captured a combined record 21 of the 24 Grand Slam tournament titles ( 12 for Federer , 9 for Nadal ) , including a record 11 consecutive titles from 2005 -- 07 . They also dominated the Masters Series , combining for 31 of the 54 titles ( 18 for Nadal , 13 for Federer ) , including 8 of 9 in 2005 ( 4 each ) . Additionally , Federer won 4 of 6 year - end tournaments . Finally , both men not only possess Open - Era records for consecutive wins on a single surface -- Federer on both grass ( 65 ) and hard courts ( 56 ) , Nadal on clay courts ( 81 ) -- but each of these streaks was broken by the other player . Their respective dominance on grass and clay was the impetus for the `` Battle of Surfaces '' , an exhibition match on a half - grass , half - clay court , which Nadal won with a 12 -- 10 in the deciding tiebreak in May 2007 when both the grass and clay streaks were still active . Of their 38 matches , 20 have been on hard court , 15 have been on clay , and 3 have been on grass . Federer has a winning record on his best surface , grass ( 2 -- 1 ) , and on hard court ( 11 -- 9 ) while Nadal leads on his best surface , clay ( 13 -- 2 ) . Nadal leads in Grand Slam tournament matches ( 9 -- 3 ) , with five of these wins coming on the clay courts at the French Open . Analysts , commentators and pundits increasingly recognize that Nadal is a bad matchup for Federer , as the heavy topspin created by Nadal 's groundstrokes combined with his strategy of directing the majority of his serves and groundstrokes to Federer 's single - handed backhand keeps Federer on the defensive and makes it harder for Federer to use his aggressive groundstrokes to dominate baseline rallies as he typically does against other opponents . Federer says he is a `` different player due to Nadal 's presence '' citing Nadal 's game as a major reason for improvements in areas of his own game . There are several factors to consider in analyzing the head - to - head tally between Nadal and Federer . Nadal 's head - to - head advantage is built on his ability to dominate on clay whilst remaining competitive on the other two surfaces . Nadal leads by a 13 -- 2 margin on clay , which is statistically his strongest surface and Federer 's weakest , while the record on the other two surfaces combined currently stands at 13 -- 10 in Federer 's favour . From 2004 to 2007 , the rivalry stood at 8 -- 6 in Nadal 's favour , though Federer lead on both grass ( 2 -- 0 ) and hardcourt ( 3 -- 2 ) , as most of their matches were played on clay , where Nadal led 6 - 1 . However , from 2008 to 2014 , with Federer seeing a considerable decline in form in 2008 having past his most dominant years , Nadal compiled a lopsided 15 -- 4 record , leading on each surface , grass ( 1 -- 0 ) , hard ( 7 -- 3 ) and clay ( 7 -- 1 ) . Since then , after they played only one match in three years , Federer has dominated the rivalry with a 5 -- 0 record . Federer has stated that early defeats to Nadal on clay courts had a long lasting mental effect on him in his matches against Nadal on other surfaces , and that the lopsided loss at 2008 French open affected him in his first two sets at 2008 Wimbledon final . After his win over Nadal at 2017 Shanghai masters final , Federer credited his 2017 success on Nadal to bigger racquet frame and avoiding claycourt meetings against him since 2013 . There is debate as to how much of a role sickness and injury have played in the rivalry . Federer contracted mononucleosis in late December 2007 which lasted , according to his doctors , for at least six weeks . Some believe that the after - effects of the illness were with him throughout the year though there is some evidence that he was over the illness by March , a month before the first of their matches . Nevertheless , as Chris Bowers wrote in his biography of Federer , Federer `` may well have had a very mild dose , but , looking back on Federer 's 2008 , the fact that he played through it means it is medically quite plausible that it robbed him of strength for the first half of the year '' . Federer also suffered from a back injury in 2013 . During these years when Federer had mononucleosis ( 2008 ) and the significant year - long back injury ( 2013 ) , he went 0 -- 8 against Nadal which significantly skewed their head to head record . Another aspect that has shaped their rivalry has been that of racquet equipment . Nadal has always used a large 100 square inch racquet , however , Federer used a significantly smaller 90 inch racquet in their matches from 2004 -- 2013 . This was the size Federer had always played with since a youth , but in an age of increasing power tennis this substantially smaller racquet put him at a disadvantage . During the period in which Nadal enjoyed this advantage in racquet equipment he compiled a 22 -- 10 record . In early 2014 Federer began experimenting with a larger frame and played Nadal in just his second tournament using this larger prototype . Nadal won this match and took his advantage to 23 -- 10 . However , since Federer committed to his new 97.5 inch Wilson Prostaff he has flipped their rivalry upside down going an undefeated 5 -- 0 in their matches with equally modern racquet equipment . Many analysts have claimed that Federer 's switch to a modern sized racquet and his subsequent dominance , in addition to the vast improvements it has made to his single handed backhand , have proven that he was playing with a handicap for most of their rivalry . Comparison of Grand Slam tournament titles ( edit ) As of January 2018 Roger Federer holds the all - time record for the most Grand Slam tournament titles with 20 . Federer 's Grand Slam tournament titles include 11 on hard courts , 8 on grass , and 1 on clay . Nadal is second on the all - time list for the most Grand Slam titles with 16 in total : 10 on clay , 4 on hard courts , and 2 on grass . Both players have won the Career Grand Slam ( winning all four majors at least once ) . Tournament Federer Nadal Australian Open 6 French Open 10 Wimbledon 8 US Open 5 Total Count 20 16 Bold indicates outright record holder Comparison of Masters 1000 titles ( edit ) Rafael Nadal holds a record 30 Masters 1000 titles ( tied with Novak Djokovic ) , with 22 of his titles on clay and 8 on hard courts . Roger Federer has 27 , with 21 coming on hardcourts and 6 on clay . Federer is missing two Masters 1000 titles , both of which are played on clay ( Monte Carlo and Rome ) while Nadal is missing two Masters 1000 titles ( Miami and Paris ) , both of which are played on hard courts , having won the German Open Hamburg before it was downgraded to ATP 500 in 2009 and replaced by the Madrid Masters ( clay ) . Nadal also won the Madrid Masters event in 2005 when it was played on indoor hardcourts in October , the same slot that Shanghai Masters has today . Nadal prevented Federer from winning Monte Carlo three times from 2006 to 2008 . He also beat Federer twice in the Rome finals , in 2006 and 2013 . The 2006 Rome final , which was won by Nadal in a fifth - set tiebreak , lasted for over five hours and is considered by some to be one of the greatest and most memorable matches ever contested on clay . In 2005 , Federer prevented Nadal from winning Miami in a five - set final . Nadal won the first and second sets , was up a break in the third set , and was two points away from victory before Federer came back from two - sets - down to win . Nadal made it back to the Miami final in 2008 , 2011 , 2014 and 2017 but lost each time . In 2017 , Federer again beat Nadal in the Miami final . He also prevented Nadal from winning in Shanghai , defeating the Spaniard in the final . Hardcourt Clay Tournament Federer Nadal Indian Wells Masters 5 Miami Open 0 Monte - Carlo Masters 0 10 Madrid Open / German Open 6 5 Italian Open 0 7 Canadian Open Cincinnati Masters 7 Shanghai Masters / Madrid Open Paris Masters 0 Total Count 27 30 Bold indicates outright record holder Comparison of year - end Championships ( edit ) As of 2016 , Roger Federer holds the record for Year - End Championship titles with six . While Nadal has not won a Year - End Championship , he has made the finals twice , in 2010 and 2013 . Federer defeated Nadal in the 2010 finals and leads their head - to - head for the event 4 -- 1 . Tournament Federer Nadal Tennis Masters Cup 0 ATP World Tour Finals 0 Total Count 6 0 Head - to - head tallies ( edit ) The following is a breakdown of their head - to - head results : All matches : Nadal , 23 -- 15 Clay courts : Nadal , 13 -- 2 Grass courts : Federer , 2 -- 1 Hard courts : Federer , 11 -- 9 Outdoor : Nadal , 8 -- 6 * Indoor : Federer , 5 -- 1 * The Shanghai Masters 2017 final between Federer and Nadal was played with the roof closed due to rain , but the ATP officially counts it as an outdoor match . All finals : Nadal , 14 -- 10 Clay courts : Nadal , 11 -- 2 Grass courts : Federer , 2 -- 1 Hard courts : Federer , 6 -- 2 Outdoor : Federer , 4 -- 2 Indoor : Federer , 2 -- 0 Grand Slam matches : Nadal , 9 -- 3 Australian Open : Nadal , 3 -- 1 French Open : Nadal , 5 -- 0 Wimbledon : Federer , 2 -- 1 Grand Slam finals : Nadal , 6 -- 3 Australian Open : Tied , 1 -- 1 French Open : Nadal , 4 -- 0 Wimbledon : Federer , 2 -- 1 Tennis Masters Cup / ATP World Tour Finals matches : Federer , 4 -- 1 Tennis Masters Cup / ATP World Tour Finals finals : Federer , 1 -- 0 ATP Masters Series / ATP World Tour Masters 1000 matches : Nadal , 12 -- 7 ATP Masters Series / ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals : Nadal , 7 -- 5 Clay courts : Nadal , 7 -- 2 Hard courts : Federer , 3 -- 0 Best of five set matches : Nadal , 11 -- 4 Five - set matches : Tied , 3 -- 3 Best of three set matches : Nadal , 12 -- 11 Set tallies ( edit ) Federer Set score Nadal 0 9 -- 7 10 7 -- 6 11 7 -- 5 7 10 6 -- 4 15 13 6 -- 3 19 5 6 -- 2 8 5 6 -- 1 5 6 -- 0 50 Total sets 67 560 Total games 597 3596 Total points 3670 Hard Court ( o ) Clay Grass Hard Court ( i ) Total Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Australian Open French Open 5 0 5 0 Wimbledon Indian Wells Masters Miami Open Monte - Carlo Masters 0 0 Italian Open 0 0 Hamburg Masters / Madrid Open Cincinnati Masters 0 0 Shanghai Masters 0 0 Dubai Championships 0 0 Swiss Indoors 0 0 ATP Finals / ATP World Tour Finals Total 8 6 13 5 23 15 Hard / Grass Timeline ( edit ) Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Open Dubai Indian Wells Miami Wimbledon Cincinnati Shanghai Basel ATP Finals Clay timeline ( edit ) Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Monte - Carlo Rome Hamburg / Madrid French Open Notes In bold : Matches that happened in the finals . Hard ( edit ) Nadal and Federer have played 20 of their 38 matches on hard courts , with the head - to - head on this surface at 11 -- 9 in Federer 's favour . An important distinction is the relative success of the two players on indoor and outdoor hard courts . In the former , Federer leads Nadal with a 5 -- 1 record , while on outdoor hard courts , Nadal leads 8 -- 6 . The quicker conditions and low bounce of the indoor hard courts fit Federer 's style , while the slower and high bouncing conditions of most outdoor ones favor Nadal . Federer has defeated Nadal in four out of five encounters they have had at the Year End Championships , including the 2010 final , which are played on indoor hardcourts . This is the only surface on which they have exchanged the lead in their head - to - head , which has happened several times . Despite Nadal 's success on hard courts , some analysts have criticized his lack of consistency in reaching hard court tournament finals ( especially US Open finals ) for potentially skewing the overall head - to - head results . In reference to their match at the 2012 Australian Open , Nadal has said that Federer is typically the `` favourite '' on `` these kinds of surfaces '' . Clay ( edit ) Nadal and Federer have played 15 of their 38 matches on clay , with Nadal holding a 13 -- 2 advantage over Federer . The matches comprise 13 tournament finals and 2 semifinals . The Spaniard has won all of their seven meetings in best of five set matches on clay at Roland Garros . Their last match on clay was played at the 2013 Italian Open . From 2005 to 2008 , Nadal won every French Open , defeating Federer in each of those tournaments ( in the 2005 semifinal and the 2006 , 2007 , 2008 finals ) , as well as in the 2011 final . From 2005 -- 2010 , Nadal won at least 2 of the 3 clay Masters events each year , defeating Federer in 6 of those . Statistically , Nadal has the highest win percentage on clay of any player in ATP history , and is third best all - time . As a result , some analysts and players , such as Pat Cash and Conchita Martínez , consider Nadal the greatest clay - court player ever . Grass ( edit ) Federer and Nadal have met three times on grass , more specifically the Wimbledon finals from 2006 to 2008 . Federer won the first two finals , while Nadal won the last one . Federer has won the Wimbledon Championships eight times , and Nadal has won the championships twice . Five of Federer 's titles were consecutive titles ( from 2003 to 2007 ) , and the sixth , seventh and eighth titles were won in 2009 , 2012 and 2017 . The 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long - time tennis analysts . Skill comparisons ( edit ) Federer is considered by many to be the greatest tennis player of all time while Nadal 's performance on clay has prompted many experts to regard him as the greatest clay court player and one of the best tennis players of all time . Federer has been more successful than Nadal on fast courts because he hits a flatter forehand and has a faster serve . Grass and indoor hard courts are faster surfaces , so Federer 's flatter shots there result in a lower bouncing , faster moving trajectory . Thus , Nadal 's topspin is less effective on such faster courts , but is most effective on slower courts such as clay . Nadal has improved his serving speed and placement over the years , but Federer still serves faster on average and earns more aces and service winners , while Nadal has an overall stronger ground stroke game . While Nadal is statistically weaker than Federer on both hard and grass courts , he has nonetheless achieved considerable success on both surfaces , including notable wins at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wimbledon ( 2008 and 2010 ) , the Australian Open ( 2009 ) , the US Open ( 2010 , 2013 and 2017 ) , and at various hard court Masters series tournaments . Similarly , Federer too has achieved considerable success on clay , winning the French Open ( 2009 ) and reaching the finals on four other occasions ( 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2011 ) , winning the Madrid / Hamburg open six times ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 and 2012 ) , and winning various other clay court tournaments . Media and player commentary ( edit ) During interviews , many fellow and former players have regarded both Federer and Nadal as among the best tennis players of all time . In November 2010 , former player Björn Borg stated that he believed Federer to be the greatest player of all time , but `` Rafa has the chance to be the greatest player '' if he stays healthy . Former player and commentator John McEnroe was of a similar opinion , noting in 2010 that `` there is an argument to be made that Rafael Nadal may be the greatest player eventually , even possibly now . '' He has subsequently adjusted his opinion on several occasions , in 2013 noting that he thought Nadal was `` the greatest player that ever lived '' but later in 2014 bunched Federer , Nadal , Laver and Sampras together as the greatest ever . In July 2015 , he reversed his opinion and again backed Roger Federer for the title . In January 2017 , after Federer , then 35 years of age and returning to competitive play after a 6 - month layoff due to injury , triumphed over Nadal in 5 sets to win the record - breaking 18th major at the 2017 Australian Open , McEnroe remarked that Federer had cemented his status as being the best tennis player of all time , but also left open the possibility that Nadal can be in the running again should he win additional men 's singles majors to narrow the gap . In October 2013 , Rod Laver , the only tennis player to achieve the Grand Slam twice , said `` When I look at Federer , with what he 's accomplished , against the competition that he 's accomplished it with , I 'd have to say I would think that Roger is the greatest player , ' ' At the press conference following his 9th record French Open win in 2014 and a total of 14 Slams , three shy of Federer 's 17 , Nadal said that he really does not care much about records , `` I 'll follow my own path . Then , when my career is over , then we 'll count . '' In May 2014 , eight - time Grand Slam tournament champion Andre Agassi told Singapore 's Straits Times newspaper , via aljazeera.com : `` I 'd put Nadal number one and Federer number two . Federer separated himself from the field for four years . He separated himself from Andy Roddick and Lleyton Hewitt . Nadal had to deal with Federer , Novak Djokovic , Andy Murray in the golden age of tennis . '' In November 2014 , former world number 1 player Andy Roddick , in noting his support for Federer , explained why he believes that head - to - head results are not a valid factor in determining the greatest of all time , `` For me Roger Federer is still ahead in the greatest - ever debate , with Rafael Nadal second . People talk about their head - to - head being the determining factor , but I ca n't comprehend a single match - up being the deciding factor . It 's about total wins at major tournaments , not an individual match - up , in my mind . '' In December 2014 , Rafael Nadal 's uncle and coach , Toni Nadal , indicated to Spanish radio station Cadena COPE that he believed Federer to be the greatest of all time based on overall statistics and achievements , noting `` I think he is ( the best of all - time ) , the numbers say so . '' A day before the 2017 Australian Open men 's singles finals , Toni Nadal further reemphasized his regard on Federer , saying that `` When ( Federer ) will call it a career , the greatest player in the tennis history wo n't be there anymore . Looking at titles , he is the greatest at the moment . '' In March 2015 , former player Pete Sampras made similar arguments about Federer , `` You look at the numbers of what he 's been able to do , you have to say he 's the greatest we 've seen '' These comments were echoed by Boris Becker in July 2015 , `` Great respect for Roger Federer ! He is our greatest of all time '' Relationship and competitive dynamic ( edit ) Both Federer and Nadal 's personal and professional relationship is good - natured and gracious . Though they are both highly competitive , they maintain a healthy regard for each other and have had virtually no source of personal animosity . The two have made slight criticisms of one another in the past , nevertheless . For example , Federer complained of Nadal 's slow , deliberate style of play on the eve of the 2008 Wimbledon final . Nadal criticized Federer before the 2012 Australian Open for his failure to be more vocal about players ' grievances on issues such as scheduling and prize money . He subsequently apologized for making his views public , however , and both players maintained that they still enjoyed a good relationship and had high respect for each other , which can often be seen in interviews . Nadal was also once seen watching Federer play a match in his box , and their family members would congratulate each other on match wins . Despite their cordial relationship , both men have a somewhat different attitude towards their rivalry . When Federer was securely atop the tennis world he was ambivalent towards the notion of a rivalry with an opponent five years younger than himself . But after their memorable 2008 Wimbledon final he had no choice but to acknowledge its significance , even admitting `` it definitely becomes more and more special the more times we play against each other . '' A few weeks later , after Nadal had officially surpassed him in the rankings , Federer offered this compliment : `` Look at what he had to achieve to get it . That 's what I like to see . '' Nadal has always cherished the rivalry because he looks up to Federer as both a role model and a measuring stick for success . When interest in their rivalry increased , both Federer and Nadal collaborated to arrange occasional charity exhibition matches to benefit their charities ' philanthropic interests . The most recent was the Match for Africa , played on 21 December 2010 in Zurich , Switzerland , which Federer won , and a follow - up match played in Madrid on the following day , titled `` Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children '' , which Nadal won . Cultural impact ( edit ) The rivalry has also increased overall interest in tennis . The highly anticipated 2008 Wimbledon final drew strong television ratings for tennis in both the U.S. and across Europe . The match was also featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated , which was the first time in years that tennis had made its cover . Pairing Federer and Nadal ( edit ) Significant achievements ( edit ) From the 2003 Wimbledon Championships to the 2011 French Open , Federer and Nadal have won an unprecedented 26 out of 32 Major titles . In this time , both men have also completed the Career Grand Slam ( Nadal has also completed the Career Golden Slam by winning the 2008 Beijing Olympics ) . From Nadal 's first Grand Slam tournament victory at the 2005 French Open until the 2011 French Open , Federer and Nadal had won 22 of 25 Major titles ( 12 for Federer , 10 for Nadal ) . The exceptions were the 2008 and 2011 Australian Open , won by Novak Djokovic , and the 2009 US Open , won by Juan Martín del Potro . Federer and Nadal are the only No. 1 and No. 2 pair in the open era to contest the French Open and Wimbledon men 's finals back to back in a calendar year . They are also the only pair in the history of tennis to contest both of these finals back to back for three consecutive years ( 2006 -- 08 ) . In the history of tennis , Federer and Nadal are the only pair to face each other in nine Grand Slam singles finals ( 2006 -- 08 , 2011 French Open , 2006 -- 08 Wimbledon , 2009 , 2017 Australian Open ) . This broke the previous record of seven finals set by Bill Tilden and William Johnston ( 1919 -- 25 U.S. Championships ) . Their match at the 2012 Australian Open also marked a 10th time two players had faced each other in Grand Slam men 's singles matches , tying the record set by John McEnroe and Ivan Lendl . This record has now been surpassed by Federer - Djokovic when they met for the 13th time in a Major at the 2012 Wimbledon semifinals . Federer and Nadal are the only No. 1 and No. 2 pair to win 11 consecutive Grand Slam singles tournaments between them ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open ) . In this period , Federer won 3 consecutive titles at both Wimbledon and the US Open and 2 consecutive titles at the Australian Open , while Nadal won 3 consecutive French Open titles . While both were in their thirties , they won 5 consecutive titles from the Australian Open 2017 to the Australian Open 2018 . During the Open Era , only two pairs of players have played each other in the final of the same Grand Slam singles tournament three consecutive years : Becker -- Edberg ( 1988 -- 90 Wimbledon ) and Federer - Nadal ( 2006 -- 08 French Open and 2006 -- 08 Wimbledon ) . Federer and Nadal are the only pair to win at least four consecutive finals at three different Majors during the same period ( 2005 -- 08 and 2010 -- 14 French Open for Nadal , 2003 -- 07 Wimbledon and 2004 -- 08 US Open for Federer ) . From the 2004 Wimbledon Championships to the 2011 French Open , at least one of them appeared in 25 of 28 Major finals , winning all of them except the 2005 Australian Open , the 2008 Australian Open , the 2011 Australian Open , and the 2009 US Open . Federer and Nadal have combined to win 8 consecutive Wimbledon ( 2003 -- 10 ) and 10 consecutive French Open ( 2005 -- 14 ) . Federer and Nadal won the French Open , Wimbledon and US Open triple for 4 consecutive years ( 2005 -- 08 ) . One of only two pairs to have faced each other in a Major , having both already completed the career Grand Slam . They did this four times . The other pair Roy Emerson and Rod Laver met on two occasions after both completing the career Grand Slam . Federer and Nadal have played four five - set Grand Slam finals ( Wimbledon 2007 and 2008 , Australian Open 2009 and 2017 ) . This is the largest number of five - set Grand Slam finals contested by any pair of players in the Open Era . Records ( edit ) Grand Slam tournaments ( since 1877 ) Only two players in tennis history to win more than 14 Grand Slam titles each ( Federer -- 20 ; Nadal -- 16 ) Only two players in tennis history to reach more than 21 Grand Slam finals each ( Federer -- 30 ; Nadal -- 23 ) Only two players in tennis history to win more than 59 matches at French Open each ( Nadal -- 79 ; Federer -- 65 ) Only two players in tennis history to win all 4 Grand Slam titles combined in one season 4 times ( 2006 -- 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) Most Grand Slam finals played against each other in tennis history -- 9 ( 2009 & 2017 Australian Open , 2006 -- 2008 & 2011 French Open & 2006 -- 2008 Wimbledon ) Most French Open finals played against each other in tennis history -- 4 ( 2006 -- 2008 & 2011 ) Only two players in tennis history to have met in both French Open & Wimbledon finals in the same season for 3 consecutive years ( 2006 - 2008 ) Only two players in tennis history to win both French Open & Wimbledon in the same calendar year for 6 consecutive seasons ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Only two players in tennis history to win both French Open & Wimbledon in the same calendar year in 8 seasons ( 2005 -- 2010 , 2012 & 2017 ) Only two players in tennis history to win more than 7 titles at a single Grand Slam tournament ( Nadal 10 at French Open ; Federer 8 at Wimbledon ) Rafael Nadal holds record for most titles at French Open ( 10 ) , while Roger Federer holds record at Wimbledon ( 8 ) and Australian Grand Slam ( 6 -- tied with Novak Djokovic and Roy Emerson ) in tennis history They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Roy Emerson ) in tennis history to win more than 8 Grand Slam titles on particular surface ( Federer -- 11 on hard ; Nadal -- 10 on clay ) . Emerson won 10 majors on grass Rafael Nadal holds record for most finals reached at French Open ( 10 ) while Roger Federer holds records at both Wimbledon ( 11 ) and Australian Grand Slam tournaments ( 7 -- tied with Emerson ) in tennis history Federer won the highest number of matches at both Australian Open ( 94 ) and Wimbledon ( 91 ) , while Nadal at French Open ( 79 ) in tennis history Federer won the highest number of matches in Grand Slam tournaments on hard ( 176 ) , while Nadal on clay ( 79 ) -- both all time records Nadal has the highest winning percentage in Grand Slam tournaments on clay with 97 , 5 % ( 79 -- 2 ) , while Federer on hard with 87 , 6 % ( 176 -- 25 ) -- both all time records Only two players in tennis history to reach more than 4 Grand Slam finals without losing a single set in tournament -- 6 times each ( Nadal -- French Open 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 & US Open 2010 ; Federer -- Wimbledon 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , Australian Open 2007 , 2018 & US Open 2015 ) Nadal is the only player in tennis history to win at least 1 Grand Slam title a season for 10 consecutive years ( 2005 -- 2014 ) , while Federer is the only player in tennis history to win 3 Grand Slam titles a season for 2 consecutive years ( 2006 -- 2007 ) and the only to win 2 Grand Slam titles a season for 4 consecutive years ( 2004 -- 2007 ) . Two of them also reached at least 1 Grand Slam final for 10 consecutive years , 2nd best only to Ivan Lendl and Pete Sampras - 11 consecutive seasons each They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than 86 % matches in major tournaments ( Grand Slam & Pro Slam ) -- Nadal has won 87.12 % ( 230 -- 34 ) matches , while Federer has won 86.46 % ( 332 -- 52 ) matches They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than 3 consecutive titles at single major tournament ( Federer won Wimbledon 5 times from 2003 to 2007 & US Open 5 times from 2004 to 2008 ; Nadal won French Open 5 times from 2010 to 2014 & 4 times from 2005 to 2008 ) Second pair in tennis history ( after Novak Djokovic & Rafael Nadal ) to win the 2 first major tournaments of the season 5 times ( 2006 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2010 & 2017 ) Second pair in tennis history ( after Roy Emerson & John Newcombe in 1967 ) to win 2 Grand Slam titles each in a single calendar year ( Federer won Australian Open and Wimbledon & Nadal won the French Open and US Open in 2017 ) Open Era tournaments ( since 1968 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history to win 2 Grand Slam titles each in a single calendar year ( Federer won Australian Open & Wimbledon , while Nadal won French Open & US Open in 2017 ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than one Grand Slam tournament in men 's Open Era without losing a single set ( Nadal -- French Open 2008 , 2010 & 2017 ; Federer -- Australian Open 2007 & Wimbledon 2017 ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than 30 consecutive matches at a Grand Slam event ( Nadal -- 31 & 39 at French Open ; Federer -- 40 at both Wimbledon and US Open ) in men 's Open Era Rafael Nadal holds record for most finals reached at French Open ( 10 ) while Roger Federer holds records at Wimbledon ( 11 ) and Australian Open ( 7 ) in tennis history in men 's Open Era Nadal holds record for most Grand Slam titles on clay ( 10 ) while Federer holds records for most titles on both grass ( 8 ) and hard ( 11 ) in men 's Open Era history Only two players in men 's Open Era with more than 8 titles on a particular surface in Grand Slam tournaments ( Federer 11 on hard , Nadal 10 on clay ) Rafael Nadal holds record for most titles at French Open ( 10 ) while Roger Federer holds records at Wimbledon ( 8 ) , Australian Open ( 6 -- tied with Djokovic ) and US Open ( 5 -- tied with Sampras and Connors ) in men 's Open Era history Only two players in men 's Open Era history to each win a Grand Slam title without losing a single set in the same calendar year ( 2017 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history to win more than 57 outdoor tennis tournaments -- each has 73 titles Nadal won the most clay tournaments in men 's Open Era history on clay with 53 titles , while Federer won the most tournaments on grass ( 17 ) and on hard ( 66 ) Nadal has the longest streak on clay in men 's Open Era history with 81 consecutive matches won from 2005 to 2007 , while Federer won the most consecutive matches on grass , 65 , from 2003 to 2008 and on hard , 56 , from 2005 to 2006 . Each player broke the other player 's streak Only two players in men 's Open Era history to reach more than 10 finals at a single tournament -- Federer reached 13 finals in Basel ( 2000 -- 2001 , 2006 -- 15 & 2017 ) and 11 at both Wimbledon ( 2003 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2015 & 2017 ) and Halle ( 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2015 & 2017 ) , while Nadal reached 11 finals in Monte - Carlo ( 2005 -- 2013 & 2016 -- 2017 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history to win one tournament more than 8 times ( Nadal -- Monte Carlo , French Open , and Barcelona -- 10 titles each , Federer -- Halle -- 9 titles ) Nadal has the highest record on clay in men 's Open Era history with 91 , 75 % ( 389 -- 35 ) , while Federer has the best record on grass 87 , 23 % ( 164 -- 24 ) Two tennis players to win more than 309 matches in Masters 1000 tournaments ( Federer -- 350 ; Nadal -- 343 ) Most finals played against each other on clay in Masters 1000 tournaments ( 9 ) Only players to reach more than 44 Masters 1000 finals ( both reached 46 ) and only players to reach more than 59 semifinals in Masters 1000 ( Nadal -- 64 ; Federer -- 60 ) Nadal won 13 consecutive clay tournaments and reached 18 consecutive clay tournaments finals , while Federer won 9 consecutive grass tournaments and reached 13 consecutive grass tournaments finals -- all men 's Open Era records Only players in men 's Open Era to win more than 13 titles at ATP 500 tournaments -- each won 19 titles Only players in men 's Open Era to reach more than 20 finals at ATP 500 tournaments -- each reached 25 finals Only pair in men 's Open Era to have at least one player to be present in Hamburg Masters Series / Madrid Masters 1000 final for 9 consecutive years ( 2007 -- 2015 ) One of two pairs to have played in 12 finals against each other in Masters 1000 tournaments ( along with Djokovic -- Nadal ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Guillermo Vilas ) to win more than 788 outdoor matches each ( Federer won 867 ; Nadal won 800 ) Only two players to reach more than 166 quarterfinals at outdoor tournaments -- each reached 171 Only two players to reach final of the same ATP 500 tournament 8 times in a row -- Federer in Basel from 2009 to 2017 ( did not play in 2016 ) ; Nadal in Barcelona from 2005 to 2013 ( did not play in 2010 ) Most rivalries won ( a rivalry is more than 3 matches ) vs Top 10 players -- Federer is 1st with 61 rivalries won , while Nadal is 2nd with 52 won ( tied with Andre Agassi and Jimmy Connors ) Federer has the highest number of titles won at Cincinnati Masters ( 7 - 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - 2010 , 2012 & 2014 - 2015 ) , Indian Wells Masters ( 5 - 2004 - 2006 , 2012 & 2017 , tied with Novak Djokovic ) and Hamburg Masters ( 4 - 2002 , 2004 - 2005 & 2007 ) , while Nadal won the most titles at Monte Carlo Masters ( 10 - 2005 - 2012 , 2016 - 2017 ) and Rome Masters ( 7 - 2005 - 2007 , 2009 - 2010 & 2012 - 2013 ) They are only two players in 21st century to win titles on 3 surfaces across consecutive events played ( Federer won Wimbledon on grass , Gstaad on clay and Canada Masters on hard in 2004 , while Nadal won Roland Garros on clay , both Queen 's Club & Wimbledon on grass and Canada Masters on hard in 2008 ) ATP Ranking ( since 1973 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history for 7 consecutive seasons ( 2004 -- 2010 ) ranked as ATP # 1 player in the world Federer has spent a record 237 consecutive weeks as an ATP # 1 player in the world , while Nadal holds the record of most consecutive weeks as an ATP # 2 player in the world with 160 weeks As of Monday 19 February 2018 Federer has spent a record 303 weeks as an ATP # 1 player in the world , while Nadal holds the record of most weeks as an ATP # 2 player in the world with 273 weeks For 6 consecutive seasons ( 2005 -- 2010 ) one of them ended calendar season as a # 1 player in the world , while the other was the # 2 player in the world , a men 's Open Era record As of Monday 19 February 2018 they are only players in men 's Open Era to spend more than 409 weeks in ATP Top 2 ( Federer -- 495 ; Nadal -- 440 ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Novak Djokovic ) to clinch ATP year - end world No. 1 in september ( Federer in 2004 & 2006 ; Nadal in 2010 ) Only two players to finish season in Top 2 more than 8 times each ( Federer -- 11 ; Nadal -- 9 ) Only two players to finish season as No. 2 more than 4 times each ( Federer -- 6 ; Nadal -- 5 ) Only two players to finish season in Top 2 more than 6 consecutive times each ( Federer -- 8 times from 2003 to 2010 ; Nadal -- 7 times from 2005 to 2011 ) Only two players to pass 9 years gap between their first and last week as world number 1 ( Federer - 14 years & 17 days ; Nadal - 9 years & 184 days ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) Their 2008 Wimbledon men 's singles final match is widely regarded as one of the greatest matches in tennis history From 2004 to 2007 , Federer won 320 of the 344 matches he played ( 320 -- 24 record , 93 , 02 % matches won ) . Nadal was the only player to have a positive record against Federer ( with more than 2 matches played ) in that time span ( 8 -- 6 ) In his 2006 season , Federer won 92 of 97 matches he played ( 92 -- 5 record , 94 , 85 % matches won ) . Nadal was the only player to hold a positive record against him ( with more than 2 matches played ) , winning 4 matches and losing 2 . Federer 's only other loss of the year came from Andy Murray at the Cincinnati Masters As of January 29 , 2018 , Federer and Nadal are respectively the two active players with the highest number of titles ( 96 and 75 ) , finals ( 145 and 111 ) , and matches won ( 1139 and 877 ) on the ATP tour Roger Federer is considered to be the best player to never win Olympic Games tourney , while Nadal is considered to be the best player to never win Tour Finals tournament Nadal is the only player to accomplished a `` Clay Slam '' ( winning Monte Carlo Masters , Rome Masters , Madrid Masters & French Open in the same calendar year - 2010 ) , while Federer is the only player to win a Masters 1000 event without having serve broken or losing a set ( 2012 & 2015 at Cincinnati Masters ) Nadal is just 1 of 2 players ( the other being Mats Wilander ) to win French Open title on first attempt ( 1982 & 2005 respectively ) , while Federer is just 1 of 2 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to defeat 6 different existing Major champions in Grand Slam finals ( the Swede beat Guillermo Vilas at 1978 French Open , Ilie Năstase at 1976 Wimbledon , Jimmy Connors at 1977 & 1978 Wimbledon , Roscoe Tanner at 1979 Wimbledon , Vitas Gerulaitis at 1980 French Open and John McEnroe at 1980 Wimbledon , while the Swiss defeated Marat Safin at 2004 Australian Open , Andy Roddick at 2004 , 2005 & 2009 Wimbledon and 2006 US Open , Lleyton Hewitt at 2004 US Open , Andre Agassi at 2005 US Open , Rafael Nadal at 2006 & 2007 Wimbledon and 2017 Australian Open and Marin Čilić at 2017 Wimbledon and 2018 Australian Open ) Federer won the most matches trailing 0 - 2 in sets ( 10 - tied with Aaron Krickstein and Boris Becker ) , while Nadal won the most matches vs. No. 1 player ( 10 - tied with Boris Becker ) Nadal won the highest number of titles as a teenager ( 16 - tied with Björn Borg ) , while Federer won the highest number of tie - breaks ( 420 ) and has the best winning percentage ( 65.11 % , 225 loses ) Performance timeline comparison ( edit ) Main article : Tennis performance timeline comparison ( men ) Grand Slam tournaments ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # Z # PO F-S SF - B NMS NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( Z # ) Davis / Fed Cup Zonal Group ( with number indication ) or ( PO ) play - off ; ( G ) gold , ( F-S ) silver or ( SF - B ) bronze Olympic medal ; a ( NMS ) downgraded Masters Series / 1000 tournament ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player 's participation has ended . Bold = players met during this tournament 1999 -- 2004 ( edit ) Player 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer Q1 1R 1R Q2 3R 4R 1R 3R 3R QF QF 4R 4R 1R 1R 4R 4R 1R 4R 3R Rafael Nadal 3R 2R 3R 3R 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) Player 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer SF SF SF QF QF SF Rafael Nadal 4R 2R 3R QF QF 4R SF SF 4R SF QF 2011 -- 2016 ( edit ) Player 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer SF QF SF SF SF QF SF QF 2R 4R SF 4R SF 3R QF SF SF Rafael Nadal QF 2R 1R 4R QF QF 2R 3R 1R 3R 4R 2017 -- present ( edit ) Player 2017 2018 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer QF Rafael Nadal 4R QF By age ( end of season ) ( edit ) 18 -- 22 ( edit ) Player 18 19 20 21 22 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer Q1 1R 1R Q2 3R 4R 1R 3R 3R QF QF 4R 4R 1R 1R 4R 4R 1R 4R Rafael Nadal 3R 2R 4R 2R 3R QF QF 4R SF SF 23 -- 27 ( edit ) Player 23 24 25 26 27 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer 3R SF SF SF Rafael Nadal 4R SF QF QF 2R 1R 28 -- 32 ( edit ) Player 28 29 30 31 32 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer QF QF SF SF QF SF SF SF QF SF QF 2R 4R Rafael Nadal 4R QF QF 2R 3R 1R 3R 4R 4R QF 33 -- 37 ( edit ) Player 33 34 35 36 37 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer SF 4R SF 3R QF SF SF QF Rafael Nadal ATP Rankings ( edit ) Year - End ranking timeline ( edit ) Player 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer 301 64 29 13 6 6 16 Rafael Nadal 811 200 49 51 5 9 ATP Year - End ranking timeline by age ( edit ) Year End Ranking 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Roger Federer 301 64 29 13 6 6 16 Rafael Nadal 811 200 49 51 5 9 Career evolution ( edit ) Federer and Nadal were born just under four years and 10 months apart . Federer 's birthday is 8 August 1981 , while Nadal 's is 3 June 1986 . A different viewpoint of their career evolution is offered by taking the season they ended with an age of 18 as starting point , and comparing their accomplishments at the same age . For instance in 2007 , Federer finished the season being 26 years old having accumulated a career record of twelve Major titles , and ranked No. 1 . By comparison , Nadal finished the 2012 season also aged 26 , having accumulated eleven Major titles in total , and being ranked No. 4 . ( ) = active record ( updated Monday 9 April 2018 ) Age at end of season 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Federer 's season 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Nadal 's season 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grand Slam titles Federer 0 0 0 0 6 9 12 13 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 19 ( 20 ) Nadal 0 5 6 9 10 11 13 14 14 14 16 ( 16 ) Grand Slam match wins Federer 0 7 20 26 39 61 85 112 138 162 188 208 228 247 260 279 297 307 325 ( 332 ) Nadal 6 19 36 56 80 95 120 143 157 171 187 198 203 226 ( 230 ) Year - End Championships Federer 0 0 0 0 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ( 6 ) Nadal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 ) Masters 1000 titles Federer 0 0 0 8 12 14 14 16 17 18 21 21 23 24 24 27 ( 27 ) Nadal 0 6 9 12 15 18 19 21 26 27 27 28 30 ( 30 ) Total titles Federer 0 0 11 22 33 45 53 57 61 66 70 76 77 82 88 88 95 ( 97 ) Nadal 12 17 23 31 36 43 46 50 60 64 67 69 75 ( 75 ) Total match wins Federer 15 51 100 158 236 310 391 483 551 617 678 743 807 878 923 996 1059 1080 1132 ( 1149 ) Nadal 45 124 183 253 335 401 472 541 583 658 706 767 806 873 ( 879 ) Ranking Federer 64 29 13 6 6 16 ( 2 ) Nadal 51 5 9 ( 1 ) Weeks at number 1 Federer 0 0 0 0 0 48 100 152 204 237 262 285 285 302 302 302 302 302 302 ( 308 ) Nadal 0 0 0 0 19 46 76 102 102 115 141 141 141 160 ( 169 ) Titles by tournaments played comparison ( edit ) Another way to view their respective careers and evolution is to look at the progression of titles won by the number of tournaments played to win each of their titles at each level of competition including Grand Slam tournaments , ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( formerly ATP Masters Series ) , ATP World Tour Finals ( formerly Tennis Masters Cup ) , Olympic Games , ATP World Tour 500 Series ( formerly ATP International Series Gold ) , and ATP World Tour 250 Series ( formerly ATP International Series ) . For example , Federer won his 14th Grand Slam title at his 40th Grand Slam tournament , while Nadal won his 14th at his 38th Grand Slam tournament . Singles title # 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Federer won at Grand Slam # 17 19 21 22 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 34 38 40 41 43 53 69 70 72 Nadal 6 9 13 17 18 20 24 25 26 28 32 34 36 38 48 50 Federer won at ATP Masters 1000 # 22 35 38 39 41 42 44 45 46 47 50 52 57 59 75 77 84 94 95 97 99 112 113 119 124 125 127 Nadal 10 11 12 14 17 18 22 24 25 33 35 36 40 42 43 51 52 53 59 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 81 95 102 103 Federer won at ATP Tour Finals # 5 6 9 10 Nadal Federer won at Olympic Games # Nadal Federer won at ATP 500 event # 12 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 25 27 28 29 35 36 37 38 39 42 43 44 Nadal 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 15 17 19 20 22 23 24 26 33 37 40 41 Federer won at ATP 250 event # 23 30 40 41 42 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 62 63 66 69 70 71 Nadal 11 18 21 22 30 40 41 44 45 Federer -- Nadal Grand Slam era ( 2003 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 2003 Andre Agassi Juan Carlos Ferrero Roger Federer Andy Roddick Roger Federer Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer Roger Federer 2005 Marat Safin Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer 2006 Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer 2007 Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer 2008 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Roger Federer 2009 Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer Juan Martín del Potro Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal 2011 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic 2012 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Andy Murray 2013 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 2014 Stan Wawrinka Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Marin Čilić 2015 Novak Djokovic Stan Wawrinka Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic 2016 Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic Andy Murray Stan Wawrinka 2017 Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2018 Roger Federer Combined singles performance timeline ( best result ) ( edit ) Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 SR Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open Q1 3R 3R 4R 4R SF SF SF SF QF SF 7 / 19 French Open 1R 4R QF 1R 1R 3R QF 3R 11 / 19 Wimbledon 1R 1R QF 1R 2R SF 10 / 19 US Open Q2 3R 4R 4R 4R QF SF 4R 8 / 18 Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 SR ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and ATP World Tour Finals Indian Wells Q1 1R 3R 2R SF SF SF 8 / 18 Miami 1R 2R QF QF 4R QF SF SF SF 3R 2R 2R 3 / 19 Monte Carlo 1R 1R QF 2R 3R SF 10 / 18 Madrid 1R 1R 3R SF 11 / 17 Rome 1R 3R 1R 2R QF QF QF 7 / 18 Canada 1R 1R SF QF 3R QF 5 / 15 Cincinnati 1R 1R 2R 1R QF SF QF 3R QF 8 / 17 Shanghai 2R 2R QF SF 2R SF 3R SF SF SF 2R 4 / 18 Paris 1R 2R QF QF QF SF SF SF QF QF QF 1 / 13 ATP Finals Did Not Qualify SF RR SF SF 6 / 15 Federer -- Nadal ATP world No. 1 era ( edit ) Updated Monday April 9 , 2018 . Player Start date End date Weeks Total Federer , Roger Roger Federer 000000002004 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2004 000000002008 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2008 237 237 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal 000000002008 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2008 000000002009 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2009 46 46 Roger Federer ( 2 ) 000000002009 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2009 000000002010 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2010 48 285 Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) 000000002010 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2010 000000002011 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2011 56 102 Novak Djokovic 000000002011 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2011 000000002012 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2012 53 53 Roger Federer ( 3 ) 000000002012 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2012 17 302 Novak Djokovic ( 2 ) 000000002012 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2012 000000002013 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2013 48 101 Rafael Nadal ( 3 ) 000000002013 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2013 000000002014 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2014 39 141 Novak Djokovic ( 3 ) 000000002014 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2014 000000002016 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2016 122 223 Andy Murray 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2017 41 41 Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2017 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2018 26 167 Roger Federer ( 4 ) 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2018 000000002018 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2018 6 308 Rafael Nadal ( 5 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2018 Present 169 See also ( edit ) Big Four List of tennis rivalries Djokovic -- Federer rivalry Djokovic -- Nadal rivalry Federer -- Murray rivalry Roger Federer career statistics List of career achievements by Roger Federer Rafael Nadal career statistics List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eccleshare , Charlie ( 2017 ) . The Telegraph . `` Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal : The five ages of tennis 's greatest rivalry '' Jump up ^ Martin , Alex ( 2017 ) . Daily Mail . `` Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal : Tennis ' greatest rivalry will be renewed in the Australian Open final ... so how do the greats match up on and off the court ? '' Jump up ^ Hawkins , Dan ( 2017 ) . International Business Times . `` Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal : The greatest tennis rivalry of all time '' Jump up ^ Pradhani , sourajeet ( 2017 ) . Sportskeeda . `` Why no other rivalry in tennis can match ' Fedal ' '' Jump up ^ Asano , Naoko ( 2017 ) . Sportsnet. `` By the numbers : Federer vs. Nadal , the greatest rivalry in tennis '' Jump up ^ Borkowski , Pete ( 2015 ) . Vavel . `` Roger Federer - Rafael Nadal Rivalry Is Still The Greatest '' Jump up ^ Ayaz , Memon ( 2017 ) . Deccan Chronicle . `` Roger Federer - Rafael Nadal rivalry is greatest ever in tennis '' Jump up ^ Cabeza , Gonzalo ( 2017 ) . El Confidencial . `` El partido más importante de la historia es la última reedición del Federer - Nadal '' ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Moreno , Pablo ( 2017 ) . Deportes Terra . `` Nadal - Federer o cómo agrandar la historia del tenis '' ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Castro , Daniel ( 2017 ) . Folha de S. Paulo . `` Federer e Nadal provam que sim , ainda podem ganhar Grand Slam '' Jump up ^ Cesar , Rodrigo ( 2017 ) . Apostaganha . `` Federer vs Nadal na final de novo '' ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Olivari , Stefano ( 2017 ) . Guerin Sportivo . `` Federer e la grandezza senza tempo '' ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Il Post ( 2017 ) . `` La finale degli Australian Open sarà Federer contro Nadal '' ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ La Stampa ( 2017 ) . `` Federer oppure Nadal . Il romanzo più bello aspetta il gran finale '' ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Massimilianor ( 2016 ) . Punto Pronostici . `` Le 9 grandi rivalità nella storia dello sport '' ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Guillaume ( 2017 ) . La Sueur . `` Roger Federer vs. Rafael Nadal -- le chef - d'œuvre de Rome en 2006 '' ( in French ) Jump up ^ Ezvan , Jean - Julien ( 2017 ) . Le Figaro . `` Quelles sont les 5 plus grandes rivalités de l'ère open du tennis ? '' ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Ten great tennis rivalries '' . The Independent . 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Roger Federer v Rafael Nadal . Time span : ' 04 - present ( 18 matches ) . Head to head : Nadal 12 , Federer 6 . Grand Slam finals : Six ; Nadal leads 4 -- 2 . Wimbledon : Three finals , 2006 , 2007 ; 2008 ; Federer won first two , Nadal won Sunday 's epic . After Sunday there can be no doubt these two now rank alongside the great tennis rivalries . Jump up ^ `` Federer vs Nadal hidden numbers of an infinity story '' . 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rafa & Roger : The Rivalry '' . ATP 's official site . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Bruce ( 7 July 2008 ) . `` The Greatest Match Ever '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Alleyne , Richard ( 7 July 2008 ) . `` Wimbledon 2008 : John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wertheim , Jon ( 9 July 2008 ) . `` Without a doubt , it 's the greatest '' . Tennis Mailbag . SI.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tignor , Steve ( 8 July 2008 ) . `` W : Report Cards '' . Concrete Elbow . Tennis.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fedal final the ' most important ever , ' says Wilander '' . TenniSmash . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal tipped as ' biggest ' final ever '' . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Far more on the line than an Aussie Open trophy for Federer , Nadal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2017 : Roddick says Nadal - Federer final would be greatest ever '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal to play Roger Federer in Australian Open final '' . edition.CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/01/29/federer-one-set-up-in-the-battle-of-best-ever_a_21702435/ Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2689903-federer-leaves-australia-as-best-ever-showing-tennis-what-it-sorely-lacks Jump up ^ https://thefield.scroll.in/828091/the-federer-nadal-australian-open-final-has-finally-settled-the-greatest-of-all-time-debate Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/tennis/story/roger-federer-australian-open-win-rafael-nadal-18th-grand-slam-best-ever-greatest-goat-match-012917 Jump up ^ Federer - Nadal 10 Year Rivalry Archived from the original Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . on 28 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal 's 2004 Ranking History '' . ATP 's official site . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal proves to be the real deal '' . BBC Sport. 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal Ends Federer 's Winning Streak '' . The New York Times . 5 March 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic finish in Rome : Nadal edges Federer in five - hour thriller '' . USA Today . 15 May 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon Profile : Rafael Nadal '' . 20 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( 8 July 2007 ) . `` Only Nadal in way of Federer 's record run '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 8 July 2007 ) . `` Federer wins historic fifth title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Lopsided Grand Slam Finals in Men 's Tennis '' . Bleacher Report . 24 Apr 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Rothenberg , Ben ( 15 March 2013 ) . `` Nadal Makes Quick Work of Ailing Federer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ < http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/03/13/Shark-Bites-Miami-Final-Murray.aspx > Jump up ^ `` Nadal dominates Federer to win in Rome '' . USA Today . 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Courtney . `` Roger Federer switching back to old racket through the U.S. Open '' . SI.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FEDAL REIGN SUPREME ON THE DOUBLES COURT '' . www.lavercup.com. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ J.S. ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer has turned his weakest shot into a weapon '' . The Economist . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer downs Nadal in Seoul exhibition '' . Rediff India Abroad. 21 November 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal wins Battle of Surfaces exhibition '' . swissinfo.ch. 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 1 May 2007 ) . `` Tennis : Nadal to meet Federer in an exhibition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek : We should mourn the decline of grass court tennis '' . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking Federer - Nadal : Roger 's Backhand Puts Him at a Major Disadvantage -- Tennis Now '' . TennisNow.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer : _́ Rivalry with Rafa has been the most intense of my life . He made me change my game _́ '' . TennisWorldUSA.org . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88817154/roger-federer-says-crushing-claycourt-losses-to-rafael-nadal-shaped-lopsided-rivalry Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/15/roger-federer-reveals-exactly-how-hes-turned-rafael-nadal-rivalry-on-its-head-after-shanghai-win-7001380/ Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/roger-federer-if-the-doctors-had-found-out-they-would-have-told-me-not-to-play-819603.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/08/sports/tennis/08tennis.html Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/more-sports/2009/05/14/federer-nadal# ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?id=y1FlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT200&lpg=PT200&dq=pierre+paganini+federer+mononucleosis&source=bl&ots=L2OxkbXCBP&sig=5ofQAqsY0fU3D9a8gUAMr68Rq2c&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmqIDRydbTAhXGnRoKHejGBR0Q6AEIYDAM#v=onepage&q=pierre%20paganini%20federer%20mononucleosis&f=false Jump up ^ Paul Newman . `` Roger Federer : If the doctors had found out , they would have told me not to play '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ nytimes.com Jump up ^ Stauffer , Rene ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Der Mensch Federer hat den Spieler Federer im Griff '' ( The Man Federer has the Player Federer under control ) . Tages Anzeiger ( in German ) . Jump up ^ `` How Nadal humbled Federer '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Federer reflects on mistakes of playing injured '' . Tennis.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer recounts `` lingering '' back problem , adjustments in training `` . Tennis.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Bishop ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Seeking Bigger Sweet Spot , Roger Federer Hopes His Racket Will Grow on Him '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Bigger Racquet , Better Backhand : Federer `` Not So Scarred '' Facing Nadal `` . Tennis.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ J.S. ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer has turned his weakest shot into a weapon '' . The Economist . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter de Jonge ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Roger Federer Upgraded His Game '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer Credits Switch to Bigger Racquet for Improved Backhand '' . Tennis.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal beats Roger Federer in Italian Open final '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inspired Nadal equals record run '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ATP Heritage : A Great Rome Final , A Great Rivalry '' . ATP News . 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer fights back to beat Nadal '' . BBC Sport. 3 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Davydenko hammers Nadal in Miami '' . BBC Sport. 6 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unbeaten Novak Djokovic beats Rafa Nadal in Miami final '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal to win Sony Open in Miami '' . BBC Sport. 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of Men 's Professional Tennis -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal & Federer : 89 Hours And Counting ... '' Association of Tennis Professionals. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal Roger Federer -- Shanghai 2017 '' . Association of Tennis Professionals . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Xeno - philous F. `` Face the Facts : There 's More to Nadal and Federer Than Head - To - Head Meetings '' . bleacherreport . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Australian Open semifinal to speak volumes on Federer - Nadal rivalry '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index '' . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Harwitt ( 8 July 2008 ) . `` Is Rafael Nadal the best clay - court player ever ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The List : : Tennis Channel '' . tennischannel.com . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853 Jump up ^ Harwitt , Sandra ( 1 August 2008 ) . `` Is Rafael Nadal the best clay - court player ever ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal retakes king of clay title with French Open win '' . foxsports.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi . `` Weighing Rafa 's dominance on dirt '' . ESPN . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Garber , Greg ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Nadal has improved virtually every aspect of his game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ricoh ATP Matchfacts -- Career 2nd Serve Points Won '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricoh ATP Matchfacts -- Career 2nd Serve Return Points Won '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Spot in History Without Looking '' New York Times , 29 August 2010 ^ Jump up to : Richard Jago . `` ' Roger Federer is the greatest ' says Pete Sampras after record broken '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` McEnroe says Nadal can surpass Federer '' . Fox Sports . Associated Press . 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John McEnroe : Rafael Nadal is the Best Ever '' . yahoo. 25 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Could Win French Open '' . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John McEnroe says Roger Federer , not Rafa Nadal , is now the best player ever '' . For The Win . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record - collector Nadal closes in on Federer 's hoard '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Andre Agassi says Rafael Nadal is the greatest tennis player ever '' . 8 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank Dalleres . `` Roddick on why Murray should fear Federer , still the greatest of all time '' . cityam.com . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` Roger Federer Greatest of All - Time , Says Nadal 's Uncle '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gatto Luigi . `` Toni Nadal reveals who is the greatest player ever ! '' . Tennis World Magazine . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rachelle Corpuz ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Pete Sampras Reiterates That Roger Federer Is The ' Greatest ' Player That Tennis Has Ever Seen '' . International Business Times AU . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roger Federer is greatest of all time ' , says former no 1 and Djokovic 's coach Boris Becker '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Bodo , Peter ( 6 July 2008 ) . `` The Death of Wanting '' . Peter Bodo 's Tennisworld . Tennis.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Bodo , Peter ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` Mentor Mine '' . Peter Bodo 's Tennisworld . Tennis.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Compare it Versus ( 10 January 2015 ) . `` Compare Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal '' . Compareitversus.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Match of a Generation : 2008 Wimbledon Final '' . Tennis.com . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkins , Keith ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Federer - Nadal continue historic rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Alleyne ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Wimbledon 2008 : John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave Martin ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Reliving Wimbledon 2008 Final : The Greatest Match Ever '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roger Federer . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rafael Nadal . Article on the Federer - Nadal rivalry at the ATP 's official site Head to Head player details at the ATP 's official site Federer / Nadal : The Head - to - Head Anomaly Article on the Statistical Anomaly of the Federer - Nadal Head - to - Head Super Match 2006 Part one of the Seoul match , there are 9 parts which can be found on the side of the video Hidden numbers on the Federer - Nadal H2H Big Four Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray Rivalries Federer -- Nadal Djokovic -- Federer Djokovic -- Nadal Federer -- Murray Djokovic -- Murray Seasons Roger Federer 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rafael Nadal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Novak Djokovic 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Andy Murray 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2006 2007 2009 2017 2018 French Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 Tour Finals 2003 2005 2006 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 3 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 6 ) Canada ( 2 ) Cincinnati ( 7 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 3 ) Paris ( 1 ) Rafael Nadal ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2009 2012 2014 2017 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2006 2007 2008 2011 US Open 2011 2013 2017 Tour Finals 2013 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 3 ) Monte Carlo ( 10 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 5 ) Rome ( 7 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 1 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 1 ) Novak Djokovic ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2012 2014 2015 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2007 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 6 ) Monte Carlo ( 2 ) Madrid ( 2 ) Rome ( 4 ) Canada ( 4 ) Shanghai ( 3 ) Paris ( 4 ) Andy Murray ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2012 2013 2016 US Open 2008 2012 Tour Finals 2016 Masters titles Miami ( 2 ) Madrid ( 1 ) Rome ( 1 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 2 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 4 ) Paris ( 1 ) Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2016 French Open final 2017 Australian Open final Roger Federer Team Mirka Federer ( wife ) Severin Lüthi ( coach , 2007 -- current ) Ivan Ljubičić ( coach , 2015 -- current ) Stefan Edberg ( coach , 2014 -- 2015 ) Paul Annacone ( coach , 2010 -- 2013 ) José Higueras ( coach , 2008 ) Tony Roche ( coach , 2005 -- 2007 ) Peter Lundgren ( coach , 2000 -- 2003 ) Peter Carter ( coach , 1991 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Rivalry with Andy Roddick Rivalry with Andy Murray Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2009 French Open final 2009 Wimbledon final 2012 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Seasons Juniors Early career 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2006 2007 2017 2018 French Open 2009 Wimbledon Juniors : 1998 ( Singles & Doubles ) 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 World Tour Final 2003 2006 2007 2011 Indian Wells 2005 2006 2012 2017 Miami 2005 2006 2017 Monte Carlo Finals : 2006 2007 2008 2014 Roma Finals : 2003 2006 2013 2015 Hamburg / Madrid 2002 ( H ) 2004 ( H ) 2005 ( H ) 2007 ( H ) 2009 2012 Montreal / Toronto 2004 ( T ) 2006 ( T ) Cincinnati 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015 Madrid / Shanghai 2006 ( M ) 2014 2017 Paris 2011 Olympics 2008 ( Doubles ) 2012 ( Singles ) Davis Cup 2014 Hopman Cup 2001 2018 Laver Cup 2017 Official website Rafael Nadal Entourage Miguel Ángel Nadal ( uncle ) Toni Nadal ( uncle and coach ) Carlos Moyá ( coach , 2017 -- current ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Roger Federer Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Milestones 46 - match winning streak at the Monte - Carlo Masters Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2017 Australian Open final Exhibition matches Battle of Surfaces Match for Africa and Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children Seasons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2009 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2008 US Open 2013 2017 World Tour Finals Finals : 2010 2013 Indian Wells 2007 2009 2013 Miami Finals : 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 Monte Carlo 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2016 2017 Rome 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2013 Hamburg / Madrid 2008 ( H ) 2013 2014 2017 Montreal / Toronto 2005 ( M ) 2008 ( T ) 2013 ( M ) Cincinnati 2013 Madrid / Shanghai 2005 ( M ) Paris Finals : 2007 Olympics 2008 2016 ( Doubles ) Davis Cup 2008 2009 2011 Laver Cup 2017 Rafael Nadal Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federer -- Nadal_rivalry&oldid = 835442547 '' Categories : Tennis rivalries Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2014 Articles with hCards Commons category without a link on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won more titles federer or nadal | [
"Federer with 20 total major titles, and Nadal with 16, are first and second on the all-time list for the most majors titles, and hold numerous other records between them. Together they have won 11 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open and another 5 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2017 Australian Open to the 2018 Australian Open. They are the only pair of men to have finished six consecutive calendar years as the top two ranked players on the ATP Tour, which they did from 2005 to 2010 and seven times overall including 2017. This included a record 211 consecutive weeks sharing the top two rankings from July 2005 to August 2009."
] | [
"Federer"
] |
-7382493631408457379 | American Civil War | American Civil War - Wikipedia American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate Army Confederate Marines Confederate Navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America , who advocated for states ' rights to expand slavery . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although Britain and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal , including the border states where slavery was legal , were known as the Union or the North . The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of Appomattox followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead , a higher number than the number of American military deaths in all other wars combined . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems , railroads , mills and houses . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in American history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude to war 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.6 National elections 2.6. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.6. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Civil War commemoration 7.4 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Prelude to War In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won many Southern leaders felt that disunion had become their only option , because they thought that they were losing representation , which would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war , in large measure , to protect southern society , and slavery was an integral part of it . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism refers to the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . It increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . New Orleans , the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills , shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North , South and Border states Protectionism Historically , southern slave - holding states , because of their low cost manual labor , had little perceived need for mechanization , and supported having the right to sell cotton and purchase manufactured goods from any nation . Northern states , which had heavily invested in their still - nascent manufacturing , could not compete with the full - fledged industries of Europe in offering high prices for cotton imported from the South and low prices for manufactured exports in return . Thus , northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade . The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Whigs and Republicans complained because they favored high tariffs to stimulate industrial growth , and Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited -- long after the war -- by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff , and when some did , for instance , Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley , they were generally writing for a foreign audience . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . National elections Beginning in the American Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812 , the people of the United States grew in the sense that their country was a national republic based on the belief that all people had inalienable political liberty and personal rights which could serve as an important example to the rest of the world . Previous regional independence movements such as the Greek revolt in the Ottoman Empire , the division and redivision of the Latin American political map , and the British - French Crimean triumph leading to an interest in redrawing Europe along cultural differences , all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation - state . In the world of 19th century self - made Americans , growing in prosperity , population and expanding westward , `` freedom '' could mean personal liberty or property rights . The unresolved difference would cause failure -- first in their political institutions , then in their civil life together . Nationalism and honor Abraham Lincoln 16th U.S. President ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people of the United States had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining the republic , based on the people 's vote . The people must now show : `` ... successful maintenance ( of the Republic ) against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it . It is now for them to demonstrate to the world that those who can fairly carry an election can also suppress a rebellion ; that ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets ; and that when ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided , there can be no successful appeal back to bullets ; that there can be no successful appeal , except to ballots themselves , at succeeding elections . Such will be a great lesson of peace ; teaching men that what they can not take by an election , neither can they take it by a war ... '' Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and , even , secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the ' slaveholding states ' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` ... was intended to be perpetual , '' but that `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union '' was not among the `` ... enumerated powers granted to Congress . '' One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. Marshals and Judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia and North Carolina . In Lincoln 's inaugural address , he stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward who at that time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , and Fort Taylor , and in the cockpit of secession , Charleston , South Carolina 's Fort Sumter . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting April 20 , 1861 , to support the Government at Washington 's equestrian statue in Union Square NYC Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina , where the U.S. fort 's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Unlike Buchanan , who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed , Lincoln required Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' However , much of the North 's attitude was based on the false belief that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law , and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus , in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia , by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state . ( See also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with a submarine , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , the CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , the Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , the Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , the USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour battle between the Ironclads was a draw , but it marked the worldwide transition to ironclad warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy ; however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and by fire rafts . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky in March 1862 . In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater For more details on this topic , see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War . In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater For more details on this topic , see Western Theater of the American Civil War . While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi For more details on Missouri in the Civil War , see Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % negligible Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % negligible Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % negligible Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could only continue to fight the war as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederates army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction Era of the United States Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . Beardian historiography The interpretation of the Civil War presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 , US ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2012 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest Battles of the American Civil War Naval bibliography of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Hispanic Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Italian Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade , Union -- of the American Civil War Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Infantry in the American Civil War Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slaves and the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' References Notes ^ Jump up to : Total number that served Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13th 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13th 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 - 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fontaine Maury ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` Captain Maury 's Letter on American Affairs : A Letter Addressed to Rear - Admiral Fitz Roy , of England '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol . I , pp. 171 -- 73 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` The Causes of the American Civil War : A Paper Contributed to the London Times '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol. 1 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived 2004 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Russell McClintock ( 2008 ) . Lincoln and the Decision for War : The Northern Response to Secession . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 254 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3188 - 5 . Provides details of support across the North . Online preview . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( 3 Dec 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . PMID 22512048 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . JSTOR 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . 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-2106854452843991137 | The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot | The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot - Wikipedia The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot Jump to : navigation , search `` The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot '' Song by Vera Lynn Published 1937 ( 1937 ) Genre Christmas music Songwriter ( s ) Michael Carr , Tommie Connor , Jimmy Leach `` The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot '' is a 1937 song written by Michael Carr , Tommie Connor and Jimmy Leach ; most notably performed by Vera Lynn . It is also known for the use of her version in the opening scene in Pink Floyd film Pink Floyd -- The Wall . Other people who have recorded it include Johnny Adams , Billy Mackenzie , Elsie Carlisle , Nat King Cole , Natalie Cole , Billy Cotton , John Farnham , Alex Harvey , and Arthur Tracy . A portion of the song was sung by Jim Belushi in the 1996 film Jingle All the Way . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bickerdyke , Percy ; Drummond , Daisy ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Search for a Song ... '' . Evergreen. 24 ( 4 ) : 23 . Jump up ^ Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus , . pp. 150p . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . This 1930s song article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Boy_that_Santa_Claus_Forgot&oldid=821240260 '' Categories : Christmas songs Fictional children Songs about children 1937 songs The Wall ( rock opera ) Songs written by Tommie Connor 1930s song stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | he's the little boy that santa claus forgot lyrics | [] | [] |
3467124096907855548 | Australia at the FIFA World Cup | Australia at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Australia at the FIFA World Cup Australian Peter Wilson with East German Bernd Bransch before their match at the 1974 FIFA World Cup The Australia national soccer team , nicknamed the Socceroos , has represented Australia at the FIFA World Cup finals on five occasions : in 1974 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 . In Australia 's first appearance , representing OFC , a team made up entirely of amateurs secured a scoreless draw against Chile , though eventually departed from the 1974 tournament without a goal to show from their inaugural appearance . Australia made up for lost time at Germany 2006 and qualified for the Round of 16 before narrowly falling to eventual champions Italy . The German theme continued at South Africa 2010 although this time Australia , now representing the AFC , suffered a 4 - 0 loss against the European giants in a scoreline which ultimately scuppered their progress . A ten - man 1 -- 1 draw against Ghana and a 2 -- 1 win against Serbia saw Australia eliminated on goal difference , three goals off the Africans . Australia were to lose all three games in a tough group at Brazil 2014 . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup record 1.1 Record by opponent 2 1974 FIFA World Cup 2.1 Group 1 3 2006 FIFA World Cup 3.1 Group F 3.2 Round of 16 4 2010 FIFA World Cup 4.1 Group D 5 2014 FIFA World Cup 5.1 Group B 6 2018 FIFA World Cup 6.1 Group C 7 Goalscorers 8 Most appearances 9 References FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) Correct as of 27 June 2018 ( vs. Peru ) FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Result Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did not participate -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1938 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1950 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1954 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1958 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1962 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1966 Did not qualify 0 0 9 1970 9 5 12 8 Group stage 14th 0 0 5 11 5 5 21 10 1978 Did not qualify 12 6 20 11 1982 8 22 9 1986 8 20 6 11 7 10 7 21 7 1998 8 6 0 34 5 2002 8 7 0 73 2006 Round of 16 16th 5 6 9 7 31 5 Group stage 21st 6 14 9 19 2014 Group stage 30th 0 0 9 14 8 25 12 2018 Group stage 30th 0 5 22 14 6 51 18 2022 To Be Determined 2026 Total 5 / 21 0 Titles 16 10 13 31 141 82 36 23 362 113 Record by opponent ( edit ) FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent Total Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Brazil 0 0 0 Chile 0 Croatia 0 0 Denmark 0 0 East Germany 0 0 0 France 0 0 Germany * 0 0 0 7 Ghana 0 0 Italy 0 0 0 Japan 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 Peru 0 0 0 Serbia 0 0 Spain 0 0 0 Games against West Germany are included in statistics of Germany . 1974 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 1974 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Reilly 2 Utjesenovic 3 Wilson ( c ) 4 Schaefer 5 Curran 6 Richards 7 Rooney 8 Mackay 9 Warren 10 Manuel 11 Abonyi 12 Alston 13 Ollerton 14 Tolson 15 Williams 16 Rudic 17 Harding 18 Watkiss 19 Campbell 20 Buljevic 21 Milisavljevic 22 Maher Coach : Rasic Group 1 ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts East Germany 0 + 3 5 West Germany 0 + 3 Chile 0 − 1 Australia 0 0 5 − 5 14 June 1974 19 : 30 CET East Germany 2 -- 0 Australia Curran 58 ' ( o.g. ) Streich 72 ' Report Volksparkstadion , Hamburg Attendance : 10,000 Referee : Youssou N'Diaye ( Senegal ) 18 June 1974 16 : 00 CET Australia 0 -- 3 West Germany Report 12 ' Overath 34 ' Cullmann 53 ' Müller Volksparkstadion , Hamburg Attendance : 35,000 Referee : Mahmoud Mustafa Kamel ( Egypt ) 22 June 1974 16 : 00 CET Australia 0 -- 0 Chile Report Olympic Stadium , West Berlin Attendance : 14,681 Referee : Jafar Namdar ( Iran ) 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2006 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Schwarzer 2 Neill 3 Moore 4 Cahill 5 Culina 6 Popovic 7 Emerton 8 Skoko 9 Viduka ( c ) 10 Kewell 11 Lazaridis 12 Covic 13 Grella 14 Chipperfield 15 Aloisi 16 Beauchamp 17 Thompson 18 Kalac 19 Kennedy 20 Wilkshire 21 Sterjovski 22 Milligan 23 Bresciano Coach : Hiddink Group f ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5 12 June 2006 15 : 00 CEST Australia 3 -- 1 Japan Cahill 84 ' , 89 ' Aloisi 90 + 2 ' Report 26 ' Nakamura Fritz - Walter - Stadion , Kaiserslautern Attendance : 46,000 Referee : Essam Abd El Fatah ( Egypt ) 18 June 2006 18 : 00 CEST Brazil 2 -- 0 Australia Adriano 49 ' Fred 90 ' Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 66,000 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) 22 June 2006 21 : 00 CEST Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Šimić 32 ' , 85 ' Šimunić 61 ' 90 ' , 90 + 3 ' ( Note ) Report 38 ' ( pen . ) Moore 79 ' Kewell Emerton 81 ' , 87 ' Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Attendance : 52,000 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) Note : Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match : the referee ( Graham Poll ) failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow , and was only red carded after the third yellow . Round of 16 ( edit ) 26 June 2006 17 : 00 CEST Italy 1 -- 0 Australia Totti 90 + 5 ' ( pen . ) Materazzi 50 ' Report Fritz - Walter - Stadion , Kaiserslautern Attendance : 46,000 Referee : Luis Medina Cantalejo ( Spain ) 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2010 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Schwarzer 2 Neill ( c ) 3 Moore 4 Cahill 5 Culina 6 Beauchamp 7 Emerton 8 Wilkshire 9 Kennedy 10 Kewell 11 Chipperfield 12 Federici 13 Grella 14 Holman 15 Jedinak 16 Valeri 17 Rukavytsya 18 Galekovic 19 Garcia 20 Milligan 21 Carney 22 Vidošić 23 Bresciano Coach : Verbeek Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 Australia 6 − 3 Serbia 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2010 20 : 30 SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Podolski 8 ' Klose 26 ' Müller 68 ' Cacau 70 ' Report Cahill 56 ' Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 62,660 Referee : Marco Antonio Rodríguez ( Mexico ) 19 June 2010 16 : 00 SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia Gyan 25 ' ( pen . ) Report Holman 11 ' Kewell 24 ' Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Attendance : 34,812 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) 23 June 2010 20 : 30 SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Cahill 69 ' Holman 73 ' Report Pantelić 84 ' Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Attendance : 37,836 Referee : Jorge Larrionda ( Uruguay ) 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2014 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Ryan 2 Franjic 3 Davidson 4 Cahill 5 Milligan 6 Spiranovic 7 Leckie 8 Wright 9 Taggart 10 Halloran 11 Oar 12 Langerak 13 Bozanic 14 Troisi 15 Jedinak ( c ) 16 Holland 17 McKay 18 Galekovic 19 McGowan 20 Vidošić 21 Luongo 22 Wilkinson 23 Bresciano Coach : Postecoglou Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 10 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Spain 0 7 − 3 Australia 0 0 9 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2014 18 : 00 ( UTC - 4 ) Chile 3 -- 1 Australia Sánchez 12 ' Valdivia 14 ' Beausejour 90 + 2 ' Report Cahill 35 ' Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá Attendance : 40,275 Referee : Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) 18 June 2014 13 : 00 ( UTC - 3 ) Australia 2 -- 3 Netherlands Cahill 21 ' Jedinak 54 ' ( pen . ) Report Robben 20 ' van Persie 58 ' Memphis 68 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 42,877 Referee : Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) 23 June 2014 13 : 00 ( UTC - 3 ) Australia 0 -- 3 Spain Report Villa 36 ' Torres 69 ' Mata 82 ' Arena da Baixada , Curitiba Attendance : 39,375 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 2018 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : 2018 FIFA World Cup Australia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Ryan 2 Degenek 3 Meredith 4 Cahill 5 Milligan 6 Jurman 7 Leckie 8 Luongo 9 Juric 10 Kruse 11 Nabbout 12 Jones 13 Mooy 14 Maclaren 15 Jedinak ( c ) 16 Behich 17 Arzani 18 Vukovic 19 Risdon 20 Sainsbury 21 Petratos 22 Irvine 23 Rogic Coach : Van Marwijk Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Goalscorers ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers Tim Cahill , Australia 's all - time top scorer and joint record player at World Cups in 2009 . Player Goals 2006 2014 2018 Tim Cahill 5 Mile Jedinak Brett Holman John Aloisi Harry Kewell Craig Moore Total 13 0 5 Own goals scored for opponents Colin Curran ( scored for East Germany in 1974 ) Aziz Behich ( scored for France in 2018 ) Most appearances ( edit ) No Player Appearances World Cups Mark Bresciano 9 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Tim Cahill 9 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Scott Chipperfield 7 2006 , 2010 Jason Culina 7 2006 , 2010 Lucas Neill 7 2006 , 2010 Mile Jedinak 7 2010 , 2014 , 2018 7 Mark Schwarzer 6 2006 , 2010 Brett Emerton 6 2006 , 2010 Craig Moore 6 2006 , 2010 Matthew Leckie 6 2014 , 2018 Mathew Ryan 6 2014 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Country Info '' . FIFA . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Referee designations for matches 1 - 16 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Referee designations for matches 17 - 24 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Australia v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . 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-8828268214426333828 | Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me | Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me - wikipedia Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me Not to be confused with I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me . `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Sleeve for 1986 -- 87 live version charity single Single by Elton John from the album Caribou B - side `` Sick City '' Released 20 May 1974 Format 7 '' CD cassette Recorded Caribou Ranch , January 1974 Length 5 : 35 Label MCA DJM Rocket Phonogram Songwriter ( s ) Elton John Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' is a song written by English singer Elton John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin . It was originally recorded in 1974 by Elton John for his studio album Caribou and was released as a single that peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart . The song found further success in 1991 in a live cover version recorded as a duet between John and George Michael , which reached number one in the UK and US . Contents 1 Elton John version 1.1 Background 1.2 Lyrics and music 1.3 Reception 1.4 Track listings 1.5 Personnel 1.6 Accolades 1.7 Chart performance and certifications 1.7. 1 Weekly charts 1.7. 2 Year - end charts 1.7. 3 Certifications 1.8 1986 -- 87 live version 2 George Michael and Elton John version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Music video 2.4 Track listings 2.5 Chart performance and certifications 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.5. 2 Year - end charts 2.5. 3 Certifications 3 Other versions 4 Chart successions 5 References 6 External links Elton John version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' was co-written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin during a ten - day period in January 1974 along with the other songs for John 's Caribou album . The song was released as the first single from the album in May 1974 in the United Kingdom , and on 10 June 1974 in the United States . The chorus of the song is supported with a horn arrangement by Del Newman , and features backing vocals by Carl Wilson and Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys and Toni Tennille . Also on the song are percussion accents provided by Ray Cooper and a mellotron played by Dave Hentschel . Lyrics and music ( edit ) In the song , Elton John sings to someone he has helped and from whom he is now experiencing rejection : I took a chance and changed your way of life but you misread my meaning when I met you closed the door and left me blinded by the light do n't let the sun go down on me although I search myself , it 's always someone else I see . I 'd just allow a fragment of your life to wander free but losing everything is like the sun going down on me . Reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' charted on 1 June 1974 in the UK , reaching number 16 on the UK Singles Chart . The song reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after four weeks , peaking at number two for two weeks from 27 July behind John Denver 's `` Annie 's Song '' . In the US , the single was certified Gold on 6 September 1974 by the RIAA . In Canada , it reached number one , becoming his fifth chart topper in that country . Track listings ( edit ) May 1974 US and UK 7 '' vinyl single `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' `` Sick City '' February 1991 UK 7 '' vinyl single and cassette `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' `` Song for Guy '' February 1991 UK 12 '' vinyl and CD single `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' `` Song for Guy '' `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' Personnel ( edit ) Ray Cooper -- tambourine , bells David Hentschel -- mellotron Billy Hinsche -- backing vocals Elton John -- piano , organ , vocals Bruce Johnston -- backing vocals Davey Johnstone -- electric guitar , acoustic guitar Dee Murray -- bass Nigel Olsson -- drums Toni Tennille -- backing vocals Carl Wilson -- backing vocals Vocals arranged by Bruce Johnston with help from The Captain Horns arranged by Del Newman Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Record of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance -- Male Nominated Chart performance and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 22 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 78 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone 1986 -- 87 live version ( edit ) Elton John recorded a live version on 14 December 1986 that appears on the Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra album . An edited version of this recording was released as a single in 1987 and also appears in the To Be Continued ... box set . George Michael and Elton John version ( edit ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Single by George Michael and Elton John B - side `` I Believe ( When I Fall In Love It Will Be Forever ) '' ( live ) Released 25 November 1991 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD cassette Recorded Wembley Arena , London , 23 March 1991 Length 5 : 47 Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Elton John Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) George Michael George Michael singles chronology `` Cowboys and Angels '' ( 1991 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` Too Funky '' ( 1992 ) `` Cowboys and Angels '' ( 1991 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` Too Funky '' ( 1992 ) Elton John singles chronology `` Easier to Walk Away '' ( 1990 ) Easier to Walk Away1990 `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me1991 `` The One '' ( 1992 ) The One 1992 Background ( edit ) In 1991 , `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' was covered in a live version as a duet by George Michael and Elton John . This version of the song had its greatest success . The pair first performed the song at the Live Aid concert in 1985 ( with Michael singing and John playing ) . Six years later , George Michael 's Cover to Cover tour regularly included the song , and for the final show at Wembley Arena , London on 23 March 1991 , Michael brought out John as a surprise guest to sing it with him . Reception ( edit ) The live recording of this song , released as a single later that year , became a massive hit on both sides of the Atlantic . It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in December 1991 and for one week on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1992 . The duet also spent two weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart . This version of the song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . It appears on John 's Love Songs and Greatest Hits 1970 -- 2002 compilations , as well as his 1993 Duets album . The proceeds from the single were divided among 10 different charities for children , AIDS and education . Music video ( edit ) The footage used for the single 's music video ( directed by Andy Morahan ) was taken from a `` live '' concert in Chicago with 70,000 fans . `` The video was actually shot over several days , '' confirms Michael Pagnotta , George 's publicist . `` It was shot in an airline hangar in Burbank , California where George had been rehearsing ; Elton came in for a night and they ran through the song a couple of times . Then the song was filmed in its entirety live in Chicago in the middle of October as part of that Cover to Cover tour , and when Elton came out from the wings , that place went crazy . '' Track listings ( edit ) US and UK 7 '' vinyl and cassette single `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( duet with Elton John , live at Wembley Arena 23 Mar ' 91 ) `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' ( live ' 91 - edit ) US and UK 12 '' vinyl single `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( duet with Elton John , live at Wembley Arena 23 Mar ' 91 ) `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' ( live ' 91 ) `` Last Christmas '' ( performed by Wham ! ) US and UK compact disc single `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( duet with Elton John , live at Wembley Arena 23 Mar ' 91 ) `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' ( live ' 91 ) `` If You Were My Woman '' ( live at Wembley Stadium , 11 Jun ' 88 ) `` Fantasy '' US and UK compact disc single `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( duet with Elton John , live at Wembley Arena 23 Mar ' 91 ) `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' ( live ' 91 ) `` Freedom '' ( Back to Reality Mix ) `` If You Were My Woman '' ( live at Wembley Stadium , 11 Jun ' 88 ) All b - sides and additional tracks were performed solo by George Michael , except Last Christmas which is performed by Michael 's duo Wham ! The live version of `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' had previously been issued as the lead track on a free promotional cassette given away at Michael 's Wembley Arena gigs in March 1991 . Therefore , it is likely to have been recorded at a venue earlier in the tour . Chart performance and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Rank UK Singles 15 Chart ( 1992 ) Rank Austria 7 Netherlands 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Switzerland 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 26 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' has been a popular song for other artists to perform or record including : Jay Chattaway arranged this song into a jazz version , which Maynard Ferguson first performed in the 1970s show `` The Mark of Jazz '' with host Sid Mark . This live version stems from around 1975 ; it was never recorded onto an album . Roger Daltrey sang it for the 1987 soundtrack The Lost Boys . African - American gospel group The Winans released a version of the song on their album Decisions in 1987 . Gloria Estefan recorded her cover in 1989 and was included as a B - side to her `` Here We Are '' single , as well as the final track to international editions of her 1994 Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me album . Jazz singer Oleta Adams recorded it on the 1991 tribute album Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin . It was released as a single and peaked at number 33 in the UK . In 1991 CKBE - FM David Tyler . Joe Cocker recorded his version of the song on his album Night Calls in 1991 . In December 2002 , David Sneddon won the BBC 's first Fame Academy show singing it . Sneddon also put his version of Elton John 's song on the B - side , which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 2003 . Blues singer Bettye LaVette covers the song on her 2010 album Interpretations : The British Songbook . Garth Brooks for the 2013 `` Classic Rock '' album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation . In 2013 , Straight No Chaser covered the song with Elton John on their Under the Influence album . Reggae singer Ed Robinson covered the song on his 2014 release On Covers . Karen Souza included the song in her 2017 album Velvet Vault . Miley Cyrus recorded a cover for the 2018 tribute album Revamp : Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin . Chart successions ( edit ) Elton John version George Michael and Elton John version References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Mellotron Album Reviews : Elton John '' . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - George Michael - `` Do n't let the Sun go down on me '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- George Michael and Elton John Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 2 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` George Michael Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 20 . 11 January 1992 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutchcharts . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- George Michael and Elton John -- Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' on YouTube , Maynard Ferguson ( Retrieved 2 March 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Winans , The - Decisions ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Under the Influence - Straight No Chaser '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John George Michael Discography Awards Live performances Studio albums Faith Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 Older Songs from the Last Century Patience Live albums MTV Unplugged Symphonica Compilations Ladies & Gentlemen : The Best of George Michael Twenty Five Extended plays Five Live Singles `` Careless Whisper '' `` A Different Corner '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Hard Day '' `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Waiting for That Day '' `` Mother 's Pride '' `` Freedom ! 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8912574500363601597 | Data visualization | Data visualization - wikipedia Data visualization Jump to : navigation , search `` Dataviz '' redirects here . For the software company , see DataViz . Part of a series on Statistics Data visualization Major dimensions ( hide ) Exploratory data analysis Information design Interactive data visualization Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics Statistical graphics Plot Data analysis Infographic Data science Thought leaders ( hide ) Tamara Munzner Ben Shneiderman John W. Tukey Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Hadley Wickham Information graphic types ( hide ) Line chart Bar chart Histogram Scatterplot Boxplot Pareto chart Pie chart Area chart Control chart Run chart Stem - and - leaf display Cartogram Small multiple Sparkline Table Related topics ( hide ) Data Information Big data Database Chartjunk Visual perception Regression analysis Statistical model Misleading graph Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication . It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data , meaning `` information that has been abstracted in some schematic form , including attributes or variables for the units of information '' . A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and efficiently via statistical graphics , plots and information graphics . Numerical data may be encoded using dots , lines , or bars , to visually communicate a quantitative message . Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence . It makes complex data more accessible , understandable and usable . Users may have particular analytical tasks , such as making comparisons or understanding causality , and the design principle of the graphic ( i.e. , showing comparisons or showing causality ) follows the task . Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement , while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables . Data visualization is both an art and a science . It is viewed as a branch of descriptive statistics by some , but also as a grounded theory development tool by others . Increased amounts of data created by Internet activity and an expanding number of sensors in the environment are referred to as `` big data '' or Internet of things . Processing , analyzing and communicating this data present ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization . The field of data science and practitioners called data scientists help address this challenge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Characteristics of effective graphical displays 3 Quantitative messages 4 Visual perception and data visualization 4.1 Human perception / cognition and data visualization 5 History of data visualization 6 Terminology 7 Examples of diagrams used for data visualization 8 Other perspectives 9 Data presentation architecture 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Scope 9.3 Related fields 10 See also 10.1 People ( historical ) 10.2 People ( active today ) 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Data visualization is one of the steps in analyzing data and presenting it to users . Data visualization refers to the techniques used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects ( e.g. , points , lines or bars ) contained in graphics . The goal is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users . It is one of the steps in data analysis or data science . According to Friedman ( 2008 ) the `` main goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and effectively through graphical means . It does n't mean that data visualization needs to look boring to be functional or extremely sophisticated to look beautiful . To convey ideas effectively , both aesthetic form and functionality need to go hand in hand , providing insights into a rather sparse and complex data set by communicating its key - aspects in a more intuitive way . Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function , creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose -- to communicate information '' . Indeed , Fernanda Viegas and Martin M. Wattenberg suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly , but stimulate viewer engagement and attention . Data visualization is closely related to information graphics , information visualization , scientific visualization , exploratory data analysis and statistical graphics . In the new millennium , data visualization has become an active area of research , teaching and development . According to Post et al. ( 2002 ) , it has united scientific and information visualization . Characteristics of effective graphical displays ( edit ) Charles Joseph Minard 's 1869 diagram of Napoleon 's March - an early example of an information graphic . The greatest value of a picture is when it forces us to notice what we never expected to see . John Tukey Professor Edward Tufte explained that users of information displays are executing particular analytical tasks such as making comparisons or determining causality . The design principle of the information graphic should support the analytical task , showing the comparison or causality . In his 1983 book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , Edward Tufte defines ' graphical displays ' and principles for effective graphical display in the following passage : `` Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity , precision and efficiency . Graphical displays should : show the data induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology , graphic design , the technology of graphic production or something else avoid distorting what the data has to say present many numbers in a small space make large data sets coherent encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data reveal the data at several levels of detail , from a broad overview to the fine structure serve a reasonably clear purpose : description , exploration , tabulation or decoration be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set . Graphics reveal data . Indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations . '' For example , the Minard diagram shows the losses suffered by Napoleon 's army in the 1812 -- 1813 period . Six variables are plotted : the size of the army , its location on a two - dimensional surface ( x and y ) , time , direction of movement , and temperature . The line width illustrates a comparison ( size of the army at points in time ) while the temperature axis suggests a cause of the change in army size . This multivariate display on a two dimensional surface tells a story that can be grasped immediately while identifying the source data to build credibility . Tufte wrote in 1983 that : `` It may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn . '' Not applying these principles may result in misleading graphs , which distort the message or support an erroneous conclusion . According to Tufte , chartjunk refers to extraneous interior decoration of the graphic that does not enhance the message , or gratuitous three dimensional or perspective effects . Needlessly separating the explanatory key from the image itself , requiring the eye to travel back and forth from the image to the key , is a form of `` administrative debris . '' The ratio of `` data to ink '' should be maximized , erasing non-data ink where feasible . The Congressional Budget Office summarized several best practices for graphical displays in a June 2014 presentation . These included : a ) Knowing your audience ; b ) Designing graphics that can stand alone outside the context of the report ; and c ) Designing graphics that communicate the key messages in the report . Quantitative messages ( edit ) A time series illustrated with a line chart demonstrating trends in U.S. federal spending and revenue over time . A scatterplot illustrating negative correlation between two variables ( inflation and unemployment ) measured at points in time . Author Stephen Few described eight types of quantitative messages that users may attempt to understand or communicate from a set of data and the associated graphs used to help communicate the message : Time - series : A single variable is captured over a period of time , such as the unemployment rate over a 10 - year period . A line chart may be used to demonstrate the trend . Ranking : Categorical subdivisions are ranked in ascending or descending order , such as a ranking of sales performance ( the measure ) by sales persons ( the category , with each sales person a categorical subdivision ) during a single period . A bar chart may be used to show the comparison across the sales persons . Part - to - whole : Categorical subdivisions are measured as a ratio to the whole ( i.e. , a percentage out of 100 % ) . A pie chart or bar chart can show the comparison of ratios , such as the market share represented by competitors in a market . Deviation : Categorical subdivisions are compared against a reference , such as a comparison of actual vs. budget expenses for several departments of a business for a given time period . A bar chart can show comparison of the actual versus the reference amount . Frequency distribution : Shows the number of observations of a particular variable for given interval , such as the number of years in which the stock market return is between intervals such as 0 - 10 % , 11 - 20 % , etc . A histogram , a type of bar chart , may be used for this analysis . A boxplot helps visualize key statistics about the distribution , such as median , quartiles , outliers , etc . Correlation : Comparison between observations represented by two variables ( X , Y ) to determine if they tend to move in the same or opposite directions . For example , plotting unemployment ( X ) and inflation ( Y ) for a sample of months . A scatter plot is typically used for this message . Nominal comparison : Comparing categorical subdivisions in no particular order , such as the sales volume by product code . A bar chart may be used for this comparison . Geographic or geospatial : Comparison of a variable across a map or layout , such as the unemployment rate by state or the number of persons on the various floors of a building . A cartogram is a typical graphic used . Analysts reviewing a set of data may consider whether some or all of the messages and graphic types above are applicable to their task and audience . The process of trial and error to identify meaningful relationships and messages in the data is part of exploratory data analysis . Visual perception and data visualization ( edit ) A human can distinguish differences in line length , shape , orientation , and color ( hue ) readily without significant processing effort ; these are referred to as `` pre-attentive attributes '' . For example , it may require significant time and effort ( `` attentive processing '' ) to identify the number of times the digit `` 5 '' appears in a series of numbers ; but if that digit is different in size , orientation , or color , instances of the digit can be noted quickly through pre-attentive processing . Effective graphics take advantage of pre-attentive processing and attributes and the relative strength of these attributes . For example , since humans can more easily process differences in line length than surface area , it may be more effective to use a bar chart ( which takes advantage of line length to show comparison ) rather than pie charts ( which use surface area to show comparison ) . Human perception / cognition and data visualization ( edit ) Almost all data visualizations are created for human consumption . Knowledge of human perception and cognition is necessary when designing intuitive visualizations . Cognition refers to processes in human beings like perception , attention , learning , memory , thought , concept formation , reading , and problem solving . Human visual processing is efficient in detecting changes and making comparisons between quantities , sizes , shapes and variations in lightness . When properties of symbolic data are mapped to visual properties , humans can browse through large amounts of data efficiently . It is estimated that 2 / 3 of the brain 's neurons can be involved in visual processing . Proper visualization provides a different approach to show potential connections , relationships , etc. which are not as obvious in non-visualized quantitative data . Visualization can become a means of data exploration . History of data visualization ( edit ) There is no comprehensive ' history ' of data visualization . There are no accounts that span the entire development of visual thinking and the visual representation of data , and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines . Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of York University are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization . Contrary to general belief , data visualization is not a modern development . Stellar data , or information such as location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves ( such as those found in Lascaux Cave in Southern France ) since the Pleistocene era . Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian clay tokens ( 5500 BC ) , Inca quipus ( 2600 BC ) and Marshall Islands stick charts ( n.d. ) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information . First documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with Turin Papyrus Map which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources . Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography , which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area . Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated . For example , Linear B tablets of Mycenae provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean . The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns , earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC , and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by Claudius Ptolemy ( c. 85 -- c. 165 ) in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century . Invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history . Figure shows a graph from the 10th , possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement , used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools . The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time . For this purpose the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis . The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac . The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods can not be reconciled . The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes . The curves are apparently not related in time . Planetary Movements By the 16th century , techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities , and geographic and celestial position were well - developed ( for example , a `` wall quadrant '' constructed by Tycho Brahe ( 1546 -- 1601 ) , covering an entire wall in his observatory ) Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately . French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat developed analytic geometry and two - dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values . Fermat and Blaise Pascal 's work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data . According to the Interaction Design Foundation , these developments allowed and helped William Playfair , who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data , to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics . Playfair TimeSeries In the second half of the 20th century , Jacques Bertin used quantitative graphs to represent information `` intuitively , clearly , accurately , and efficiently '' . John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization ; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book `` The Visual Display of Quantitative Information '' paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians . With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization ; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications -- including interactive designs leading to software visualization . Programs like SAS , SOFA , R , Minitab , Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics . Other data visualization applications , more focused and unique to individuals , programming languages such as D3 , Python and JavaScript help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility . Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries , including free programs like The Data Incubator or paid programs like General Assembly . Terminology ( edit ) Data visualization involves specific terminology , some of which is derived from statistics . For example , author Stephen Few defines two types of data , which are used in combination to support a meaningful analysis or visualization : Categorical : Text labels describing the nature of the data , such as `` Name '' or `` Age '' . This term also covers qualitative ( non-numerical ) data . Quantitative : Numerical measures , such as `` 25 '' to represent the age in years . Two primary types of information displays are tables and graphs . A table contains quantitative data organized into rows and columns with categorical labels . It is primarily used to look up specific values . In the example above , the table might have categorical column labels representing the name ( a qualitative variable ) and age ( a quantitative variable ) , with each row of data representing one person ( the sampled experimental unit or category subdivision ) . A graph is primarily used to show relationships among data and portrays values encoded as visual objects ( e.g. , lines , bars , or points ) . Numerical values are displayed within an area delineated by one or more axes . These axes provide scales ( quantitative and categorical ) used to label and assign values to the visual objects . Many graphs are also referred to as charts . Eppler and Lengler have developed the `` Periodic Table of Visualization Methods , '' an interactive chart displaying various data visualization methods . It includes six types of data visualization methods : data , information , concept , strategy , metaphor and compound . Examples of diagrams used for data visualization ( edit ) Name Visual Dimensions Example Usages Bar chart of tips by day of week Bar chart length / count category ( color ) Comparison of values , such as sales performance for several persons or businesses in a single time period . For a single variable measured over time ( trend ) a line chart is preferable . Histogram of housing prices Histogram bin limits count / length ( color ) Determining frequency of annual stock market percentage returns within particular ranges ( bins ) such as 0 - 10 % , 11 - 20 % , etc . The height of the bar represents the number of observations ( years ) with a return % in the range represented by the bin . Basic scatterplot of two variables Scatter plot x position y position ( symbol / glyph ) ( color ) ( size ) Determining the relationship ( e.g. , correlation ) between unemployment ( x ) and inflation ( y ) for multiple time periods . Scatter Plot Scatter plot ( 3D ) position x position y position z color Network Analysis Network nodes size nodes color ties thickness ties color spatialization Finding clusters in the network ( e.g. grouping Facebook friends into different clusters ) . Discovering bridges ( information brokers or boundary spanners ) between clusters in the network Determining the most influential nodes in the network ( e.g. A company wants to target a small group of people on Twitter for a marketing campaign ) . Finding outlier actors who does not fit in any cluster or in the periphery of a network . Streamgraph Streamgraph width color time ( flow ) Treemap Treemap size color disk space by location / file type Gantt Chart Gantt chart color time ( flow ) schedule / progress , e.g. in project planning Heat map Heat map row column cluster color Analyzing risk , with green , yellow and red representing low , medium , and high risk , respectively . Other perspectives ( edit ) There are different approaches on the scope of data visualization . One common focus is on information presentation , such as Friedman ( 2008 ) . Friendly ( 2008 ) presumes two main parts of data visualization : statistical graphics , and thematic cartography . In this line the `` Data Visualization : Modern Approaches '' ( 2007 ) article gives an overview of seven subjects of data visualization : Articles & resources Displaying connections Displaying data Displaying news Displaying websites Mind maps Tools and services All these subjects are closely related to graphic design and information representation . On the other hand , from a computer science perspective , Frits H. Post in 2002 categorized the field into sub-fields : Information visualization Interaction techniques and architectures Modelling techniques Multiresolution methods Visualization algorithms and techniques Volume visualization Data presentation architecture ( edit ) A data visualization from social media Data presentation architecture ( DPA ) is a skill - set that seeks to identify , locate , manipulate , format and present data in such a way as to optimally communicate meaning and proper knowledge . Historically , the term data presentation architecture is attributed to Kelly Lautt : `` Data Presentation Architecture ( DPA ) is a rarely applied skill set critical for the success and value of Business Intelligence . Data presentation architecture weds the science of numbers , data and statistics in discovering valuable information from data and making it usable , relevant and actionable with the arts of data visualization , communications , organizational psychology and change management in order to provide business intelligence solutions with the data scope , delivery timing , format and visualizations that will most effectively support and drive operational , tactical and strategic behaviour toward understood business ( or organizational ) goals . DPA is neither an IT nor a business skill set but exists as a separate field of expertise . Often confused with data visualization , data presentation architecture is a much broader skill set that includes determining what data on what schedule and in what exact format is to be presented , not just the best way to present data that has already been chosen . Data visualization skills are one element of DPA . '' Objectives ( edit ) DPA has two main objectives : To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible ( minimize noise , complexity , and unnecessary data or detail given each audience 's needs and roles ) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible ( provide relevant , timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning , is actionable and can affect understanding , behavior and decisions ) Scope ( edit ) With the above objectives in mind , the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of : Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role , tasks , locations and access to technology Defining important meaning ( relevant knowledge ) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates ( the currency of the data ) Determining the right timing for data presentation ( when and how often the user needs to see the data ) Finding the right data ( subject area , historical reach , breadth , level of detail , etc . ) Utilizing appropriate analysis , grouping , visualization , and other presentation formats Related fields ( edit ) DPA work shares commonalities with several other fields , including : Business analysis in determining business goals , collecting requirements , mapping processes . Business process improvement in that its goal is to improve and streamline actions and decisions in furtherance of business goals Data visualization in that it uses well - established theories of visualization to add or highlight meaning or importance in data presentation . Information architecture , but information architecture 's focus is on unstructured data and therefore excludes both analysis ( in the statistical / data sense ) and direct transformation of the actual content ( data , for DPA ) into new entities and combinations . HCI and interaction design , since the many of the principles in how to design interactive data visualisation have been developed cross-disciplinary with HCI . Visual journalism and data - driven journalism or data journalism : Visual journalism is concerned with all types of graphic facilitation of the telling of news stories , and data - driven and data journalism are not necessarily told with data visualisation . Nevertheless , the field of journalism are at the forefront in developing new data visualisations to communicate data . Graphic design , conveying information through styling , typography , position , and other aesthetic concerns . See also ( edit ) Analytics Balanced scorecard Big Data Business analysis Business intelligence Data analysis Data profiling Data science Data warehouse Exploratory data analysis Infographic Information architecture Information design Information visualization Interaction design Interaction techniques Scientific visualization Software visualization Statistical analysis Statistical graphics Visual analytics Visual journalism People ( historical ) ( edit ) Jacques Bertin W.E.B. DuBois Charles Joseph Minard Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale William Playfair John Snow John Tukey People ( active today ) ( edit ) Mike Bostock - Bostock is one of the key developers of the Javascript library d3. js . Alberto Cairo - Cairo focuses on communication in data visualisation and visual journalism Mona Chalabi - Data journalist at FiveThirtyEight . Previously at the Guardian , the Bank of England , and the Economist Intelligence Unit . William S. Cleveland Kennedy Elliott - Senior graphics editor at National Geographic George Furnas Jeffrey Heer Gordon Kindlmann Aaron Koblin Manuel Lima Giorgia Lupi Miriah Meyer Branko Milanovic Tamara Munzner Kim Rees - Rees is the head of Data Visualization at Capital One Hanspeter Pfister Max Roser - Roser is an economist at the University of Oxford and author of the online data visualisation publication Our World In Data . Ola Rosling - Rosling developed the scatter - plot graphing tool used on Gapminder.org Hans Rosling Adrien Segal - Oakland , CA based artist known for her sculptures based on tidal and snow data . Ben Shneiderman - Shneiderman is an early pioneer in the field of data visualisation and HCI Moritz Stefaner Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Martin M. Wattenberg Hadley Wickham Leland Wilkinson Bang Wong References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Friendly ( 2008 ) . `` Milestones in the history of thematic cartography , statistical graphics , and data visualization '' . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Few - Perceptual Edge - Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message - 2004 Jump up ^ Manuela Aparicio and Carlos J. Costa ( November 2014 ) . `` Data visualization '' . Communication Design Quarterly Review . 3 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 11 . doi : 10.1145 / 2721882.2721883 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nikos Bikaks ( 2018 ) `` Big Data Visualization Tools '' Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies , Springer 2018 . Jump up ^ Forbes - Gil Press - A Very Short History of Data Science - May 2013 Jump up ^ Vitaly Friedman ( 2008 ) `` Data Visualization and Infographics '' in : Graphics , Monday Inspiration , January 14th , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` How To Make Data Look Sexy '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Frits H. Post , Gregory M. Nielson and Georges - Pierre Bonneau ( 2002 ) . Data Visualization : The State of the Art . Research paper TU delft , 2002 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tukey , John ( 1977 ) . Exploratory Data Analysis . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 07616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edward Tufte - Presentation - August 2013 ^ Jump up to : Tufte , Edward ( 1983 ) . The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Cheshire , Connecticut : Graphics Press . ISBN 0 - 9613921 - 4 - 2 . Jump up ^ CBO - Telling Visual Stories About Data - June 2014 Jump up ^ Stephen Few - Perceptual Edge - Graph Selection Matrix ^ Jump up to : Steven Few - Tapping the Power of Visual Perception - September 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Data Visualization for Human Perception '' . The Interaction Design Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Visualization '' ( PDF ) . SFU . SFU lecture . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` How much of the brain is involved with vision ? - Quora '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Friendly , Michael . `` A Brief History of Data Visualization '' . Springer - Verlag . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , D. ( 9 August 2000 ) . `` Ice Age star map discovered '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dragicevic , Pierre ; Jansen , Yvonne ( 2012 ) . `` List of Physical Visualizations and Related Artefacts '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Yvonne ; Dragicevic , Pierre ; Isenberg , Petra ; Alexander , Jason ; Karnik , Abhijit ; Kildal , Johan ; Subramanian , Sriram ; Hornbaek , Kasper ( 2015 ) . `` Opportunities and challenges for data physicalization '' . Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems : 3227 -- 3236 . ^ Jump up to : Friendly , Michael ( 2001 ) . `` Milestones in the history of thematic cartography , statistical graphics , and data visualization '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Funkhouser , Howard Gray ( Jan 1936 ) . `` A Note on a Tenth Century Graph '' ( PDF ) . Osiris. 1 : 260 -- 262 . doi : 10.1086 / 368425 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Friendly , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` A Brief History of Data Visualization '' ( PDF ) . York University . Springer - Verlag . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NY gets new boot camp for data scientists : It 's free but harder to get into than Harvard '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Steven Few - Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message - September 2004 Jump up ^ Lengler , Ralph ; Eppler , Martin . J. `` Periodic Table of Visualization Methods '' . www.visual-literacy.org . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Data Visualization : Modern Approaches '' . in : Graphics , August 2nd , 2007 Jump up ^ Frits H. Post , Gregory M. Nielson and Georges - Pierre Bonneau ( 2002 ) . Data Visualization : The State of the Art Archived 2009 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ The first formal , recorded , public usages of the term data presentation architecture were at the three formal Microsoft Office 2007 Launch events in Dec , Jan and Feb of 2007 -- 08 in Edmonton , Calgary and Vancouver ( Canada ) in a presentation by Kelly Lautt describing a business intelligence system designed to improve service quality in a pulp and paper company . The term was further used and recorded in public usage on December 16 , 2009 in a Microsoft Canada presentation on the value of merging Business Intelligence with corporate collaboration processes . Further reading ( edit ) Roels , Reinout , Baeten , Yves & Signer , Beat ( 2016 ) `` Interactive and Narrative Data Visualisation for Presentation - based Knowledge Transfer '' Communications in Computer and Information Science ( CCIS ) , 739 , 2017 . Chandrajit Bajaj , Bala Krishnamurthy ( 1999 ) . Data Visualization Techniques . William S. Cleveland ( 1993 ) . Visualizing Data . Hobart Press . William S. Cleveland ( 1994 ) . The Elements of Graphing Data . Hobart Press . Alexander N. Gorban , Balázs Kégl , Donald Wunsch , and Andrei Zinovyev ( 2008 ) . Principal Manifolds for Data Visualization and Dimension Reduction . LNCSE 58 . Springer . John P. Lee and Georges G. Grinstein ( eds . ) ( 1994 ) . Database Issues for Data Visualization : IEEE Visualization ' 93 Workshop , San Diego . Peter R. Keller and Mary Keller ( 1993 ) . Visual Cues : Practical Data Visualization . Frits H. Post , Gregory M. Nielson and Georges - Pierre Bonneau ( 2002 ) . Data Visualization : The State of the Art . Stewart Liff and Pamela A. Posey , Seeing is Believing : How the New Art of Visual Management Can Boost Performance Throughout Your Organization , AMACOM , New York ( 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 0035 - 7 Stephen Few ( 2009 ) Fundamental Differences in Analytical Tools - Exploratory , Custom , or Customizable . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Data visualization . Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography , Statistical Graphics , and Data Visualization , An illustrated chronology of innovations by Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis . Duke University - Christa Kelleher Presentation - Communicating through infographics - visualizing scientific & engineering information - March 6 , 2015 ( hide ) Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration User interface People Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. Johnson Manuel Lima Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Miriah Meyer Charles Joseph Minard Rudolf Modley Gaspard Monge Tamara Munzner Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale Hanspeter Pfister Clifford A. Pickover William Playfair Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Ade Olufeko Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_visualization&oldid=828333859 '' Categories : Visualization ( graphic ) Statistical charts and diagrams Information technology governance Data Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina ไทย 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 24 . 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-3644172751554229607 | Cry, the Beloved Country | Cry , the Beloved Country - Wikipedia Cry , the Beloved Country Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Cry , the Beloved Country ( disambiguation ) . Cry , the Beloved Country First US edition Author Alan Paton Country South Africa Language English Publisher Scribners ( USA ) & Jonathan Cape ( UK ) Publication date December 1948 Media type Print ( hard ~ & paperback ) Pages 256 pp ( hardback ed. , UK ) 273 pp ( hardback ed. , US ) ISBN 0 - 224 - 60578 - X ( hardback edition , UK ) OCLC 13487773 Cry , the Beloved Country is a novel by Alan Paton , published in 1948 . American publisher Bennett Cerf remarked at that year 's meeting of the American Booksellers Association that there had been `` only three novels published since the first of the year that were worth reading ... Cry , The Beloved Country , The Ides of March , and The Naked and the Dead . '' Two cinema adaptations of the book have been made , the first in 1951 and the second in 1995 . The novel was also adapted as a musical called Lost in the Stars ( 1949 ) , with a book by the American writer Maxwell Anderson and music composed by the German emigre Kurt Weill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Main themes 4 Allusions / references to other works 5 Film , television and theatrical adaptations 5.1 Musical adaptation 6 Release details 7 References Plot summary ( edit ) In the remote village of Ndotsheni , in the Natal province of eastern South Africa , the Reverend Stephen Kumalo receives a letter from a fellow minister summoning him to Johannesburg . He is needed there , the letter says , to help his sister , Gertrude , who the letter says has fallen ill . Kumalo undertakes the difficult and expensive journey to the city in the hopes of aiding Gertrude and of finding his son , Absalom , who traveled to Johannesburg from Ndotsheni and never returned . In Johannesburg , Kumalo is warmly welcomed by Msimangu , the priest who sent him the letter , and given comfortable lodging by Mrs. Lithebe , a Christian woman who feels that helping others is her duty . Kumalo visits Gertrude , who is now a prostitute and liquor seller , and persuades her to come back to Ndotsheni with her young son . A more difficult quest follows , when Kumalo and Msimangu begin searching the labyrinthine metropolis of Johannesburg for Absalom . They visit Kumalo 's brother , John , who has become a successful businessman and politician , and he directs them to the factory where his son and Absalom once worked together . One clue leads to another , and as Kumalo travels from place to place , he begins to see the gaping racial and economic divisions that are threatening to split his country . Eventually , Kumalo discovers that his son has spent time in a reformatory and that he has gotten a girl pregnant . Meanwhile , the newspapers announce that Arthur Jarvis , a prominent white crusader for racial justice , has been murdered in his home by a gang of burglars . Kumalo and Msimangu learn that the police are looking for Absalom , and Kumalo 's worst suspicions are confirmed when Absalom is arrested for the murder . Absalom confesses to the crime but claims that two others , including John 's son , Matthew , aided him and that he did not intend to murder Jarvis . With the help of friends , Kumalo obtains a lawyer for Absalom and attempts to understand what his son has become . John , however , makes arrangements for his own son 's defense , even though this split will worsen Absalom 's case . When Kumalo tells Absalom 's pregnant girlfriend what has happened , she is saddened by the news , but she joyfully agrees to his proposal that she marry his son and return to Ndotsheni as Kumalo 's daughter - in - law . Meanwhile , in the hills above Ndotsheni , Arthur Jarvis ' father , James Jarvis , tends his bountiful land and hopes for rain . The local police bring him news of his son 's death , and he leaves immediately for Johannesburg with his wife . In an attempt to come to terms with what has happened , Jarvis reads his son 's articles and speeches on social inequality and begins a radical reconsideration of his own prejudices . He and Kumalo meet for the first time by accident , and after Kumalo has recovered from his shock , he expresses sadness and regret for Jarvis ' loss . Both men attend Absalom 's trial , a fairly straightforward process that ends with the death penalty for Absalom and an acquittal for his co-conspirators . Kumalo arranges for Absalom to marry the girl who bears his child , and they bid farewell . The morning of his departure , Kumalo rouses his new family to bring them back to Ndotsheni , only to find that Gertrude has disappeared . Kumalo is now deeply aware of how his people have lost the tribal structure that once held them together , and returns to his village troubled by the situation . It turns out that James Jarvis has been having similar thoughts . Arthur Jarvis ' young son befriends Kumalo . As the young boy and the old man become acquainted , James Jarvis becomes increasingly involved with helping the struggling village . He donates milk at first and then makes plans for a dam and hires an agricultural expert to demonstrate newer , less devastating farming techniques . When Jarvis ' wife dies , Kumalo and his congregation send a wreath to express their sympathy . Just as the bishop is on the verge of transferring Kumalo , Jarvis sends a note of thanks for the wreath and offers to build the congregation a new church , and Kumalo is permitted to stay in his parish . On the evening before his son 's execution , Kumalo goes into the mountains to await the appointed time in solitude . On the way , he encounters Jarvis , and the two men speak of the village , of lost sons , and of Jarvis ' bright young grandson , whose innocence and honesty have impressed both men . When Kumalo is alone , he weeps for his son 's death and clasps his hands in prayer as dawn breaks over the valley . Characters ( edit ) Stephen Kumalo : A 69 - year - old native priest who attempts to find his family in Johannesburg , and later to reconstruct the disintegrating tribe in his village . Theophilus Msimangu : A priest from Johannesburg who helps Kumalo find his son Absalom . John Kumalo : Stephen 's brother , who denies the tribal validity and becomes a spokesman for the new racial movement in the city ; a former carpenter . Absalom Kumalo : Stephen 's son who left home to look for Stephen 's sister Gertrude , and who murders Arthur Jarvis . Gertrude Kumalo : The young sister of Stephen who becomes a prostitute in Johannesburg and leads a dissolute life . James Jarvis : A wealthy landowner whose son , Arthur , is murdered . He comes to the realization of the guilt of white residents in such crimes and forgives the Kumalos . Arthur Jarvis : Murdered by Absalom Kumalo , he is the son of James Jarvis . He does not appear in the novel , but his liberal racial views are highly significant and influential . Dubula : A big man who was the `` heart '' of anything and everything Arthur Jarvis did , including wanting peace between the races . Mr. Carmichael : Absalom 's lawyer ; he takes his case pro deo ( for God ) in this case meaning for free . Father Vincent : A priest from England who helps Stephen in his troubles . Mrs. Lithebe : A native housewife in whose house Stephen stays while in Johannesburg . The Harrisons : A father and son who represent two opposing views concerning the racial problem . The father , who is Arthur 's father - in - law , represents the traditional view , while the son represents the more liberal view . The Girl ( Absalom 's wife ) : A teenage girl , approximately 16 years old , impregnated by Absalom , whom she later marries . She tells Kumalo that Absalom will be her third husband and that her father had abandoned her family when she was quite young . Given her young age it is unclear if any of these marriages were wholly consensual . Main themes ( edit ) Cry , the Beloved Country is a social protest against the structures of the society that would later give rise to apartheid . Paton attempts to create an unbiased and objective view of the dichotomies it entails : he depicts whites as affected by ' native crime ' while blacks suffer from social instability and moral issues due to the breakdown of the tribal system . It shows many of the problems with South Africa such as the degrading of the land reserved for the natives , which is sometimes considered to be the main theme , the disintegration of the tribal community , native crime , and the flight to urban areas . Another prevalent theme in Cry , the Beloved Country is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12 : Cry , the beloved country , for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear . Let him not love the earth too deeply . Let him not laugh too gladly when the water runs through his fingers , nor stand too silent when the setting sun makes red the veld with fire . Let him not be too moved when the birds of his land are singing , nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley . For fear will rob him of all if he gives too much . Paton makes frequent use of literary and linguistic devices such as microcosms , intercalary chapters and dashes instead of quotation marks for dialogue to indicate the start of speech acts to portray the devastating conditions in South Africa . Allusions / references to other works ( edit ) The novel is filled with Biblical references and allusions . The most evident are the names Paton gives to the characters . Absalom , the son of Stephen Kumalo , is named for the son of King David , who rose against his father in rebellion . Also , in the New Testament Book of Acts , Saint Stephen was a martyr who died rather than give up his beliefs . The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are written to Theophilus , which is Greek for `` friend of God '' . In the novel , Absalom requests that his son be named Peter , the name of one of Jesus 's disciples . Among Peter 's better - known traits is a certain impulsiveness ; also , after Christ 's arrest , he denied knowing Jesus three times , and later wept in grief over this . After the resurrection , Peter renewed his commitment to Christ and to spreading the Gospel . All that suggests Absalom 's final repentance and his commitment to the faith of his father . In another allusion , Arthur Jarvis is described as having a large collection of books on Abraham Lincoln , and the writings of Lincoln are featured several times in the novel . Paton describes Arthur 's son as having characteristics similar to his when he was a child , which may allude to the resurrection of Christ . Film , television and theatrical adaptations ( edit ) In 1951 , the novel was adapted into a motion picture of the same name , directed by Zoltan Korda . Paton wrote the screenplay with John Howard Lawson , who was left out of the original credits because he was blacklisted in Hollywood for refusing to give information to the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) . Kumalo was played by Canada Lee , Jarvis by Charles Carson , and Msimangu by Sidney Poitier . In 1983 , a historic stage adaptation was performed by the Capital Players theatre group at the Moth Hall in Gaborone , Botswana . The country was at that time one of the leading `` frontline states '' to apartheid South Africa and a centre for artistic activity that often stood in quiet opposition to the racist regime just across the border . The premiere was attended by Paton himself , who had travelled from Natal , as well as Botswana 's then - President Quett Masire ( with political acumen , the director had arranged for the first performance to take place on the President 's birthday ) . School students from across the country were bussed to the capital to see the production . Another film version was released in 1995 , directed by Darrell Roodt . James Earl Jones played the Reverend Kumalo and Richard Harris filled the role of Jarvis . A stage version by the South African playwright Roy Sargeant was developed in early 2003 ; it was first staged at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown , Eastern Cape on 27 June 2003 and at the Artscape Theatre in Cape Town on 8 July 2003 . The director was Heinrich Reisenhofer . The script , together with notes and activities for school use , was published in 2006 by Oxford University Press Southern Africa . Musical adaptation ( edit ) In 1949 , the composer Kurt Weill , in collaboration with the American writer Maxwell Anderson ( book and lyrics ) , composed a musical based on the book called Lost in the Stars . The original Broadway production opened on 30 October 1949 at the Music Box Theatre and starred Todd Duncan and Inez Matthews . It ran for 273 performances before closing on 1 July 1950 . It was made into a movie , starring Brock Peters and Melba Moore , released in 1974 . Lost in the Stars is the last work Weill completed before his death in 1950 . Although he was influenced by spirituals , jazz and blues , Weill 's distinctive and original style shines throughout the score . Israeli contratenor David D'Or performed in a stage version at the Israeli National Theater ( `` Habima Theater '' ) in 2004 . Maariv in its review wrote : `` D'or 's outstanding voice is meant for great parts . His voice and presence embraces the audience , who showed their appreciation by a lengthy standing ovation . '' In August 2012 , the Glimmerglass Opera of New York produced the work , in conjunction with Cape Town Opera , directed by Tazewell Thompson . Release details ( edit ) 1948 , USA , Charles Scribner 's Sons ? , Pub date ? December 1948 , hardback 1949 , UK , Jonathan Cape ISBN 0 - 224 - 60578 - X , Pub date September 1948 , hardback 1970 , UK Penguin Modern Classics ISBN 0 - 14 - 001274 - 5 , Pub date 28 May 1970 , paperback 2000 , UK Penguin Modern Classics ISBN 0 - 14 - 118312 - 8 , Pub date 27 April 2000 , paperback 2003 , USA , Charles Scribner 's Sons ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6217 - 4 , Charles Scribner 's Sons , Pub date ? November 2003 , paperback References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reader 's Digest : Gossip , news : J.F. Albright reports on A.B.A. meeting , '' The Dallas Morning News , 30 May 1948 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Cited by former President Masire in a foreword to `` More Sherlock Holmes than James Herriot '' , a memoir by the director of the Gaborone production , veterinarian Roger Windsor , published in 2015 by the Book Guild ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eurovision Song Contest 2004 on Star Radio '' . Star Radio . Archived from the original on 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israel in 2004 '' . esctoday.com . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About David D'Or & The Philharmonic '' . Yediot Achronot. April 2003 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Susan Galbraith , `` Lost in the Stars at Glimmerglass '' , DC Theatre Scene.com , 3 August 2012 , accessed 14 February 2013 BNF : cb166680455 ( data ) ( hide ) Alan Paton Novels Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1947 ) Too Late the Phalarope ( 1953 ) Kontakion For You Departed ( 1969 ) Ah , but Your Land is Beautiful ( 1981 ) Autobiography Journey Continued : An Autobiography ( 1988 ) Adaptations Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1951 film , screenwriter ) Lost in the Stars ( 1953 musical ) Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1995 film ) Related Liberal Party of South Africa Alan Paton Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry,_the_Beloved_Country&oldid=799424097 '' Categories : 1948 novels Apartheid novels Christian novels South African novels adapted into films Novels by Alan Paton Novels set in South Africa Jonathan Cape books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use South African English from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català فارسی Français עברית Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 17 : 06 . 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-2656928636139644092 | I Don't Know Where I'm Going But I'm On My Way | I do n't know where I 'm going But I 'm on my way - wikipedia I do n't know where I 'm going But I 'm on my way `` I Do n't Know Where I 'm Going But I 'm On My Way '' Song Written 1910s Songwriter ( s ) George Fairman I Do n't Know Where I 'm Going But I 'm On My Way is a World War I era song about a soldier leaving to fight . He says ' `` Uncle Sammy is calling me , so I must go . '' It was written and composed by George Fairman , recorded by both the Peerless Quartet and Henry Burr , and produced by Harry Von Tilzer Music Publishing Company in 1917 . The song stayed in the top 20 from September 1917 to January 1918 and hit number 9 in December 1917 . Lyrics ( edit ) Goodbye ev'rybody , I 'm off to fight the foe . Uncle Sammy is calling me , so I must go . Gee , I 'm feeling fine , Do n't you wish that you were me ? For I 'm sailing tomorrow Over the deep blue sea . CHORUS And I do n't know where I 'm going , but I 'm on my way , For I belong to the regulars I 'm proud to say And I 'll do my duty night or day . I do n't know where I 'm going , But I 'm on my way . Take a look at me , I 'm a Yankee thro ' and thro ' . I was born on July the Fourth in ninety - two , And I 'll march away with a feather in my hat , For I 'm joining the army . What do you think of that ? REPEAT CHORUS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paas , John R. ( 2014 ) . America Sings of War : American Sheet Music from World War I. Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz GmbH Co . & KG . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Paas , John R. ( 2014 ) . America Sings of War : American Sheet Music from World War I. Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz GmbH Co . & KG . p. 130 . Library resources about I Do n't Know Where I 'm Going But I 'm On My Way Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Know_Where_I%27m_Going_But_I%27m_On_My_Way&oldid=813020858 '' Categories : 1917 songs Songs of World War I Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 07 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | i don't know where i'm going but i'm on my way lyrics | [] | [] |
8205643698624426214 | Never was so much owed by so many to so few | Never was so much owed by so many to so few - wikipedia Never was so much owed by so many to so few Jump to : navigation , search World War II poster containing the famous lines by Winston Churchill `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' was a wartime speech made by the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on 20 August 1940 . The name stems from the specific line in the speech , Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few , referring to the ongoing efforts of the Royal Air Force crews who were at the time fighting the Battle of Britain , the pivotal air battle with the German Luftwaffe with Britain expecting an invasion . Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since ; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September , `` Battle of Britain Day '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Legacy 3 Excerpts 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Churchill apparently first used his famous words upon his exit from the Battle of Britain Bunker at RAF Uxbridge on 16 August when visiting the No. 11 Group RAF Operations Room during a day of battle . Afterwards , Churchill told Major General Hastings Ismay , ' Do n't speak to me , I have never been so moved ' . After several minutes of silence he said , ' Never in the history of mankind has so much been owed by so many to so few ' . The sentence would form the basis of his speech to the House of Commons on 20 August . However , in 1954 `` Pug '' Ismay related an anecdote to publisher Rupert Hart - Davis ; when Churchill and Ismay were travelling together in a car , in which Winston rehearsed the speech he was to give in the House of Commons on 20 August 1940 after the Battle of Britain . When he came to the famous sentence , ' Never in the history of mankind have so many owed so much to so few ' , Ismay said ' What about Jesus and his disciples ? ' ' Good old Pug , ' said Winston ' who immediately changed the wording to ' Never in the field of human conflict ... ' . The speech was given as the United Kingdom prepared for the expected German invasion . In it , Churchill tried to inspire his countrymen by pointing out that although the last several months had been a series of monumental defeats for the Allies , their situation was now much better than before . Churchill 's argument was in fact correct ; shortly thereafter the British won the battle , the first significant defeat for the hitherto unstoppable Wehrmacht . This speech was a great inspiration to the embattled United Kingdom during what was probably its most dangerous phase of the entire war . Together with the three famous speeches that he gave during the period of the Battle of France ( the `` Blood , toil , tears , and sweat '' speech of 13 May , the `` We shall fight on the beaches '' speech of 4 June and the `` This was their finest hour '' speech of 18 June ) , they form his most stirring rhetoric . At the end of the speech , he introduced the first phase of the growing strategic alliance with the United States and referred to the coming agreement for establishing U.S. bases on various British territories . US proceeded to helping Britain fight Germany in WW2 Legacy ( edit ) The speech is also well remembered for his use of the phrase `` the few '' to describe the Allied aircrews of RAF Fighter Command , whose desperate struggle gained the victory ; `` The Few '' has come to be their nickname . It is clear that Churchill took his inspiration from various sources , including Hall and Shakespeare . Duff Cooper had also given a speech immediately before Churchill 's which captured the essence of ' the few and the many ' , though not as eloquently . Some historians take the view that Churchill was not referring to just the fighter pilots but that his remarks were intended to refer to all allied aircrew , specifically including Bomber Command . A version of the title of the speech appears in Benjamin Clementine 's Winston Churchill ` s Boy song . Excerpts ( edit ) Rather more than a quarter of a year has passed since the new Government came into power in this country . What a cataract of disaster has poured out upon us since then ! ... Meanwhile , we have not only fortified our hearts but our Island . We have rearmed and rebuilt our armies in a degree which would have been deemed impossible a few months ago. ... The whole Island bristles against invaders , from the sea or from the air . ... the stronger our Army at home , the larger must the invading expedition be , and the larger the invading expedition , the less difficult will be the task of the Navy in detecting its assembly and in intercepting and destroying it in passage ; and the greater also would be the difficulty of feeding and supplying the invaders if ever they landed ... Our Navy is far stronger than it was at the beginning of the war . The great flow of new construction set on foot at the outbreak is now beginning to come in . Why do I say all this ? Not , assuredly , to boast ; not , assuredly , to give the slightest countenance to complacency . The dangers we face are still enormous , but so are our advantages and resources . I recount them because the people have a right to know that there are solid grounds for the confidence which we feel , and that we have good reason to believe ourselves capable , as I said in a very dark hour two months ago , of continuing the war `` if necessary alone , if necessary for years . The great air battle which has been in progress over this Island for the last few weeks has recently attained a high intensity . It is too soon to attempt to assign limits either to its scale or to its duration . We must certainly expect that greater efforts will be made by the enemy than any he has so far put forth. ... It is quite plain that Herr Hitler could not admit defeat in his air attack on Great Britain without sustaining most serious injury . If after all his boastings and bloodcurdling threats and lurid accounts trumpeted round the world of the damage he has inflicted , of the vast numbers of our Air Force he has shot down , so he says , with so little loss to himself ... if after all this his whole air onslaught were forced after a while tamely to peter out , the Fuhrer 's reputation for veracity of statement might be seriously impugned . We may be sure , therefore , that he will continue as long as he has the strength to do so ... ... It must also be remembered that all the enemy machines and pilots which are shot down over our Island , or over the seas which surround it , are either destroyed or captured ; whereas a considerable proportion of our machines , and also of our pilots , are saved , and soon again in many cases come into action. ... We believe that we shall be able to continue the air struggle indefinitely and as long as the enemy pleases , and the longer it continues the more rapid will be our approach , first towards that parity , and then into that superiority , in the air upon which in a large measure the decision of the war depends . The gratitude of every home in our Island , in our Empire , and indeed throughout the world , except in the abodes of the guilty , goes out to the British airmen who , undaunted by odds , unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger , are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion . Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few . All hearts go out to the fighter pilots , whose brilliant actions we see with our own eyes day after day , but we must never forget that all the time , night after night , month after month , our bomber squadrons travel far into Germany , find their targets in the darkness by the highest navigational skill , aim their attacks , often under the heaviest fire , often with serious loss , with deliberate , careful discrimination , and inflict shattering blows upon the whole of the technical and war - making structure of the Nazi power . On no part of the Royal Air Force does the weight of the war fall more heavily than on the daylight bombers who will play an invaluable part in the case of invasion and whose unflinching zeal it has been necessary in the meanwhile on numerous occasions to restrain ... A good many people have written to me to ask me to make on this occasion a fuller statement of our war aims , and of the kind of peace we wish to make after the war , than is contained in the very considerable declaration which was made early in the autumn. ... I do not think it would be wise at this moment , while the battle rages and the war is still perhaps only in its earlier stage , to embark upon elaborate speculations about the future shape which should be given to Europe ... But before we can undertake the task of rebuilding we have not only to be convinced ourselves , but we have to convince all other countries that the Nazi tyranny is going to be finally broken . The right to guide the course of world history is the noblest prize of victory . We are still toiling up the hill ; we have not yet reached the crest - line of it ; we can not survey the landscape or even imagine what its condition will be when that longed - for morning comes . The task which lies before us immediately is at once more practical , more simple and more stern. ... For the rest , we have to gain the victory . That is our task . ... Some months ago we came to the conclusion that the interests of the United States and of the British Empire both required that the United States should have facilities for the naval and air defence of the Western Hemisphere against the attack of a Nazi power ... We had therefore decided spontaneously , and without being asked or offered any inducement , to inform the Government of the United States that we would be glad to place such defence facilities at their disposal by leasing suitable sites in our Transatlantic possessions for their greater security against the unmeasured dangers of the future. ... His Majesty 's Government are entirely willing to accord defence facilities to the United States on a 99 years ' leasehold basis ... Undoubtedly this process means that these two great organisations of the English - speaking democracies , the British Empire and the United States , will have to be somewhat mixed up together in some of their affairs for mutual and general advantage . For my own part , looking out upon the future , I do not view the process with any misgivings . I could not stop it if I wished ; no one can stop it . Like the Mississippi , it just keeps rolling along . Let it roll . Let it roll on full flood , inexorable , irresistible , benignant , to broader lands and better days . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 223 Jump up ^ The World at Arms . Wright M. Readers Digest 1989 Jump up ^ Hart - Davis , Rupert ( 1998 ) ( First ed. published ) . Halfway to Heaven : Concluding memoirs of a literary life . Stroud Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1837 - 3 . Jump up ^ Campion 2010 , pp. 74 -- 83 Jump up ^ Brett Holman ( 31 August 2011 ) . `` On ' the Few ' '' . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( 20 August 1940 ) . `` The Few '' . The Churchill Centre and Museum . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Bibliography Bungay , Stephen . ( 2000 ) The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain . London : Aurum Press ISBN 1 - 85410 - 801 - 8 Campion , G. 2010 . ' The Good Fight ; Battle of Britain Propaganda and the Few ' . Palgrave Macmillan : Basingstoke . Sources ( edit ) Document in the custody of The National Archives , Kew , Richmond , Surrey , United Kingdom , document reference ZHC 2 / 873 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Few The Churchill Centre : ' The Few ' Transcription and MP3 recording of the speech ( hide ) Winston Churchill Life Winston Churchill as historian Winston Churchill as painter Winston Churchill as writer Winston Churchill in politics , 1900 -- 1939 Timeline War Rooms conferences Percentages agreement Quebec Agreement Statement on Atrocities European Advisory Commission Honours of Winston Churchill Later life of Winston Churchill funeral gravesite The Other Club Blenheim Palace Chartwell Writings The Story of the Malakand Field Force ( 1898 ) Savrola ( 1899 novel ) The River War ( 1899 ) London to Ladysmith via Pretoria ( 1900 ) Ian Hamilton 's March ( 1900 ) Lord Randolph Churchill ( 1906 ) The World Crisis ( 1923 -- 1931 , five volumes ) My Early Life ( 1930 ) Marlborough : His Life and Times ( 1933 -- 1938 , four volumes ) Great Contemporaries ( 1937 ) Arms and the Covenant ( 1938 ) The Second World War ( 1948 -- 1963 , six volumes ) A History of the English - Speaking Peoples ( 1956 -- 1958 , four volumes ) Speeches `` Blood , toil , tears , and sweat '' `` Be ye men of valour '' `` We shall fight on the beaches '' `` This was their finest hour '' `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' `` Iron Curtain '' Legacy and depictions Palace of Westminster statue Parliament Square statue Washington , DC , statue Epstein bust Memorial Trusts Churchill College , Cambridge Churchill Archives Centre The Churchill Centre US Churchill Museum Cultural depictions Churchillian Drift Related Norway Debate Terminological inexactitude Siege of Sidney Street Tonypandy riots May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis Sword of Stalingrad Operation Unthinkable Family Lord Randolph Churchill ( father ) Jennie Jerome , Lady Randolph Churchill ( mother ) Jack Churchill ( brother ) Clementine Churchill , Baroness Spencer - Churchill ( wife ) Diana Churchill ( daughter ) Randolph Churchill ( son ) Sarah Churchill ( daughter ) Marigold Churchill ( daughter ) Mary Soames , Baroness Soames ( daughter ) Descendants John Spencer - Churchill ( grandfather ) Frances Anne Spencer - Churchill ( grandmother ) Leonard Jerome ( grandfather ) Clarissa Eden ( niece ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few&oldid=841886923 '' Categories : 1940 in the United Kingdom World War II speeches Battle of Britain English phrases British political phrases Speeches by Winston Churchill August 1940 events 1940 speeches Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Italiano ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 18 : 27 . About Wikipedia | who said never has so much been owed by so many to so few | [
"\"Never was so much owed by so many to so few\" was a wartime speech made by the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on 20 August 1940. The name stems from the specific line in the speech, Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few, referring to the ongoing efforts of the Royal Air Force crews who were at the time fighting the Battle of Britain, the pivotal air battle with the German Luftwaffe with Britain expecting an invasion. Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September, \"Battle of Britain Day\"."
] | [
"British Prime Minister Winston Churchill"
] |
-7683210134632850383 | This Is the End | This Is the End - wikipedia This Is the End Jump to : navigation , search This Is the End Theatrical release poster Directed by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Produced by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg James Weaver Written by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Story by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Based on Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Jason Stone Starring James Franco Jonah Hill Seth Rogen Jay Baruchel Danny McBride Craig Robinson Michael Cera Emma Watson Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Brandon Trost Edited by Zene Baker Production company Mandate Pictures Point Grey Pictures Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) ( Fox Village Theater ) June 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $32 million Box office $126.5 million This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film written and directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg ( in their directorial debuts ) and stars Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Michael Cera , and Emma Watson . The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse . The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures , before being re-released on September 6 , 2013 . The film grossed $126 million on a $32 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Score 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Home media 7 Possible sequel 8 Attraction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Jay Baruchel arrives in Los Angeles to visit old friend and fellow Canadian actor Seth Rogen , who invites him to attend a housewarming party hosted by James Franco . Jay is uncomfortable at the crowded party , so Seth accompanies him to a convenience store for cigarettes , but beams of blue light come down and suck numerous people into the sky . Seth and Jay flee back to Franco 's house , only to find the party unharmed . An earthquake strikes and the partygoers rush outside , but Michael Cera , one of them who was high on cocaine , gets impaled by a lamppost and a large hole opens in James ' yard , swallowing himself and most of the other partygoers . Seth , Jay , James , Jonah Hill , and Craig Robinson survive , run back inside the house , learn that the biggest earthquake has struck Los Angeles on the news , take inventory of their supplies , set up a ration system , board up the house and await help . The next morning , Danny McBride , also in the house and unaware of the crisis , wastes most of the food and water in the house . The others tell him of the previous night 's events , which he initially does not believe until a man outside is decapitated as they watch . Tensions rise due to various conflicts , including Jay and Seth 's growing estrangement , and the others ' skepticism of Jay 's belief that the disaster might be the Apocalypse predicted in the Book of Revelation . Later , Emma Watson , another survivor of the party , returns . However , due to a misunderstanding , she believes the group is planning to rape her and leaves , taking the group 's remaining drinks with her . Craig is chosen to travel outside to the basement for water , but finds the door is locked and returns after an encounter with an unknown being . Jay and Seth reach the basement by digging through the floor and find the water , but Danny ends up wasting most of it out of spite , prompting him to be kicked out of the house . Before he leaves , Danny reveals that Jay was in town two months ago , but he stayed at the Four Seasons and told Danny not to tell Seth , due to their strained friendship . After he leaves , Jonah gently chastises Jay , causing him to punch Hill , giving him a nasty nosebleed . Later that night , Jonah prays to God to kill Jay due to his immense hatred of him , but he gets raped and possessed by a demon . The next day , Jay and Craig go to a neighboring home for supplies and escape a demonic bull . Meanwhile , Seth and James are attacked by the possessed Jonah , but Jay and Craig arrive in time to knock him out . The group subdues Jonah and tie him up , but during an exorcism attempt , Jay and Seth get into a fight and knock a candle over . A fire starts , engulfing Jonah and the house in flames and forcing the others to flee outside . James suggests taking his car to his home in Malibu , but finds the car guarded by a demon . Craig volunteers to sacrifice himself and is raptured into Heaven . They are then captured by a group of cannibals led by Danny and his gimp , Channing Tatum . James volunteers to sacrifice himself to save the others , but taunts and flips Danny off as he ascends to Heaven , causing the beam to vanish . Danny warns James that he was being petty for not going to Heaven and joins the cannibals to eat him alive . Seth and Jay escape and encounter Satan . Jay apologizes to Seth for his actions and as Satan attempts to eat them , a beam strikes Jay and he begins to ascend while Seth does not . Jay grabs Seth 's hand , but his presence prevents him from ascending into Heaven . Seth lets go as a result , and another beam strikes him and slices off Satan 's crotch and he and Jay both finally ascend to Heaven where they meet Craig , who tells them that it is a place where any desire comes true . Jay wishes for the Backstreet Boys and the band performs `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' as everyone dances . Cast ( edit ) Most of the film 's cast portray fictional , exaggerated versions of themselves : Jay Baruchel Seth Rogen Craig Robinson Danny McBride James Franco Jonah Hill Emma Watson Kevin Hart Paul Rudd Rihanna Christopher Mintz - Plasse Mindy Kaling David Krumholtz Michael Cera Martin Starr Aziz Ansari Channing Tatum Backstreet Boys Jason Segel ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Rogen and Goldberg told interviewers , `` We always wanted to do a movie where people played themselves and something extraordinary happened ; the initial version of the film was Seth Rogen and Busta Rhymes were filming a music video and a film respectively , on the Sony lot , and Antmen attacked from the center of the earth . '' The film is also based on Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse , a short film created by Goldberg and Jason Stone in 2007 . In an interview with The Guardian , Goldberg commented on influences contributing to the film , `` If you drilled down to the core of what I do , it 's just ripping off little bits of Charlie Kaufman . Seth and I always loved The Larry Sanders Show too . And the popularity of reality television now also feeds into that idea of whether what we 're watching is actually real . We thought working with our friends in that situation would be awesome because they 're all comedians willing to take stabs at themselves . '' The actors play exaggerated versions of themselves , with only James Franco having no objections to doing what the script wanted him to do . While set in Los Angeles , principal photography was in New Orleans due to financial incentives from that city . Filming rolled from February to early July 2012 . Modus FX made 240 visual effects for the film , including natural disasters , set extensions for the house , computer - generated demons , and the Rapture beams . After filming wrapped , Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending ; they considered putting Morgan Freeman in Heaven , but he declined . Since `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' already played in a scene and the directors wanted to close on an over-the - top note , the directors decided to feature the Backstreet Boys in the scene instead . During production , the film was titled The Apocalypse , later changed to The End of the World . The name changed to This Is the End on December 20 , 2012 , upon the release of its first trailer and poster . This was done at the request of Rogen 's Paul co-star Simon Pegg , who wrote to Rogen in concern that The End of the World was similar to his comedy film The World 's End , also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast . As The World 's End was the name of a key location in that film , Pegg worried that he could not change the name of his film . On April 1 , 2013 , Sony released an April Fools ' Day trailer for Pineapple Express 2 , which was in fact a teaser trailer for This Is the End . According to Rogen and Goldberg , however , the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) This Is the End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 11 , 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Film soundtrack Length 48 : 43 Label RCA This Is the End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack of the film . It was released on June 11 , 2013 by RCA Records . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Take Yo Panties Off '' Snoop Dogg & Craig Robinson 5 : 06 2 . `` Step Into a World ( Rapture 's Delight ) '' KRS - One 4 : 50 3 . `` Tipsy ( Club Mix ) '' J - Kwon 4 : 05 4 . `` A Joyful Process '' Funkadelic 6 : 17 5 . `` Love in the Old Days '' Daddy 4 : 18 6 . `` When the Shit Goes Down '' Cypress Hill 3 : 11 7 . `` Watchu Want '' Belief & Karniege 2 : 57 8 . `` Easy Fix '' K. Flay 3 : 36 9 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' Norman Greenbaum 3 : 58 10 . `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' Backstreet Boys 3 : 45 11 . `` Please Save My Soul '' Church Friends Choir featuring Pamela Landrum 2 : 07 12 . `` I Will Always Love You '' Whitney Houston 4 : 33 Total length : 48 : 43 Songs featured in the film , but not in the soundtrack `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy `` Hole in the Earth '' by Deftones `` Disco 2000 '' by Pulp `` Spiteful Intervention '' by Of Montreal `` Paper Planes '' by M.I.A. `` End of the Beginning '' and `` War Pigs '' by Black Sabbath `` The Next Episode '' by Dr. Dre . Score ( edit ) The score by Henry Jackman , with additional material by Dominic Lewis and Matthew Margeson and conducted by Nick Glennie - Smith , was not officially released on its own , not even as bonus tracks on the CD or digital releases on RCA 's album . Despite that , a promotional album for the score does exist , according to Soundtrack.net . No . Title Length 1 . `` Rapture on Melrose '' 1 : 47 2 . `` Hills on Fire / The Sinkhole '' 3 : 36 3 . `` Foreboding News Report '' 0 : 22 4 . `` Ca n't Sleep '' 0 : 43 5 . `` Head Guy '' 0 : 30 6 . `` The Sinkhole Remains '' 0 : 35 7 . `` This Shit is Biblical '' 0 : 58 8 . `` Boredom Montage '' 0 : 36 9 . `` Emma Returns '' 0 : 15 10 . `` Drawing Matches Part 1 '' 0 : 42 11 . `` Craig Gets the Water '' 1 : 37 12 . `` Creepy Basement Memorabilia '' 0 : 25 13 . `` The Devil Rapes Jonah '' 1 : 17 14 . `` Drawing Matches Part 2 '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Jay & Craig Go Outside '' 1 : 22 16 . `` Something 's Wrong with Jonah '' 0 : 37 17 . `` Jonah is Possessed '' 0 : 35 18 . `` Demonic Chase Sequence '' 4 : 01 19 . `` Lights Out , Jay 's Got a Plan '' 0 : 22 20 . `` The Exorcism of Jonah Hill '' 0 : 37 21 . `` Fire Chase '' 1 : 12 22 . `` Craig 's Last Stand '' 2 : 15 23 . `` Franco 's Demise '' 1 : 31 24 . `` The Rapture of Seth & Jay '' 2 : 25 Total length : 29 : 30 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) This Is the End grossed $101.5 million in the United States and Canada and $25.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $126.5 million , against a production budget of $32 million . It made a net profit of $50 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . The film was released in North America on June 14 , 2013 , alongside Man of Steel , and was projected to open to around $12 million from 3,055 theaters . The film made $7.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $20.7 million in its opening weekend ( a five - day total of $33 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Man of Steel ( $116.6 million ) . In its second weekend it grossed $13.3 million , dropping to 4th . Critical response ( edit ) Seth Rogen , Jay Baruchel , and Jonah Hill at a screening for the film in June 2013 On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 82 % based on 214 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Energetic , self - deprecating performances and enough guffaw - inducing humor make up for the flaws in This Is the End 's loosely written script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a letter grade of `` A '' , saying , `` You could sit through a year 's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that 's genuinely knock - your - socks - off audacious . But This Is the End ... truly is . It 's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest , the most fearlessly inspired and the snort - out - loud funniest . '' Brian D. Johnson of Maclean 's wrote , `` There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco 's house . For one thing , his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and zombies . That 's the screwball scenario of This Is the End ... The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody . But with perfect timing , it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex : the apoca - blockbuster . '' At the other end of the spectrum , Canada 's The Globe and Mail compared the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus , giving it one and a half stars out of five . The critic referred to the actors in the film as `` the lazy , the privileged and the mirthless '' . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 1 , 2013 . It was the last movie to be officially rented by Blockbuster Video before they went out of business at 11 p.m. on November 9 , 2013 . Possible sequel ( edit ) When Evan Goldberg was asked whether a sequel to the film was probable , he said , `` If you ask me , I 'd say there 's a pretty good chance of a sequel . If you ask Seth Rogen , he 'd say no . '' In June 2013 , Goldberg announced ideas for a sequel in which the apocalypse occurs at the premiere of This Is the End . `` Seth 's a cokehead in this version , Michael Cera is a calm dude with a boyfriend , Rihanna and The Backstreet Boys are back , '' Goldberg said in an interview . `` We have a lot of ideas : a heaven and hell , for example , and a garden of Eden version where Danny ( McBride ) is Adam . '' Despite this , Goldberg has stated that it would be difficult to recreate the casting conditions from the first film due to different schedules , believing them to be a stroke of luck , saying , `` I honestly do n't know if we could get the guys together ( again ) . '' In May 2014 , Seth Rogen posted a status on Twitter saying , `` I do n't think we 'll make a sequel to This Is the End , but if we did , it would be called No , THIS Is the End . Attraction ( edit ) This Is The End was adapted into a 3D maze entitled This Is The End : 3D at Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2015 . The maze served as the event 's first comedy - horror based attraction . See also ( edit ) It 's a Disaster -- a 2012 black comedy in which couples at a brunch realize that the world is ending The World 's End -- another 2013 apocalyptic comedy film Rapture - Palooza -- another 2013 apocalypse - themed comedy which also featured Craig Robinson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THIS IS THE END ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is the End ( 2013 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen And Evan Goldberg 's `` This Is The End '' Is Returning To Theaters `` . CinemaBlend.com . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` First Red - Band Clip and Poster for Seth Rogen 's THIS IS THE END Starring Jay Baruchel , James Franco , Danny McBride , Jonah Hill , and Many More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogen , Seth ; Goldberg , Evan ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything '' . Reddit . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Aziz Ansari Joins Seth Rogen in THE APOCALYPSE '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` This is the End : why actors love to play themselves '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Good friends made ' This Is the End ' into a real party , USA Today Jump up ^ Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg 's New Orleans : ' This Is the End ' co-directors dive stomach - first into city , Times - Picayune Jump up ^ `` Modus FX Creates Monsters and Mayhem for ' This Is The End ' '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How This Is the End Was Originally Going to End , The Vulture Jump up ^ Seth Rogen This Is The End Interview , Entertainment Weekly Jump up ^ `` Aziz Ansari Joins ' The Apocalypse ' '' . Spill.com. April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' This Is The End ' Red - Band Teaser Clip and Poster : Seth Rogen 's End Of The World Comedy Debuts , Before Possible End Of The World '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' This Is The End ' Emma Stone Movies : Best Netflix Movie , End Of The World Comedy Debuts Before , Action New Movies On Netflix , End Of The World '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Simon Pegg Did n't Love Man of Steel 's Ending '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PINEAPPLE EXPRESS 2 - Official Trailer '' . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogen , Seth ; Goldberg , Evan ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything '' . Reddit . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Is The End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Explicit ) : Various : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Music -- This Is the End ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Jackman to Score ' The End of the World ' '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . Jump up ^ `` '' This Is the End '' Original Score ( Promotional Album ) 2013 `` . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Hack Reveals Top - Secret Profitability of 2013 Movies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' This Is the End ' Laughing its Way to $30 Million - Plus Start '' . Variety . June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 14 - 16 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 21 - 23 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Is the End at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ This Is the End at Metacritic CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : This Is the End '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Brian D. ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Was Armageddon always this complicated ? '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick D . `` This Is the End leaves viewers asking : When will it be over ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the End Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This Is The End ( The Guardian ) Jump up ^ `` Evan Goldberg Thinks ' This is The End ' Sequel is Entirely Possible '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen on Twitter '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Horror Nights Event in Los Angeles '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : This Is the End Official website This Is the End on IMDb This Is the End at Box Office Mojo This Is the End at Rotten Tomatoes This Is the End at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_the_End&oldid=834278941 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 horror films 2010s buddy films 2010s black comedy films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s disaster films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sex comedy films Films about the afterlife American films American black comedy films American buddy films American comedy horror films American disaster films American fantasy - comedy films American satirical films American screwball comedy films American sex comedy films Apocalyptic films Columbia Pictures films Cultural depictions of people Demons in film The Devil in fiction Directorial debut films Features based on short films Films scored by Henry Jackman Films about actors American films about cannabis Films about religion Films directed by Evan Goldberg Films directed by Seth Rogen Films produced by Seth Rogen Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in New Orleans Mandate Pictures films Point Grey Pictures films Religious comedy films Religious horror films Religious satire films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 12 . 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"This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film written and directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg (in their directorial debuts) and stars Rogen, James Franco, Jonah Hill, Jay Baruchel, Danny McBride, Craig Robinson, Michael Cera, and Emma Watson. The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse. The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3, 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14, 2013 by Columbia Pictures, before being re-released on September 6, 2013.[3] The film grossed $126 million on a $32 million budget.[2]"
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"Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg"
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-4389422044206094662 | Square | Square - wikipedia Square Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Square ( disambiguation ) . Square A regular quadrilateral ( tetragon ) Type Regular polygon Edges and vertices Schläfli symbol ( 4 ) Coxeter diagram Symmetry group Dihedral ( D ) , order 2 × 4 Internal angle ( degrees ) 90 ° Dual polygon Self Properties Convex , cyclic , equilateral , isogonal , isotoxal In geometry , a square is a regular quadrilateral , which means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles ( 90 - degree angles , or right angles ) . It can also be defined as a rectangle in which two adjacent sides have equal length . A square with vertices ABCD would be denoted ◻ ( \ displaystyle \ square ) ABCD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characterizations 2 Properties 2.1 Perimeter and area 2.2 Other facts 3 Coordinates and equations 4 Construction 5 Symmetry 6 Squares inscribed in triangles 7 Squaring the circle 8 Non-Euclidean geometry 9 Crossed square 10 Graphs 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Characterizations A convex quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is any one of the following : a rectangle with two adjacent equal sides a rhombus with a right vertex angle a rhombus with all angles equal a parallelogram with one right vertex angle and two adjacent equal sides a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles a quadrilateral where the diagonals are equal and are the perpendicular bisectors of each other , i.e. a rhombus with equal diagonals a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a , b , c , d whose area is A = 1 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) = 1 2 ( b 2 + d 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) Properties A square is a special case of a rhombus ( equal sides , opposite equal angles ) , a kite ( two pairs of adjacent equal sides ) , a trapezoid ( one pair of opposite sides parallel ) , a parallelogram ( all opposite sides parallel ) , a quadrilateral or tetragon ( four - sided polygon ) , and a rectangle ( opposite sides equal , right - angles ) and therefore has all the properties of all these shapes , namely : The diagonals of a square bisect each other and meet at 90 ° The diagonals of a square bisect its angles . Opposite sides of a square are both parallel and equal in length . All four angles of a square are equal . ( Each is 360 ° / 4 = 90 ° , so every angle of a square is a right angle . ) All four sides of a square are equal . The diagonals of a square are equal . The square is the n = 2 case of the families of n - hypercubes and n - orthoplexes . A square has Schläfli symbol ( 4 ) . A truncated square , t ( 4 ) , is an octagon , ( 8 ) . An alternated square , h ( 4 ) , is a digon , ( 2 ) . Perimeter and area The area of a square is the product of the length of its sides . The perimeter of a square whose four sides have length l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) is P = 4 l ( \ displaystyle P = 4 \ ell ) and the area A is A = l 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = \ ell ^ ( 2 ) . ) In classical times , the second power was described in terms of the area of a square , as in the above formula . This led to the use of the term square to mean raising to the second power . The area can also be calculated using the diagonal d according to A = d 2 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) . ) In terms of the circumradius R , the area of a square is A = 2 R 2 ; ( \ displaystyle A = 2R ^ ( 2 ) ; ) since the area of the circle is π R 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ pi R ^ ( 2 ) , ) the square fills approximately 0.6366 of its circumscribed circle . In terms of the inradius r , the area of the square is A = 4 r 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = 4r ^ ( 2 ) . ) Because it is a regular polygon , a square is the quadrilateral of least perimeter enclosing a given area . Dually , a square is the quadrilateral containing the largest area within a given perimeter . Indeed , if A and P are the area and perimeter enclosed by a quadrilateral , then the following isoperimetric inequality holds : 16 A ≤ P 2 ( \ displaystyle 16A \ leq P ^ ( 2 ) ) with equality if and only if the quadrilateral is a square . Other facts The diagonals of a square are 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ( about 1.414 ) times the length of a side of the square . This value , known as the square root of 2 or Pythagoras ' constant , was the first number proven to be irrational . A square can also be defined as a parallelogram with equal diagonals that bisect the angles . If a figure is both a rectangle ( right angles ) and a rhombus ( equal edge lengths ) , then it is a square . If a circle is circumscribed around a square , the area of the circle is π / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi / 2 ) ( about 1.5708 ) times the area of the square . If a circle is inscribed in the square , the area of the circle is π / 4 ( \ displaystyle \ pi / 4 ) ( about 0.7854 ) times the area of the square . A square has a larger area than any other quadrilateral with the same perimeter . A square tiling is one of three regular tilings of the plane ( the others are the equilateral triangle and the regular hexagon ) . The square is in two families of polytopes in two dimensions : hypercube and the cross-polytope . The Schläfli symbol for the square is ( 4 ) . The square is a highly symmetric object . There are four lines of reflectional symmetry and it has rotational symmetry of order 4 ( through 90 ° , 180 ° and 270 ° ) . Its symmetry group is the dihedral group D . If the inscribed circle of a square ABCD has tangency points E on AB , F on BC , G on CD , and H on DA , then for any point P on the inscribed circle , 2 ( P H 2 − P E 2 ) = P D 2 − P B 2 . ( \ displaystyle 2 ( PH ^ ( 2 ) - PE ^ ( 2 ) ) = PD ^ ( 2 ) - PB ^ ( 2 ) . ) If d i ( \ displaystyle d_ ( i ) ) is the distance from an arbitrary point in the plane to the i - th vertex of a square and R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the circumradius of the square , then d 1 4 + d 2 4 + d 3 4 + d 4 4 4 + 3 R 4 = ( d 1 2 + d 2 2 + d 3 2 + d 4 2 4 + R 2 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) + d_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) + d_ ( 3 ) ^ ( 4 ) + d_ ( 4 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ) ) + 3R ^ ( 4 ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( d_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + d_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + d_ ( 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) + d_ ( 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) + R ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) Coordinates and equations x + y = 2 ( \ displaystyle x + y = 2 ) plotted on Cartesian coordinates . The coordinates for the vertices of a square with vertical and horizontal sides , centered at the origin and with side length 2 are ( ± 1 , ± 1 ) , while the interior of this square consists of all points ( x , y ) with − 1 < x < 1 and − 1 < y < 1 . The equation max ( x 2 , y 2 ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ max ( x ^ ( 2 ) , y ^ ( 2 ) ) = 1 ) specifies the boundary of this square . This equation means `` x or y , whichever is larger , equals 1 . '' The circumradius of this square ( the radius of a circle drawn through the square 's vertices ) is half the square 's diagonal , and equals 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) . Then the circumcircle has the equation x 2 + y 2 = 2 . ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) = 2 . ) Alternatively the equation x − a + y − b = r . ( \ displaystyle \ left x-a \ right + \ left y-b \ right = r . ) can also be used to describe the boundary of a square with center coordinates ( a , b ) and a horizontal or vertical radius of r . Construction The following animations show how to construct a square using a compass and straightedge . This is possible as 4 = 2 , a power of two . Square at a given circumcircle Square at a given side length , right angle by using Thales ' theorem Square at a given diagonal Symmetry The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices ( d for diagonal ) or edges ( p for perpendiculars ) Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders . Full symmetry of the square is r12 and no symmetry is labeled a1 . The square has Dih symmetry , order 8 . There are 2 dihedral subgroups : Dih , Dih , and 3 cyclic subgroups : Z , Z , and Z . A square is a special case of many lower symmetry quadrilaterals : a rectangle with two adjacent equal sides a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles a parallelogram with one right angle and two adjacent equal sides a rhombus with a right angle a rhombus with all angles equal a rhombus with equal diagonals These 6 symmetries express 8 distinct symmetries on a square . John Conway labels these by a letter and group order . Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular quadrilaterals . r8 is full symmetry of the square , and a1 is no symmetry . d4 , is the symmetry of a rectangle and p4 , is the symmetry of a rhombus . These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the square . d2 is the symmetry of an isosceles trapezoid , and p2 is the symmetry of a kite . g2 defines the geometry of a parallelogram . Only the g4 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as a square with directed edges . Squares inscribed in triangles Main article : Triangle § Squares Every acute triangle has three inscribed squares ( squares in its interior such that all four of a square 's vertices lie on a side of the triangle , so two of them lie on the same side and hence one side of the square coincides with part of a side of the triangle ) . In a right triangle two of the squares coincide and have a vertex at the triangle 's right angle , so a right triangle has only two distinct inscribed squares . An obtuse triangle has only one inscribed square , with a side coinciding with part of the triangle 's longest side . The fraction of the triangle 's area that is filled by the square is no more than 1 / 2 . Squaring the circle Squaring the circle is the problem , proposed by ancient geometers , of constructing a square with the same area as a given circle by using only a finite number of steps with compass and straightedge . In 1882 , the task was proven to be impossible , as a consequence of the Lindemann -- Weierstrass theorem which proves that pi ( π ) is a transcendental number , rather than an algebraic irrational number ; that is , it is not the root of any polynomial with rational coefficients . Non-Euclidean geometry In non-Euclidean geometry , squares are more generally polygons with 4 equal sides and equal angles . In spherical geometry , a square is a polygon whose edges are great circle arcs of equal distance , which meet at equal angles . Unlike the square of plane geometry , the angles of such a square are larger than a right angle . Larger spherical squares have larger angles . In hyperbolic geometry , squares with right angles do not exist . Rather , squares in hyperbolic geometry have angles of less than right angles . Larger hyperbolic squares have smaller angles . Examples : Two squares can tile the sphere with 2 squares around each vertex and 180 - degree internal angles . Each square covers an entire hemisphere and their vertices lie along a great circle . This is called a spherical square dihedron . The Schläfli symbol is ( 4 , 2 ) . Six squares can tile the sphere with 3 squares around each vertex and 120 - degree internal angles . This is called a spherical cube . The Schläfli symbol is ( 4 , 3 ) . Squares can tile the Euclidean plane with 4 around each vertex , with each square having an internal angle of 90 ° . The Schläfli symbol is ( 4 , 4 ) . Squares can tile the hyperbolic plane with 5 around each vertex , with each square having 72 - degree internal angles . The Schläfli symbol is ( 4 , 5 ) . In fact , for any n ≥ 5 there is a hyperbolic tiling with n squares about each vertex . Crossed square Crossed - square A crossed square is a faceting of the square , a self - intersecting polygon created by removing two opposite edges of a square and reconnecting by its two diagonals . It has half the symmetry of the square , Dih , order 4 . It has the same vertex arrangement as the square , and is vertex - transitive . It appears as two 45 - 45 - 90 triangle with a common vertex , but the geometric intersection is not considered a vertex . A crossed square is sometimes likened to a bow tie or butterfly . the crossed rectangle is related , as a faceting of the rectangle , both special cases of crossed quadrilaterals . The interior of a crossed square can have a polygon density of ± 1 in each triangle , dependent upon the winding orientation as clockwise or counterclockwise . A square and a crossed square have the following properties in common : Opposite sides are equal in length . The two diagonals are equal in length . It has two lines of reflectional symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2 ( through 180 ° ) . It exists in the vertex figure of a uniform star polyhedra , the tetrahemihexahedron . Graphs 3 - simplex ( 3D ) The K complete graph is often drawn as a square with all 6 possible edges connected , hence appearing as a square with both diagonals drawn . This graph also represents an orthographic projection of the 4 vertices and 6 edges of the regular 3 - simplex ( tetrahedron ) . See also Geometry portal Mathematics portal Cube Pythagorean theorem Square lattice Squircle Unit square References Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Square . '' From MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . Jump up ^ Zalman Usiskin and Jennifer Griffin , `` The Classification of Quadrilaterals . A Study of Definition '' , Information Age Publishing , 2008 , p. 59 , ISBN 1 - 59311 - 695 - 0 . Jump up ^ J. Wilson , Problem set 1.3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Josefsson , Martin , `` Properties of equidiagonal quadrilaterals '' Forum Geometricorum , 14 ( 2014 ) , 129 - 144 . Jump up ^ http://www.mathsisfun.com/quadrilaterals.html/ Jump up ^ Chakerian , G.D. `` A Distorted View of Geometry . '' Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums ( R. Honsberger , editor ) . Washington , DC : Mathematical Association of America , 1979 : 147 . Jump up ^ http://www2.mat.dtu.dk/people/V.L.Hansen/square.html Jump up ^ http://gogeometry.com/problem/p331_square_inscribed_circle.htm Jump up ^ Park , Poo - Sung . `` Regular polytope distances '' , Forum Geometricorum 16 , 2016 , 227 - 232 . http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2016volume16/FG201627.pdf Jump up ^ John H. Conway , Heidi Burgiel , Chaim Goodman - Strauss , ( 2008 ) The Symmetries of Things , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 220 - 5 ( Chapter 20 , Generalized Schaefli symbols , Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275 - 278 ) Jump up ^ http://www.technologyuk.net/mathematics/geometry/quadrilaterals.shtml External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Squares ( geometry ) . Animated course ( Construction , Circumference , Area ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Square '' . MathWorld . Definition and properties of a square With interactive applet Animated applet illustrating the area of a square Polygons Special cases , including regular polygons with their own names , in parentheses List of polygons by number of sides 1 -- 10 sides Monogon Digon Triangle Equilateral Isosceles Scalene Quadrilateral Square Rectangle Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezoid Kite Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon ( Enneagon ) Decagon 11 -- 20 sides Hendecagon Dodecagon Tridecagon Tetradecagon Pentadecagon Hexadecagon Heptadecagon Octadecagon Enneadecagon Icosagon 21 -- 100 sides ( selected ) Icositetragon ( 24 ) Triacontagon ( 30 ) Triacontadigon ( 32 ) Triacontatetragon ( 34 ) Tetracontagon ( 40 ) Tetracontadigon ( 42 ) Tetracontaoctagon ( 48 ) Pentacontagon ( 50 ) Hexacontagon ( 60 ) Hexacontatetragon ( 64 ) Heptacontagon ( 70 ) Octacontagon ( 80 ) Enneacontagon ( 90 ) Enneacontahexagon ( 96 ) Hectogon ( 100 ) > 100 sides 120 - gon 257 - gon 360 - gon Chiliagon ( 1,000 ) Myriagon ( 10,000 ) 65537 - gon Megagon ( 1,000,000 ) Apeirogon ( ∞ ) Star polygons ( 5 -- 12 sides ) Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram ( hide ) Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2 -- 10 Family I ( p ) / D E / E / E / E / E / F / G Regular polygon Triangle Square p - gon Hexagon Pentagon Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron Octahedron Cube Demicube Dodecahedron Icosahedron Uniform 4 - polytope 5 - cell 16 - cell Tesseract Demitesseract 24 - cell 120 - cell 600 - cell Uniform 5 - polytope 5 - simplex 5 - orthoplex 5 - cube 5 - demicube Uniform 6 - polytope 6 - simplex 6 - orthoplex 6 - cube 6 - demicube 1 2 Uniform 7 - polytope 7 - simplex 7 - orthoplex 7 - cube 7 - demicube 1 2 3 Uniform 8 - polytope 8 - simplex 8 - orthoplex 8 - cube 8 - demicube 1 2 4 Uniform 9 - polytope 9 - simplex 9 - orthoplex 9 - cube 9 - demicube Uniform 10 - polytope 10 - simplex 10 - orthoplex 10 - cube 10 - demicube Uniform n - polytope n - simplex n - orthoplex n - cube n - demicube 1 2 k n - pentagonal polytope Topics : Polytope families Regular polytope List of regular polytopes and compounds GND : 4129044 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square&oldid=796191727 '' Categories : Elementary shapes Quadrilaterals 4 ( number ) Constructible polygons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 03 : 52 . 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-3057998757188130597 | The Son (Friday Night Lights) | The Son ( Friday Night Lights ) - wikipedia The Son ( Friday Night Lights ) 5th episode of the fourth season of Friday Night Lights `` The Son '' Friday Night Lights episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 5 Directed by Allison Liddi - Brown Written by Rolin Jones Original air date December 2 , 2009 Guest appearance ( s ) Minka Kelly Brad Leland Derek Phillips Kim Dickens Alicia Witt Louanne Stephens Jeremy Sumpter D.W. Moffett Episode chronology ← Previous `` A Sort of Homecoming '' Next → `` Stay '' Episode chronology `` The Son '' is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the television drama series Friday Night Lights . It is the 56th episode overall in the series . The episode first aired on DirecTV 's The 101 Network on December 2 , 2009 . It then re-aired on NBC on June 4 , 2010 . The episode was hailed by critics and fans as one of the strongest episodes of the series , with unanimous praise for Zach Gilford 's performance . Contents 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The main focus of the episode is on Matt Saracen , who must deal with the death of his father , Henry Saracen , a soldier who was killed in combat in Iraq . At the start of the episode , Matt replays a video message on his computer of his father wishing him a Merry Christmas and apologizing for not being able to make it home . Landry and Julie force him to stop playing the video and watch a movie with them to get his mind off things . A wake is then held at the Saracen home . For most of the wake , Matt does not move from his chair , telling Julie that he really does n't need to go anywhere considering everyone is coming to him . Later , Matt talks to an Army recruiter from the area , who speaks positively of Matt 's father , saying that he was a very funny person . Matt becomes angry at this , telling the recruiter he has never seen his father smile before in his whole life . Landry gets Matt away from the recruiter before he is allowed to say anything else , telling Matt that the next night the two of them are going out with the Riggins brothers . At that point , Joe and J.D. McCoy show up at the house , but Matt , already angry and at a loss for words over the two of them showing up , shuts the door in their faces before walking away . The following day , Tami and Matt visit the funeral director to go over the arrangements for the funeral the next day . Matt is unable to pay attention to most of the details after learning that there will be a closed casket . Tami realizes that the closed casket makes many of the proposed details unnecessary , and sees that Matt is too emotionally distraught to handle the situation . She tells Matt that it will be okay for him to wait outside in the car , before telling the funeral director that the two of them need to start over . At home , Matt thanks Julie for her mother 's help . Julie notices that Matt is upset and asks if he is alright . Matt says that stuff like this happens and right now it 's happening to him , implying that it will eventually happen to Julie . That night , Matt , Landry , and the Riggins brothers go to the Panther football field to drink . Matt tells the three of them that he has to give a speech at the funeral and begins to give a speech on how his father was always miserable , had a wife who hated him , a mother who annoyed him , and reenlisted in the Army four times so that could escape his responsibilities without being called on it . He wonders if it is actually his father in the casket . Tim decides the four of them need to go and find out . They show up at the funeral home and Matt demands to see his father . The funeral director opens the casket , the camera only showing Matt 's stunned face as he begins to cry . Later , a drunk Matt shows up at the Taylor house , late for the dinner that was planned for earlier that night . Unable to eat the food given to him , Matt finally breaks down . He confesses to the Taylors that he hates his father and that all he wants to do is say it to his father 's face , but he does n't even have one . Matt then runs out of the house in tears . Eric catches up to him outside and walks him home . At the funeral , Matt gives a speech about a time when his whole family was together shopping at the supermarket and how angry his dad got over the choice of toilet paper that he decided to grab every brand he could find , calling it one of the funniest moments of his childhood . He then goes on to say that even though his father missed many of his birthdays and most of his childhood , he is thankful that his father was a member of the Armed Forces so that he could have birthdays and a childhood . Everyone begins to leave after the funeral ends , but Matt stays behind , takes a shovel from a groundskeeper and begins to bury his father , while Julie looks on in tears . Other plots in this episode included Becky taking part in a local beauty pageant , Vince winning a football award and going to extreme measures to take care of his family , and Luke ending his friendship with J.D. after the events of the previous episode . Becky kisses Tim , but he rebuffs her advances. Luke and Becky also have a one - night - stand after a chance encounter at a convenience store . Reception ( edit ) `` The Son '' has received unanimous praise from critics . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a perfect 10 , stating `` this episode was Friday Night Lights reminding us that yes indeed , this is still one of the best shows on television -- one that can pack a punch like few others can . '' Alan Sepinwall of HitFix.com stated the episode `` was probably the season 's best balance between moving lots of stories forward while still providing the show 's trademark emotional wallop . '' NY Magazine called the episode a `` small masterpiece . '' Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly said the episode `` had moments of the usual terrific FNL boisterousness , but for the most part was a solemn affair with beautifully crafted details . '' While critics praised the episode as a whole , most of the praise went to Zach Gilford 's performance in the episode , with NY Magazine stating that it `` would be downright disrespectful '' to talk about anything other than his performance . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Soon after the episode aired on NBC , Popeater.com launched a Facebook campaign to get Gilford nominated for an Emmy Award for his performance , with over 8,000 people joining and other media outlets picking up on the campaign before nominations were announced . While Gilford did not receive a nomination , the episode was nominated in the Writing for a Drama Series category , the first time the show was nominated in the category . Time awarded the episode # 1 in its ranking of the ten best television episodes of the year . In The Futon Critic 's annual `` Top 50 Episodes of the Year , '' `` The Son '' was named the # 3 episode of 2009 . On BuddyTV. com 's own Top 50 list , the episode came in at # 2 . The episode was also nominated in the Drama Episode of the Year category for the 2009 - 2010 Gold Derby TV Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eric Goldman . `` Friday Night Lights : `` The Son '' Review - TV Review at IGN `` . TV.ign.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Alan Watching ? : Friday Night Lights , `` The Son '' : Here lies a funny , funny man `` . Sepinwall.blogspot.com. 2009 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Andy . `` Friday Night Lights : Zach Gilford , Most Valuable Player - Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) . `` ' Friday Night Lights ' recap : ' The Son ' rises Ken Tucker 's TV EW.com '' . Watching-tv.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` ' Friday Night Lights , ' `` The Son '' - The Top 10 Everything of 2010 `` . TIME . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . External links ( edit ) `` The Son '' at NBC.com `` The Son '' on IMDb `` The Son '' at TV.com Friday Night Lights Characters Eric Taylor Matt Saracen Jason Street Smash Williams Tim Riggins Tami Taylor Lyla Garrity Tyra Collette Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` The Son '' Season 5 Soundtracks Film soundtrack Television soundtrack ( Vol. 1 ) Television soundtrack ( Vol. 2 ) Related Film Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream Boobie Miles Gary Gaines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Son_(Friday_Night_Lights)&oldid=862314187 '' Categories : Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) 2009 American television episodes Television episodes about funerals Hidden categories : Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 15 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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9058311545527726596 | Left- and right-hand traffic | Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia Left - and right - hand traffic Jump to : navigation , search Countries by handedness of traffic , c. 2017 Right - hand traffic Left - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge The terms left - hand traffic ( LHT ) and right - hand traffic ( RHT ) refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic , unless otherwise directed , to keep to the left side or to the right side of the road , respectively . This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road . One hundred and sixty - three countries and territories use RHT , with the remaining seventy - six countries and territories using LHT . Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads . In the early 1900s some countries including Canada , Spain , and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country . During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions , and changed from LHT to RHT , mostly to conform with regional custom . In 1919 , 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT . From 1919 to 1986 , 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT . Many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean , Southern Africa , Southeast Asia , South Asia , Australia , and New Zealand . Japan , Thailand , Nepal , Bhutan , Mozambique , Suriname , East Timor , and Indonesia are among those LHT countries outside the former British Empire . In Europe , only four countries still drive on the left : the United Kingdom , Ireland , Malta , and Cyprus , all of which are on islands that have no direct road connections with countries driving on the right . Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory . Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country . China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau . The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands . The United Kingdom is LHT , but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT . According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , water traffic is RHT . For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right , both in the air and on water . On a double - track railways , rail traffic generally runs to one side of a line , not always the same side as road traffic . Thus in Belgium , China , France ( apart from the former German Alsace and Lorraine ) , Sweden ( apart from Malmö and further south ) , Switzerland and Italy for example , the railways use LHT , while the roads use RHT , often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems . In countries such as Indonesia , it is the reverse ( RHT for railways and LHT for roads ) . Light rail vehicles and RT systems generally operate on the same side as road traffic in a country ( exceptions include Madrid , Rome , Lisbon , Lyon , Stockholm , Cairo , Lima , Buenos Aires metro systems , Tren de la Costa and Stockholm 's Lidingö Line ) . There is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other . In healthy populations , traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness , although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Contents 1 History 1.1 Changing sides 1.1. 1 Europe 1.1. 2 Asia and the Pacific 1.1. 3 Africa 2 Changing sides at borders 3 Road vehicle configurations 3.1 Driver seating position 3.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment 3.2. 1 Rear fog lamps 3.3 Crash Testing differences 4 Worldwide distribution by country 5 Traffic behaviour 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Left - hand traffic in Vienna , Austria circa 1930 . Ancient Greek , Egyptian , and Roman troops kept to the left when marching . In 1998 , archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon , in southern England . The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side , suggesting LHT , at least at this location , since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded , and enter it empty . The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756 , with regard to London Bridge . Hong Kong drives on the left . Mainland China drives on the right . Some historians , such as C. Northcote Parkinson , believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left , since most people were right handed . If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight , each would edge toward the left . In the year 1300 , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left . In the late 1700s , traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses . The wagons had no driver 's seat , so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse . Seated on the left , the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons . In France , traditionally foot traffic had kept right , while carriage traffic kept left . Following the French Revolution , all traffic kept right . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe . During the colonial period , RHT was introduced by the French in New France , French West Africa , the Maghreb , French Indochina , the West Indies , French Guiana and the Réunion , among others . Meanwhile , LHT was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the East Africa Protectorate , British India , Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zimbabwe and South Africa ) , British Malaya ( now Malaysia , Brunei and Singapore ) , British Guiana , and British Hong Kong . LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau , Colonial Brazil , East Timor , Portuguese Mozambique , and Angola . The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike . New York formalized RHT in 1804 , New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821 . Changing sides ( edit ) Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm , Sweden , on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention , which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road , in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders . This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example , LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . However , three years later the Empire was split up into several countries , and they all changed eventually to RHT , notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 - 39 . Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967 , despite having land borders with RHT countries , and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . A referendum was held in 1955 , with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT . Nevertheless , some years later the government ordered a conversion , which took place at 5 am on Sunday , 3 September 1967 . The accident rate dropped sharply after the change , but soon rose back to near its original level . The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ) , the ' H ' being for Högertrafik ( `` right traffic '' ) . When Iceland switched the following year , it was known as H - dagurinn , again meaning `` H - Day '' . In the late 1960s , the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT , but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation . Road building standards , for motorways in particular , allow asymmetrically designed road junctions , where merge and diverge lanes differ in length . Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) China adopted RHT in 1946 . Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time . Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT . Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies . Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970 . Samoa , a former German colony , had been RHT for more than a century . It switched to LHT in 2009 , being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch . The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles imported from Australia , New Zealand or Japan , and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations . A political party , The People 's Party , was formed to try to protest against the change , a protest group which launched a legal challenge , and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it . The motor industry was also opposed , as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion . After months of preparation , the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration . There were no reported incidents . At 05 : 50 local time , Monday 7 September , a radio announcement halted traffic , and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT . The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws . That day and the following day were declared public holidays , to reduce traffic . The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales , while police mounted dozens of checkpoints , warning drivers to drive slowly . The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods , as well as during the Commonwealth era . During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT , also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement . RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945 . Africa ( edit ) A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries . Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971 , Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974 . Before this period The Gambia , a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal , had officially switched to RHT in 1965 . Rwanda , a former Belgian colony in central Africa , is RHT but is considering switching to LHT , to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . A survey , carried out in 2009 , indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch . Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model , easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries . The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents . In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT . In 2015 , the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe . Changing sides at borders ( edit ) A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road . Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 While most LHT jurisdictions are on islands , there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area . LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours : Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar . Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch , but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic . There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China . In 2006 , the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100 . The next largest is Man Kam To , where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road . The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides . Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel , the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year , by rail , between the UK and France . Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) Driver seating position ( edit ) Bolivia is RHT , with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel . In RHT jurisdictions , vehicles are configured with LHD , with the driver sitting on the left side . In LHT jurisdictions , the reverse is true . The driver 's side , the side closest to the centre of the road , is sometimes called the offside , while the passenger side , the side closest to the side of the road , is sometimes called the nearside . Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic . Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD . In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America , arguing that with RHD and RHT , the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left , the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger . '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead , due to the popularity of the Model T . In specialised cases , the driver will sit on the nearside , or kerbside . Examples include : Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside , e.g. street sweepers , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges . Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside , e.g. delivery vehicles . The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America . Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck . Generally , the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left , and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT . Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle 's offside . Headlamps and other lighting equipment ( edit ) Main article : Headlamp Bird 's - eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic , with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled . Most low - beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical beam distribution suitable for use on only one side of the road . Low beam headlamps for use in LH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - leftward ; those for RH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - rightward , thus illuminating obstacles and road signs an adequate distance ahead on the driver 's own side of the road while limiting glare to oncoming traffic on the other side of the road . Within Europe , headlamps designed and approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road , as for example on holiday or in transit . This adaptation may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded . Some varieties of the projector - type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LH - or RH - traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly . Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car 's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LH to RH traffic or vice versa . Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H change from left - to right - hand traffic . Opaque decal blocks lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps , most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic - handedness . Without sidecars attached , motorcycles , motor scooters , mopeds , and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre . However , motorcycles are often equipped with automotive - type asymmetrical - beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic - handedness . Rear fog lamps ( edit ) Within the European Union , vehicles must be equipped with one or two rear - facing red rear fog lamps . A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle 's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver 's side of the vehicle . When importing a vehicle to a country which drives on the opposite side of the road , this sometimes requires the purchase and installation of local - market lighting components . Crash testing differences ( edit ) Some crash test results indicate that the RHD variant of a vehicle primarily developed for a LHD country may not protect the driver as well as the LHD variant , although differences in testing methodology could also cause the results to vary . One of the possible causes of this difference in crash test results is the RHD variant will not be an exact mirror image of the LHD variant . The number of differences in chassis , bodywork and parts needed to produce the RHD variant will be minimised to reduce the cost . The RHD vehicle is usually a variant of the LHD markets , due to potentially lower sales volumes of the RHD variant . When minimising the changes needed for the RHD variant , there is a possibility that key strengthening structures that would protect the driver in a crash may not be transferred to the driver side in the RHD variant . ( There are no easily reference - able sources for LHD variant performing less well in crash testing than the RHD variant where the vehicle is primarily manufactured for / in RHD markets ) . It is commonplace in Europe for only the LHD variant of a vehicle to be tested under the Euro NCAP crash testing scheme , although the result will be used in the promotion of the RHD variant in European countries which operate LHT . Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations ( and the unrecognised Palestine ) , 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT . A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once . Country Road traffic Road switched sides Multi-track rail traffic generally Notes Afghanistan RHT RHT / LHT Was LHT until the 1950s , in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan . Albania RHT RHT Algeria RHT RHT Andorra RHT Angola RHT 1928 Antigua and Barbuda LHT Argentina RHT 10 June 1945 LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ) . The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT . Armenia RHT RHT Australia LHT LHT Commonwealth . Includes Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island Austria RHT 1921 in Vorarlberg , 1930 in North Tyrol , 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol , 1938 in the rest of the country . RHT Originally LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Azerbaijan RHT RHT Bahamas LHT In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby USA . Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate . Switched to same side as neighbours . Bangladesh LHT LHT Barbados LHT Belgium RHT 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro uses RHT . Belarus RHT RHT Belize RHT 1961 Former British colony . Switched to same side as neighbours . Benin RHT Bhutan LHT Under British protection before 1949 . Bolivia RHT Botswana LHT Brazil RHT 1928 RHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century , switched some states still using LHT to RHT in 1928 . Most metro systems use RHT . Brunei LHT Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT RHT Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary . Bulgaria RHT RHT Burkina Faso RHT Burundi RHT Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Cambodia RHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . RHD cars , many of which were smuggled from Thailand , were banned from 2001 , even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country . Cameroon RHT 1961 Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT , except British Columbia , which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923 , and New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 respectively . Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire , two years before joining Canada . Cape Verde RHT 1928 Central African Republic RHT Chad RHT Chile RHT 1916 LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT . China RHT 1946 RHT / LHT At one time , northern provinces were RHT due to American influence , while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence . LHT was uniform in the 1930s . Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT . Colombia RHT RHT Comoros RHT Congo RHT Democratic Republic of Congo RHT Costa Rica RHT Côte d'Ivoire RHT Croatia RHT RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT , while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary . The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Cuba RHT Cyprus LHT Former British colony . Czech Republic RHT 1939 RHT Was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary , switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Denmark RHT RHT Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti RHT Dominica LHT Former British colony . Dominican Republic RHT East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT , like its colonial power Portugal . Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928 . Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , changed back to LHT in 1976 . Ecuador RHT LHT The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT Egypt RHT LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence , but railway system was built by British companies . El Salvador RHT Equatorial Guinea RHT Eritrea RHT 1964 Estonia RHT RHT Ethiopia RHT 1964 LHT The Addis Ababa Light Rail runs on the right . Fiji LHT Finland RHT 1858 RHT / LHT Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden , switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree . Majority of Helsinki commuter rail uses LHT . France RHT 1792 LHT / RHT Includes French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Guiana , Réunion , Saint Barthélemy , Collectivity of Saint Martin , Guadeloupe , Mayotte . Railways in Alsace and Lorraine use RHT as a former part of German Empire . CDGVAL uses RHT . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Lyon Metro . Gabon RHT Gambia RHT 1965 Georgia RHT RHT About 40 % vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to low cost of used cars from Japan . Germany RHT RHT Ghana RHT Former British colony . When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa , Nifa Enan '' or `` Right , Right , Fourth '' . Greece RHT RHT Grenada LHT Guatemala RHT Guinea RHT Guinea - Bissau RHT 1928 Guyana LHT Haiti RHT Honduras RHT Hungary RHT 1941 RHT Originally LHT , like most of Austria - Hungary . Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn . Most passenger cars were already LHD . Iran RHT RHT Iraq RHT LHT India LHT LHT Former British colony . Indonesia LHT RHT Roads were built by British , but railways are RHT due to Netherlands influence . The Jakarta MRT will use LHT . Ireland LHT LHT Former British Dominion . Israel RHT LHT The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT . Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT . Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926 . Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively , as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls . The metro systems in Brescia , Genoa , Milan , and Turin use RHT , as well as all tram systems . Jamaica LHT Japan LHT LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT . It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978 . The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru , which means Nana ( 7 ) - San ( 3 ) - Maru ( 0 ) ) . Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century . Jordan RHT RHT , despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946 . Kazakhstan RHT RHT Kenya LHT British colony until 1963 . Kiribati LHT North Korea and South Korea RHT 1946 LHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line ) ; metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT . Kuwait RHT Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union . In 2012 , over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan . Laos RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . Latvia RHT RHT Lebanon RHT Former French mandate . Lesotho LHT Liberia RHT Libya RHT Liechtenstein RHT RHT Lithuania RHT RHT Luxembourg RHT RHT Macedonia RHT RHT Madagascar RHT Malawi LHT Malaysia LHT LHT Former British colony . Maldives LHT Mali RHT Malta LHT British colony until 1964 . Marshall Islands RHT Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT . Mauritius LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Mexico RHT RHT Micronesia RHT Moldova RHT RHT Monaco RHT LHT Mongolia RHT RHT Montenegro RHT RHT Morocco RHT RHT Mozambique LHT LHT Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT , most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles , imported from Japan . Netherlands RHT 1906 RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917 . Includes Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and Aruba Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony . After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I , switched to LHT . South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations , and the new rule of the road was established in law . Nauru LHT 1918 Nepal LHT New Zealand LHT LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands Nicaragua RHT Niger RHT Nigeria RHT 1972 LHT Former British colony . Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies . Norway RHT RHT Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles . Palau RHT RHT Palestine RHT Pakistan LHT LHT Panama RHT 1943 Papua New Guinea LHT Paraguay RHT 1945 Peru RHT LHT Philippines RHT 1946 RHT LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945 Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT . Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s . Portugal RHT 1928 LHT Colonies Goa , Macau and Mozambique , which had land borders with LHT countries , did not switch and continue to drive on the left . The Porto Metro uses RHT . Qatar RHT Romania RHT RHT Russia RHT RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan . Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT . Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT . Rwanda RHT Former Belgian mandate . Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT Saint Lucia LHT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia , New Zealand and Japan . San Marino RHT São Tomé and Príncipe RHT 1928 Saudi Arabia RHT LHT The Makkah Metro uses RHT . Senegal RHT Serbia RHT RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary . Seychelles LHT Sierra Leone RHT 1971 Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013 . Singapore LHT LHT Former British colony . Slovakia RHT 1939 -- 41 RHT Slovenia RHT LHT Solomon Islands LHT Somalia RHT 1968 South Africa LHT LHT Former British colony . South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule . Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence . Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT , and Madrid was LHT until 1924 . The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT . Sri Lanka LHT LHT Former British Colony . Sudan RHT 1973 Former British Colony . Suriname LHT Swaziland LHT Sweden RHT 3 September 1967 LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD . The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT ; the tram system in Stockholm is RHT except Lidingö Line . The railways in Malmö uses RHT due to the connection to Denmark . Switzerland RHT LHT The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT . Syria RHT Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule . The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China . Most metro systems use RHT . Tajikistan RHT RHT Tanzania LHT Thailand LHT LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony . Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia . Togo RHT Tonga LHT Trinidad and Tobago LHT Former British colony . Tunisia RHT LHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881 . Turkey RHT RHT Turkmenistan RHT RHT Tuvalu LHT Uganda LHT Ukraine RHT 1922 RHT West Ukraine was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary . The rest of Ukraine , having been part of the Russian Empire , already drove on the right . Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side , which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms . United Arab Emirates RHT RHT United Kingdom LHT ( Mainland UK ) RHT ( Gibraltar ) LHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man , Guernsey , Jersey , Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Turks and Caicos Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension , Tristan da Cunha are all left hand drive . Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain . The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945 . The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982 . United States RHT LHT ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) RHT / LHT Includes American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico . U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT , like much of the Caribbean . Uruguay RHT 1945 LHT Became LHT in 1918 , but as in some other countries in South America , changed to RHT on 2 September 1945 . A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety . Uzbekistan RHT RHT Vanuatu RHT Venezuela RHT LHT The Caracas Metro uses RHT . Vietnam RHT LHT Became RHT as French Indochina . Yemen RHT 1977 South Yemen , formerly the British colony of Aden , changed to RHT 1977 . A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued . North Yemen was already RHT . Zambia LHT Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony . In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles . Traffic behaviour ( edit ) LHT RHT Manoeuvre LHT RHT Unless overtaking stay on the left right In roundabouts traffic rotates clockwise anticlockwise Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left Most traffic signs are on the left right Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their right left Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn left right Gallery ( edit ) Gibraltar has been RHT ( since 1929 ) A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge . Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland See also ( edit ) Hook turn Traffic - light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations References ( edit ) ^ Draper , Geoff ( 1993 ) . `` Harmonized Headlamp Design for Worldwide Application '' . Motor Vehicle Lighting . Society of Automotive Engineers . pp. 23 -- 36 . ^ Kincaid , Peter ( December 1986 ) . The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice . Greenwood Press . pp. 50 , 86 -- 88 , 99 -- 100 , 121 -- 122 , 198 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1 . ^ Barta , Patrick . `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Watson , Ian . `` The rule of the road , 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands '' . Usvitourism.vi . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ FAR Sec . 91.115 ( c ) : `` When aircraft , or an aircraft and a vessel , are approaching head - on , or nearly so , each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear . '' ^ Weingroff , Richard . `` On The Right Side of the Road '' . United States Department of Transportation . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . PMID 19327893 . ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Anderson , Charles ( 2003 ) . Puzzles and Essays from the Exchange Essays . Haworth Information Press . pp. 2 -- 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Walters , Bryn . `` Huge Roman Quarry found in North Wiltshire '' ( PDF ) . ARA The Bulletin of The Association for Roman Archaeology . Autumn 1998 ( Six ) : 8 -- 9 . ISSN 1363 - 7967 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Hamer , Mike . `` Left is right on the road '' . New Scientist ( 20 December 1986 / 1 January 1987 ) : 16 -- 18 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Why We Drive on the Right of the Road , ' ' Popular Science Monthly ' ' , Vol. 126 , No. 1 , ( January 1935 ) , p. 37 . Books.google.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ `` An Act Establishing the Law of the Road '' . Massachusetts General Court . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Vasold , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` Obacht ! Linksverkehr '' ( PDF ) . Kultur & Technik . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` Seventy - five years of driving on the right '' . Radio Prague. 18 March 2014 . ^ `` Högertrafik '' ( in Swedish ) . vardo.aland.fi . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . ^ Réalités , Issues 200 - 205 , Société d'études et publications économiques , 1967 , page 95 ^ TIME ( 15 September 1967 ) . `` Sweden : Switch to the Right '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . ^ Mieszkowski , Katharine ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` Salon News : Whose side of the road are you on ? '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ 45 ár frá hægri umferð , Morgunblaðið , 26 May 2013 English translation ^ Tom Geoghegan ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Could the UK drive on the right ? '' . BBC News Magazine . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ `` Layout of Grade Separated Junctions '' ( PDF ) . The Highways Agency . 2006 : 4.9 ff . ^ `` The Unique World of Burmese Driving '' . a minor diversion . 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Bryant , Nick ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Samoan cars ready to switch sides '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Askin , Pauline ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Outcry as Samoa motorists prepare to drive on left '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Right - to - life plea fails to sway Samoan court in road appeal '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . ^ Dobie , Michael ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Samoa drivers brace for left turn '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ `` Samoan drivers change from right - hand side of the road to the left '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . ^ Jackson , Cherelle ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Samoa announces driving switch date '' . Nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Plaza Mayor de Manila , by José Honorato Lozano ( 1815 / 21 ( ? ) - 1885 ) , in the album Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes , published 1847 . Collection of the Biblioteca Nacional de España . ^ `` ESCOLTA MANILA PHILIPPINES - YEAR 1903 '' . YouTube . March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Manila - Castillian Memoirs 1930s '' . YouTube . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Manila , Queen of the Pacific 1938 '' . YouTube . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Goupal , Lou ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Manila Nostalgia : Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation '' . YouTube . Manila Nostalgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942 . ^ Tadeo , Patrick Everett ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` How the Philippines became a left - hand - drive country '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Executive Order No. 34 , s . 1945 '' . www.officialgazzete.gov.ph . ^ `` Rwanda wants to drive on the left '' . Independent.co.ug. 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ `` East Africa : Rwanda Looks to the Left '' . allAfrica.com. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Bari , Dr Mahabubul ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda '' . European Transport Research Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 453 . doi : 10.1007 / s12544 - 014 - 0144 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Right - hand - drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads , The East African , March 13 , 2015 ^ Tumwebaze , Peterson ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Govt okays importation of RHD trucks , to decide on other vehicle categories in October '' . The New Times . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jennings , Ken . `` What Happens When Left - Hand Roads Meet Right - Hand Roads '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . ^ `` Hong Kong 2006 -- Transport -- Cross-Boundary Traffic '' . Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Takutu bridge opens to traffic '' . Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Nearside ( dictionary definition ) '' . Dictionary.reverso.net . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Miller , Wayne ( 2015 ) . Car Crazy : The Battle for Supremacy between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age . PublicAffairs . p. 279 . ISBN 9781610395526 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ LHD Specialist : Location of the Steering Wheel Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Hinchliffe , Mark . `` How to mount your motorbike '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ `` MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING A MOTORCYCLE '' . Motorcycle Test Tips . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ `` S.I. No. 5 / 2003 - Road Traffic ( Construction and Use of Vehicles ) Regulations 2003 '' . Irish Statute Book . 42 . ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . where a side -- car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle , the side -- car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle ; `` Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation '' . MAG Ireland . Irish Motorcyclists Association . 9 Feb 2014 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ `` The Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 - Section 93 '' . UK Government . 25 June 1986 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ `` UN Regulation 112 , `` Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps '' '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` UNECE Homepage '' ( PDF ) . www.unece.org . ^ `` Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for ' four - star ' Australian crash test result '' . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ L.R. Reddy ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH Publishing . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ `` Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` 10 de Junio : Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` Right - Hand Traffic versus Left - Hand Traffic '' . The Basement Geographer . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ New Scientist , Volume 112 , IPC Magazines , 1986 , page 18 ^ http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/ ^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports , Times of India Press , 1968 , page 158 ^ `` História '' . Touring Club do Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . `` '' Já na década de 1920 ( ... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s ( ... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic . ) ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . `` Art . 31 . São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita , trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada , e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario . '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right , driving the closest as possible to the roadside , letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic . ) , the first nationwide traffic legislation , cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country . ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ ^ Nkwame , Marc ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Burundi , Rwanda to start driving on the left '' . DailyNews Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars '' . BBC News . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ) . The British Columbia Road Runner . March 1966 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Griffin , Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Smith , Ivan . `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides '' . History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia , 1899 - 1949 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` A triumph for left over right '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` Austria , including Hungary , Transylvania , Dalmatia and Bosnia '' . p. xiii - xiv . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . In Styria , Upper and Lower Austria , Salzburg , Carniola , Croatia , and Hungary we keep to the left , and pass to the right in overtaking ; in Carinthia , Tyrol , and the Austrian Littoral ( Adriatic coast : Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Istria and Dalmatia ) we keep to the right and overtake to the left . Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road , so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them , keep to the left . ^ `` ; Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side ? ( Why do some countries drive on the right side ? ) '' . videnskab.dk . Retrieved 31 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland '' . aland.net . ^ ' Left is right on the road ' , Mick Hamer New Scientist , 25 December 1986 -- 1 January 1987 No 1540 / 1541 , p. 16 . ^ https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html ^ Hillger , Don ; Toth , Garry . `` Right - Hand / Left - Hand Driving Customs '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Phil Bartle . `` Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community , Society , History , Culture ; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle , PhD '' . Cec.vcn.bc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ hadi anto ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` indonesia train compilation '' -- via YouTube . ^ `` Sight for sure eyes , Honest John 's Agony Column '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . ^ Nick Georgano , ed. ( 2000 ) . `` Lancia '' . The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile ( Vol. 2 : G-O ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 867 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 293 - 1 . ^ `` Why Does Japan Drive On The Left '' . 2pass.co.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . ^ Andrew H. Malcolm ( 5 July 1978 ) . `` U-Turn for Okinawa : From Right - Hand Driving to Left ; Extra Policemen Assigned '' . The New York Times . p . A2 . ^ `` Customs Services Department -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . KRA . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . Satrapia. 8 May 2013 . ^ `` Photo of All Change . Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! '' . Panoramio . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Mozambique : memoirs of a revolution , John Paul , Penguin , 1975 , page 41 ^ Myanmar 's car market set to take new direction , Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa , Financial Times , 2 January 2017 ^ Peter van Ammelrooy . `` De Claim links rijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Volkskrant.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ `` De geschiedenis van het linksrijden '' . Engelfriet.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ The Laws of South West Africa , Volume 2 , J. Meibert , 1961 ^ `` 2.1 `` Keeping Left '' -- Land Transport ( Road User ) Rule 2004 -- New Zealand Legislation `` . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . ^ THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF STEERING CONVERSION OF VEHICLES FROM RIGHT TO LEFT HAND DRIVE , Federal Road Safety Commission ^ `` Travel advice by country , Oman '' . Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( fco.gov.uk ) . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . ^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars , Chicago Tribune , April 25 , 1943 ^ `` Paraguay Decree 6956 of 25 January 1945 '' . Glin.gov . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ `` Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska -- autobusy , tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe -- History of the Cracow tram network '' . Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . ^ `` Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars '' . Russia behind the headlines . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . ^ Peter . `` Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards '' . Rwanda Transport . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . ^ The Rising Sun : A History of the All People 's Congress Party of Sierra Leone , A.P.C. Secretariat , 1982 , page 396 ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards , Voice of America , Nina de Vries , 17 September 2013 ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information '' . Travcour . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ `` Road Rules '' . SACarRental.com . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information '' . drivesouthafrica.co.za . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Moya , Aurora . `` Metro de Madrid , 1919 -- 1989 . Setenta años de historia '' , Chapter 1 ^ Taplin , Michael ( 1995 ) . Light Rail in Europe . Capital Transport . pp. 126 , 128 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5 . ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ) . `` 違 警 罰 法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide , Kathleen O'Donnell , Stassi Pefkaros , Hunter Publishing , Inc , 2000 , page 53 ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI ^ Colonial Reports , Annual , Volumes 1480 - 1499 , 1930 , page 76 ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945 , Peter King , Hale , 1991 , page 31 ^ Tobar , Hector ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy , Hope '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on ? '' . brianlucas.ca . ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide '' . toyota-gib.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 '' . stampworld.com . ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay , NewsDay , 30 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic . 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2218750855506574134 | These Boots Are Made for Walkin' | These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' - wikipedia These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' Single by Nancy Sinatra from the album Boots B - side `` The City Never Sleeps at Night '' Released December 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded November 19 , 1965 Western Recorders Hollywood , California , United States Genre Pop rock , country rock Length 2 : 42 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Lee Hazlewood Producer ( s ) Lee Hazlewood Nancy Sinatra singles chronology `` So Long , Babe '' ( 1965 ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` How Does That Grab You , Darlin ' ? '' ( 1966 ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra . It charted January 22 , 1966 , and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart . Subsequently , many cover versions of the song have been released in a range of styles : metal , pop , rock , punk rock , country , dance , and industrial . Among the more notable versions are the singles released by Megadeth , Jessica Simpson , and Ella Fitzgerald backed by Duke Ellington and his orchestra . Contents 1 Nancy Sinatra version 1.1 Recording 1.2 Personnel 1.3 Release 1.4 Promotional film 1.5 In popular culture 2 Chart history 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 Track listing 2.4 Release history 3 Jessica Simpson version 3.1 Recording and release 3.2 CD single 3.3 Chart performance 3.4 Music video 3.5 Charts and certifications 3.5. 1 Weekly charts 3.5. 2 Year - end charts 3.5. 3 Certifications 3.6 Versions 4 Megadeth version 5 Selected list of other recorded versions 6 References 7 External links Nancy Sinatra version ( edit ) Recording ( edit ) Lee Hazlewood intended to record the song himself , saying that `` it 's not really a girl 's song '' , but Sinatra talked him out of it , saying that `` coming from a guy it was harsh and abusive , but was perfect for a little girl to sing '' . Hazlewood agreed . Sinatra 's recording of the song was made with the help of Los Angeles session musicians known as the Wrecking Crew . This session included Hal Blaine on drums , Al Casey , Tommy Tedesco , and Billy Strange on guitars , Ollie Mitchell , Roy Caton and Lew McCreary on horns , Carol Kaye on electric bass and Chuck Berghofer on double bass , providing the notable bass line . Nick Bonney was the guitarist for the Nelson Riddle Orchestra . Personnel ( edit ) Other personnel , as seen in the American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) contracts for the session include : Billy Strange - arranger , conductor , and guitar William Miller - ( unknown ) Don Lanier - guitar Lou Norell - guitar Jerry Cole - guitar William Pitman - guitar Don Randi - keyboard Richard Perissi - French horn Oliver Mitchell - trumpet Plas Johnson - tenor sax Nick Bonney - guitar Donald Frost - ( unknown ) Charles Berghofer - bass Eddie Brackett Jr. - engineer Emil Richards - percussion Jim Gordon - drums Roy V. Caton - ( contractor ) trumpet Lee Hazlewood - supervisor Release ( edit ) The single was released in December 1965 , the second song to taken from her debut album Boots , and was a follow - up to the minor hit `` So Long , Babe '' . The song became an instant success and in late February 1966 it topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a move it replicated in similar charts across the world . Promotional film ( edit ) In the same year Sinatra recorded a promotional film , which would later be known as the music video , for the song . It was produced by Color - Sonics and played on Scopitone video jukeboxes . In 1986 , for the song 's 20th anniversary , cable station VH1 played the video . Sinatra told Alison Martino that other videos and performances are from TV shows like The Ed Sullivan Show , Hullaballoo and Shindig ! The videos featured Sinatra wearing an iconic pair of boots . In popular culture ( edit ) The song was prominently used by Stanley Kubrick 's in his 1987 film Full Metal Jacket , involving a Vietnamese woman in a miniskirt propositioning a couple of American GIs . The song was included in the 1995 film Now and Then . However the song did not appear on the film 's soundtrack . The song was included in the 1997 film Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery In 2006 , Pitchfork Media selected it as the 114th best song of the 1960s . Critic Tom Breihan described the song as `` maybe the finest bitchy kiss - off in pop history '' . Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company used portions of the song for its 1960s ad campaign promoting its `` wide boots '' tires . Nancy Sinatra unsuccessfully sued Goodyear for using the song , claiming that it had violated her publicity rights . This song appears in the 2018 film Ocean 's 8 . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) French ( IFOP ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italian Singles Chart New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Rhodesia ( Lyons Maid ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) US Billboard Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank South Africa Chart ( 1966 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 Track listing ( edit ) UK promotional single `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' -- 3 : 03 `` Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps '' -- 2 : 19 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom February 1 , 2000 Promotional single -- digital download EMI , Maverick Jessica Simpson version ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' Single by Jessica Simpson from the album The Dukes of Hazzard and A Public Affair Released May 26 , 2005 ( US ) August 29 , 2005 ( UK ) Format Digital download , digital maxi single Genre Country pop , dance - pop Length 4 : 10 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Lee Hazlewood ; Jessica Simpson ( additional ; uncredited ) Producer ( s ) Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Jessica Simpson singles chronology `` Angels '' ( 2004 ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( 2005 ) `` A Public Affair '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' at VEVO.com Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( and added her own lyrics ) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) . The version was also included in the international version of her fifth studio album , A Public Affair ( 2006 ) . Simpson 's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and was released as the soundtrack 's first single in 2005 . It became Simpson 's fifth top - twenty single in the United States , and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery . Recording and release ( edit ) Simpson 's version of the song is performed from the point of view of her character in The Dukes of Hazzard , Daisy Duke , and it has several major differences from Sinatra 's version . The song 's lyrics were changed almost completely as Simpson felt that they did not accurately convey the feelings needed for the film ; in the original Sinatra dealt with a cheating boyfriend , while in the new version Simpson explored Daisy Duke 's personality and experiences . She rewrote the majority of the lyrics herself , although some elements were retained such as the opening line `` You keep saying you got something for me ... '' and the spoken `` Are you ready , boots ? Start walkin ' '' . Simpson also added some new music to her version of the song . Whereas the original version did not have a bridge , she created one for the cover . A risqué rap - like / spoken breakdown was added after the bridge . Because of the legalities of songwriting , Simpson has not been credited for the new music or lyrics that she wrote . The production of the song was altered as well . Producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis gave the cover a country - inspired production because of its relationship to the film The Dukes of Hazzard , but they also added a more hip hop - like beat . In an interview with GAC Nights , Jessica stated that her record label did not want to promote the song because of its country feel , even though the song is more pop than country . She said that she told the label `` It 's a great song and Willie Nelson 's on it with me '' and she said the label told her pop radio would n't understand that importance . CD single ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Radio edit ) - 4 : 10 `` With You ( Live from Universal Amphitheater ) `` Take My Breath Away '' ( Live from Universal Amphitheater ) `` I Think I 'm in Love with You '' ( Live from Universal Amphitheater ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Video clip ) Chart performance ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' peaked at fourteen on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and in late 2005 the RIAA certified the single Gold for 500,000 legal downloads or more . Its digital downloads were high , but radio airplay was low . Due to this , it 's the song that reached the lowest chart position on the Billboard Hot 100 for a song topping the Hot Digital Songs chart . It reached the top ten on Billboard 's Pop 100 chart , and was Simpson 's first single to appear on the chart . On 23 July 2005 , the song jumped from 8 - 1 on Hot Digital Songs charts in it _́ s second week with 43,000 downloads . On 11 December 2006 the single was certified Gold by the RIAA again , this time by Epic Records . In total , the single has received 1 million digital downloads . Internationally it was a success , reaching top 5 in several European countries . It became her biggest hit in Australia , where it reached number two and remained in the top forty for twenty - four weeks . In Ireland , the single also reached number 2 . The song also cracked the top five in the United Kingdom , where it reached number four and is to date , her highest peaking single in Britain . It reached the top ten in the chart European Hot 100 Singles , Belgium , and New Zealand and the top twenty in Austria , Switzerland , and Germany . As the end of the year 2005 , the single had sold 69,500 copies in UK . Music video ( edit ) The video , directed by Brett Ratner , has caused some controversy because of its sexual imagery . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 29 European Hot 100 Singles 7 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 17 Greece ( IFPI ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 81 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Ukraine ( FDR Charts ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Country Position Australia ( ARIA ) ( 2005 ) 16 Australia ( ARIA ) ( 2006 ) 85 German Singles Chart 98 Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 UK Singles Chart 78 US Hot Digital Songs 60 US Pop 100 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold ( Columbia ) Gold ( Epic ) 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Versions ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Soundtrack version ) -- 4 : 10 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Original version ) -- 3 : 35 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 10 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 35 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Scott Storch Mix ) -- 4 : 43 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( E-Smoove Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 59 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Bimbo Jones Vocal Club Mix ) -- 6 : 00 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Bimbo Jones Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 14 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Bimbo Jones Dub ) -- 6 : 03 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Ed n ' Richie Club Mix ) -- 5 : 16 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Gomi & Escape 's Club Mix ) -- 9 : 05 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Gomi & Escape Mix ) -- 9 : 03 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Gomi & Escape 's Dub ) -- 6 : 13 Megadeth version ( edit ) `` These Boots '' Song by Megadeth from the album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! Released June 12 , 1985 Genre Thrash metal Length 3 : 44 Label Combat Songwriter ( s ) Lee Hazlewood Producer ( s ) Megadeth Karat Faye Megadeth covered the song on their 1985 debut album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! , which is track four on the original release and eight on the 2002 re-release . Their version ( entitled `` These Boots '' ) featured altered lyrics , and was produced more as a parody than a true cover . When the album started selling well , the writer of the song , Lee Hazlewood , began demanding that the song be omitted , due to its being a `` perversion of the original '' . Megadeth guitarist and frontman Dave Mustaine made the point that Hazlewood had been paid royalties for years before he made the complaint , although Mustaine eventually omitted the song anyway from newer pressings of the album . When the album was remixed in 2002 , a censored version of the song was included as a bonus track . In 2011 , an uncensored live version recorded in 1987 was released as part of the 25th anniversary edition of the album Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? . In 1987 Megadeth re-recorded the song as part of the soundtrack for Penelope Spheeris ' movie Dudes , changing the title to `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' . In 2018 , the song was released with the original Lee Hazlewood lyrics on the remixed and remastered version of Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! Selected list of other recorded versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1966 Nancy Sinatra , US # 1 , UK # 1 . 1966 Lee Hazlewood , the songwriter 's own version , a humorous take on Sinatra 's original recording sessions ( `` this is the part of the song where Billy Strange raised his hand and asked if he could please leave the room '' , `` this is the part of the record where the engineer Eddy Brackett said if we do n't fade this thing out , we 're all gon na be arrested ... '' ) and the song 's worldwide success ( `` and this is the part of the record where everybody said , ' Aw , that ca n't be no. 1 ... ! ' '' , `` You 'll put on yer boots an ' I 'll put on mine , we 'll sell a million ol ' records any ol ' time , yeah ! '' ) . 1966 Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington with his Orchestra , as a single ( CBS 2446 ) . 1966 Loretta Lynn on her first chart - topping studio album , You Ai n't Woman Enough . Lynn 's version was recorded in the final sessions for the album , two months after the release of the Sinatra recording . 1966 The Ventures an instrumental version on their compilation album 8 Miles High ( originally titled Go with The Ventures ) . 1970 The British reggae group Symarip released a reggae version of the song on their album Skinhead Moonstomp , with the same title but `` walking '' changed to `` stomping '' in the lyrics . 1982 British Electric Foundation released a new wave version featuring Paula Yates on vocals . 1985 Megadeth on the studio album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! . 1989 Operation Ivy ( band ) on the studio album Energy as One of These Days 1991 Zeena Schreck / Radio Werewolf , on the 12 '' vinyl single `` Boots / Witchcraft -- A Tribune To The Sin - atras '' . 1991 Georgie Parker and the Channel 7 Australia ensemble Farmhouse . Reached # 58 on the Australian ARIA Chart . 1992 Billy Ray Cyrus , on the album Some Gave All . Reached # 27 in Denmark . 2000 Geri Halliwell recorded her own version of `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' for the soundtrack to the film Rugrats in Paris : The Movie . It was included as a B - side of her single `` Bag It Up '' , which reached number one in the UK Singles Chart . 2002 KMFDM released Boots which includes three versions of the song . 2005 Lil ' Kim , the theme for the TV show Growing Up Gotti . 2005 Jessica Simpson , for The Dukes of Hazzard soundtrack , US # 14 . 2005 Little Birdy , for Like a Version Volume One ( 2005 ) . 2011 Planet Funk covered it for the Italian comedy movie La kryptonite nella borsa 's soundtrack . This version of the song peaked at number ten on the Italian Singles Chart and it was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry . 2015 , Ubisoft covered this track for use in Just Dance 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 44 - Revolt of the Fat Angel : Some samples of the Los Angeles sound . ( Part 4 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . ^ Jump up to : Alison Martino ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Nancy Sinatra Talks `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' on the Eve of Its Golden Anniversary The hit song that inspired a generation of women to start walkin ' turns 50 tomorrow `` . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phonograph Recording Contract Blank : American Federation of Musicians '' ( PDF ) . Wreckingcrewfilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=bSkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=These+Boots+Are+Made+for+Walkin%27+billboard+1965&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjh9XCyd_bAhUQkRQKHTnHBYAQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ `` pitchforkmedia.com '' . pitchforkmedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TOP - 4 juin 1966 '' . top-france.fr . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- March 1989 '' . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1965 '' . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson : Singles Chart History '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Jessica Simpson kicks off People 's Choice Awards '' . www.usatoday.com . January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` UK 2005 TOP 200 w / sales ! ! '' . ATRL . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson - These Boots Are Made For Walkin ' Canada Top 40 '' . Top 40 Charts . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Greece Top 50 Singles '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . 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Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Collection of over 200 versions Megadeth Dave Mustaine David Ellefson Kiko Loureiro Dirk Verbeuren Greg Handevidt Mike Albert Chris Poland Gar Samuelson Jeff Young Chuck Behler Nick Menza Marty Friedman Jimmy DeGrasso Al Pitrelli James MacDonough Glen Drover James LoMenzo Shawn Drover Chris Broderick Chris Adler Studio albums Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? So Far , So Good ... So What ! Rust in Peace Countdown to Extinction Youthanasia Cryptic Writings Risk The World Needs a Hero The System Has Failed United Abominations Endgame Thirteen Super Collider Dystopia Live albums Rude Awakening That One Night : Live in Buenos Aires Rust in Peace Live The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Countdown to Extinction : Live Compilation albums Capitol Punishment : The Megadeth Years Still Alive ... and Well ? Greatest Hits : Back to the Start Warchest Anthology : Set the World Afire Icon Extended plays Live at the Cow Palace Hidden Treasures Cryptic Sounds : No Voices In Your Head Live Trax and Live Trax II Songs `` Peace Sells '' `` The Conjuring '' `` Anarchy in the U.K. '' `` Holy Wars ... The Punishment Due '' `` Hangar 18 '' `` Symphony of Destruction '' `` Sweating Bullets '' `` Skin o ' My Teeth '' `` Angry Again '' `` Train of Consequences '' `` A Tout le Monde '' `` Trust '' `` Crush ' Em '' `` Dialectic Chaos / This Day We Fight '' `` Head Crusher '' `` The Right to Go Insane '' `` Sudden Death '' `` Public Enemy No. 1 '' Video albums Rude Awakening Arsenal of Megadeth That One Night : Live in Buenos Aires Rust in Peace Live The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Countdown to Extinction : Live Tours Clash of the Titans Gigantour American Carnage Tour European Carnage Tour Related articles Discography Members Awards Vic Rattlehead Metallica MD. 45 F5 EMP Label Group Book Billy Ray Cyrus Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Some Gave All It Wo n't Be the Last Storm in the Heartland Trail of Tears Shot Full of Love Southern Rain Time Flies The Other Side Wanna Be Your Joe Home at Last Back to Tennessee I 'm American Change My Mind Thin Line Other albums The Best of Billy Ray Cyrus 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection The Definitive Collection Love Songs Icon Brother Clyde Singles `` Achy Breaky Heart '' `` Could 've Been Me '' `` Wher 'm I Gonna Live ? '' `` She 's Not Cryin ' Anymore '' `` In the Heart of a Woman '' `` Somebody New '' '' `` Words by Heart '' `` Storm in the Heartland '' `` It 's All the Same to Me '' `` Busy Man '' `` You Wo n't Be Lonely Now '' `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Somebody Said a Prayer '' `` Back to Tennessee '' `` Nineteen '' Other songs `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' `` Real Gone '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' Related topics Ron Cyrus Miley Cyrus Trace Cyrus Nashville Star Brother Clyde Robby Stewart Jessica Simpson Discography Filmography Awards and nominations Studio albums Sweet Kisses Irresistible In This Skin ( Collector 's Edition ) ReJoyce : The Christmas Album A Public Affair Do You Know Happy Christmas Compilation albums This Is the Remix Playlist : The Very Best of Jessica Simpson Television Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica The Price of Beauty Concerts and tours DreamChaser Tour Total Request Live Tour Reality Tour Clothing brands The Jessica Simpson Collection Book Portal Jessica Simpson songs Discography Sweet Kisses `` I Wanna Love You Forever '' `` I Think I 'm in Love with You '' `` Where You Are '' Irresistible `` Irresistible '' `` A Little Bit '' In This Skin `` Sweetest Sin '' `` With You '' In This Skin : Collector 's Edition `` Angels '' `` Take My Breath Away '' ReJoyce : The Christmas Album `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` O Holy Night '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` What Child Is This '' `` What Christmas Means to Me '' `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' A Public Affair `` A Public Affair '' `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' `` Let Him Fly '' `` I Belong to Me '' `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' Do You Know `` Come On Over '' `` Remember That '' Happy Christmas `` My Only Wish '' `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' / `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` O Come O Come Emmanuel '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Carol of the Bells '' Other songs `` A Whole New World '' `` Irresistible '' ( So So Def Remix ) `` Part of Your World '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Tal vez Es Amor '' Nancy Sinatra Discography Studio albums Boots How Does That Grab You ? Nancy in London Nancy Woman Nancy Sinatra Shifting Gears Soundtrack albums Movin ' with Nancy Collaboration albums Nancy & Lee The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas Singles `` Like I Do '' `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' `` Sugar Town '' `` Summer Wine '' ( with Lee Hazlewood ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( with Frank Sinatra ) `` Jackson '' ( with Lee Hazlewood ) `` You Only Live Twice '' `` Tony Rome '' `` Some Velvet Morning '' ( with Lee Hazlewood ) `` Here We Go Again '' `` Let Me Kiss You '' Related Frank Sinatra ( father ) Frank Sinatra Jr. ( brother ) Tina Sinatra ( sister ) Tommy Sands ( former husband ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Boots_Are_Made_for_Walkin%27&oldid=864503737 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1966 singles 1985 singles 1995 singles 2005 singles Songs written by Lee Hazlewood Nancy Sinatra songs Four Jacks and a Jill songs Billy Ray Cyrus songs Jessica Simpson songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Germany UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Music videos directed by Brett Ratner Songs with feminist themes Reprise Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 17 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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-8559736506562485872 | Plough | Plough - wikipedia Plough Jump to : navigation , search `` Furrow '' , `` Plow '' , and `` Plowman '' redirect here . For the Canadian soldier , see Edward Chester Plow . For the surname , see Plowman ( surname ) . For other uses , see Furrow ( disambiguation ) and Plough ( disambiguation ) . Traditional ploughing : a farmer works the land with horses and plough 13th century depiction of a ploughing peasant , Royal Library of Spain Oxen - driven ploughing Modern tractor ploughing in South Africa . This plough has five non-reversible mouldboards . The fifth , empty furrow on the left may be filled by the first furrow of the next pass . A plough ( UK ) or plow ( US ; both / ˈplaʊ / ) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil . Ploughs were traditionally drawn by working animals such as horses or cattle , but in modern times are drawn by tractors . A plough may be made of wood , iron , or steel frame with an attached blade or stick used to cut the earth . It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history , although written references to the plough do not appear in English until c. 1100 at which point it is referenced frequently . The plough represents one of the major agricultural inventions in human history . The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil , bringing fresh nutrients to the surface , while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to break down . As the plough is drawn through the soil it creates long trenches of fertile soil called furrows . In modern use , a ploughed field is typically left to dry out , and is then harrowed before planting . Ploughing and cultivating a soil homogenises and modifies the upper 12 to 25 cm of the soil to form a plough layer . In many soils , the majority of fine plant feeder roots can be found in the topsoil or plough layer . Ploughs were initially human - powered , but the process became considerably more efficient once animals were pressed into service . The first animal - powered ploughs were undoubtedly pulled by oxen , and later in many areas by horses ( generally draft horses ) and mules , although various other animals have been used for this purpose . In industrialised countries , the first mechanical means of pulling a plough were steam - powered ( ploughing engines or steam tractors ) , but these were gradually superseded by internal - combustion - powered tractors . Modern competitions take place for ploughing enthusiasts like the National Ploughing Championships in Ireland . Use of the plough has decreased in some areas , often those significantly threatened by soil damage and erosion , in favour of shallower ploughing and other less - invasive conservation tillage techniques . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Parts 3 History 3.1 Hoeing 3.2 Ard 3.3 Mouldboard plough 3.4 Plough wheel 3.5 Plough protective devices 3.6 Loy ploughing 3.7 Heavy ploughs 3.8 Improved designs 3.9 Single - sided ploughing 3.10 Turnwrest plough 3.11 Reversible plough 3.12 Riding and multiple - furrow ploughs 3.13 Improvement in metallurgy and design 3.14 Balance plough 3.15 Stump - jump plough 3.16 Modern ploughs 4 Specialist ploughs 4.1 Chisel plough 4.2 Ridging plough 4.3 Scottish hand plough 4.4 Mole plough 4.5 Paraplough 4.6 Spade plough 5 Effects of mouldboard ploughing 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Ploughing . In older English , as in other Germanic languages , the plough was traditionally known by other names , e.g. Old English sulh , Old High German medela , geiza , huohilī ( n ) , Old Norse arðr ( Swedish årder ) , and Gothic hōha , all presumably referring to the ard ( scratch plough ) . The term plough or plow , as used today , was not common until 1700 . The modern word plough comes from Old Norse plógr , and therefore Germanic , but it appears relatively late ( it is not attested in Gothic ) , and is thought to be a loanword from one of the north Italic languages . Words with the same root appeared with related meanings : in Raetic plaumorati `` wheeled heavy plough '' ( Pliny , Nat . Hist. 18 , 172 ) , and in Latin plaustrum `` farm cart '' , plōstrum , plōstellum `` cart '' , and plōxenum , plōximum `` cart box '' . The word must have originally referred to the wheeled heavy plough , which was common in Roman northwestern Europe by the a.d. 5th century . Orel ( 2003 ) tentatively attaches plough to a PIE stem * blōkó - , which gave Armenian peɫem `` to dig '' and Welsh bwlch `` crack '' , though the word may not be of Indo - European origin . Parts ( edit ) Diagram -- modern plough The diagram ( right ) shows the basic parts of the modern plough : beam hitch ( Brit : hake ) vertical regulator coulter ( knife coulter pictured , but disk coulter common ) chisel ( foreshare ) share ( mainshare ) mouldboard Other parts not shown or labelled include the frog ( or frame ) , runner , landside , shin , trashboard , and stilts ( handles ) . On modern ploughs and some older ploughs , the mouldboard is separate from the share and runner , so these parts can be replaced without replacing the mouldboard . Abrasion eventually destroys all parts of a plough that come into contact with the soil . History ( edit ) Ploughing with buffalo in Hubei , China Hoeing ( edit ) Main article : Hoe - farming When agriculture was first developed , simple hand - held digging sticks and hoes were used in highly fertile areas , such as the banks of the Nile where the annual flood rejuvenates the soil , to create drills ( furrows ) to plant seeds in . Digging sticks , hoes , and mattocks were not invented in any one place , and hoe - cultivation must have been common everywhere agriculture was practiced . Hoe - farming is the traditional tillage method in tropical or sub-tropical regions , which are characterised by stony soils , steep slope gradients , predominant root crops , and coarse grains grown at wide distances apart . While hoe - agriculture is best suited to these regions , it is used in some fashion everywhere . Instead of hoeing , some cultures use pigs to trample the soil and grub the earth . Ard ( edit ) Main article : Ard ( plough ) Ancient Egyptian ard , c. 1200 BC . ( Burial chamber of Sennedjem ) Some ancient hoes , like the Egyptian mr , were pointed and strong enough to clear rocky soil and make seed drills , which is why they are called hand - ards . However , the domestication of oxen in Mesopotamia and the Indus valley civilization , perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC , provided mankind with the draft power necessary to develop the larger , animal - drawn true ard ( or scratch plough ) . The earliest evidence of a ploughed field in the world was found at the Indus Valley Civilization site of Kalibangan ( c. 2800 B.C. ) . The earliest was the bow ard , which consists of a draft - pole ( or beam ) pierced by a thinner vertical pointed stick called the head ( or body ) , with one end being the stilt ( handle ) and the other a share ( cutting blade ) that was dragged through the topsoil to cut a shallow furrow ideal for most cereal crops . The ard does not clear new land well , so hoes or mattocks must be used to pull up grass and undergrowth , and a hand - held , coulter - like ristle could be used to cut deeper furrows ahead of the share . Because the ard leaves a strip of undisturbed earth between the furrows , the fields are often cross-ploughed lengthwise and widthwise , and this tends to form squarish fields ( Celtic fields ) . The ard is best suited to loamy or sandy soils that are naturally fertilised by annual flooding , as in the Nile Delta and Fertile Crescent , and to a lesser extent any other cereal - growing region with light or thin soil . By the late Iron Age , ards in Europe were commonly fitted with coulters . Mouldboard plough ( edit ) Parts of a plough : 1 ) beam ; 2 ) three - point hitch ( hake ) ; 3 ) height regulator ; 4 ) coulter 5 ) chisel 6 ) share 7 ) mouldboard Water buffalo used for ploughing in Si Phan Don , Laos To grow crops regularly in less - fertile areas , the soil must be turned to bring nutrients to the surface . A major advance for this type of farming was the turnplough , also known as the mouldboard plough ( UK ) , moldboard plow ( US ) , or frame - plough . A coulter ( or skeith ) could be added to cut vertically into the ground just ahead of the share ( in front of the frog ) , a wedge - shaped cutting edge at the bottom front of the mouldboard with the landside of the frame supporting the undershare ( below - ground component ) . The upper parts of the frame carry ( from the front ) the coupling for the motive power ( horses ) , the coulter and the landside frame . Depending on the size of the implement , and the number of furrows it is designed to plough at one time , a forecarriage with a wheel or wheels ( known as a furrow wheel and support wheel ) may be added to support the frame ( wheeled plough ) . In the case of a single - furrow plough there is only one wheel at the front and handles at the rear for the ploughman to steer and manoeuvre it . When dragged through a field the coulter cuts down into the soil and the share cuts horizontally from the previous furrow to the vertical cut . This releases a rectangular strip of sod that is then lifted by the share and carried by the mouldboard up and over , so that the strip of sod ( slice of the topsoil ) that is being cut lifts and rolls over as the plough moves forward , dropping back to the ground upside down into the furrow and onto the turned soil from the previous run down the field . Each gap in the ground where the soil has been lifted and moved across ( usually to the right ) is called a furrow . The sod that has been lifted from it rests at about a 45 degree angle in the next - door furrow and lies up the back of the sod from the previous run . In this way , a series of ploughing runs down a field leaves a row of sods that lie partly in the furrows and partly on the ground lifted earlier . Visually , across the rows , there is the land ( unploughed part ) on the left , a furrow ( half the width of the removed strip of soil ) and the removed strip almost upside - down lying on about half of the previous strip of inverted soil , and so on across the field . Each layer of soil and the gutter it came from forms the classic furrow . The mouldboard plough greatly reduced the amount of time needed to prepare a field , and as a consequence , allowed a farmer to work a larger area of land . In addition , the resulting pattern of low ( under the mouldboard ) and high ( beside it ) ridges in the soil forms water channels , allowing the soil to drain . In areas where snow buildup causes difficulties , this lets farmers plant the soil earlier , as the snow runoff drains away more quickly . A reconstruction of a mouldboard plough There are five major parts of a mouldboard plough : Mouldboard Share Landside ( short or long ) Frog ( sometimes called a standard ) Tailpiece Share , landside , mouldboard are bolted to the frog which is an irregular piece of cast iron . The base of a plough body is called the frog and the soil wearing parts are bolted to it . The share is the cutting edge of the moldboard plow . The share makes the horizontal cut that separates the furrow slice from the soil below and when it is worn it is important to fit a new one . Conventional shares have points that are shaped . This shape , which was developed through years of field experience , penetrates ordinary soil efficiently and stands rough use . The share is shaped so that it pulls itself into the ground . As the share wears away , it becomes blunt and the plough will require more power to pull it through the soil . A plough body with a worn share will not have enough ' suck ' to ensure that it penetrates the ground to its full working depth . The tip of the share is pointed downward , causing the plow to run into the ground . This is called `` suction or down suck '' ; it literally sucks the plow into the ground , to a regulated depth . The clearance , also usually referred to as `` suction or down suck '' , varies with different makes and types of plows ( the related clearance at the side is called `` land suck '' ) . Its configuration is related to soil type , particularly in the down suction , or concavity , of its lower surface . Generally , three degrees of clearance or down suction are recognized : regular for light soil , deep for ordinary dry soil , and double - deep for clay and gravelly soils . In addition , the share has horizontal suction , which is related to the amount its point is bent out of line with the landside . Down suction causes the plow to penetrate to proper depth when pulled forward , while horizontal suction causes the plow to create the desired width of furrow . The share is a plane part with trapezoidal shape . It cuts the soil horizontally and lifts it . Common types are regular , winged - plane , bar - point , and share with mounted or welded point . The regular share conserves a good cut but is recommended on stone - free soils . The winged - plane share is used on heavy soil with a moderate amount of stones . The bar - point share can be used in extreme conditions ( hard and stony soils ) . The use of the share with mounted point is somewhere between the last two types . Manufacturers have designed shares of various shapes ( trapezium , diamond , etc . ) with bolted point and wings , often separately renewable . Sometimes the share cutting edge is placed well in advance of the moldboard to reduce the pulverizing action of the soil . The mouldboard is that part of the plough which receives the furrow slice from the share . The mouldboard is responsible for lifting and turning the furrow slice and sometimes for shattering it , depending on the type of moldboard , plowing depth , and soil conditions . The intensity of this action depends on the type of the moldboard . To suit different soil conditions and crop requirements , mouldboards have been designed in different shapes , each producing its own furrow profile and surface finish , but they still basically conform to the original plough body classification . Traditionally , the various types of plough body have been classified as general purpose , digger , and semi-digger , as described below . 1 . The general - purpose mouldboard . This is a low draft body with a gently curved and a cross-sectional convex curve from top to bottom , which turns a furrow three parts wide by two parts deep , e.g. 300 mm wide by 200 mm deep . It turns the furrow slice slowly almost without breaking it , and is normally used for shallow plowing ( maximum 200 mm depth ) . It is useful for grassland ploughing and sets up the land for weathering by winter frosts , which reduces the time taken to prepare a seedbed for spring sown crops . 2 . The digger mouldboard has a short , abruptly curved with a concave cross-section both from top to bottom and from shin to tail . It turns the furrow slice rapidly , giving maximum shatter and deeper than its width . It is normally used for very deep plowing ( 300 mm deep or more ) . It has a higher power requirement and leaves a very broken surface . Digger ploughs are mainly used for land to be or planted with potatoes and other root crops . 3 . The semi-digger moldboard . This is a bit shorter than the general - purpose mouldboard , but with a concave cross-section and a more abrupt curve . Being intermediate between the two moldboards above described , it has a performance that comes in between ( approximately 250 mm deep ) and with less shattering than the digger moldboard . It turns an almost square sectioned furrow and leaves a more broken surface finish . Semi-digger mouldboards can be used at different depths and speeds , making them suitable for most of the general ploughing on the farm . ( In addition , slatted mouldboards are preferred by some farmers , though they are a less common type . They consist of a number of curved steel slats bolted to the frog along the length of the mouldboard , so that there are gaps between the slats . They tend to break up the soil more than a full mouldboard and improve soil movement across the mouldboard when working in sticky soils where the solid mouldboard does not scour well . ) The landside is the flat plate which presses against and transmits the lateral thrust of the plough bottom to the furrow wall . It helps to resist the side pressure exerted by the furrow slice on the mouldboard . It also helps in stabilizing the plough while it is in operations . The rear bottom end of the landslide , which rubs against the furrow sole , is known as heel . A heel iron is bolted to the end of the rear of the landside and helps to carry the back of the plough . The landside and share are arranged to give a ' ' lead '' towards the unploughed land , thus helping to maintain the correct furrow width . The landside is usually made of solid medium carbon steel , and is very short except on the rear bottom of the plow . The heel or rear end of the rear landside may be subject to excessive wear if the rear wheel is out of adjustment , therefore , a chilled iron heel piece is frequently used . This heel is inexpensive and can be easily replaced . The land side is fastened to the frog with the help of plough bolts . The frog ( standard ) is the central part of the plow bottom to which the other components of the bottom are attached . It is an irregular piece of metal , which may be made of cast iron for cast iron ploughs or welded steel for steel ploughs . The frog is the foundation of the plow bottom . It takes the shock resulting from hitting rocks , and therefore should be tough and strong . The frog is in turn fastened to the plow frame . A runner extending from behind the share to the rear of the plough controls the direction of the plough , because it is held against the bottom land - side corner of the new furrow being formed . The holding force is the weight of the sod , as it is raised and rotated , on the curved surface of the mouldboard . Because of this runner , the mouldboard plough is harder to turn around than the scratch plough , and its introduction brought about a change in the shape of fields -- from mostly square fields into longer rectangular `` strips '' ( hence the introduction of the furlong ) . An advance on the basic design was the iron ploughshare , a replaceable horizontal cutting surface mounted on the tip of the share . The earliest ploughs with a detachable and replaceable share date from around 1000 BC in the Ancient Near East , and the earliest iron ploughshares from ca . 500 BC in China . Early mouldboards were basically wedges that sat inside the cut formed by the coulter , turning over the soil to the side . The ploughshare spread the cut horizontally below the surface , so when the mouldboard lifted it , a wider area of soil was turned over . Mouldboards are known in Britain from the late 6th century on . 19th century editing plough Moldboard plow type is usually determined by the method in which the plow is attached to the tractor and by the way it is lifted and carried . The basic types are : 1. Three wheel trailing type -- attached to the standard tractor drawbar and carried on its own three wheels . 2. Mounted or integral -- most use a three - point hitch and have a rear wheel in use only when plowing . Some also have a gauge wheel to regulate maximum depth . 3. Semi-mounted -- used principally for larger plows . These have a rear wheel which usually carries weight and side thrust when plowing and sometimes the weight of the rear end of the plow when lifted . The front end of the plow is carried on the tractor lower or draft links . Plough wheel ( edit ) Gauge wheel -- It is an auxiliary wheel of an implement to maintain uniform depth of working . Gauge wheel helps to maintain uniformity in respect of depth of ploughing in different soil conditions . It is usually placed in hanging position . Land wheel -- It is the wheel of the plough , which runs on the ploughed land . Front furrow wheel -- It is the front wheel of the plough , which runs in the furrow . Rear furrow wheel -- It is the rear wheel of the plough , which runs in the furrow . Plough protective devices ( edit ) When a plow hits a rock or other solid obstruction , serious damage may result unless the plow is equipped with some safety device . The damage may be bent or broken shares , bent standards , beams or braces . Three basic types of safety devices are used on moldboard plows as follows : A spring release device in the plow drawbar . Trip beam construction on each bottom Automatic reset design on each bottom . The spring release device was used in the past almost universally on trailing type plows with one to three or four bottoms . It is not practical on larger plows . When an obstruction is encountered the spring release mechanism in the hitch permits the plow to uncouple from the tractor . When a hydraulic lift is used on the plow , the hydraulic hoses will also usually uncouple automatically when the plow uncouples . Most plough makers offer an automatic reset system for tough conditions or rocky soils . The re-set mechanism allows each body to move rearward and upward to pass over obstacle ( e.g. rocks hidden below soil surface ) without damage . A heavy leaf or coil spring mechanism , which holds the body in its working position under normal conditions , resets the plough after the obstruction is passed . Another type of auto - reset mechanism uses an oil ( hydraulic ) and gas accumulator . Shock loads cause the oil to compress the gas , when the gas expands again the leg returns to its working plowing position after passing over the obstacle . The most simple mechanism is a breaking ( shear ) bolt that needs replacement . Shear bolts which break when a plough body hits an obstruction are a cheaper overload protection device . It is important to use the correct replacement bolt . Trip beam plows are constructed with a hinge point in the beam . This point is usually located some distance above the top of the plow bottom . The bottom is held in normal plowing position by a spring operated latch . When an obstruction is encountered the entire bottom is released and hinges back and up so as to pass over the obstruction . It is necessary to back up the tractor and plow to reset the bottom This construction is used to protect the individual bottoms . The automatic reset design has only recently been introduced on American plows , but has been used extensively on European and Australian plows . In this construction the beam is hinged at a point nearly above the point of the share . The bottom is held in the normal position by a set of springs or by a hydraulic cylinder on each bottom . When an obstruction is encountered , the plow bottom hinges back and up in such a way as to pass over the obstruction , without stopping the tractor and plow . The bottom automatically returns to normal plowing position as soon as the obstruction is passed , without any interruption of forward motion . The automatic reset design permits higher field efficiencies since stopping for stones is practically eliminated . It also reduces costs for broken shares , beams and other parts . The fast resetting action also helps produce a better job of plowing since large areas of unplowed land are not left as when lifting a plow over a stone . Loy ploughing ( edit ) Main article : Loy ( spade ) Loy ploughing was a form of manual ploughing in Ireland , on very small farms -- or on very hilly ground , where horses could not work or where farmers could not afford them . It was used up until the 1960s in poorer land . This suited the moist climate of Ireland , as the trenches formed by turning in the sods provided drainage . It also allowed the growing of potatoes in bogs as well as on mountain slopes where no other cultivation could take place . Heavy ploughs ( edit ) Main article : Carruca Chinese iron plough with curved mouldboard , 1637 In the basic mouldboard plough the depth of the cut is adjusted by lifting against the runner in the furrow , which limited the weight of the plough to what the ploughman could easily lift . This limited the construction to a small amount of wood ( although metal edges were possible ) . These ploughs were fairly fragile , and were not suitable for breaking up the heavier soils of northern Europe . The introduction of wheels to replace the runner allowed the weight of the plough to increase , and in turn allowed the use of a much larger mouldboard faced in metal . These heavy ploughs led to greater food production and eventually a significant population increase around AD 600 . Before the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) , Chinese ploughs were made almost entirely of wood , except the iron blade of the ploughshare . By the Han period , the entire ploughshare was made of cast iron ; these are the first known heavy mouldboard iron ploughs . The Romans achieved the heavy wheeled mouldboard plough in the late 3rd and 4th century AD , when archaeological evidence appears , inter alia , in Roman Britain . The first indisputable appearance after the Roman period is from 643 , in a northern Italian document . Old words connected with the heavy plough and its use appear in Slavic , suggesting possible early use in this region . The general adoption of the carruca heavy plough in Europe appears to have accompanied the adoption of the three - field system in the later eighth and early ninth centuries , leading to an improvement of the agricultural productivity per unit of land in northern Europe . This was accompanied by larger fields as well , known variously as carucates , ploughlands , and ploughgates . Improved designs ( edit ) ' A Champion ploughman ' , from Australia , c. 1900 The basic plough , with coulter , ploughshare and mouldboard remained in use for a millennium . Major changes in design did not become common until the Age of Enlightenment , when there was rapid progress in design . Joseph Foljambe in Rotherham , England , in 1730 used new shapes as the basis for the Rotherham plough , which also covered the mouldboard with iron . Unlike the heavy plough , the Rotherham ( or Rotherham swing ) plough consisted entirely of the coulter , mouldboard and handles . It was much lighter than conventional designs and became very popular in England . It may have been the first plough to be widely built in factories and the first to be commercially successful . In 1789 Robert Ransome , an iron founder in Ipswich started casting ploughshares in a disused malting at St Margaret 's Ditches . As a result of a mishap in his foundry , a broken mould caused molten metal to come into contact with cold metal , making the metal surface extremely hard -- chilled casting -- which he advertised as `` self sharpening '' ploughs , and received patents for his discovery . James Small further advanced the design . Using mathematical methods he experimented with various designs until he arrived at a shape cast from a single piece of iron , an improvement on the Scots plough of James Anderson of Hermiston . A single - piece cast iron plough was also developed and patented by Charles Newbold in the United States . This was again improved on by Jethro Wood , a blacksmith of Scipio , New York , who made a three - part Scots Plough that allowed a broken piece to be replaced . In 1837 John Deere introduced the first steel plough ; it was so much stronger than iron designs that it could work soil in areas of the US that had previously been considered unsuitable for farming . Improvements on this followed developments in metallurgy : steel coulters and shares with softer iron mouldboards to prevent breakage , the chilled plough ( an early example of surface - hardened steel ) , and eventually the face of the mouldboard grew strong enough to dispense with the coulter . Single - sided ploughing ( edit ) Single - sided ploughing in a ploughing match The first mouldboard ploughs could only turn the soil over in one direction ( conventionally always to the right ) , as dictated by the shape of the mouldboard , and so the field had to be ploughed in long strips , or lands . The plough was usually worked clockwise around each land , ploughing the long sides and being dragged across the short sides without ploughing . The length of the strip was limited by the distance oxen ( or later horses ) could comfortably work without a rest , and their width by the distance the plough could conveniently be dragged . These distances determined the traditional size of the strips : a furlong , ( or `` furrow 's length '' , 220 yards ( 200 m ) ) by a chain ( 22 yards ( 20 m ) ) -- an area of one acre ( about 0.4 hectares ) ; this is the origin of the acre . The one - sided action gradually moved soil from the sides to the centre line of the strip . If the strip was in the same place each year , the soil built up into a ridge , creating the ridge and furrow topography still seen in some ancient fields . Turnwrest plough ( edit ) The turnwrest plough allows ploughing to be done to either side . The mouldboard is removable , turning to the right for one furrow , then being moved to the other side of the plough to turn to the left ( the coulter and ploughshare are fixed ) . In this way adjacent furrows can be ploughed in opposite directions , allowing ploughing to proceed continuously along the field and thus avoiding the ridge and furrow topography . Reversible plough ( edit ) A four - furrow reversible Kverneland plough . The reversible plough has two mouldboard ploughs mounted back - to - back , one turning to the right , the other to the left . While one is working the land , the other is carried upside - down in the air . At the end of each row , the paired ploughs are turned over , so the other can be used . This returns along the next furrow , again working the field in a consistent direction . These ploughs date back to the days of the steam engine and the horse . In almost universal use on farms , they have right - and left - handed mouldboards enabling them to work up and down the same furrow . Reversible ploughs may either be mounted or semi-mounted and are heavier and more expensive than right - handed models , but they have the great advantage of leaving a level surface which makes seedbed preparation and harvesting easier . Very little marking out is necessary before ploughing can start and idle running on the headland is minimal compared with conventional ploughs . Driving the tractor with the furrow - side wheels in the furrow bottom provides the most efficient line of draft between tractor and plough . It is also easier to steer the tractor and driving with the front wheel against the furrow wall will keep the front furrow at the correct width . This is less satisfactory when using a tractor with very wide front tyres , for although they make better use of the tractor power , the tyres may compact part of the last furrow slice turned on the previous run . The use of furrow widener or a longer mouldboard on the rear body will overcome the problem . The latter moves the soil further towards the ploughed land leaving more room for the tractor wheels on the next run . Driving with all four wheels on unploughed land is another solution to the problem of wide tyres . Semi-mounted ploughs can be hitched in are heavier and more expensive than right - handed models , but they have the great advantage of leaving a level surface which makes seedbed preparation and harvesting easier . Very little marking out is necessary before ploughing can start and idle running on the headland is minimal compared with conventional ploughs . Semi-mounted ploughs can be hitched in a way that allows the tractor to run on unbroken land and pull the plough in correct alignment without any sideways movement ( crabbing ) . Riding and multiple - furrow ploughs ( edit ) Early tractor - drawn two - furrow plough . Early steel ploughs , like those for thousands of years prior , were walking ploughs , directed by the ploughman holding onto handles on either side of the plough . The steel ploughs were so much easier to draw through the soil that the constant adjustments of the blade to react to roots or clods was no longer necessary , as the plough could easily cut through them . Consequently , it was not long after that the first riding ploughs appeared . On these , wheels kept the plough at an adjustable level above the ground , while the ploughman sat on a seat ; whereas , with earlier ploughs the ploughman would have had to walk . Direction was now controlled mostly through the draught team , with levers allowing fine adjustments . This led very quickly to riding ploughs with multiple mouldboards , dramatically increasing ploughing performance . A single draught horse can normally pull a single - furrow plough in clean light soil , but in heavier soils two horses are needed , one walking on the land and one in the furrow . For ploughs with two or more furrows more than two horses are needed and , usually , one or more horses have to walk on the loose ploughed sod -- and that makes hard going for them , and the horse treads the newly ploughed land down . It is usual to rest such horses every half - hour for about ten minutes . Heavy volcanic loam soils , such as are found in New Zealand , require the use of four heavy draught horses to pull a double - furrow plough . Where paddocks are more square than long - rectangular it is more economical to have horses four wide in harness than two - by - two ahead , thus one horse is always on the ploughed land ( the sod ) . The limits of strength and endurance of horses made greater than two - furrow ploughs uneconomic to use on one farm . Amish farmers tend to use a team of about seven horses or mules when spring ploughing and as Amish farmers often help each other plough , teams are sometimes changed at noon . Using this method about 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) can be ploughed per day in light soils and about 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) in heavy soils . Improvement in metallurgy and design ( edit ) John Deere , a Vermont , US blacksmith , noted that the ploughing of many sticky , non-sandy soils might benefit from modifications in the design of the mouldboard and in the metals used . He noted that a polished needle would enter leather and fabric with greater ease , and a polished pitchfork required less effort as well . In the pursuit of a polished and thus slicker surface for a plough , he experimented with portions of saw blades and by 1837 , he was making polished , cast steel ploughs . The energy effort required was lessened , which enabled the use of larger ploughs , making more effective use of horse power . Balance plough ( edit ) A German balance plough . The left - turning set of shares have just completed a pass , and the right - turning shares are about to enter the ground to return across the field . The advent of the mobile steam engine allowed steam power to be applied to ploughing from about 1850 . In Europe , soil conditions were often too soft to support the weight of heavy traction engines . Instead , counterbalanced , wheeled ploughs , known as balance ploughs , were drawn by cables across the fields by pairs of ploughing engines on opposite field edges , or by a single engine drawing directly towards it at one end and drawing away from it via a pulley at the other end . The balance plough had two sets of ploughs facing each other , arranged so when one was in the ground , the other set was lifted into the air . When pulled in one direction , the trailing ploughs were lowered onto the ground by the tension on the cable . When the plough reached the edge of the field , the other engine pulled the opposite cable , and the plough tilted ( balanced ) , putting the other set of shares into the ground , and the plough worked back across the field . One set of ploughs was right - handed , and the other left - handed , allowing continuous ploughing along the field , as with the turnwrest and reversible ploughs . The man credited with the invention of the ploughing engine and the associated balance plough , in the mid nineteenth century , was John Fowler , an English agricultural engineer and inventor . In America the firm soil of the Plains allowed direct pulling with steam tractors , such as the big Case , Reeves or Sawyer - Massey breaking engines . Gang ploughs of up to fourteen bottoms were used . Often these big ploughs were used in regiments of engines , so that in a single field there might be ten steam tractors each drawing a plough . In this way hundreds of acres could be turned over in a day . Only steam engines had the power to draw the big units . When internal combustion engines appeared , they had neither the strength nor the ruggedness compared to the big steam tractors . Only by reducing the number of shares could the work be completed . Stump - jump plough ( edit ) Disc ploughs in Australia , c. 1900 The stump - jump plough was an Australian invention of the 1870s , designed to cope with the breaking up of new farming land , that contains many tree stumps and rocks that would be very expensive to remove . The plough uses a moveable weight to hold the ploughshare in position . When a tree stump or other obstruction such as a rock is encountered , the ploughshare is thrown upwards , clear of the obstacle , to avoid breaking the plough 's harness or linkage ; ploughing can be continued when the weight is returned to the earth after the obstacle is passed . A simpler system , developed later , uses a concave disc ( or a pair of them ) set at a large angle to the direction of progress , that uses the concave shape to hold the disc into the soil -- unless something hard strikes the circumference of the disk , causing it to roll up and over the obstruction . As the arrangement is dragged forward , the sharp edge of the disc cuts the soil , and the concave surface of the rotating disc lifts and throws the soil to the side . It does n't make as good a job as the mouldboard plough ( but this is not considered a disadvantage , because it helps fight wind erosion ) , but it does lift and break up the soil ( see disc harrow ) . Modern ploughs ( edit ) A British woman ploughing on a World War I recruitment poster for the Women 's Land Army . Modern ploughs are usually multiple reversible ploughs , mounted on a tractor via a three - point linkage . These commonly have between two and as many as seven mouldboards -- and semi-mounted ploughs ( the lifting of which is supplemented by a wheel about halfway along their length ) can have as many as eighteen mouldboards . The hydraulic system of the tractor is used to lift and reverse the implement , as well as to adjust furrow width and depth . The ploughman still has to set the draughting linkage from the tractor so that the plough is carried at the proper angle in the soil . This angle and depth can be controlled automatically by modern tractors . As a complement to the rear plough a two or three mouldboards - plough can be mounted on the front of the tractor if it is equipped with front three - point linkage . Specialist ploughs ( edit ) Chisel plough ( edit ) The chisel plough is a common tool to get deep tillage ( prepared land ) with limited soil disruption . The main function of this plough is to loosen and aerate the soils while leaving crop residue at the top of the soil . This plough can be used to reduce the effects of compaction and to help break up ploughpan and hardpan . Unlike many other ploughs the chisel will not invert or turn the soil . This characteristic has made it a useful addition to no - till and low - till farming practices that attempt to maximise the erosion - prevention benefits of keeping organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface through the year . Because of these attributes , the use of a chisel plough is considered by some to be more sustainable than other types of plough , such as the mouldboard plough . A modern John Deere 8110 Farm Tractor using a chisel plough . The ploughing tines are at the rear ; the refuse - cutting coulters at the front . Bigham Brother Tomato Tiller Chisel plows are becoming more popular as a primary tillage tool in row crop farming areas . Basically the chisel plow is a very heavy duty field cultivator intended to operate at depths from 15 cm ( 6 in ) to as much as 46 cm ( 18 in ) . However some models may run much deeper . Each of the individual ploughs , or shanks , are typically set from nine inches ( 229 mm ) to twelve inches ( 305 mm ) apart . Such a plough can encounter significant soil drag , consequently a tractor of sufficient power and good traction is required . When planning to plough with a chisel plough it is important to bear in mind that 10 to 20 horsepower ( 7.5 to 15 kW ) per shank will be required , depending on depth . Pull type chisel plows are made in working widths from about 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) up to 13.7 m ( 45 ft ) , they are tractor mounted and working depth is hydraulically controlled . Those more than about 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide may be equipped with folding wings to reduce transport width . Wider machines may have the wings supported by individual wheels and have hinge joints to allow flexing of the machine over uneven ground . The wider models usually have a wheel at each side to control working depth . Three - point hitch mounted units are made in widths from about 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) to 9 m ( 30 ft ) . Cultivators are often similar in form to chisel ploughs , but their goals are different . Cultivator teeth work near the surface , usually for weed control , whereas chisel plough shanks work deep beneath the surface . Consequently , cultivating also takes much less power per shank than does chisel ploughing . Ridging plough ( edit ) A ridging plough is used for crops , such as potatoes or scallions , which are grown buried in ridges of soil using a technique called ridging or hilling . A ridging plough has two mouldboards facing away from each other , cutting a deep furrow on each pass , with high ridges either side . The same plough may be used to split the ridges to harvest the crop . Scottish hand plough ( edit ) This is a variety of ridge plough notable in that the blade points towards the operator . It is used solely by human effort rather than with animal or machine assistance , and is pulled backwards by the operator , requiring great physical effort . It is particularly used for second breaking of ground , and for potato planting . It is found in Shetland , some western crofts and more rarely Central Scotland . The tool is typically found on small holdings too small or poor to merit use of animals . Mole plough ( edit ) The mole plough allows underdrainage to be installed without trenches , or it breaks up deep impermeable soil layers that impede drainage . It is a very deep plough , with a torpedo - shaped or wedge - shaped tip , and a narrow blade connecting this to the body . When dragged through the ground , it leaves a channel deep under the ground , and this acts as a drain . Modern mole ploughs may also bury a flexible perforated plastic drain pipe as they go , making a more permanent drain -- or they may be used to lay pipes for water supply or other purposes . Similar machines , so called pipe - and - cable - laying ploughs , are even used under the sea , for the laying of cables , as well as preparing the earth for side - scan sonar in a process used in oil exploration . Heavy land requires draining to reduce its water content to a level satisfactory for efficient plant growth . Heavy soils usually have a system of permanent drains using either perforated plastic or clay pipes which discharge into a ditch . Mole ploughs are used to form small tunnels ( mole drains ) in the soil at a depth of up to 950 mm ( 30 in ) at an angle to the pipe drains . Water from the mole drains seeps into the pipes and runs along them into a ditch . The mole plow allows underdrainage to be installed without trenches , or it breaks up deep impermeable soil layers which impede drainage . It is a very deep plow , with a torpedo - shaped or wedge - shaped tip , and a narrow blade connecting this to the body . When dragged through the ground , it leaves a channel deep under the ground , and this acts as a drain . Modern mole plow may also bury a flexible perforated plastic drain pipe as they go , making a more permanent drain -- or they may be used to lay pipes for water supply or other purposes . A simple check can be made to find if the subsoil is in the right condition for mole ploughing . Compact a tennis ball sized sample taken at moling depth by hand , then push a pencil through . If the hole remains intact without splitting the ball the soil is in an ideal condition for the mole plough . Mole ploughs are usually trailed and pulled by a crawler tractor , but lighter models for use on the three - point linkage of powerful four - wheel drive tractors are also made . A mole plough has a very strong frame which slides along the ground when the machine is in work . A heavy leg , similar to a subsoiler leg , is attached to the frame and a circular section share with a larger diameter expander on a flexible link is bolted to the leg . The bullet shaped share forms a tunnel , about 75 mm diameter , in the soil and the expander presses the soil outwards to form a long - lasting drainage channel . Paraplough ( edit ) The paraplough or paraplow is a tool for loosening compacted soil layers 12 to 16 inches deep and still maintain high surface residue levels . Spade plough ( edit ) The spade plough is designed to cut the soil and turn it on its side , minimising the damage to the earthworms , soil microorganism , and fungi . This helps maximise the sustainability and long term fertility of the soils . Effects of mouldboard ploughing ( edit ) Mouldboard ploughing , in cold and temperate climates , no deeper than 20 cm , aerates the soil by loosening it . It incorporates crop residues , solid manures , limestone and commercial fertilisers along with oxygen . By doing so , it reduces nitrogen losses by denitrification , accelerates mineralization and increases short - term nitrogen availability for transformation of organic matter into humus . It erases wheel tracks and ruts caused by harvesting equipment . It controls many perennial weeds and pushes back the growth of other weeds until the following spring . It accelerates soil warming and water evaporation in spring because of the lesser quantity of residues on the soil surface . It facilitates seeding with a lighter seeder . It controls many enemies of crops ( slugs , crane flies , seedcorn maggots - bean seed flies , borers ) . It increases the number of `` soil - eating '' earthworms ( endogea ) but is detrimental to vertical - dwelling earthworms ( anecic ) . Ploughing leaves very little crop residue on the surface , which otherwise could reduce both wind and water erosion . Over-ploughing can lead to the formation of hardpan . Typically farmers break up hardpan up with a subsoiler , which acts as a long , sharp knife to slice through the hardened layer of soil deep below the surface . Soil erosion due to improper land and plough utilisation is possible . Contour ploughing mitigates soil erosion by ploughing across a slope , along elevation lines . Alternatives to ploughing , such as the no till method , have the potential to actually build soil levels and humus . These may be suitable to smaller , more intensively cultivated plots , and to farming on poor , shallow or degraded soils that ploughing would further degrade . Plows in art Back side of a 100 Mark banknote issued 1908 1975 Italian Lira coin Robert Burns statue , Schenley Park , Pittsburgh The Gefion Fountain in Copenhagen Henry Herbert La Thangue , The Last Furrow , 1895 Ploughing in the Nivernais by Rosa Bonheur ( 1849 ) See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Boustrophedon ( Greek : `` ox - turning '' ) -- an ancient way of writing , each line being read in the opposite direction like reversible ploughing . Foot plough Headland ( agriculture ) History of agriculture Railroad plough Ransome Victory Plough Silviculture has a technique for preparing soil for seeding in forests called scarification , which is explained in that article . Snowplough Whippletree Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ C.T. Onions , ed. , Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology , s.v. `` plough '' ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Webster 's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language , s.v. `` plow '' ( NY : Gramercy Books , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Dr. Judith A. Weller , `` Agricultural Use '' , in Roman Traction Systems : accessed 20 April 2012 , available at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Orel , Vladimir ( 2003 ) . A Handbook of Germanic Etymology . Leiden , Netherlands : Brill . s.v. `` * plōȝuz '' . Jump up ^ Lal , BB ( 2003 ) . Excavations at Kalibangan , the Early Harappans , 1960 - 1969 . Archaeological Survey of India . pp. 17 , 98 Jump up ^ Lynn White , Jr. , Medieval Technology and Social Change ( Oxford : University Press , 1962 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ White , K.D. ( 1984 ) : Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Greenberger , The Technology of Ancient China ( New York : Rosen Publishing Group , Inc. , 2006 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Hill and Kucharski 1990 . Jump up ^ Paul Hughes ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Castlepollard venue to host Westmeath ploughing finals '' . Westmeath Examiner . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Freyne ( September 27 , 2009 ) . `` The plough and the stars '' . Sunday Tribune . Dublin . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Famine Potato '' . St Mary 's Famine History Museum . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Bell , `` Wooden Ploughs From the Mountains of Mourne , Ireland '' , Tools & Tillage ( 1980 ) 4 # 1 . pp. 46 -- 56 ; Mervyn Watson , `` Common Irish Plough Types and Tillage Techniques '' , Tools & Tillage ( 1985 ) 5 # 2 . pp. 85 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Wang Zhongshu , trans . by K.C. Chang and Collaborators , Han Civilization ( New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Margaritis , Evi ; Jones , Martin K. : `` Greek and Roman Agriculture '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , pp. 158 -- 174 ( 166 , 170 ) Jump up ^ White , Medieval Technology , p. 50 Jump up ^ White , Medieval Technology , pp. 49ff Jump up ^ White , Medieval Technology , pp. 69 -- 78 Jump up ^ A Brief History of The Plough Jump up ^ `` The Rotherham Plough '' . rotherhamweb.co.uk . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rick ( 2015 ) . Scots Who Made America . Birlinn . ISBN 9780857908827 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ John Deere ( 1804 -- 1886 ) Jump up ^ `` Tillage Equipment '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Conservation Service . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Brunt , Liam . `` Mechanical Innovation in the Industrial Revolution : The Case of Plough Design '' . Economic History Review ( 2003 ) 56 # 3 , pp. 444 -- 477 . JSTOR 3698571 . Hill , P. and Kucharski , K. `` Early Medieval Ploughing at Whithorn and the Chronology of Plough Pebbles '' , Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society , Vol . LXV , 1990 , pp 73 -- 83 . Nair , V. Sankaran . Nanchinadu : Harbinger of Rice and Plough Culture in the Ancient World . Wainwright , Raymond P. ; Wesley F. Buchele ; Stephen J. Marley ; William I. Baldwin ( 1983 ) . `` A Variable Approach - Angle Moldboard Plow '' . Transactions of the ASAE. 26 ( 2 ) : 392 -- 396 . doi : 10.13031 / 2013.33944 . Steven Stoll , Larding the Lean Earth : Soil and Society in Nineteenth - Century America ( New York : Hill and Wang , 2002 ) External links ( edit ) Look up plough in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ploughs . The Rotherham Plough -- the first commercially successful iron plough History of the steel plough -- as developed by John Deere in the United States Breast Ploughs and other antique hand farm tools `` Tractor Guide Saves Labor for the Farmer '' , Popular Mechanics , December 1934 . 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2545667470091487692 | Hagar | Hagar - wikipedia Hagar Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical person . For other uses , see Hagar ( disambiguation ) . Hagar Expulsion of Ishmael and His Mother , by Gustave Doré unknown Egypt unknown Other names Hājar Occupation servant Spouse ( s ) Abraham Children Ishmael ( son of Abraham ) Relatives Nebaioth , Mibsam , Dumah , Jetur , Naphish , Mishma , Basemath , Hadad , Tema , Massa , Adbeel , Kedemah , Kedar ( all grandchildren ) Hagar ( / heɪˈɡɑːr / hay - GAR ; Hebrew : הָגָר , Modern Hagar , Tiberian Hāgār , of uncertain origin Arabic : هاجر Hājar ; Latin : Agar ) is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis . She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai ( Sarah ) , who gave her to Abraham to bear a child . The product of the union was Abraham 's firstborn , Ishmael , the progenitor of the Ishmaelites . Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites , perhaps as their eponymous ancestor . The name Hagar originates from the Book of Genesis , and is only alluded to in the Quran . She is considered Abraham 's second wife in the Islamic faith and acknowledged in all Abrahamic religions . In mainstream Christianity , she is considered a concubine to Abraham . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hagar in Genesis 1.1 Hagar and Abraham 1.2 Hagar cast out 2 Religious views 2.1 Baha'i traditions 2.2 Christianity 2.3 Islam 2.4 Rabbinical commentary 3 Arts and literature 4 Contemporary influence 4.1 Israel 4.2 African - Americans 4.3 Assisted reproduction 4.4 Family tree 5 See also 6 References Hagar in Genesis ( edit ) This is a summary of the account of Hagar from Genesis 16 and 21 . Hagar and Abraham ( edit ) Hagar was the Egyptian slave of Sarah , Abraham 's wife . Sarah had been barren for a long time and sought a way to fulfill Yahweh 's promise to Abraham that Abraham would be father of many nations , especially since they were getting older , so she offered Hagar to Abraham as a second wife . Hagar became pregnant , and tension arose between the two women . Sarah complained to Abraham , and treated Hagar harshly , and Hagar ran away . Hagar fled into the desert on her way to Shur . At a spring en route , an angel appeared to Hagar , who instructed her to return to Sarah , so that she may bear a child who `` shall be a wild ass of a man : his hand shall be against every man , and every man 's hand against him ; and he shall dwell in the face of all his brethren ''. Genesis 16 : 12 Then she was told to call her son Ishmael . Afterward , Hagar referred to God as `` El Roi '' . She then returned to Abraham and soon gave birth to Ishmael . Hagar cast out ( edit ) Hagar and the Angel in the Wilderness , by Francesco Cozza Later , Sarah gave birth to Isaac , and the tension between the women returned . At a celebration after Isaac was weaned , Sarah found the teenage Ishmael mocking her son . She was so upset by it that she demanded that Abraham send Hagar and her son away . She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac 's inheritance . Abraham was greatly distressed but God told Abraham to do as his wife commanded because God 's promise would be carried out through both Isaac and Ishmael . Early the next morning , Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together . Abraham gave Hagar bread and water then sent them into the wilderness of Beersheba . She and her son wandered aimlessly until their water was completely consumed . In a moment of despair , she burst into tears . God heard her and her son crying and came to rescue them . The angel opened Hagar 's eyes and she saw a well of water . He also told Hagar that God `` will make a great nation '' of Ishmael . Hagar found her son a wife from Egypt and they settled in the Desert of Paran . Religious views ( edit ) Baha'i Traditions ( edit ) According to the Baha'i Faith , the Báb was a descendant of Abraham and Hagar , and God made a promise to spread Abraham 's seed . The Baha'i Publishing House released a text on the wives and concubines of Abraham and traces their lineage to five different religions . Christianity ( edit ) Hagar in the Wilderness by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo . In the New Testament , Paul the Apostle made Hagar 's experience an allegory of the difference between law and grace in his Epistle to the Galatians ( Galatians 4 : 21 -- 31 ) . Paul links the laws of the Torah , given on Mount Sinai , to the bondage of the Israelite people , implying that it was signified by Hagar 's condition as a bondswoman , while the `` free '' heavenly Jerusalem is signified by Sarah and her child . Mount Sinai has been referred to as `` Agar '' , possibly named after Hagar . In Catholicism , Saint Augustine referred to Hagar as symbolizing an `` earthly city '' , or sinful condition of humanity : `` In the earthly city ( symbolised by Hagar ) ... we find two things , its own obvious presence and the symbolic presence of the heavenly city . New citizens are begotten to the earthly city by nature vitiated by sin but to the heavenly city by grace freeing nature from sin . '' ( City of God 15 : 2 ) This view was expounded on by medieval theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and John Wycliffe . The latter compared the children of Sarah to the redeemed , and those of Hagar to the unredeemed , who are `` carnal by nature and mere exiles '' . The story of Hagar demonstrates that survival is possible even under harshest conditions . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Hagar in Islam Hājar or Haajar ( Arabic : هاجر ) , is the Arabic name used to identify the wife of Ibrāhīm ( Abraham ) and the mother of Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) . Although not mentioned by name in the Qur'an , she is referenced and alluded to via the story of her husband . She is a revered woman in the Islamic faith . According to Muslim belief , she was the Egyptian handmaiden of Ibrāhīm 's first wife Sara ( Sarah ) . She eventually settled in the Desert of Paran with her son Ismā'īl . Hājar is honoured as an especially important matriarch of monotheism , as it was through Ismā'īl that Muhammad would come . Neither Sara nor Hājar are mentioned by name in the Qur'an , but the story is traditionally understood to be referred to in a line from Ibrāhīm 's prayer in Sura Ibrahim ( 14 : 37 ) : `` I have settled some of my family in a barren valley near your Sacred House . '' While Hājar is not named , the reader lives Hājar 's predicament indirectly through the eyes of Ibrāhīm . She is also frequently mentioned in the books of hadiths . According to the Qisas Al - Anbiya , a collection of tales about the prophets , Hājar was the daughter of the King of Maghreb , a descendant of Salih . Her father was killed by Pharaoh Dhu l - ' arsh and she was captured and taken as slave . Later , because of her royal blood , she was made mistress of the female slaves and given access to all of Pharaoh 's wealth . Upon conversion to Ibrāhīm 's faith , the Pharaoh gave Hājar to Sara who gave her to Ibrāhīm . In this account , the name `` Hājar '' ( called Hajar in Arabic ) comes from Ha ajruka , Arabic for `` here is your recompense '' . According to another tradition , Hājar was the daughter of the Egyptian king , who gave her to Ibrāhīm as a wife , thinking Sara was his sister . According to Ibn Abbas , Ismā'īl 's birth to Hājar caused strife between her and Sara , who was still barren . Ibrāhīm brought Hājar and their son to a land called Paran - aram or ( Faran in Arabic , in latter days held to be the land surrounding Mecca ) . The objective of this journey was to `` resettle '' rather than `` expel '' Hājar . Ibrāhīm left Hājar and Ismā'īl under a tree and provided them with water . Hājar , learning that God had ordered Ibrāhīm to leave her in the desert of Paran , respected his decision . The Muslim belief is that God tested Ibrāhīm by ordering this task . Hājar soon ran out of water , and Ismā'īl , an infant by that time , began to cry from hunger / thirst . Hājar panicked and ran between two nearby hills , Al - Safa and Al - Marwah , repeatedly in search for water . After her seventh run , an angel appeared over the location of the Zamzam and then hit the ground with his heel ( or his wing ) and caused a miraculous well to spring out of the ground . This is called the Zamzam Well and is located a few metres from the Kaaba in Mecca . The incident of her running between the Al - Safa and Al - Marwah hills is remembered by Muslims when they perform their pilgrimage ( Hajj ) at Mecca . Part of the pilgrimage is to run seven times between the hills , in commemoration of Hājar 's courage and faith in God as she searched for water in the desert ( which is believed to have then miraculously appeared from the Zamzam Well ) , and to symbolize the celebration of motherhood in Islam as well as the leadership of women . To complete the task , some Muslims also drink from the Zamzam Well and take some of the water back home from pilgrimage in memory of Hājar . Many Muslims believe Hagar and her son , Ishmael , are buried beside the Kaaba , in a semi-enclosed area which Muslims circumambulate around as they circle the Kaaba during Hajj . Rabbinical commentary ( edit ) Rabbinical commentators asserted that Hagar was Pharaoh 's daughter . The midrash Genesis Rabbah states it was when Sarah was in Pharaoh 's harem that he gave her his daughter Hagar as slave , saying : `` It is better that my daughter should be a slave in the house of such a woman than mistress in another house '' . Sarah treated Hagar well , and induced women who came to visit her to visit Hagar also . However Hagar , when pregnant by Abraham , began to act superciliously toward Sarah , provoking the latter to treat her harshly , to impose heavy work upon her , and even to strike her ( ib. 16 : 9 ) . Some Jewish commentators identify Hagar with Keturah , the woman Abraham married after the death of Sarah , stating that Abraham sought her out after Sarah 's death . It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar 's personal name , and that `` Hagar '' was a descriptive label meaning `` stranger '' . This interpretation is discussed in the Midrash and is supported by Rashi , Gur Aryeh , Keli Yakar , and Obadiah of Bertinoro . Rashi argues that `` Keturah '' was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense ( hence : ketores ) , and / or that she remained chaste from the time she was separated from Abraham -- keturah ( קְטוּרָה Q'turah ) derives from Aramaic word for restrained . The contrary view ( that Keturah was someone other than Hagar ) is advocated by Rashbam , Abraham ibn Ezra , Radak , and Ramban . They were listed as two different people in the genealogies in 1 Chronicles 1 : 29 -- 33 . Arts and literature ( edit ) The Banishment of Hagar by Jan Mostaert , c. 1620 -- 25 , Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum . Many artists have painted scenes from the story of Hagar and Ismael in the desert , including Pieter Lastman , Gustave Doré , Frederick Goodall and James Eckford Lauder . William Shakespeare refers to Hagar in The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene 5 line 40 when Shylock says `` What says that fool of Hagar 's offspring , ha ? '' . This line refers to the character Launcelot , whom Shylock is insulting by comparing him to the outcast Ishmael . It also reverses the conventional Christian interpretation by portraying the Christian character as the outcast . Hagar 's destitution and desperation are used as an excuse for criminality by characters in the work of Daniel Defoe , such as Moll Flanders , and the conventional view of Hagar as the mother of outcasts is repeated in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's play Zapolya , whose heroine is assured that she is `` no Hagar 's offspring ; thou art the rightful heir to an appointed king . '' Hagar and the Angel , by Cecco Bravo In the nineteenth century a more sympathetic portrayal became prominent , especially in America . Edmonia Lewis , the early African American and Native American sculptor , made Hagar the subject of one of her most well - known works . She said it was inspired by `` strong sympathy for all women who have struggled and suffered '' . In novels and poems Hagar herself , or characters named Hagar , were depicted as unjustly suffering exiles . These include the long dramatic poem Hagar by Eliza Jane Poitevent Nicholson ( pen name Pearl Rivers ) , president of the National Woman 's Press Association ; Hagar in the Wilderness by Nathaniel Parker Willis , the highest - paid magazine writer of his day ; and Hagar 's Farewell by Augusta Moore . In 1913 this was joined by the overtly feminist novel Hagar , by the American Southern socialist and suffragist Mary Johnston 's . Hall Caine gave the name A Son of Hagar to 1885 book set in contemporary England and dealing with the theme of illegitimacy . A similarly sympathetic view prevails in more recent literature . The novel The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence has a protagonist named Hagar married to a man named Bram , whose life story loosely imitates that of the biblical Hagar . A character named Hagar is prominently featured in Toni Morrison 's novel Song of Solomon , which features numerous Biblical themes and allusions . Hagar is mentioned briefly in Salman Rushdie 's controversial novel The Satanic Verses , where Mecca is replaced with ' Jahilia ' , a desert village built on sand and served by Hagar 's spring . Hagar is mentioned , along with Bilhah and Zilpah , in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , a controversial dystopian novel which centres around the women whose duty it is to produce children for their masters , assuming the place of their wives . In the recent book of nonfiction , The Woman Who Named God : Abraham 's Dilemma and the Birth of Three Faiths , by Charlotte Gordon provides an account of Hagar 's life from the perspectives of the three monotheistic religions , Islam , Judaism , and Christianity . Contemporary influence ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Since the 1970s , the custom has arisen of giving the name `` Hagar '' to newborn female babies . The giving of this name is often taken as a controversial political act , marking the parents as being supporters of reconciliation with the Palestinians and Arab World , and is frowned upon by many , including nationalists and the religious . The connotations of the name were represented by the founding of the Israeli journal Hagar : Studies in Culture , Polity and Identities in 2000 . African - americans ( edit ) Several black American feminists have written about Hagar , comparing her story to those of slaves in American history . Wilma Bailey , in an article entitled `` Hagar : A Model for an Anabaptist Feminist '' , refers to her as a `` maidservant '' and `` slave '' . She sees Hagar as a model of `` power , skills , strength and drive '' . In the article `` A Mistress , A Maid , and No Mercy '' , Renita Weems argues that the relationship between Sarah and Hagar exhibits `` ethnic prejudice exacerbated by economic and social exploitation '' . Assisted reproduction ( edit ) Hagar bearing a child for an infertile woman is an example of what is now called surrogacy or contractual gestation . Critics of this and other assisted reproductive technologies have used Hagar in their analysis . As early as 1988 , Anna Goldman - Amirav in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering wrote of Hagar within `` the Biblical ' battle of the wombs ' ( which ) lay the foundation for the view of women , fertility , and sexuality in the patriarchal society '' . Family tree ( edit ) Terah Sarah Abraham Hagar Haran Nahor Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah Ishmaelites 7 sons Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites Esau Jacob Rachel Bilhah Edomites Zilpah Leah 1 . Reuben 2 . Simeon 3 . Levi 4 . Judah 9 . Issachar 10 . Zebulun Dinah ( daughter ) 7 . Gad 8 . Asher 5 . Dan 6 . Naphtali 11 . Joseph 12 . Benjamin See also ( edit ) Abraham and Hagar Abraham and Ishmael Parashat Lekh Lekha Parashat Vayera References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hagar . Jump up ^ John L. Mckenzie ( October 1995 ) . The Dictionary Of The Bible . Simon and Schuster . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81913 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , J.D. ; Merrill C. Tenney ( eds . ) . Zondervan illustrated Bible dictionary . Moisés Silva revisions ( Rev. ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan . p. 560 . ISBN 0310229839 . Jump up ^ Theodor Nöldeke ( 1899 ) . `` Hagar '' . In T.K. Cheyne ; J. Shutherland Black . Encyclopaedia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political , and Religious History , the Archaeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . 2 , E -- K. New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Paul K. Hooker ( 2001 ) . First and Second Chronicles . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25591 - 6 . Jump up ^ Keith Bodner ( 29 August 2013 ) . The Artistic Dimension : Literary Explorations of the Hebrew Bible . A&C Black . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 44262 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bruce K. Waltke ( 22 November 2016 ) . Genesis : A Commentary . Zondervan . p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53102 - 9 . Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 1 - 3 Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 4 - 6 Jump up ^ 13 And she called the name of the LORD that spoke unto her , Thou art a God of seeing ; for she said : ' Have I even here seen Him that seeth Me ? ' Genesis 16 : 13 Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 7 -- 16 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 9 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : `` Genesis 21 : 17 '' . biblehub.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 14 -- 21 Jump up ^ Apocalypse Secrets : Baha'i Interpretation of the Book of Revelation , p. 219 , John Able MD ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Spirit of Faith : The Oneness of Humanity , p. 142 , Baha'i Publishing ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary , 2011 , p. 561 Jump up ^ Charles Forster , The Historical Geography of Arabia , Duncan and Malcolm , 1844 , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , David L. , A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 1992 , p. 326 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3634 - 8 Jump up ^ Susanne Scholz , `` Gender , Class , and Androcentric Compliance in the Rapes of Enslaved Women in the Hebrew Bible '' , Lectio Difficilior ( European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegisis ) , 1 / 2004 ( see especially section `` The Story of Hagar ( Genesis 16 : 1 -- 16 ; 21 : 9 -- 21 ) '' . Jump up ^ Barbara Freyer Stowasser , Women in the Qur'an , Traditions , and Interpretation , New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Fatani , Afnan H. ( 2006 ) . `` Hajar '' . In Leaman , Oliver . The Qur'an : an encyclopedia . London : Routeledge . pp. 234 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : ' Aishah ' Abd al - Rahman , Anthony Calderbank ( 1999 ) . `` Islam and the New Woman / الإسلام والمرأة الجديدة '' . Alif : Journal of Comparative Poetics ( 19 ) : 200 . ^ Jump up to : Firestone , Reuven ( 1992 ) . `` Ibrāhīm 's Journey to Mecca in Islamic Exegesis : A Form - Critical Study of a Tradition '' . Studia Islamica ( 76 ) : 15 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Schussman , Aviva ( 1998 ) . `` The Legitimacy and Nature of Mawid al - Nabī : ( Analysis of a Fatwā ) '' . Islamic Law and Society . 5 ( 2 ) : 218 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568519982599535 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Martin Lings , Chapter 1 . The House of God , Suhail Academy Publishing Jump up ^ Delaney , Carol ( August 1990 ) . `` The `` hajj '' : Sacred and Secular `` . American Ethnologist. 17 ( 3 ) : 515 . doi : 10.1525 / ae. 1990.17. 3.02 a00060 . Jump up ^ Ali Shariati . `` The Ka'aba -- Hajj ( The Pilgrimage ) '' . al-islam.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia , Hagar '' . Jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of Hagar '' , commentary on Parshat Chayei Sarah , Chabad Lubavitch . Jump up ^ `` Who Was Ketura ? '' , Bar - Ilan University 's Parashat Hashavua Study Center , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Parshat Chayei Sarah '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Torah Insights , Orthodox Union , 2002 . Jump up ^ Bereshit Rabbah 61 : 4 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Hilary ( 2001 - 10 - 08 ) . Feminism - art - theory : an anthology , 1968 -- 2000 . Books.google.co.uk . p. 230 . ISBN 9780631208501 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ HAGAR . By Mary Johnston . Houghton Mifflin Company . ( 1913 - 11 - 02 ) . `` NYT review of Hagar by Johnston '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mary Johnston , Suffragist Marjorie Spruill Wheeler The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 100 , No. 1 , `` Working out Her Destiny '' : Virginia Women 's History ( Jan. , 1992 ) , pp. 99 -- 118 ( article consists of 20 pages ) , published by Virginia Historical Society Jump up ^ Oren Yiftachel , Launching Hagar : Marginality , Beer - Sheva , Critique Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Bailey , Wilma Ann Black and Jewish women consider Hagar , Encounter , Winter 2002 Jump up ^ Goldman - Amirav , Anna ( 1988 ) . `` Behold , the Lord Hath Restrained Me from Bearing '' , Reproductive and Genetic Engineering : Journal of International Feminist Analysis Volume 1 Number 3 . Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 : Sarah was the half -- sister of Abraham . Jump up ^ Genesis 22 : 21 - 22 : Uz , Buz , Kemuel , Chesed , Hazo , Pildash , and Jidlaph Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagar&oldid=802472541 '' Categories : Abraham Angelic visionaries Arab culture Arab history Book of Genesis Concubines Islam and women Biblical people in Islam Slaves Torah people Women in the Old Testament Lech - Lecha Vayeira Women in the Hebrew Bible Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Articles with hCards Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Wolof Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 10 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was hagar's son in the bible | [
"Hagar (/heɪˈɡɑːr/ hay-GAR; Hebrew: הָגָר, Modern Hagar, Tiberian Hāgār, of uncertain origin[1] Arabic: هاجر Hājar; Latin: Agar) is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis. She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai (Sarah),[2] who gave her to Abraham to bear a child. The product of the union was Abraham's firstborn, Ishmael, the progenitor of the Ishmaelites. Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites, perhaps as their eponymous ancestor.[3][4][5][6]"
] | [
"Ishmael"
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7147504503421897995 | Charlie Hunnam | Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Charlie Hunnam Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 38 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Partner ( s ) Morgana McNelis ( 2005 -- present ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was 2 years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Hunnam was discovered at the age of 17 in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached Hunnam and he was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a photo shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Hunnam 's first major role came at age 18 when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the United States . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that is offered , saying , `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street ( 2005 ) ; however , his attempt at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam said his role as Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street hooligan is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said he considered the day he filmed scenes with Perlman the best and funniest day of filming he 's had in his career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , which opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim due to the film performing well in Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , filmed from August -- October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March and July 2015 and was released in May 2017 . Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , Hunnam sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to England to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it is `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne in 1999 when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas and divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Bosie 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur Papillon Henri Charrière 2018 A Million Little Pieces Bob Frey Jr . Completed 2019 Triple Frontier Post-production True History of the Kelly Gang Post-production Jungleland Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 02 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 14 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 International Online Cinema Awards Best Actor The Lost City of Z Nominated CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Recalls ' Terrible , Painful , Expensive ' Three - Year Marriage To Actress Katharine Towne '' . Us Weekly . 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ Max Winkler Helms ' Jungleland : ' Charlie Hunnam , Jack O'Connell , Jessica Barden Star Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . Charlie Hunnam on IMDb BNE : XX1792542 BNF : cb150244846 ( data ) GND : 1019452625 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 5619 LCCN : no2003057702 SUDOC : 161680224 VIAF : 19368443 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=856947364 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male film actors English male television actors People from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays jackson teller in sons of anarchy | [
"Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980)[1] is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Jackson \"Jax\" Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy (2008–14), Pete Dunham in Green Street (2005), Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared (2001–02), the title role in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim (2013), Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z (2017), and in the title role of Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017).\n"
] | [
"Charles Matthew Hunnam"
] |
7717218752164072938 | Right to Information Act, 2005 | Right to Information Act , 2005 - Wikipedia Right to Information Act , 2005 This article is about the Indian federal law . For freedom of information in other countries , see Freedom of information legislation . Right to Information Act , 2005 It is an act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to under control of public authorities , in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority , the constitution of a Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 22 of 2005 Territorial extent Whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir Enacted by Parliament of India Date enacted 15 - June - 2005 Date assented to 22 - June - 2005 Date commenced 12 - October - 2005 Status : In force A receipt for payment of fee for collecting information under RTI act Right to Information ( RTI ) is act of the Parliament of India to provide for setting out the practical regime of the right to information for citizens and replaces the erstwhile Freedom of information Act , 2002 . Under the provisions of the Act , any citizen of India may request information from a `` public authority '' ( a body of Government or `` instrumentality of State '' ) which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days . The Act also requires every public authority to computerise their records for wide dissemination and to proactively certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information formally . This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 12 October 2005 . Every day , over 4800 RTI applications are filed . In the first ten years of the commencement of the act over 17,500,000 applications have been filed . Information disclosure in India is restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws , which the new RTI Act relaxes . Right to Information codifies a fundamental right of the citizens of India . RTI has proven to be very useful , but is counteracted by the Whistleblowers Act . Contents 1 Scope 1.1 Private bodies 1.2 Political parties 2 Governance and process 2.1 Fees 3 Controversies 3.1 Digital right to information systems 3.2 Activism around an efficient right to information 3.3 Attacks on RTI activists and protection suggestions 3.4 Intellectual property rights 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Scope ( edit ) The Act covers the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir , where J&K Right to Information Act is in force . It covers all the constitutional authorities , including executive , legislature and judiciary ; any institution or body established or constituted by an act of Parliament or a state legislature . It is also defined in the Act that bodies or authorities established or constituted by order or notification of appropriate government including bodies `` owned , controlled or substantially financed '' by government , or non-Government organizations `` substantially financed , directly or indirectly by funds '' . Private bodies ( edit ) Private bodies are not within the Act 's ambit directly . In a decision of Sarbjit roy vs Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission , the Central Information Commission also reaffirmed that privatised public utility companies fall within the purview of RTI . As of 2014 , private institutions and NGOs receiving over 95 % of their infrastructure funds from the government come under the Act . Political parties ( edit ) The Central Information Commission ( CIC ) held that the political parties are public authorities and are answerable to citizens under the RTI Act . The CIC said that six national parties - Congress , BJP , NCP , CPI ( M ) , CPI and BSP and BJD - has been substantially funded indirectly by the Central Government and have the character of public authorities under the RTI Act as they perform public functions . But in August 2013 the government introduced a Right To Information ( Amendment ) Bill which would remove political parties from the scope of the law . Currently no parties are under the RTI Act and there has a case been filed for bringing all political parties under it . Governance and process ( edit ) The Right to information in India is governed by two major bodies : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) -- Chief Information commissioner who heads all the central departments and ministries - with their own public Information officers ( PIO ) s . CICs are directly under the President of India . State Information Commissions -- State Public Information Officers or SPIOs head over all the state department and ministries . The SPIO office is directly under the corresponding State Governor . State and Central Information Commissions are independent bodies and Central Information Commission has no jurisdiction over the State Information Commission . Fees ( edit ) A citizen who desires to seek some information from a public authority is required to send , along with the application ( a Postal order or DD ( Demand draft ) or a bankers cheque ) payable to the Accounts Officer of the public authority as fee prescribed for seeking information . If the person is from a disadvantaged community , he / she need not pay . The applicant may also be required to pay further fee towards the cost of providing the information , details of which shall be intimated to the applicant by the PIO as prescribed by the RTI ACT Controversies ( edit ) The Right to information in India has been mired with controversies ranging from their use in political battles , asking for educational degrees of political rivals , or cases of blatant refusals to provide information on high profile projects to allegations of misuse by civil society . Digital Right to Information systems ( edit ) A digital portal has been set up , RTI Portal , a gateway to the citizens for quick search of information on the details of first Appellate Authorities , PIOs etc. amongst others , besides access to RTI related information / disclosures published on the web by various Public Authorities under the government of India as well as the State Governments . It is an initiative taken by Department of Personnel and Training , Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Though there are recent efforts on digital governance , Right to Information implementation has seen a digitalisation neglect even after 11 years of its enactment . A recent research on ' BallotBoxIndia ' outlines that though central ministries are covered by a single Digital window to file Right to Information requests with integrated payment gateways and tracking mechanism none of the states have yet came forward to implement their versions or use the existing Right to Information Digital Infrastructure . The research report covering 29 states and union territories also highlights the responses from the SPIOs ( State Public Information Officers ) . Researchers in the study focussed on the Digital implementation and asked about plans or timeline to provide such facility . 64 % State Public Information failed to respond while the rest of the responses merely took cognizance without any hard timelines . The research also covers in details - the difficulty in filing manual Right to Information requests with the states with delays ranging many months of wait time and various follow ups and rejections . Every state in India has different rules and fee structures to file an application through registered post without any tracking mechanism as covered in details in the report . Activism around an efficient Right to Information ( edit ) Researchers and activists have been proposing changes to make the process easier , efficient and meaningful . One of it demands state and central information systems under one Digital System to streamline information flow and provide proactive information backed by streamlined mandatory reporting . Right to Information ( RTI Act 2005 ) - One RTI campaign flyer started by ballotboxIndia researchers after doing a survey with 28 states SPIOs and Central CIC . The Right to information ( RTI Act 2005 ) was touted as one law which would bring in transparency and eradicate corruption by civil society direct involvement . Failure to implement it in a thoroughly and efficiently has led to rough loss estimate of $245 million yearly as per one estimate . India being a federal state has many items in concurrent list and projects have multiple departments working on them , and sometimes projects are moved from one department to another . With Central and State information commissions working in such a disconnect , and manual transfers of the request for information between departments lead to big delays , confusion , and loss of traceability . It not only denies timely information , creates high barriers to information only a few with very strong motivations and means can cross , but puts a common citizen at the risk by exposing them directly to the departments and agencies which they are trying to find information on . Digital RTI Mission was initiated by a policy think tank based in Kochi ( CPPR ) to make Kerala the first RTI digital state in India . Attacks on RTI activists and protection suggestions ( edit ) Main article : Attacks on RTI activists in India Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative ( CHRI ) data points to over 310 cases across India where people were either attacked , murdered , physically or mentally harassed or had their property damaged because of the information they sought under RTI . The data throws up over 50 alleged murders and two suicides that were directly linked with RTI applications filed . There is a consensus felt that there is a need to amend the RTI Act to provide for the protection of those seeking information under the Act . The Asian Centre for Human Rights recommends that a separate chapter , `` Protection of those seeking information under the ( RTI ) Act '' , be inserted into the Act . Protection measures suggested include : Mandatory , immediate registration of complaints of threats or attacks against RTI activists on the First Information Report and placing such FIRs before the magistrate or judge of the area within 24 hours for issuance of directions for protection of those under threats and their family members , and periodic review of such protection measures Conducting inquiry into threats or attacks by a police officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police / Assistant Commissioner of Police to be concluded within 90 days and we also use RTI and get its benefit . Intellectual Property Rights ( edit ) Many civil society members have recently alleged the subversion of the right to information Act by the invocation of Intellectual Property rights argument by the government agencies from time to time . Most notable are : The Right to Information denied by RBI on Demonetization citing Intellectual Property Laws . The Right to Information Denied by Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department after more than 8 months of a wait on under construction Gomti Riverfront Development Project . A group of researchers requested for environment Impact and Project Report on the project which is flagged for negative impacts , tax money wastage by environmental scientists and research reports . See also ( edit ) Attacks on RTI activists in India National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy -- Government of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SHARMA , NIDHI ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` 1.75 crore RTI applications filed since 2005 : Study '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` PRS Bill Track The Whistle Blowers Protection Bill , 2011 '' . www.prsindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/Decision_30112006_12.pdf Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-03/news/30238465_1_rti-act-public-information-officer-pio . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nayak , N. Dinesh . `` Private institutions , NGOs now come under RTI Act : Information Commissioner '' . thehindu.com . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Khurshid sounds warning note on R.T.I ruling '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Political parties under RTI : Congress rejects CIC order '' . The Hindu Newspaper . Archived from the original on 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Subrahmaniam , Vidya ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` First - ever amendment to historic RTI Act tabled in Lok Sabha '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ Central Information Commission '' . cic.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://rti.gov.in/RTICorner/Guide_2013-issue.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Gomti River front Development - Irrigation Department Denied Information '' . Gomti River front Development - Irrigation Department Denied Information . 2016 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi degree issue : HC stays CIC order on 1978 DU records '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Shailesh . `` Right to information is misused , but those who do so make up less than 5 % of total applicants '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` About RTI Portal '' . rti.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Right to information ( RTI Act 2005 ) India - One Nation # OneRTI '' . BallotBoxIndia . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gomti Riverfront Development - Lucknow Development Authority ( LDA ) officially transferred the application of request on Gomti River Front Development DPR and EIA to the Irrigation Department '' . Gomti Riverfront Development - Lucknow Development Authority ( LDA ) officially transferred the application of request on Gomti River Front Development DPR and EIA to the Irrigation Department . 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Centre for Public Policy Research '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ digitalrtimission.com . `` RTI DIGITAL MISSION '' . www.digitalrtimission.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra , Gujarat Top in Attacks , Killing of RTI Users - The Wire '' . The Wire . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra tops country in attacks , murder of RTI activists - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Central Information Commission - The Commission strongly recommends the Government of India to provide statutory protection to seekers of information that embarrasses the corrupt public servants . http://164.100.161.46/cicapp/cause-list-report-web/download?filename=MTc4MTM4LnBkZg%3D%3D Jump up ^ `` RBI 's refusal to share details under RTI is sheer arrogance , says activist Shailesh Gandhi '' . Firstpost. 2016 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Right To Information Ministry Websites and their RTI links Search RTI Act PDF and RTI Application form for all the States Government of India links Complete text of the Right to Information Act ONLINE RTI CIC - The Central Information Commission is empowered to decide complaints and appeals arising from use of the Right to Information Act , 2005 . CIC Online - New website of the Central Information Commission for filing complaints and appeals arising from use of the Right to Information Act , 2005 . DoPT - The Department of Personnel and Training , Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances , and Pensions , is charged with being the nodal agency for the Right to Information Act , 2005 . It has the powers to make rules regarding appeals , fees , etc . 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1993460676213825769 | Vagus nerve | Vagus nerve - wikipedia Vagus nerve Jump to : navigation , search Vagus nerve Plan of the upper portions of the glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerves . Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerves . Details Innervates Levator veli palatini , Salpingopharyngeus , Palatoglossus , Palatopharyngeus , Superior pharyngeal constrictor , Middle pharyngeal constrictor , visceratyppi Middle pharyngeal constrictor , Inferior pharyngeal constrictor , viscera rass Identifiers Latin nervus vagus MeSH A08. 800.800. 122.901 TA A14. 2.01. 153 FMA 5731 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table The vagus nerve ( / ˈveɪɡəs / VAY - gəs ) , historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve , is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X , and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart , lungs , and digestive tract . The vagus nerves are paired ; however , they are normally referred to in the singular . It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human body . The vagus nerve also has a sympathetic function via the peripheral chemoreceptors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nuclei 2 Development 3 Function 3.1 Sympathetic function 3.2 The vagus nerve and the heart 3.3 Physical and emotional effects 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Vagus nerve stimulation 4.2 Vagotomy 4.3 Chagas disease 5 History 5.1 Etymology 6 Additional illustrations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Upon leaving the medulla oblongata between the pyramid and the inferior cerebellar peduncle , the vagus nerve extends through the jugular foramen , then passes into the carotid sheath between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein down to the neck , chest , and abdomen , where it contributes to the innervation of the viscera , reaching all the way to the colon . Besides giving some output to various organs , the vagus nerve comprises between 80 % and 90 % of afferent nerves mostly conveying sensory information about the state of the body 's organs to the central nervous system . Right and left vagus nerves descend from the cranial vault through the jugular foramina , penetrating the carotid sheath between the internal and external carotid arteries , then passing posterolateral to the common carotid artery . The cell bodies of visceral afferent fibers of the vagus nerve are located bilaterally in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve ( nodose ganglia ) . The right vagus nerve gives rise to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve , which hooks around the right subclavian artery and ascends into the neck between the trachea and esophagus . The right vagus then crosses anterior to the right subclavian artery , runs posterior to the superior vena cava , descends posterior to the right main bronchus , and contributes to cardiac , pulmonary , and esophageal plexuses . It forms the posterior vagal trunk at the lower part of the esophagus and enters the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus . The left vagus nerve enters the thorax between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery and descends on the aortic arch . It gives rise to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve , which hooks around the aortic arch to the left of the ligamentum arteriosum and ascends between the trachea and esophagus . The left vagus further gives off thoracic cardiac branches , breaks up into the pulmonary plexus , continues into the esophageal plexus , and enters the abdomen as the anterior vagal trunk in the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm . Pharyngeal nerve Superior laryngeal nerve Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve Inferior cervical cardiac branch Recurrent laryngeal nerve Thoracic cardiac branches Branches to the pulmonary plexus Branches to the esophageal plexus Anterior vagal trunk Posterior vagal trunk Hering - Breuer reflex in alveoli The vagus runs parallel to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein inside the carotid sheath . Nuclei ( edit ) The vagus nerve includes axons which emerge from or converge onto four nuclei of the medulla : The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve -- which sends parasympathetic output to the viscera , especially the intestines The nucleus ambiguus -- which gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the heart The solitary nucleus -- which receives afferent taste information and primary afferents from visceral organs The spinal trigeminal nucleus -- which receives information about deep / crude touch , pain , and temperature of the outer ear , the dura of the posterior cranial fossa and the mucosa of the larynx Development ( edit ) The motor division of the vagus nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata , while the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest . Function ( edit ) The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibres to all the organs ( except the adrenal glands ) , from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon . The vagus also controls a few skeletal muscles , including : Cricothyroid muscle Levator veli palatini muscle Salpingopharyngeus muscle Palatoglossus muscle Palatopharyngeus muscle Superior , middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors Muscles of the larynx ( speech ) . This means that the vagus nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate , gastrointestinal peristalsis , sweating , and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth , including speech ( via the recurrent laryngeal nerve ) . It also has some afferent fibers that innervate the inner ( canal ) portion of the outer ear ( via the auricular branch , also known as Alderman 's nerve ) and part of the meninges . This explains why a person may cough when tickled on the ear , such as when trying to remove ear wax with a cotton swab . Efferent vagus nerve fibres innervating the pharynx and back of the throat are responsible for the gag reflex . In addition , 5 - HT receptor - mediated afferent vagus stimulation in the gut due to gastroenteritis is a cause of vomiting . Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the cervix uteri ( as in some medical procedures ) can lead to a vasovagal response . The vagus nerve also plays a role in satiation following food consumption . Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia ( greatly increased food intake ) . Sympathetic function ( edit ) The vagus nerve also has a sympathetic function via the peripheral chemoreceptors . Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated primarily due to hypoxemia . When stimulated , these chemoreceptors relay impulses throughout the vagus nerves in order to enable a vasoconstrictor response and increase blood pressure . The vagus nerve is the longest nerve in the human body . The vagus nerve and the heart ( edit ) H&E stained fibers of the vagus nerve ( bottom right ) innervate the sinoatrial node tissue ( middle left ) Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is partially controlled by the vagus nerve and is shared by the thoracic ganglia . Vagal and spinal ganglionic nerves mediate the lowering of the heart rate . The right vagus branch innervates the sinoatrial node . In healthy people , parasympathetic tone from these sources are well - matched to sympathetic tone . Hyperstimulation of parasympathetic influence promotes bradyarrhythmias . When hyperstimulated , the left vagal branch predisposes the heart to conduction block at the atrioventricular node . At this location , neuroscientist Otto Loewi first demonstrated that nerves secrete substances called neurotransmitters , which have effects on receptors in target tissues . In his experiment , Loewi electrically stimulated the vagus nerve of a frog heart , which slowed the heart . Then he took the fluid from the heart and transferred it to a second frog heart without a vagus nerve . The second heart slowed down without an electrical stimulation . Loewi described the substance released by the vagus nerve as vagusstoff , which was later found to be acetylcholine . Drugs that inhibit the muscarinic receptors ( anticholinergics ) such as atropine and scopolamine , are called vagolytic because they inhibit the action of the vagus nerve on the heart , gastrointestinal tract , and other organs . Anticholinergic drugs increase heart rate and are used to treat bradycardia . Physical and emotional effects ( edit ) Excessive activation of the vagal nerve during emotional stress , which is a parasympathetic overcompensation of a strong sympathetic nervous system response associated with stress , can also cause vasovagal syncope due to a sudden drop in cardiac output , causing cerebral hypoperfusion . Vasovagal syncope affects young children and women more than other groups . It can also lead to temporary loss of bladder control under moments of extreme fear . Research has shown that women having had complete spinal cord injury can experience orgasms through the vagus nerve , which can go from the uterus , cervix , and , it is presumed , the vagina to the brain . Insulin signaling activates the adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) - sensitive potassium ( KATP ) channels in the arcuate nucleus , decreases AgRP release , and through the vagus nerve , leads to decreased glucose production by the liver by decreasing gluconeogenic enzymes : Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase , Glucose 6 - phosphatase . Clinical significance ( edit ) Vagus nerve stimulation ( edit ) Main article : Vagus nerve stimulation Vagus nerve stimulation ( VNS ) therapy using a neurostimulator implanted in the chest is a treatment used since 1997 to control seizures in epilepsy patients and has been approved for treating drug - resistant cases of clinical depression . A non-invasive VNS device that stimulates an afferent branch of the vagus nerve is also being developed and will soon undergo trials . Clinical trials are underway in Antwerp , Belgium , using VNS for the treatment of tonal tinnitus after a breakthrough study published in early 2011 by researchers at the University of Texas - Dallas showed successful tinnitus suppression in rats when tones were paired with brief pulses of stimulation of the vagus nerve . VNS may also be achieved by one of the vagal maneuvers : holding the breath for a few seconds , dipping the face in cold water , coughing , or tensing the stomach muscles as if to bear down to have a bowel movement . Patients with supraventricular tachycardia , atrial fibrillation , and other illnesses may be trained to perform vagal maneuvers ( or find one or more on their own ) . Vagus nerve blocking ( VBLOC ) therapy is similar to VNS but used only during the day . In a six - month open - label trial involving three medical centers in Australia , Mexico , and Norway , vagus nerve blocking has helped 31 obese participants lose an average of nearly 15 percent of their excess weight . A year - long 300 - participant double - blind , phase II trial has begun . Vagotomy ( edit ) Vagotomy ( cutting of the vagus nerve ) is a now - obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease . Vagotomy is currently being researched as a less invasive alternative weight - loss procedure to gastric bypass surgery . The procedure curbs the feeling of hunger and is sometimes performed in conjunction with putting bands on patients ' stomachs , resulting in average weight loss of 43 % at six months with diet and exercise . One serious side effect of a vagotomy is a vitamin B deficiency later in life -- perhaps after about 10 years -- that is similar to pernicious anemia . The vagus normally stimulates the stomach 's parietal cells to secrete acid and intrinsic factor . Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B from food . The vagotomy reduces this secretion and ultimately leads to the deficiency , which , if left untreated , causes nerve damage , tiredness , dementia , paranoia , and ultimately death . Researchers from Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital have demonstrated that vagotomy prevents ( halves the risk of ) the development of Parkinson 's disease , suggesting that Parkinson 's disease begins in the gastrointestinal tract and spreads via the vagus nerve to the brain . Chagas disease ( edit ) The neuropathy in Chagas disease spreads in part via the major parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The medieval Latin word vagus means literally `` wandering '' ( the words vagrant , vagabond , and vague come from the same root ) . Sometimes the right and left branches together are spoken of in the plural and are thus called vagi ( / ˈveɪdʒaɪ / VAY - jy ) . The vagus was also historically called the pneumogastric nerve since it innervates both the lungs and the stomach . Additional illustrations ( edit ) Inferior view of the human brain , with the cranial nerves labeled . Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery The arch of the aorta , and its branches Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull , and the brain The tracheobronchial lymph glands Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive Hind - and mid-brains ; postero - lateral view Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind - and mid-brains ; posterior aspect , exposed in situ The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic , abdominal , and pelvic plexuses The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum , seen from behind The thyroid gland and its relations The thymus of a full - term fetus , exposed in situ Deep dissection of vagus nerve Vagus nerve - dissection See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Porphyria -- A rare disorder can cause seizures and damage to the vagal nerve . Vagovagal reflex Inflammatory reflex Vagus nerve stimulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berthoud , H.R. ; Neuhuber , W.L. ( 2000 ) . `` Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system '' . Autonomic Neuroscience. 85 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / S1566 - 0702 ( 00 ) 00215 - 0 . PMID 11189015 . Jump up ^ Dutschmann , Mathias ; Bautista , Tara G. ; Mörschel , Michael ; Dick , Thomas E. ( 2014 ) . `` Learning to breathe : Habituation of Hering -- Breuer inflation reflex emerges with postnatal brainstem maturation '' . Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 195 : 44 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resp. 2014.02. 009 . ISSN 1569 - 9048 . PMC 4111629 . Jump up ^ Eljamel , Sam . Problem Based Neurosurgery . p. 66 . doi : 10.1142 / 7830 . Jump up ^ Mandal , Ananya ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Vomiting Mechanism '' . News Medical . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Berthoud HR ( 2008 ) . `` The vagus nerve , food intake and obesity '' . REGULATORY PEPTIDES. 149 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 15 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / j. regpep. 2007.08. 024 . PMC 2597723 . PMID 18482776 . Jump up ^ de Lartigue G , Ronveaux CC , Raybould HE ( 2014 ) . `` Deletion of leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons results in hyperphagia and obesity '' . MOLECULAR METABOLISM. 3 ( 6 ) : 595 -- 607 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molmet. 2014.06. 003 . PMC 4142400 . PMID 25161883 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring the Mind - Body Orgasm '' . Wired. 2007 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Komisaruk BR , Whipple B , Crawford A , Liu WC , Kalnin A , Mosier K ( 2004 ) . `` Brain activation during vaginocervical self - stimulation and orgasm in women with complete spinal cord injury : fMRI evidence of mediation by the vagus nerves '' . Brain Res. 1024 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 77 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2004.07. 029 . PMID 15451368 . Jump up ^ Pocai , A ; TK Lam ; Gutierrez - Juarez R ( 2005 ) . `` Hypothalamic K ( ATP ) channels control hepatic glucose production '' . Nature . 434 ( 7036 ) : 1026 -- 1031 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03439 . PMID 15846348 . Jump up ^ Pagotto , U. ( 2009 ) . `` Where does insulin resistance start ? The brain '' . Diabetes Care . 32 ( 2 ) : S174 -- S177 . doi : 10.2337 / dc09 - S305 . Jump up ^ Nemeroff , Charles B. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` VNS therapy in treatment - resistant depression : clinical evidence and putative neurobiological mechanisms '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 ( 7 ) : 1345 -- 55 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. npp. 1301082 . PMID 16641939 . link Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Neurodevice startups target peripheral nervous system '' . Nature Biotechnology . 31 : 865 -- 866 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt1013 - 865 . PMID 24104737 . Jump up ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2011/1/13-8021_Findings-Show-Promise-in-Battle-Against-Tinnitus_article.html ^ Jump up to : Vibhuti N , Singh ; Monika Gugneja ( 2005 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Supraventricular Tachycardia '' . eMedicineHealth.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic . Device Blocking Stomach Nerve Signals Shows Promise in Obesity Jump up ^ Ulcer surgery may help treat obesity - Diet and nutrition - MSNBC.com Jump up ^ `` Could nerve - snip spur weight loss ? '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Pernicious Anemia Society Jump up ^ Parkinson 's disease may begin in the gut . Jump up ^ Córdova , E ; et al. ( April 2010 ) . `` Neurological manifestations of Chagas ' disease '' . Neurological research . 32 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 44 . doi : 10.1179 / 016164110X12644252260637 . PMID 20406601 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nervus vagus . MedEd at Loyola grossanatomy / h_n / cn / cn1 / cn10. htm `` 10 - 1 '' . Cranial Nerves . Yale School of Medicine . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . figures / chapter_24 / 24 - 7. HTM : Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( X ) ( hide ) The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagus_nerve&oldid=812275590 '' Categories : Vagus nerve Cranial nerves Autonomic nervous system Thorax ( human anatomy ) Abdomen Gustatory system Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 01 : 02 . 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-3239755338322685769 | India men's national field hockey team | India men 's national field hockey team - wikipedia India men 's national field hockey team This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see India women 's national field hockey team . India Nickname Men in Blue ; Bharat Army Association Hockey India Confederation ASHF ( Asia ) Coach Harendra Singh Manager Arjun Halappa Captain Manpreet Singh Home Away FIH ranking Current 5 ( 1 ) ( July 2018 ) Highest 5 ( 2004 , June 2016 , July 2018 ) Lowest 12 ( 2007 ) Summer Olympics Appearances 20 ( first in 1928 ) Best result 1st ( 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1980 ) World Cup Appearances 14 ( first in 1971 ) Best result 1st ( 1975 ) Asian Games Appearances 16 ( first in 1958 ) Best result 1st ( 1966 , 1998 , 2014 ) Asia Cup Appearances 10 ( first in 1982 ) Best result 1st ( 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) The India national field hockey team was the first non-European team to be a part of the International Hockey Federation . In 1928 , the team won its first Olympic gold medal and until 1960 , the Indian men 's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics , winning six gold medals in a row . The team had a 30 - 0 winning streak during this time , from their first game until losing in the 1960 gold medal final . India also won the 1975 World Cup . India is the most successful team ever in the Olympics , having won eight gold , one silver and two bronze medals till date . After their gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics , the team 's performance declined through the next three decades , with the team failing to win a medal at the Olympics or the World Cup . In 2016 , the Indian men 's team won its first ever silver medal in Champions Trophy and reached the knockout stage of the Olympics for the first time in 36 years . As of 2018 , the team is ranked fifth in the world . From February 2018 , the Government of Odisha has started sponsoring the Indian national field hockey team , both men and women team . In a first - of - its - kind association , the state has decided to support the India 's field hockey team for next five years . Contents 1 Medals table 2 Tournament history 2.1 Summer Olympics 2.2 World Cup 2.3 World League 2.4 Champions Trophy 2.5 Commonwealth Games 2.6 Asian Games 2.7 Asian Cup 2.8 Asian Champions Trophy 2.9 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 2.10 Champions Challenge 2.11 Afro - Asian Games 2.12 South Asian Games 3 Team 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Reserves 3.3 Support staff 3.4 Notable former players 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Medals table ( edit ) Indian Field hockey Team at 1928 Olympics Indian Field hockey Team at 1932 Olympics Indian Field hockey Team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics Rank Competition Gold Silver Bronze Total Olympics 8 11 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 5 7 14 Asian Games 9 15 Asia Cup 5 9 5 Asian Hockey Champions Trophy 0 6 South Asian Games 0 7 Hockey Champions Challenge 8 World Cup 9 Afro - Asian Games 0 0 10 Hockey Champions Trophy 0 11 Commonwealth Games 0 0 12 FIH Hockey World League 0 0 Totals ( 12 competitions ) 26 27 19 72 Tournament history ( edit ) Summer Olympics ( edit ) No Year Host Position Wins Draws Losses 1928 Amsterdam , Netherlands 5 0 0 1932 Los Angeles , USA 0 0 1936 Berlin , Germany 5 0 0 1948 London , UK 5 0 0 5 1952 Helsinki , Finland 0 0 6 1956 Melbourne , Australia 5 0 0 7 1960 Rome , Italy 5 0 8 1964 Tokyo , Japan 7 0 9 1968 Mexico City , Mexico 7 0 10 1972 Munich , West Germany 6 11 1976 Montreal , Canada 7th 0 12 1980 Moscow , USSR 0 13 1984 Los Angeles , USA 5th 5 14 1988 Seoul , South Korea 6th 15 1992 Barcelona , Spain 7th 0 16 Atlanta , USA 8th 17 2000 Sydney , Australia 7th 18 Athens , Greece 7th 2008 Beijing , China DNQ 19 2012 London , UK 12th 0 0 6 20 2016 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 8th 21 2020 Tokyo , Japan Totals 76 14 33 World Cup ( edit ) No Year Host Position 1971 Barcelona , Spain 1973 Amstelveen , Netherlands Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 1978 Buenos Aires , Argentina 6th 5 1982 Bombay , India 5th 6 1986 London , UK 12th 7 1990 Lahore , Pakistan 10th 8 1994 Sydney , Australia 5th 9 1998 Utrecht , Netherlands 9th 10 2002 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 10th 11 2006 Mönchengladbach , Germany 11th 12 New Delhi , India 8th 13 2014 The Hague , Netherlands 9th 14 2018 Bhubaneswar , India Q World League ( edit ) FIH Hockey World League Year Round India 2012 -- 13 6th India 2014 -- 15 India 2016 -- 17 Champions Trophy ( edit ) No Year Host Position 1980 Karachi , Pakistan 5th 1982 Amstelveen , Netherlands Karachi , Pakistan 4th 1985 Perth , Australia 6th 5 1986 Karachi , Pakistan 5th 6 1989 Berlin , West Germany 6th 7 1995 Berlin , Germany 5th 8 Madras , India 4th 9 2002 Cologne , Germany 4th 10 2003 Amstelveen , Netherlands 4th 11 Lahore , Pakistan 4th 12 2005 Chennai , India 5th 13 2012 Melbourne , Australia 4th 14 2014 Bhubaneswar , India 4th 15 2016 London , UK 16 2018 Breda , Netherlands Commonwealth Games ( edit ) No Year Host Position 1998 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 4th 2006 Melbourne , Australia 6th New Delhi , India 2014 Glasgow , Scotland 5 2018 Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia 4th Asian Games ( edit ) yes Year Host Position 1958 Tokyo , Japan 1962 Jakarta , Indonesia 1966 Bangkok , Thailand 1970 Bangkok , Thailand 5 Tehran , Iran 6 1978 Bangkok , Thailand 7 1982 New Delhi , India 8 1986 Seoul , South Korea 9 1990 Beijing , China 10 1994 Hiroshima , Japan 11 1998 Bangkok , Thailand 12 2002 Busan , South Korea 13 2006 Doha , Qatar 5th 14 Guangzhou , China 15 2014 Incheon , South Korea 16 2018 Jakarta , Indonesia Asian Cup ( edit ) No Year Host Position 1982 Karachi , Pakistan 1985 Dhaka , Bangladesh 1989 New Delhi , India 1994 Hiroshima , Japan 5 1999 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 6 2003 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 7 2007 Chennai , India 8 2009 Kuantan , Malaysia 5th 9 2013 Ipoh , Malaysia 10 2017 Dhaka , Bangladesh Asian Champions Trophy ( edit ) No Year Host Position 2011 Ordos , China 2012 Doha , Qatar 2013 Kakamigahara , Japan 5th 2016 Kuantan , Malaysia 5 2018 Muscat , Oman Sultan Azlan Shah Cup ( edit ) No Year Host Position Malaysia 1985 Malaysia 1991 Malaysia 1995 Malaysia 5 1999 Malaysia 5th 6 2000 Malaysia 7 2001 Malaysia 5th 8 Malaysia 7th 9 2005 Malaysia 5th 10 2006 Malaysia 11 2007 Malaysia 12 2008 Malaysia 13 2009 Malaysia 14 Malaysia 15 2011 Malaysia 6th 16 2012 Malaysia 17 2013 Malaysia 5th 18 2015 Malaysia 19 2016 Malaysia 20 2017 Malaysia 21 2018 Malaysia 5th Champions Challenge ( edit ) No Year Host Position 2001 Kuala Lumpur 2007 Boom 2009 Salta 2011 Johannesburg Afro - Asian Games ( edit ) No Year Host Position 2003 Hyderabad South Asian Games ( edit ) No Year Host Position 1995 Madras , India Islamabad , Pakistan Dhaka , Bangladesh 2016 Guwahati , India Team ( edit ) * denotes players part of the 2018 Men 's Hockey Champions Trophy squad . Caps as of 27 October 2018 as per FIH . Current roster ( edit ) Players who are part of the 33 - member core squad for 2018 : No . Pos . Name Birthdate From Caps Latest call - up GK Akash Chikte ( 1992 - 07 - 24 ) 24 July 1992 ( age 26 ) Yavatmal , Maharashtra 48 2017 Hockey World League Final 13 GK Suraj Karkera ( 1995 - 10 - 14 ) 14 October 1995 ( age 23 ) Mumbai , Maharashtra 24 2018 Test matches vs New Zealand 16 GK P.R. Sreejesh ( 1986 - 05 - 08 ) 8 May 1986 ( age 32 ) Ernakulam , Kerala 204 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 19 GK Krishan Pathak ( 1997 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1997 ( age 21 ) Kapurthala , Punjab 20 2018 Asian Champions Trophy DF Harmanpreet Singh ( 1996 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1996 ( age 22 ) Amritsar , Punjab 90 2018 Asian Champions Trophy DF Rupinder Pal Singh ( 1990 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1990 ( age 27 ) Faridkot , Punjab 202 2018 Asian Games 6 DF Surender Kumar ( 1993 - 11 - 23 ) 23 November 1993 ( age 24 ) Karnal , Haryana 103 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 12 DF Dipsan Tirkey ( 1998 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1998 ( age 20 ) Sundergarh , Odisha 24 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 22 DF Varun Kumar ( 1995 - 07 - 25 ) 25 July 1995 ( age 23 ) Jalandhar , Punjab 59 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 23 DF Gurinder Singh ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1995 ( age 23 ) Ropar , Punjab 31 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 23 DF Nilam Sanjeep Xess ( 1998 - 11 - 07 ) 7 November 1998 ( age 19 ) Bargarh , Odisha 10 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 26 DF Birendra Lakra ( 1990 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1990 ( age 28 ) Sundergarh , Odisha 168 2018 Asian Games 30 DF Amit Rohidas ( 1993 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1993 ( age 25 ) Sundergarh , Odisha 69 2018 Asian Games 5 MF Kothajit Khadangbam ( 1992 - 08 - 17 ) 17 August 1992 ( age 26 ) Imphal East , Manipur 186 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 7 MF Manpreet Singh ( 1992 - 06 - 26 ) 26 June 1992 ( age 26 ) Jalandhar , Punjab 238 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 10 MF Simranjeet Singh ( 1996 - 12 - 27 ) 27 December 1996 ( age 21 ) Batala , Punjab 24 2018 Asian Games 15 MF S.K. Uthappa ( 1993 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1993 ( age 24 ) Kodagu , Karnataka 138 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 17 MF Sumit ( 1996 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1996 ( age 21 ) Sonipat , Haryana 49 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 18 MF Nilakanta Sharma ( 1995 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1995 ( age 23 ) Imphal East , Manipur 25 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 21 MF Harjeet Singh ( 1996 - 01 - 02 ) 2 January 1996 ( age 22 ) Tarn Taran , Punjab 50 2018 Four Nations Inv. , New Zealand 25 MF Satbir Singh ( 1993 - 10 - 22 ) 22 October 1993 ( age 25 ) Gurdaspur , Punjab 64 2018 Four Nations Inv. , New Zealand 29 MF Chinglensana Kangujam ( 1991 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1991 ( age 26 ) Imphal East , Manipur 199 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 9 FW Gurjant Singh ( 1995 - 01 - 26 ) 26 January 1995 ( age 23 ) Amritsar , Punjab 36 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 10 FW Armaan Qureshi ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1995 ( age 23 ) Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh 13 2018 Four Nations Inv. , New Zealand 11 FW Mandeep Singh ( 1995 - 01 - 25 ) 25 January 1995 ( age 23 ) Jalandhar , Punjab 125 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 14 FW Lalit Upadhyay ( 1993 - 12 - 01 ) 1 December 1993 ( age 24 ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 89 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 20 FW Talwinder Singh ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1994 ( age 24 ) Jalandhar , Punjab 69 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 24 FW S.V. Sunil ( 1989 - 05 - 06 ) 6 May 1989 ( age 29 ) Kodagu , Karnataka 250 2018 Asian Games 27 FW Akashdeep Singh ( 1994 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1994 ( age 23 ) Tarn Taran , Punjab 174 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 28 FW Sumit Kumar ( 1997 - 05 - 11 ) 11 May 1997 ( age 21 ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 6 2018 Champions Trophy 30 FW Affan Yousuf ( 1994 - 12 - 29 ) 29 December 1994 ( age 23 ) Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh 21 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 31 FW Ramandeep Singh ( 1993 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1993 ( age 25 ) Gurdaspur , Punjab 124 2018 Champions Trophy Reserves ( edit ) Other players who were part of the squad in 2018 : No . Pos . Name Birthdate From Caps Latest call - up DF Mandeep Mor ( 1999 - 03 - 16 ) 16 March 1999 ( age 19 ) Narwana , Haryana 5 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup DF Jarmanpreet Singh ( 1996 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1996 ( age 22 ) Amritsar , Punjab 12 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 15 DF Hardik Singh ( 1998 - 09 - 23 ) 23 September 1998 ( age 20 ) Jalandhar , Punjab 6 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 30 MF Vivek Prasad ( 2000 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 2000 ( age 18 ) Hoshangabad , Madhya Pradesh 30 2018 Asian Games FW Dilpreet Singh ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) 12 November 1999 ( age 18 ) Amritsar , Punjab 36 2018 Asian Champions Trophy 32 FW Shilanand Lakra ( 1999 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1999 ( age 19 ) Sundergarh , Odisha 6 2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup Support staff ( edit ) Head coach : Harendra Singh Assistant coaches : Jugraj Singh Analytical coach : Chris Ciriello High - performance director : David John Scientific advisor : Scott Conway Notable former players ( edit ) Jaipal Singh Munda Dhyan Chand Richard Allen Joseph Galibardy Earnest Goodsir - Cullen Peter Fernandes Leslie Claudius Raghbir Singh Bhola Baboo Nimal Hiranna M. Nimal Prithipal Singh K.D. Singh Balbir Singh , Sr . Udham Singh Charanjit Singh Shankar Lakshman Jaman Lal Sharma M.P. Ganesh Ashok Kumar Mohammed Shahid Mohammed Riaz Ajit Pal Singh Balbir Singh Kullar Merwyn Fernandes Surjit Singh B.P. Govinda Zafar Iqbal Marcellus Gomes Jagbir Singh Thoiba Singh M.M. Somaya Vasudevan Baskaran Jalaluddin Rizvi Pargat Singh Dhanraj Pillay Jude Menezes Jugraj Singh Viren Rasquinha Ignace Tirkey Dilip Tirkey Adam Sinclair Mukesh Kumar Arjun Halappa Len Aiyappa Devesh Chauhan Adrian D'Souza Gagan Ajit Singh Deepak Thakur Prabhjot Singh Bimal Lakra Aslam Sher Khan Baljit Singh Dhillon Bharat Chettri Harbinder Singh Sandeep Singh See also ( edit ) Hockey portal List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics Hockey Junior World Cup Hockey Junior Asia Cup Hockey in India India women 's national field hockey team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hockey India '' . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odisha to sponsor Indian hockey teams for next five years '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey India names 33 - member squad for 2018 season '' . The Times of India . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goalkeeper PR Sreejesh named in India hockey squad for New Zealand tour '' . Deccan Chronicle. 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ciriello roped in as analytical coach of Indian men 's hockey team '' . The Times of India . 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India men 's national field hockey team . Official website FIH profile National teams of India Major teams ( World level ) Badminton Cricket Ind A M U19 Blind Field hockey Kabaddi Motorsport ( A1 Team ) Rollball Softball Squash Tennis Continental level Basketball M U19 M U17 M 3x3 W U19 W U17 W 3x3 Football M U23 M U19 M U17 M U14 W U19 Volleyball Minor teams Baseball Beach soccer Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 Korfball Netball Racquetball Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union Rugby 7 's Water polo Multi-sport event Asian Games Commonwealth Games Lusophony Games Olympics Youth Paralympics Universiade World Games Summer Olympics field hockey men 's tournament winners 1908 : Great Britain ( GBR ) 1920 : Great Britain ( GBR ) 1928 : India ( IND ) 1932 : India ( IND ) 1936 : India ( IND ) 1948 : India ( IND ) 1952 : India ( IND ) 1956 : India ( IND ) 1960 : Pakistan ( PAK ) 1964 : India ( IND ) 1968 : Pakistan ( PAK ) 1972 : West Germany ( FRG ) 1976 : New Zealand ( NZL ) 1980 : India ( IND ) 1984 : Pakistan ( PAK ) 1988 : Great Britain ( GBR ) 1992 : Germany ( GER ) 1996 : Netherlands ( NED ) 2000 : Netherlands ( NED ) 2004 : Australia ( AUS ) 2008 : Germany ( GER ) 2012 : Germany ( GER ) 2016 : Argentina ( ARG ) Men 's national field hockey teams of Asia ( ASHF ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Japan Kazakhstan South Korea North Korea ( DPR ) Macau Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Singapore Sri Lanka Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Field hockey in India Hockey India International National team India men 's national field hockey team India women 's national field hockey team By country Australia Malaysia Pakistan Test series Pakistan Domestic tournaments Senior National Hockey Tournament Premier Hockey League ( defunct ) Hockey India League World Series Hockey State tournaments All India Chhatrapati Shivaji Hockey Tournament All India G.P. Kuppuswami Naidu Hockey Tournament All India Aagha Khan Hockey Tournament All India Bombay Gold Cup Hockey Tournament All India Obaidullah Khan Gold Cup Hockey Tournament All India Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament All India Lal Bahadur Shastri Hockey Tournament All India Sanjay Hockey Tournament All India K.D. Singh Babu Memorial Invitational Prize Money Hockey Tournament All India Ramesh Chander Memorial Hockey Tournament All India Liberals Hockey Tournament All India Shri Shadilal Rajendra Lal Memorial Hockey Tournament All India Indira Gold Cup Hockey Tournament All India Gurmeet Memorial Hockey Tournament IndianOil Surjit Hockey Tournament Amarjeet Singh Bola Memorial Hockey Tournament Chakdana Bhagat Singh All India Hockey Tournament Bundel Khand All India Hockey Tournament Gujarat Premier Hockey League Kodava Hockey Festival All India Beighton Cup Hockey Tournament Damoh Indore Mhow Ujjain Tikamgarh Ratlam Khargon Hoshangabad Balaghat Junior tournaments Junior National Hockey Tournament Sub-junior National Hockey Tournament Dr. B.R. Ambedkar All India Hockey Tournament FIH World Cup winners 1971 : Pakistan 1973 : Netherlands 1975 : India 1978 : Pakistan 1982 : Pakistan 1986 : Australia 1990 : Netherlands 1994 : Pakistan 1998 : Netherlands 2002 : Germany 2006 : Germany 2010 : Australia 2014 : Australia Asian Games field hockey men 's tournament winners 1958 Pakistan 1962 Pakistan 1966 India 1970 Pakistan 1974 Pakistan 1978 Pakistan 1982 Pakistan 1986 South Korea 1990 Pakistan 1994 South Korea 1998 India 2002 South Korea 2006 South Korea 2010 Pakistan 2014 India 2018 Japan India Squads -- International Tournaments India squad -- 1980 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 1 Schofield ( GK ) 2 Chettri 3 Dung Dung 4 R. Singh 5 D. Singh 6 G. Singh 7 R.P. Singh 8 Baskaran ( c ) 9 Somaya 10 Kaushik 11 Kumar 12 Fernandes 13 Rana 14 Shahid 15 Iqbal 16 Sodhi India squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- 7th place 1 Chauhan 3 D. Tirkey 4 S. Singh 6 I. Tirkey 7 P. Singh 8 Thakur 9 D. Pillay 10 Singh Dhillon 11 GA Singh 12 D'Souza 24 Xalco 18 Rasquinha 23 Halappa 24 Sinclair 25 H. Singh 27 V. Pillay Coach : Rach India squad -- 2006 FIH World Cup 1 Chettri ( GK ) 2 D. Tirkey ( c ) 3 K. Singh 4 Vakkaliga 6 P. Tirkey 9 G.A. Singh 10 T. Singh 11 Kumar 12 D'Souza ( GK ) 15 R. Singh 16 S. Singh 18 Rasquinha 19 Hariprasad 21 Swamy 22 I. Tirkey 23 Halappa 27 V. Pillay 28 Khandker Coach : Baskaran India squad -- 2006 Commonwealth Games 1 Kumar ( GK ) 2 Thakur 3 K. Singh 4 San . Singh 5 T. Singh 6 I. Tirkey ( c ) 10 P. Tirkey 11 D. Singh 12 B. Singh ( GK ) 15 R. Singh 19 Sar . Singh 21 Rasquinha 23 Halappa 25 Xalao 27 V. Pillay 28 Khandker India squad -- 2010 FIH World Cup 1 D'Souza 4 Sand . Singh 5 Halappa 7 P. Singh 8 Sard . Singh 9 Chandi 10 Thakur 11 Sara . Singh 13 G. Singh 14 Khandker 15 R. Singh ( c ) 16 Raveendran 18 Shiv . Singh 22 Bharat 25 Mahadik 27 V. Pillay 29 Mujtaba 32 Diwakar Coach : Brasa India squad -- 2010 Commonwealth Games -- Silver medal 1 Chetri 2 Chiraka 3 Mujtaba 4 San . Singh 5 Halappa 6 I. Tirkey 7 Mahadik 8 Sard . Singh 9 Dha . Singh 10 Pal 11 Sara . Singh 12 Shiv . Singh 13 G. Singh 14 Khandker 15 R. Singh ( c ) 16 V. Pillay Coach : Banjurjo India squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- 12th place 1 Tirkey 4 San . Singh 6 Chettri 7 M. Singh 8 Sar . Singh 10 D. Singh 12 Raghunath 13 G. Singh 14 Khandker 15 Uthappa 16 Sreejesh Ravindran 17 Mujtaba 18 Sh . Singh 21 Singh Chandi 24 Sunil 26 Lakra Coach : Nobbs India squad -- 2012 Champions Trophy -- 4th place 3 R. Singh 5 K. Singh 7 M. Singh 8 Sar . Singh 9 Walmiki 10 D. Singh 12 Raghunath 15 Uthappa 16 Tirkey 17 Mujtaba 19 Thimmaiah 21 Chandi 22 San . Singh 23 Potunuri 24 Sunil 26 Lakra 27 A. Singh 28 G. Singh Coach : Nobbs India squad -- 2014 FIH World Cup 1 H. Singh 3 R.P. Singh 5 K. Singh 7 Manp . Singh 8 S. Singh ( c ) 9 Walmiki 10 D. Singh 11 Mand . Singh 12 Raghunath 13 G. Singh 14 Upadhyay 15 Uthappa 16 Sreejesh 24 Sunil 26 Lakra 27 A. Singh 28 Kular 29 C. Singh Coach : Oltmans India squad -- 2014 Commonwealth Games -- Silver medal 1 Rup . Singh ( c ) 2 Khadangbam 3 M. Singh 4 Sar . Singh 5 D. Singh 6 Ramachandra 7 G. Singh 8 Raveendran ( GK ) 9 Mujtaba 10 Chandi 11 Vitalacharya 12 Lakra 13 A. Singh 14 Kangujam 15 Ram . Singh 16 Thimmaiah Coach : Walsh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team&oldid=866308395 '' Categories : India men 's national field hockey team Field hockey teams in India National sports teams of India Men 's national field hockey teams Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் اردو 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did india won her first olympic gold medal in field hockey | [] | [] |
1458323491191342982 | Linguistic imperialism | Linguistic imperialism - wikipedia Linguistic imperialism Jump to : navigation , search For the book by Robert Phillipson , see Linguistic Imperialism . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Linguistic imperialism , or language imperialism , is defined as `` the transfer of a dominant language to other people '' . The transfer is considered to be a demonstration of power -- traditionally , military power but also , in the modern world , economic power -- and aspects of the dominant culture are usually transferred along with the language . In the modern world , linguistic imperialism may also be considered in the context of international development , affecting the standard by which organizations like the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World Bank evaluate the trustworthiness and value of providing structural adjustment loans . Since the early 1990s , linguistic imperialism has attracted attention among scholars of applied linguistics . In particular , Robert Phillipson 's 1992 book , Linguistic Imperialism , has led to considerable debate about its merits and shortcomings . Phillipson found denunciations of linguistic imperialism that dated back to Nazi critiques of the British Council , and to Soviet analyses of English as the language of world capitalism and world domination . In this vein , criticism of English as a world language is rooted in anti-globalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 English 2 Other languages 3 Critique 4 Response 5 Appropriation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links English ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( August 2015 ) Phillipson defines English linguistic imperialism as the dominance asserted and retained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages . ( paraphrased ) Phillipson 's theory supports the historic spread of English as an international language and that language 's continued dominance , particularly in postcolonial settings such as India , Pakistan , Uganda , Zimbabwe , etc. , but also increasingly in `` neo-colonial '' settings such as continental Europe . His theory draws mainly on Johan Galtung 's imperialism theory , Antonio Gramsci 's social theory , and in particular on his notion of cultural hegemony . A central theme of Phillipson 's theory is the complex hegemonic processes which , he asserts , continue to sustain the pre-eminence of English in the world today . His book analyzes the British Council 's use of rhetoric to promote English , and discusses key tenets of English applied linguistics and English - language - teaching methodology . These tenets hold that : English is best taught monolingually ( `` the monolingual fallacy '' ) ; the ideal teacher is a native speaker ( `` the native - speaker fallacy '' ) ; the earlier English is taught , the better the results ( `` the early - start fallacy '' ) ; the more English is taught , the better the results ( `` the maximum - exposure fallacy '' ) ; if other languages are used much , standards of English will drop ( `` the subtractive fallacy '' ) . According to Phillipson , those who promote English -- organizations such as the British Council , the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank , and individuals such as operators of English - language schools -- use three types of argument : Intrinsic arguments describe the English language as providential , rich , noble and interesting . Such arguments tend to assert what English is and what other languages are not . Extrinsic arguments point out that English is well - established : that it has many speakers , and that there are trained teachers and a wealth of teaching material . Functional arguments emphasize the usefulness of English as a gateway to the world . Other arguments for English are its economic utility : it enables people to operate technology ; its ideological function : it stands for modernity ; its status as symbol for material advance and efficiency . Another theme in Phillipson 's work is `` linguicism '' -- the species of prejudice that leads to endangered languages becoming extinct or losing their local eminence due to the rise and competing prominence of English . Other languages ( edit ) In 1976 , Black school children in Soweto protested at being taught in Afrikaans , which had been pushed by the Apartheid authorities concerned at the growing refusal of the Black population to speak it . They reasoned that by only having access to Afrikaner resources the South African government could control them more closely than having access to a global language i.e. English . 176 children died for the right to be taught in English . The Uprising became a turning point in the overthrow of Apartheid years later . At various times , especially in colonial settings or where a dominant culture has sought to unify a region under its control , a similar phenomenon has arisen . In the Roman Empire , Latin -- originally the language of a limited region in central Italy -- was imposed first on the rest of Italy and later on large parts of Europe , largely displacing previous languages spoken there , while in Roman Africa Latin was merely dominant until it and the native languages were displaced by Arabization . Anatolia was similarly diverse linguistically when it was ruled by small native states . Under the Persian and Hellenistic empires , the language of the conqueror served as the lingua franca . The indigenous Anatolian languages disappeared . In the Far East , Africa and South America , regional languages have been or are being coercively replaced or marginalized by the language of a dominant culture -- Tibetan and regional Chinese varieties by Mandarin Chinese , Ainu and Ryukyuan by Japanese , Quechua by Spanish , Malayo - Polynesian languages by Malay , Philippine languages by Filipino / Tagalog and so on . Arabization has eliminated many indigenous languages in North Africa , and restricted Coptic to sacred use . The English language during the Middle Ages was an object of linguistic imperialism by the French language , particularly following the Norman conquest . For hundreds of years , French or Anglo - Norman was the language of administration ( See Law French ) and therefore a language of superior status in England . Latin remained the language of the church and of learning . Although many words introduced by the Normans are today indistinguishable by most English - speakers from native Germanic words , later - learned loanwords derived from Latin or French often have a more cultured sound to a native English - speaker . Following the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire over much of present - day Germany and Central Europe , the German language and its dialects became the preferred language of many Central - European nobility . With varying success , German spread across much of Central and Eastern Europe as a language of trade and status . This ended with World War II ( See also Germanization . ) . French too has expanded . Languages such as Occitan , Breton , Basque , Catalan and Corsican are to a great extent marginalised in France . This process , known as Francization , often causes resistance amongst the subject peoples , leading to demands for independence . Examples of this can still be found in Brittany and Flanders ( Belgium ) . Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese colonization , made these languages prevalent in South America and in parts of Africa , Asia ( the Philippines ) , Macau and in former times in Formosa . In Iberia , Castilian Spanish , as spoken in the kingdom of Castile was imposed on other regions of Spain , initially by Germanic Habsburg Spain and later more fervently by the French Bourbon Spain ; it was labeled `` the companion of the Empire '' by Antonio de Nebrija ( 1492 ) in the introduction to his Gramática de la lengua castellana . Russian linguistic imperialism can be detected in Belarus both in the former dispute over the name of the country ( Belarus vs Belorussia ) and in the common spelling of the name of their president . English transcription has overtaken the Russian form Alexander Lukashenko instead of Belarusian form Alyaksandr Lukashenka . Critique ( edit ) Many scholars have participated in lively discussions of Phillipson 's claims . Alan Davies , for instance , envisions the spectre of Phillipson haunting the Department of Applied Linguistics in Edinburgh : ' Round up the usual suspects ' , he cries , outing those who have pretended all these years merely to teach applied linguistics , but who have really been plotting with the British Council to take over the world . For Davies , two cultures inhabit linguistic imperialism : one , a culture of guilt ( `` colonies should never have happened '' ) ; the other , that of romantic despair ( `` we should n't be doing what we are doing '' ) . Rajagopalan goes a step farther and maintains that Phillipson 's book has led to a guilt complex among English language learning and teaching ( ELT ) professionals . Davies also argues that Phillipson 's claims are not falsifiable : what `` if the dominated ... wanted to adopt English and continue to want to keep it ? RP 's unfalsifiable answer must be that they do n't , they ca n't , they 've been persuaded against their better interests . '' It has thus been argued that Phillipson 's theory is patronizing in the sense that it does not regard developing countries as being capable of independent decision - making ( to adopt or not to adopt ELT ) . In the context of Nigeria , Bisong holds that people in the `` periphery '' use English pragmatically -- they send their children to English - language schools precisely because they want them to grow up multilingual . Regarding Phillipson , Bisong maintains that `` to interpret such actions as emanating from people who are victims of Centre linguistic imperialism is to bend sociolinguistic evidence to suit a preconceived thesis '' . If English should be abolished because it is foreign , Bisong argues , then Nigeria itself would also have to be dissolved , because it was conceived as a colonial structure . Furthermore , the assumption that the English language itself is imperialistic has come under attack . Henry Widdowson has argued that `` there is a fundamental contradiction in the idea that the language of itself exerts hegemonic control : namely that if this were the case , you would never be able to challenge such control '' . Additionally , the idea that the promotion of English necessarily implies a demotion of local languages has been challenged . Holborrow points out that `` not all Englishes in the centre dominate , nor are all speakers in the periphery equally discriminated against '' . Irish English , for instance , could be regarded as a non-dominant centre variety of English . Thus it could be argued that , while those who follow Phillipson see choices about language as externally imposed , the other camp sees them as decisions made by individuals . Response ( edit ) Those who support the arguments favoring the existence of linguistic imperialism claim that arguments against it are often advanced by monolingual native - speakers of English who may see the current status of English as a fact worthy of celebration . In contrast , it has been argued that those who see the increasing spread of English in the world as a worrying development ( that marginalizes the status of local and regional languages as well as potentially undermining or eroding cultural values ) are likely to be far more receptive to Phillipson 's views . Alastair Pennycook , Suresh Canagarajah , Adrian Holliday and Julian Edge broadly fall into this group and are often described as critical applied linguists . However , Henry Widdowson 's remarks on critical discourse analysis may also be applied to the critical applied linguists : It ought surely to be possible to say that an argument is confused , or an analysis flawed , without denying the justice of the cause they support . My view would be that if a case is just then we should look for ways of supporting it by coherent argument ... And I would indeed argue that to do otherwise is to do a disservice to the cause . For the procedures of ideological exposure by expedient analysis ... can , of course be taken up to further any cause , right wing as well as left ... If you have the conviction and commitment , you will always find your witch . As a response to English linguistic imperialism , de-anglicisation became a matter of national pride in some places and especially in regions that were once under colonial rule , where vestiges of colonial domination are a sensitive subject . Following centuries of English rule in Ireland , an argument for de-anglicisation was delivered before the Irish National Literary Society in Dublin , 25 November 1892 ; `` When we speak of ' The Necessity for De-Anglicising the Irish Nation ' , we mean it , not as a protest against imitating what is best in the English people , for that would be absurd , but rather to show the folly of neglecting what is Irish , and hastening to adopt , pell - mell , and indiscriminately , everything that is English , simply because it is English . '' Despite its status as an official language , the Irish language has been reduced to a minority language in Ireland as a result of centuries of English rule , as is the case in North America where their indigenous languages have been replaced by that of the colonists , and continued to decline even after independence . According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann , `` Native tongue title and language rights should be promoted . The government ought to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages of Australia . We must change the linguistic landscape of Whyalla and elsewhere . Signs should be in both English and the local indigenous language . We ought to acknowledge intellectual property of indigenous knowledge including language , music and dance . '' Appropriation ( edit ) Some who reject the concept of linguistic imperialism argue that the global spread of English is better understood in the framework of appropriation -- that English is used around the world for local purposes . In addition to the example of Nigeria , above , the following examples have been given : Demonstrators in non-English - speaking countries often use signs in English to convey their demands to TV audiences around the globe . In some cases , the demonstrator may not even understand what the sign he is carrying says . Bobda shows how Cameroon has moved away from a mono - cultural , Anglo - centered way of teaching English and has gradually accommodated teaching materials to a Cameroonian context . Non-Western topics are treated , such as rule by emirs , traditional medicine , and polygamy . Bobda argues for bi-cultural , Cameroonian and Anglo - American education . Kramsch and Sullivan describe how Western methodology and textbooks have been appropriated to suit local Vietnamese culture . The Pakistani textbook Primary Stage English includes lessons such as `` Pakistan , My Country '' , `` Our Flag , '' and `` Our Great Leader '' , which might sound jingoistic to western ears . Within the native culture , however , establishing a connection between ELT , patriotism and the Muslim faith is seen as an aim of ELT , as the chairman of the Punjab Textbook Board openly states : `` The board ... takes care , through these books to inoculate in the students a love of the Islamic values and awareness to guard the ideological frontiers of your ( the student 's ) home lands . '' Such an `` internationalization '' of English might also create new possibilities for English native - speakers . McCabe elaborates : ... whereas for two centuries we exported our language and our customs in hot pursuit of ... fresh markets , we now find that our language and our customs are returned to us but altered so that they can be used by others ... so that our own language and culture discover new possibilities , fresh contradictions . See also ( edit ) Anglicisation Critical applied linguistics Cultural hegemony English as a second or foreign language Esperanto International auxiliary language International English Language immersion Language policy Language planning Language revitalization Language death Linguistic purism Language secessionism Monolingualism Bilingualism Multilingualism Code - switching Translanguaging Official language Untranslatability World language Father Tongue hypothesis Translanguaging Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Master , Peter ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Positive and Negative Aspects of the Dominance of English '' . TESOL Quarterly . 32 ( 4 ) : 716 -- 727 . doi : 10.2307 / 3588002 . Jump up ^ Phillipson , Robert ( 1992 ) , p36 . Jump up ^ Phillipson , Robert ( 1992 ) , p 47 . Jump up ^ Alan Davies ( 1996 ) , p. 485 Jump up ^ Rajagopalan ( 1999 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Davies ( 1996 ) , p. 488 Jump up ^ Bisong ( 1995 ( 1994 ) ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Henry Widdowson ( 1998a ) , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Holborrow ( 1993 ) , p. 359 ; see also Bisong ( 1995 ( 1994 ) ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Davies ( 1997 ) , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Henry Widdowson ( 1998b ) , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Hyde , Douglas ( 25 November 1892 ) . `` The Necessity for De-Anglicising Ireland '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` De-Anglicisation - Free Online Dictionary '' . the elimination of English influence , language , customs , etc . Jump up ^ Zuckermann , Ghil'ad , `` Stop , revive and survive '' , The Australian Higher Education , June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ E.g. Spichtinger ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bobda ( 1997 ) , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Bobda ( 1997 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Kramsch and Sullivan ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Malik ( 1993 ) , pp. 5 , 6 , 7 . Jump up ^ Punjab Text Book Board ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ McCabe ( 1985 ) , p. 45 . References ( edit ) Acar , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Models , Norms and Goals for English as an International Language Pedagogy and Task Based Language Teaching and Learning . '' The Asian EFL Journal Vol. 8 2006 Bisong , Joseph ( 1995 ( 1994 ) ) Language Choice and cultural Imperialism : a Nigerian Perspective . ELT Journal 49 / 2 122 - 132 . Bobda , Augustin Simo ( 1997 ) Sociocultural Constraints in EFL Teaching in Cameroon . In : Pütz , Martin ( ed . ) The cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching . Frankfurt a.M. : Lang . 221 - 240 . Brutt - Griffler , Janina ( 2002 ) World English . Multilingual Matters . ISBN 1 - 85359 - 577 - 2 Canagarajah , A. Suresh ( 1999 ) , Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 442154 - 6 Canagarajah , A. Suresh , Thomas Ricento & Terrence G. Wiley ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) Journal of Language , Identity , and Education . Special issue . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 9629 - 5 Canagarajah , A. Suresh ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 4593 - 3 Crystal , David ( 2003 ) , English as a Global Language , 2nd ed. , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53032 - 6 Davies , Alan ( 1996 ) Review Article : ironising the Myth of Linguicism . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development . 17 / 6 : 485 - 596 . Davies , Alan ( 1997 ) Response to a Reply . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18 / 3 248 . Edge , Julian ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) ( Re - ) Locating TESOL in an Age of Empire . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 8530 - 8 Holborow , Marnie ( 1999 ) Politics of English . Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6018 - X Holborrow , Marnie ( 1993 ) Review Article : linguistic Imperialism . ELT Journal 47 / 4 358 - 360 . Holliday , Adrian ( 2005 ) , Struggle to Teach English as an International Language , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 442184 - 8 Kontra , Miklos , Robert Phillipson , Tove Skutnabb - Kangas & Tibor Varady ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , Language : A Right and a Resource , Central European University Press . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 64 - 5 Kramsch , Klaire and Patricia Sullivan ( 1996 ) Appropriate Pedagogy . ELT Journal 50 / 3 199 - 212 . Malik , S.A. Primary Stage English ( 1993 ) . Lahore : Tario Brothers . Master , Peter ( 1998 ) Positive and Negative Aspects of the Dominance of English . TESOL Quarterly , 32 / 4 . 716 -- 727 . doi : 10.2307 / 3588002 Pennycook , Alastair ( 1995 ) , The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language , Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 23473 - 5 Pennycook , Alastair ( 1998 ) , English and the Discourses of Colonialism , Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17848 - 7 Pennycook , Alastair ( 2001 ) , Critical Applied Linguistics , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3792 - 2 Pennycook , Alastair ( 2006 ) Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 37497 - 9 Phillipson , Robert ( 1992 ) , Linguistic Imperialism , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 437146 - 8 Phillipson , Robert ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) , Rights to Language , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3835 - X Phillipson , Robert ( 2003 ) English - Only Europe ? Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28807 - X Punjab Text Book Board ( 1997 ) My English Book Step IV . Lahore : Metro Printers . Rajagopalan , Kanavilli ( 1999 ) Of EFL Teachers , Conscience and Cowardice . ELT Journal 53 / 3 200 - 206 . Ramanathan , Vaidehi ( 2005 ) The English - Vernacular Divide . Multilingual Matters . ISBN 1 - 85359 - 769 - 4 Rahman , Tariq ( 1996 ) Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi : Oxford University Press Ricento , Thomas ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) Ideology , Politics , and Language Policies . John Benjamins . ISBN 1 - 55619 - 670 - 9 Skutnabb - Kangas , Tove & Robert Phillipson ( eds . ) ; Mart Rannut ( 1995 ) , Linguistic Human Rights , Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 014878 - 1 Sonntag , Selma K. ( 2003 ) The Local Politics of Global English . Lexington Books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0598 - 1 Spichtinger , Daniel ( 2000 ) The Spread of English and its Appropriation . University of Vienna , Vienna . Tsui , Amy B.M. & James W. Tollefson ( in press ) Language Policy , Culture , and Identity in Asian Contexts . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5694 - 3 Widdowson , H.G. ( 1998a ) EIL : squaring the Circles . A Reply . World Englishes 17 / 3 397 - 401 . Widdowson , H.G. ( 1998b ) The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis . Applied Linguistics 19 / 1 136 - 151 . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_imperialism&oldid=817762592 '' Categories : Linguistic rights Sociolinguistics Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing POV - check from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский کوردی தமிழ் Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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3320321134709000399 | Gary Hooper | Gary Hooper - wikipedia Gary Hooper Jump to : navigation , search For the Australian Paralympian , see Gary Hooper ( Paralympian ) . Gary Hooper Hooper playing for Celtic in 2010 Full name Gary Hooper Date of birth ( 1988 - 01 - 26 ) 26 January 1988 ( age 30 ) Place of birth Harlow , England Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Sheffield Wednesday Number 14 Youth career 1995 -- 2002 Tottenham Hotspur 2002 -- 2003 Maldon Town 2003 -- 2004 Grays Athletic Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2004 -- 2006 Grays Athletic 68 ( 20 ) 2006 -- 2008 Southend United 32 ( 2 ) 2007 → Leyton Orient ( loan ) ( 2 ) 2008 → Hereford United ( loan ) 19 ( 11 ) 2008 -- 2010 Scunthorpe United 80 ( 43 ) 2010 -- 2013 Celtic 95 ( 63 ) 2013 -- 2016 Norwich City 64 ( 18 ) 2015 -- 2016 → Sheffield Wednesday ( loan ) 12 ( 6 ) 2016 -- Sheffield Wednesday 64 ( 23 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 00 : 58 , 5 January 2018 ( UTC ) Gary Hooper ( born 26 January 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Championship club Sheffield Wednesday . Hooper started his career at non-League Grays Athletic in 2003 . While there he won the 2004 -- 05 Conference South , as well as the FA Trophy twice in 2005 and 2006 . After this Championship club Southend United signed him on a free transfer in 2006 . He was loaned out twice by the club , on a three - month loan to League One club Leyton Orient in 2007 and a six - month loan to League Two club Hereford United in 2008 . Scunthorpe United signed him in 2008 , for a fee of £ 175,000 . After two years he was signed by Scottish Premier League club Celtic for £ 2.4 million . In his first season with the club he was the top scorer and also won the 2011 Scottish Cup . Hooper has scored in the Premier League , Championship , League One , League Two , FA Cup , League Cup , Football League Trophy , FA Trophy , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Premier League , the first and only player to achieve this feat . On top of this , he has also scored in the Conference National and the Conference South . Hooper was born in England but has not represented the national team at any level . In March 2011 it was thought that he may be eligible to represent Scotland . However , this possibility was later closed off . Since his move to Celtic he has been considered for England duty and was called up to the under - 21 squad for a friendly but had to pull out due to injury . He was then included in the provisional squad for the 2011 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship but did not go to the tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Grays Athletic 1.3 Southend United 1.3. 1 Leyton Orient ( loan ) 1.3. 2 Hereford United ( loan ) 1.4 Scunthorpe United 1.5 Celtic 1.6 Norwich City 1.7 Sheffield Wednesday 2 International career 3 Style of play 4 Career statistics 5 Honours 6 References 7 External links Club career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Hooper was born in Harlow , Essex and grew up in Loughton . He joined the Tottenham Hotspur youth team at the age of seven . When he was 14 he played 20 minutes of a trial match and was then released by the club . After this he had trials with Northampton Town and Luton Town . These proved unsuccessful and he started playing Sunday league football . He then had a short spell with Maldon Town , before he was signed by Conference National club Grays Athletic at the start of the 2003 -- 04 season . Grays Athletic ( edit ) Hooper joined Isthmian League Premier Division club Grays Athletic , in the 2003 -- 04 season , being named as an unused substitute in an Essex Senior Cup clash against Braintree Town whilst he was still 15 years old . His debut was the following season when Grays were promoted into the newly formed Conference South , helping them to win the league by scoring 12 goals in 29 league appearances . He started for Grays in the 2004 -- 05 FA Trophy Final against Hucknall Town , but was substituted towards the end of extra-time . The match went to penalties and Grays won the shoot - out 6 -- 5 . The following season in the Conference National , Hooper scored eight times in 40 league appearances . He was an unused substitute in Grays Athletic 's 2 -- 0 triumph over Woking in the final of the 2006 FA Trophy . At the end of the 2006 season he was released by Grays . Hooper said that he was only getting substitute appearances for the last few minutes of matches and that he wanted to move . Southend United ( edit ) In July 2006 , after his release by Grays , Hooper went on two trials . Firstly to League Two club Barnet , then to Championship club Southend United , where he was given a one - year contract by manager Steve Tilson the following month . On 24 October , Hooper scored twice in a 3 -- 1 League Cup win over Leeds United . He went on to make 18 appearances for Southend in the Championship , although only two were starts . On 15 March , Hooper joined League One club Leyton Orient on loan for the rest of the season . Tilson said that this loan would allow him to assess whether Hooper merited a new contract and would give the young striker experience . Hooper was recalled from loan on 1 May before , already relegated , Southend 's last match of the season . A number of players were out injured for the match and , five days after his recall , Hooper started in the 4 -- 1 defeat to Southampton . Hooper made 18 appearances in League One for Southend during the first half of the 2007 -- 08 season , scoring twice . On 28 January 2008 , Hooper signed a new 18 - month contract to extend his stay with the club . He then moved on loan to League Two club Hereford United . At the start of the 2008 -- 09 season . Hooper , along with three other strikers , was listed for transfer as Tilson looked to re-build his attack . Hereford had a bid accepted for Hooper after his successful loan spell , but could not afford to match the larger transfer fees offered by other teams . Several other League One clubs were interested in him . Cheltenham Town had a bid accepted but Hooper eventually decided to move to Scunthorpe United . He scored just four goals in 44 appearances during his time at Southend . Although he did have two successful loan spells . Leyton Orient ( loan ) ( edit ) On 15 March 2007 , Hooper moved on loan to League One club Leyton Orient . Two days after joining the club he scored in a 2 -- 2 draw with Oldham Athletic after coming on as a substitute . A week later , he scored against League One leaders Scunthorpe United in another 2 -- 2 draw . Hooper made two more appearances for Orient , before being recalled to Southend on 1 May , when the club activated a 24 - hour return clause in his contract . Orient manager Martin Ling said that he thought Hooper had done well during his loan spell with the club and that he would monitor the progress of the young striker . Hereford United ( loan ) ( edit ) On 28 January 2008 , Hooper signed a one - month loan deal with League Two club Hereford United . He made his debut two days after signing for them , starting in a 2 -- 1 loss to Barnet . He scored in his next match for the club , a 1 -- 0 win over Rotherham United . He played five more times , scoring four goals , before his loan deal was due to expire on 28 February . However , manager Graham Turner agreed a deal to keep him until the end of the season . Southend manager Steve Tilson agreed to this despite having two strikers out injured at the time . Hooper 's 11 goals in 19 appearances for Hereford helped them finish third in League Two and secure promotion . Scunthorpe United ( edit ) Hooper playing for Scunthorpe United in 2009 On 14 July 2008 , Scunthorpe United signed Hooper for a fee of £ 125,000 , rising to £ 175,000 . Hooper signed a three - year contract with the League One club . In the first match of Scunthorpe 's league campaign , Hooper scored in a 2 -- 1 defeat at Glanford Park against Leeds United . He scored his first ever hat - trick against , Brighton , on 6 September and netted seven goals in his first seven matches to help Scunthorpe 's promotion push . After this teammate Izzy Iriekpen paid tribute to Hooper saying that `` As soon as he started training you could see there was something special there . '' On 28 October , league leaders , Scunthorpe suffered their first defeat in 12 matches as they lost 3 -- 0 to Oldham Athletic . Hooper came off with an injury in this match and it was feared he had broken his foot and may have been out for up to six months . However , scans later revealed that his foot was just badly bruised . He was labelled in the media as the latest from Scunthorpe 's `` production line for talented young forwards . '' He scored both goals in a win over promotion rivals Millwall on 31 January 2009 . Scunthorpe reached the final of the Football League Trophy and faced League Two Luton Town . Hooper scored the opener but Luton pulled it back to win the match 3 -- 2 in extra-time . At the end of the season Hooper won Scunthorpe 's Player of the Year award . He said he was delighted with the team 's performance during the season , in which he scored 24 league goals to help Scunthorpe gain promotion . He then set himself a target of 15 Championship goals for the next season . He scored 30 goals in all competitions throughout the 2008 -- 09 season , just three goals short of Billy Sharp 's record 33 goals in a season for Scunthorpe . At the start of the 2009 -- 10 season , Queens Park Rangers had a £ 1 million rejected for Hooper . Coventry City were also rumoured to be interested in the striker . On 15 August , Hooper scored twice in a 3 -- 2 win over Derby County . Scunthorpe manager Nigel Adkins said that he thought Hooper was a `` massive threat '' to the opposition and that he was worried that other teams would try to sign him before the end of the transfer window . On 22 February , captain Cliff Byrne , described Hooper as the kind of striker who could `` create something out of nothing '' . He also stated that he hoped Hooper would stay at the club but if he did leave it would be for a lot of money . This was just after Hooper had scored in a 2 -- 2 draw with Watford , taking his seasonal tally to 13 . He scored a hat - trick against Bristol City on his return from a groin injury on 17 April 2010 , and added a further two goals at Doncaster Rovers a week later . He scored 20 goals in 39 appearances in all competitions in the 2009 -- 10 season , including 19 in 35 in the league , where he finished as third - top goal scorer behind Peter Whittingham and Nicky Maynard who both scored 20 . In 2012 , Scunthorpe United fans voted Hooper as the club 's best ever player . Celtic ( edit ) Hooper playing for Celtic in 2010 On 26 July 2010 , Scottish Premier League club Celtic signed Hooper for £ 2.4 million . The move provided him with great experience , despite his young age of 22 when joining and kept him grounded . On 4 August 2010 , Hooper scored on his debut for the club , against Portuguese Primeira Liga club Braga in the Champions League third qualifying round . Hooper tore his calf muscle in a friendly against Blackburn Rovers just four days later on 8 August , keeping him out of action for almost six weeks . On 22 September 2010 , Hooper made his return from injury in the League Cup , scoring in a 6 -- 0 victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle . On 25 September 2010 , Hooper made his Scottish Premier League debut in a 2 -- 1 victory over Hibernian at Celtic Park . Hooper scored his Scottish Premier League goal on 2 October , in a 3 -- 1 win over Hamilton Academical. and then scored a double against Dundee United at Tannadice on 17 October . One week later , he scored the opening goal in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Rangers at Celtic Park . On 6 November , Hooper and strike partner Anthony Stokes each scored hat - tricks in a league record 9 -- 0 win over Aberdeen . The following week , he scored the winner against St Mirren . After recovering from an injury that kept him out of action during the Christmas period , Hooper returned to the team against Hibernian on 15 January 2011 and scored the opening goal in a 3 -- 0 win . On 1 February , Hooper scored the first goal in a 3 -- 0 win against Aberdeen . He netted twice in Celtic 's 3 -- 0 victory over Rangers on 20 February . He grabbed another brace on 6 April 2011 , in a 3 -- 1 victory over Hibernian . Two weeks later , Hooper had a man of the match performance against Kilmarnock , scoring a goal and setting up another three in a 4 -- 0 SPL victory . On 1 May 2011 , Hooper scored in a 4 -- 1 victory over Dundee United . He then scored a brace against Hearts , and the opener in a 4 -- 0 win over Motherwell , in the final Scottish Premier League match of the season . Hooper was nominated for the PFA Player of the Year award , but lost out to teammate Emilio Izaguirre and was also picked in the PFA Scotland Team of the Year . Hooper won his first medal for Celtic in the Scottish Cup after a 3 -- 0 win over Motherwell in the final on 21 May 2011 . During the 2010 -- 11 season , Hooper had the best strike rate of any player in Britain , scoring 20 goals in 26 matches with a strike rate of 0.77 goals per match . This was also the fourth best strike rate in Europe , behind Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antonio Di Natale . Hooper playing for Celtic in 2012 On 24 July 2011 , Hooper had a penalty saved by Graham Stack in Celtic 's first match of the 2011 -- 12 season , a 2 -- 0 win over Hibs . On 13 August , he scored his first goal of the season in a 5 -- 1 win over Dundee United . He also picked up an ankle injury which ruled him out for the next two matches . On 25 August he made his return in Celtic 's 3 -- 1 loss to FC Sion . Three days later , he scored both goals in a 2 -- 0 win over St Mirren . English Premier League clubs Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers expressed interest in signing Hooper on transfer deadline day of summer 2011 , however Celtic rejected their enquiries about his availability . Hooper 's regular strike partner Anthony Stokes said `` He 's a top , top player . I have no doubt one day he could play at the very top level but we want to keep him here as long as possible . '' Hooper scored in Celtic 's 4 -- 2 loss to rivals Rangers on 18 September 2011 . This was his fourth goal in seven Old Firm matches . He then started Celtic 's first Scottish League Cup match of the season against Ross County , scoring one goal in a 2 -- 0 win for Celtic . On 29 September he played in Celtic 's 1 -- 1 draw with Italian team Udinese . After three minutes he won a penalty which Ki Sung - Yueng scored . He then gave away a penalty , which was converted , after 83 minutes when he fouled Neuton . A month later , he scored in Celtic 's 4 -- 1 , League Cup quarter - final , victory over Hibernian . On 3 November , Hooper scored his first European goal of the season , netting the final goal of Celtic 's 3 -- 1 Europa League group stage win against Rennes , after coming on as a 78th - minute substitute for James Forrest . Three days later , he again came on as a substitute and scored the winner in a 2 -- 1 win over Motherwell . On 26 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 0 win over St Mirren . After scoring five goals in November , he won the SPL Player of the Month award . On 15 December , Hooper scored in Celtic 's final Europa League group match , a 1 -- 1 draw against Udinese which meant Celtic finished third in the group and did n't qualify for the knock - out stages . During the January transfer window , Championship league leaders Southampton made several bids for Hooper . However , they were rejected by Celtic and Hooper reiterated his desire to stay with the club . On 14 January , Hooper scored in a 2 -- 1 win over Dundee United . He then scored in Celtic 's 4 -- 0 win against Hearts on 8 February . On 29 April 2012 , Hooper scored the final goal as Celtic beat Rangers 3 -- 0 at Celtic Park . This was his fifth goal in 10 appearances against Rangers . On 13 May , Hooper scored all five goals for Celtic as they beat Hearts 5 -- 0 in the final SPL match of the season , securing his position as the top scorer in the Scottish Premier League with 24 goals and winning the Golden Boot . After Southampton had won promotion to the Premier League there was speculation linking them with a £ 7m for Hooper at the start of the 2012 -- 13 season . However , Hooper stated that he was happy at Celtic and was looking forward to playing Champions League football . On 1 August 2012 , Hooper started the season in scoring form , in Celtic 's 2 -- 1 victory against HJK Helsinki in the first leg of the Champions League Third Qualifying Round . On 25 September 2012 , Hooper scored all 4 goals in Celtic 's Scottish League Cup tie against Raith Rovers at Celtic Park , the match finished 4 -- 1 . On 29 September 2012 , Hooper scored the first goal in a 2 -- 0 victory over Motherwell at Fir Park , this resulted in Celtic going to first spot in the Scottish Premier League . Hooper scored his seventh goal in four matches , against Spartak Moscow in the UEFA Champions League ; Celtic won the match 3 -- 2 at Spartak Stadium , recording their first ever away victory in the UEFA Champions League proper . During January 2013 , Hooper scored braces against Hearts and Dundee United in high scoring wins at home for Celtic , and also scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 away win at Motherwell . That run of goalscoring saw him win the SPL Player of the Month Award . Celtic clinched their second successive Scottish Premier League title on 21 April 2013 with a 4 -- 1 win over Inverness Caledonian Thistle at Parkhead . Hooper scored twice in the match . On 26 May 2013 , Hooper scored twice for Celtic in their 3 -- 0 win over Hibernian in the Scottish Cup Final . On 12 June 2013 , English Premier League club Hull City made an undisclosed bid , believed to be about £ 4.5 m , for Hooper which Celtic rejected . As transfer speculation increased over the summer , Hooper played what proved to be his final match for Celtic on 23 July when he came on a second - half substitute in a Champions League qualifier against Cliftonville . He replaced Anthony Stokes on 65 minutes and almost scored nine minutes later with an overhead kick that hit the post . Norwich City ( edit ) On 26 July 2013 , Hooper signed a three - year contract with English Premier League club Norwich City for an undisclosed fee , believed to be £ 5m , with Norwich having the option of a further year to Hooper 's contract . Hooper made his competitive début for Norwich on 21 September 2013 in a Premier League 1 -- 0 home loss to Aston Villa as a 63rd - minute substitute . In his first start for the club , Hooper scored a brace to secure a 3 -- 2 victory over Watford in the third round of the League Cup on 24 September . On 9 November 2013 , Hooper scored his first Premier League goal from the penalty spot against West Ham United at Carrow Road to level the scores at 1 -- 1 . Norwich City won the match 3 -- 1 , with Hooper being voted as Man of the Match . Due to this goal , he became the first player to score in the top 4 divisions of the English league , the top division of the Scottish League and two cup competitions in each country , as well as the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Hooper scored his second Premier League goal and fourth goal in all competitions in just his seventh start for Norwich City , on 30 November 2013 against Crystal Palace , which Norwich City won 1 -- 0 for a vital 3 points . On 7 December , Hooper scored his fifth Norwich City goal and third Premier League goal against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns , a first time angled shot across goalkeeper Boaz Myhill into the corner after a through ball from Leroy Fer , the match ended in a 0 -- 2 Norwich City victory . On 15 December , Hooper scored in consecutive Premier League matches , the one - time Scunthorpe United frontman took one touch on his chest after a Johan Elmander lay off , before hitting a superb volley 30 yards out over Michel Vorm and into the roof of the net , levelling the score at 1 -- 1 . Hooper would score again on the Boxing Day fixture against Fulham as his shot deflected off of Aaron Hughes and past goalkeeper David Stockdale , thus making Hooper the first ever Norwich City player to score in four successive Premier League matches at Carrow Road . Hooper finished his first season at Norwich as the club 's top scorer with eight goals , but was unable to prevent his team 's relegation from the Premier League to the Championship . A calf injury then saw Hooper miss the first couple of months of the following season . After returning to the team in October , he finally scored his first goal of the season on 22 November 2014 in a 3 -- 3 draw at home against Brighton . The goals then began to flow for Hooper ; the striker scoring twice in a 6 -- 1 win over Millwall on Boxing Day where he was described as `` outstanding '' by manager Neil Adams , then after being dropped from the team , he returned to score a hat trick on 7 February 2015 in a 4 -- 0 win over Blackpool , taking his total for the season to date up to nine goals . Hooper eventually scored 12 goals in the league , and helped Norwich to third place in the league . Hooper only appeared briefly as a substitute during the promotion play - off ties against Ipswich Town and was an unused substitute in the play - off final at Wembley against Middlesbrough . Norwich , however , won the final 2 -- 0 to regain their place in the Premier League . With Norwich back in the Premier League , Hooper was struggling to hold down a place in the team . By September 2015 he had only played ten minutes in the opening league match against Crystal Palace , and an 89th - minute substitute appearance against Southampton . A loan move to Sheffield Wednesday fell through despite the Yorkshire club agreeing to pay Norwich £ 500,000 and match Hooper 's £ 32,000 weekly wage . Hooper denied press reports that the move collapsed due to his demand for Sheffield Wednesday to provide him with a VIP box at their stadium for his family and friends . He remained at Norwich for a few more weeks , but sustained an ankle injury in training . Sheffield Wednesday made a further attempt to sign Hooper on loan , and on 27 October he agreed to join them until January 2016 . Hooper made his first appearance for Sheffield Wednesday on 31 October 2015 , coming on as a late substitute in a 1 -- 0 win at home against Nottingham Forest in the Championship . In his seventh appearance in all competitions for the club , Hooper scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 2 -- 1 defeat at away against MK Dons . In Hooper 's final two matches for Sheffield Wednesday before his loan expired , he managed to score four goals which contributed hugely in Wednesday 's victories against Bolton Wanderers and Leeds United . Sheffield Wednesday ( edit ) On 22 January 2016 , Hooper signed for Wednesday permanently , on a three and a half - year deal . The fee was undisclosed but believed to be around £ 3 million . International career ( edit ) Hooper has not represented England at any level . His paternal grandfather William Hooper was raised in the Scottish Borders , and this led to hopes that Hooper could be eligible to play for Scotland . Then Scotland head coach Craig Levein sought clarification as to the place of birth his grandfather 's birth certificate recorded , as he had been born in a hospital in the English border town Berwick - upon - Tweed . The possibility was closed off when it was confirmed that his grandfather was included in the English Births Index . On 13 March 2011 , Hooper was included by Stuart Pearce in his 31 - man squad for the England under - 21 team to play Denmark and Iceland . However , Hooper pulled out of the squad due to injury . On 3 May 2011 , he was named in the 40 - man provisional squad for the 2011 UEFA European Under - 21 Championship , but did not make the final selection . In February 2012 , BBC Sport reported that the Football Association of Wales were investigating his eligibility , but Hooper was unaware of having any Welsh ancestry . Hooper declared his desire to play for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics , but was not selected . In November 2012 , Hooper was set to join team mate Fraser Forster in the England squad for their upcoming friendly against Sweden in Stockholm , after it was revealed The Football Association had contacted Celtic about the fitness of Hooper . They were handed a bleak prognosis by Celtic 's medical team , meaning Hooper could n't make the squad through injury . Style of play ( edit ) Hooper has all the main attributes to play as a striker , he is strong and can hold up the ball well . He is also a good finisher , he has been described as being a ' penalty box striker ' . However , he can also pass the ball well and this allows midfielders to play - off him . He has received praise since moving to Scotland . Newspaper The Daily Record described him as being one of the most skilled attackers in the SPL . They also said that he had shown that he could deal with the physical nature of the Scottish game , due to his ability to ride a challenge well . One criticism that Steve Claridge had when analysing Hooper 's game was that `` ( he often ) played at either breakneck speed when involved in play or at walking pace when not '' , Claridge noted that Hooper needed to work harder to make himself available to his teammates for passes , especially long balls out from defence . While at Celtic , Hooper struck up an excellent partnership with fellow striker Anthony Stokes . They scored over 40 goals between them in their first season together and were considered to be Celtic 's best strike partnership , although on many occasions , especially for big matches , Georgios Samaras was often used alongside Hooper . Hooper expressed his disappointment at this because he felt that he worked very well with Stokes . In their partnership Hooper usually had a more advanced role , playing off the shoulder of the last defender , or in the box , and making runs in behind . His strength , pace , finishing ability and awareness made him suitably adapted to this role . Stokes usually played a deeper role , coming short to get the ball and creating space through his dribbling skill and passing . Although Hooper is more suited to an advanced role , and Stokes to a deeper one , they were capable of switching and both have the skills required to play in either role . This made it very hard for defenders to mark them . During his time as manager at Rangers , Ally McCoist showed his players footage of a goal Hooper scored against them at Celtic Park . `` He makes a run from the halfway line on the left hand side . I watched it and I showed our players it '' , said McCoist , adding that `` he ( Hooper ) just has a desire to run and run and just get on the end of a cross . You ca n't buy that , you ca n't teach that '' . Career statistics ( edit ) As of match played 26 December 2017 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Grays Athletic 2004 -- 05 Conference South 29 12 0 0 -- 13 5 42 17 2005 -- 06 Conference National 39 8 0 -- 9 51 12 Total 68 20 0 -- 22 9 93 29 Southend United 2006 -- 07 Championship 19 0 0 5 -- 25 2007 -- 08 League One 13 0 0 0 19 Total 32 0 7 0 44 Leyton Orient ( loan ) 2006 -- 07 League One -- -- -- Hereford United ( loan ) 2007 -- 08 League Two 19 11 -- -- -- 19 11 Scunthorpe United 2008 -- 09 League One 45 24 0 7 56 30 2009 -- 10 Championship 35 19 0 -- 39 20 Total 80 43 7 95 50 Celtic 2010 -- 11 Scottish Premier League 26 20 5 0 36 22 2011 -- 12 Scottish Premier League 37 24 6 50 29 2012 -- 13 Scottish Premier League 32 19 5 6 11 51 31 2013 -- 14 Scottish Premiership 0 0 -- -- 0 0 Total 95 63 13 11 9 19 7 138 82 Norwich City 2013 -- 14 Premier League 32 6 0 0 -- 34 8 2014 -- 15 Championship 30 12 0 0 0 34 12 2015 -- 16 Premier League 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Total 64 18 0 0 70 20 Sheffield Wednesday 2015 -- 16 Championship 29 13 0 0 0 34 13 2016 -- 17 Championship 23 6 0 0 0 0 0 24 6 2017 -- 18 Championship 24 10 0 0 -- 25 11 Total 76 29 0 0 83 30 Career total 435 185 26 7 28 15 54 18 543 225 Jump up ^ Appearances in FA Cup and Scottish Cup Jump up ^ Appearances in League Cup / EFL Cup and Scottish League Cup Jump up ^ Nine appearances and four goals in FA Trophy , four appearances and one goal in Conference League Cup Jump up ^ Five appearances in FA Trophy , three appearances and four goals in Essex Senior Cup , one appearance in Conference National play - offs Jump up ^ Appearance in Football League Trophy Jump up ^ Five appearances and two goals in Football League Trophy , two appearances in League One play - offs ^ Jump up to : Appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Championship play - offs Honours ( edit ) Grays Athletic Conference South : 2004 -- 05 FA Trophy : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 Hereford United Football League Two third - place promotion : 2007 -- 08 Scunthorpe United Football League One play - offs : 2008 -- 09 Celtic Scottish Premier League : 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Scottish Cup : 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Norwich City Football League Championship play - offs : 2014 -- 15 Individual Scottish Premier League Golden Boot : 2011 -- 12 PFA Scotland Team of the Year : 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 Celtic top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Scunthorpe United Greatest Ever Player : 2012 Scunthorpe United Player of the Year : 2008 -- 09 Scottish Premier League Player of the Month : November 2011 , January 2013 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2010 ) . The PFA Footballers ' Who 's Who 2010 -- 11 . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84596 - 601 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2009 ) . The PFA Footballers ' Who 's Who 2009 -- 10 . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84596 - 474 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shergold , Adam ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Which Premier League striker has scored in all four divisions of English football , plus the Scottish Premiership , FA Cup , League Cup , Champions League and Europa League '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hooper hoping for happy reunion in Premier League with ex-roommate '' . East London and West Essex Guardian Series . 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fired - up Celtic new boy Gary Hooper dreaming of chance to avenge schoolboy Spurs snub '' . Daily Record . Glasgow. 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hooper staying grounded '' . The Herald . 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Jump up ^ `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2011 / 2012 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . `` Sion 0 -- 3 Celtic '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2012 / 2013 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2013 / 2014 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2014 / 2015 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2015 / 2016 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2016 / 2017 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Gary Hooper in 2017 / 2018 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Old Firm men named in top team '' . Sky Sports . 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jack ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` PFA Scotland Team of the Year '' . PFA Scotland . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Stats for Season 2010 / 2011 '' . FitbaStats . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Player Stats for Season 2011 / 2012 '' . FitbaStats . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Player Stats for Season 2012 / 2013 '' . FitbaStats . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gary Hooper . Official website Gary Hooper profile at the Sheffield Wednesday F.C. website Gary Hooper at Soccerbase Awards Scottish League top division top scorers League 1891 : Bell 1892 : Bell 1893 : Campbell / McMahon Division One 1894 : McMahon 1895 : J. Miller 1896 : Martin 1897 : Taylor 1898 : Hamilton 1899 : Hamilton 1900 : Hamilton / Michael 1901 : Hamilton 1902 : Maxwell 1903 : D. Reid 1904 : Hamilton 1905 : Hamilton / Quinn 1906 : Quinn 1907 : Quinn 1908 : Simpson 1909 : Hunter 1910 : Quinn 1911 : W. Reid 1912 : W. Reid 1913 : J. Reid 1914 : J. Reid 1915 : Gracie / Richardson 1916 : McColl 1917 : Yarnall 1918 : H. Ferguson 1919 : McLean 1920 : H. Ferguson 1921 : H. Ferguson 1922 : Walker 1923 : White 1924 : Halliday 1925 : Devlin 1926 : Devlin 1927 : McGrory 1928 : McGrory 1929 : Morrison 1930 : Yorston 1931 : Battles 1932 : MacFadyen 1933 : MacFadyen 1934 : Smith 1935 : Smith 1936 : McGrory 1937 : Wilson 1938 : Black 1939 : Venters Division A 1947 : Mitchell 1948 : Aikman 1949 : Stott 1950 : Bauld 1951 : Reilly 1952 : Reilly 1953 : Fleming / Reilly 1954 : Wardhaugh 1955 : Bauld 1956 : Wardhaugh Division One 1957 : Baird 1958 : Bauld / Murray 1959 : Baker 1960 : Baker 1961 : Harley 1962 : Gilzean 1963 : Millar 1964 : Gilzean 1965 : Forrest 1966 : A. Ferguson / McBride 1967 : Chalmers 1968 : Lennox 1969 : Cameron 1970 : Stein 1971 : Hood 1972 : Harper 1973 : Gordon 1974 : Deans 1975 : Gray / Pettigrew Premier Division 1976 : Dalglish 1977 : Pettigrew 1978 : Johnstone 1979 : Ritchie 1980 : Somner 1981 : McGarvey 1982 : McCluskey 1983 : Nicholas 1984 : McClair 1985 : McDougall 1986 : McCoist 1987 : McClair 1988 : Coyne 1989 : McGhee / Nicholas 1990 : Robertson 1991 : Coyne 1992 : McCoist 1993 : McCoist 1994 : Hateley 1995 : Coyne 1996 : Van Hooijdonk 1997 : Cadete 1998 : Negri SPL 1999 : Larsson 2000 : Viduka 2001 : Larsson 2002 : Larsson 2003 : Larsson 2004 : Larsson 2005 : Hartson 2006 : Boyd 2007 : Boyd 2008 : McDonald 2009 : Boyd 2010 : Boyd 2011 : K. Miller 2012 : Hooper 2013 : Higdon Premiership 2014 : Commons 2015 : Rooney 2016 : Griffiths 2017 : Boyce 2010 -- 11 PFA Scotland SPL Team of the Year GK : Allan McGregor DF : Mark Wilson DF : Marius Žaliūkas DF : Madjid Bougherra DF : Emilio Izaguirre MF : Steven Naismith MF : Beram Kayal MF : Alexei Eremenko FW : David Goodwillie FW : Conor Sammon FW : Gary Hooper 2011 -- 12 PFA Scotland SPL Team of the Year GK : Darren Randolph DF : Adam Matthews DF : Gavin Gunning DF : Charlie Mulgrew DF : Paul Dixon MF : James Forrest MF : Steven Davis MF : Gary Mackay - Steven FW : Johnny Russell FW : Jon Daly FW : Gary Hooper Scunthorpe United F.C. 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324306526915547021 | Abraham Benrubi | Abraham Benrubi - wikipedia Abraham Benrubi Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abraham Benrubi Abraham Benrubi at a 2012 NASA Social to preview the landing of the Curiosity rover . Abraham Rubin Hercules Benrubi ( 1969 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1969 ( age 48 ) Indianapolis , Indiana Other names Abraham Ben Rubi , Abe Benrubi Occupation Actor Years active 1990 -- present Website www.abrahambenrubi.net Abraham Rubin Hercules Benrubi ( born October 4 , 1969 ) is an American character actor known for his appearances as Jerry Markovic on the long - running U.S. TV drama ER , for his first role as Larry Kubiac on the series Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , Dennis in Without A Paddle and for his voice acting on the Adult Swim claymation series Robot Chicken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Benrubi was born in Indianapolis , Indiana , the eldest son of Patricia and Asher Benrubi , who was a rock singer and is currently a radio personality known as `` Smash '' to St. Louis radio audiences . His paternal grandfather was from a Greek - Jewish family . His paternal grandmother , who was born to a Greek Orthodox Christian family , helped shelter Jews in Greece during World War II and later converted to Judaism . Benrubi graduated from Broad Ripple High School in Indianapolis , the same high school alma mater of David Letterman and former New England Patriots star Rosevelt Colvin , also George Hill of the Cleveland Cavs Career ( edit ) Benrubi 's first major role was on the show Wings , as Roy `` R.J. '' Biggins , Jr. , Roy 's gay son . He would appear as R.J. twice : once during the show 's second season , and again during the seventh season , shortly after he began working on NBC 's ER . Between the first and second seasons of Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , Benrubi and co-star Taj Johnson worked as roadies for No Doubt 's first tour . Benrubi starred as one of the main characters in ABC 's show Men in Trees , playing bartender / millionaire Ben Tomasson . This was a role where he got noticeably more main dialog and depth than with his previous longtime characters on ER and Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , which primarily consisted of supporting dialog . Ben Tomasson was described as `` the cuddliest TV character since Jorge Garcia 's Hurley on Lost '' by TV - critic David Bianculli . Other previous work includes playing Mose in the 2003 western Open Range , a role the actor won because he had been cut out of director Kevin Costner 's previous film , The Postman . He frequently voices characters on Adult Swim 's stop - motion animation show Robot Chicken , and has also contributed to a second show from Chicken 's creators , Titan Maximum . Following the cancellation of Men In Trees in early 2007 , Benrubi returned to the cast of ER in late 2008 for the show 's final season . Benrubi played a young Dan Conner , the character portrayed by John Goodman , in a flashback episode of Roseanne . Benrubi starred in the short lived ( April 2010 to June 2010 ) ABC show , Happy Town where he played the part of Big Dave Duncan . Almost right after the series 's cancellation was announced he appeared in a new show Memphis Beat , where he plays the part of police Sgt . Jody `` JC '' Lightfoot , a desk sergeant that is 1 / 16 Chickasaw by a distant relative , but chooses to embrace Native American culture all the same . In May 2011 it was announced that he would star in Glutton , a `` 3D psychological thriller '' directed by David Arquette . Benrubi will play Jethro , a 1,200 - pound man , forced to save his sister 's life . Jethro 's sister is played by Patricia Arquette , while Kacey Barnfield also stars as his blind neighbour and only friend . Benrubi is a member of Los Angeles ' Sacred Fools Theater Company . Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Diving In as Rick Crossing the Bridge as Rinny The Shadow as Marine Guard The Program as `` Bud - Lite '' Kaminski Wagons East ! as Abe Ferguson George of the Jungle as Thor Talking Dessert Tempting Fate ( made - for - TV ) as John Bolladine Border To Border as Geddy Paretti I Woke Up Early the Day I Died Under Oath as Geoff Carmichael Out in Fifty Twister as Bubba The Man Who Was n't There as Young Man at Dance War Story as Erik Open Range as Mose Harrison The Rugrats Movie ( voice only ) as Serge Without a Paddle as Dennis Charlotte 's Web ( voice only ) as Uncle Wristcutters : A Love Story as Erik Venus and Vegas as Bruno Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous as Lou Steele Calvin Marshall as Coach Dewey Magic Island as Duckbone Bounty Killer as Jimbo A Night In Old Mexico ( 2013 ) as Big Rosco Hamill The Finest Hours ( 2016 film ) as George ' Tiny ' Myers The Belko Experiment as Chet Valincourt Like. Share. Follow . as Detective Yarden Little Boy as Teacup Television ( edit ) Wings as Roy `` R.J. '' Biggins , Jr . Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose as Francis Lawrence `` Larry '' Kubiac III Angel Street ( pilot episode ) Blossom as Francis Growing Pains as Really Big Kid Grace Under Fire as Mark Roseanne as Young Dan Conner ER as Jerry Markovic Sleepwalkers as Vince Konefke X-Files as Mike Raskub ( `` Arcadia '' ) Dark Angel as Break A Touch of Hope as Dr. Neil Bachman Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Olaf the Troll ( `` Triangle '' and `` Selfless '' ) Cold Feet ( Unaired NBC pilot ) Unscripted ( pilot episode ) as Himself Going to California as Harvey ( Benrubi was also cast in the unaired pilot shopped around to the WB , but was not cast when the show was green - lighted by Showtime ) Married ... with Children as Bundy Baby from Hell ( `` She 's Having a Baby , Pt 1 '' ) / Cousin Jimmy ( `` The Wedding Repercussions '' ) Criminal Minds as Frank Fielding Men In Trees as Ben Thomasson Robot Chicken ( voice only ) as Darth Vader , Optimus Prime , The Great Pumpkin , Ving Rhames , Dominic Toretto , Cyborg , Bowser , various characters Pizza Time as Bruno 1 % as Citizen Dave ( Unaired Pilot for an HBO series ) Happy Town as Big Dave Duncan ( 2010 ) Memphis Beatas Sgt . JC Lightfoot ( 2010 ) Bones as Willis ( 2012 ) Country Christmas as Santa Claus ( 2013 ) Once Upon a Time as Arlo the Giant ( 2013 ) The Bridge as DEA Agent Joe McKenzie ( 2014 ) Bosch ( Drama Series for Amazon ) as Rodney Belk ( 2014 ) Outcast as Caleb ( 2016 ) APB as Pete McCann ( The Blockhead ) ( 2017 ) Video games ( edit ) Diablo III : Reaper of Souls as Urzael the Harbinger of Death Heroes of the Storm as Diablo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abraham Benrubi Biography ( 1969 -- ) . Filmreference.com ( 1969 - 10 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rachel Benrubi , 86 ; family hid Jews in Greece during WWII -- St. Louis Jewish Light : Obituaries -- Rachel Benrubi , 86 ; family hid Jews in Greece during WWII : Obituaries . Stljewishlight.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Robert . ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) Those who aided Jews honored Many put their lives at stake to conceal Jews from Nazis during Holocaust . COMMMERATION . Stltoday.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ ' TREES ' : HECHE BRANCHES OUT . Alas , she 's left out on a limb Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , NY Daily News , Tuesday , September 12th 2006 Jump up ^ TNT -- We Know Drama . Tnt.tv . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Abraham Benrubi on IMDb Abraham Benrubi at AllMovie ISNI : 0000 0001 1682 0626 LCCN : no2004071583 VIAF : 86483428 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Benrubi&oldid=840929262 '' Categories : 1969 births American male film actors American male television actors American people of Greek - Jewish descent Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Indianapolis Male actors of Greek descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from March 2008 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2008 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2008 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2011 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 00 : 30 . 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1918349625566528130 | Vangelis | Vangelis - wikipedia Vangelis Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Vangelis '' , see Vangelis ( disambiguation ) . Vangelis Vangelis at the premiere of El Greco ( 2007 ) Background information Birth name Evanghelos Odysseas Papathanassiou ( 1943 - 03 - 29 ) 29 March 1943 ( age 74 ) Agria , Italian - occupied Greece Origin Volos , Greece Genres Electronic , progressive rock , classical , ambient Occupation ( s ) Composer , musician , record producer , arranger Instruments Piano , synthesizer , keyboards , Hammond organ , drums , percussion Labels Universal , RCA , Atlantic , Sony , Warner Bros. , Polydor , Deutsche Grammophon Associated acts Aphrodite 's Child , Jon & Vangelis , Demis Roussos Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou ( born 29 March 1943 ) , known professionally as Vangelis ( / væŋˈɡɛlɪs / ) , is a Greek composer of electronic , progressive , ambient , jazz , and orchestral music . He is best known for his Academy Award - winning score for the film Chariots of Fire , composing scores for the films Blade Runner , Missing , Antarctica , 1492 : Conquest of Paradise , and Alexander , and the use of his music in the PBS documentary Cosmos : A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan . After having taken piano lessons , Vangelis began his professional musical career working with several popular bands of the 1960s such as the Forminx and Aphrodite 's Child , with the latter 's album 666 going on to be recognized as a psychedelic classic . Throughout the 1970s , Vangelis composed music scores for several animal documentaries , including L'Apocalypse des Animaux , La Fête sauvage and Opéra sauvage ; the success of these scores brought him into the film scoring mainstream . In the early 1980s , Vangelis formed a musical partnership with Jon Anderson , the lead singer of progressive rock band Yes , and the duo went on to release several albums together as Jon & Vangelis . In 1981 , he composed the score for the Oscar - winning film Chariots of Fire , for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Score . The soundtrack 's single , the film 's `` Titles '' theme , also reached the top of the American Billboard Hot 100 chart and was used as the background music at the London 2012 Olympics winners ' medal presentation ceremonies . Vangelis also received acclaim for his synthesizer - based soundtrack for the 1982 film Blade Runner . Having had a career in music spanning over 50 years and having composed and performed more than 50 albums , Vangelis is considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of electronic music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Formative years 1.2 Work in Aphrodite 's Child and other bands 1.3 Early solo works 1.4 Solo career breakthrough 1.5 Notable film work 1.5. 1 Chariots of Fire 1.5. 2 Blade Runner 1.5. 3 1492 : Conquest of Paradise 1.6 Other works 1.6. 1 World and Olympic Games 1.7 2000s Mythodea , El Greco , Rosetta 2 Personal life 3 Musical style and compositional process 4 Honours and legacy 5 AFI 6 Discography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Biography ( edit ) Formative years ( edit ) Vangelis was born 29 March 1943 , in Agria , near Volos , Greece . Largely a self - taught musician , he reportedly began composing at the age of three . His earliest memory is `` playing piano , some percussion and whatever else that was available that made a noise . Right from the start , I was only interested in playing my own music '' . He refused to take traditional piano lessons , and throughout his career did not have substantial knowledge of reading or writing musical notation . When he was six , Vangelis 's parents enrolled him at a specialist music school in Athens . He recalls `` I was lucky not to go because music schools close doors rather than open them '' . He studied painting , an art he still practices , at the Athens School of Fine Arts . Vangelis said in an interview with Life , when asked about his lack of ability to read music : When the teachers asked me to play something , I would pretend that I was reading it and play from memory . I did n't fool them , but I did n't care . Work in Aphrodite 's Child and other bands ( edit ) When Vangelis was twelve years he became interested in jazz music , and with the social movement to rock and roll . At fifteen years old he started to form early school bands , not to cover other musicians , but to have fun , resulting in the early 1960s being one of the founders of pop rock group The Forminx ( or the Formynx ) , which became popular in Greece . Based in Athens , the five - piece band played a mixture of cover versions and their own material , the latter written mostly by Vangelis ( with lyrics by DJ and record producer Nico Mastorakis ) but still sung in English . The Forminx released nine hit singles and a Christmas EP before disbanding in 1966 at the peak of their success . A film being made about them at the time , which was initially directed by Theo Angelopoulos , was never fully completed , and the songs , composed for the movie , were never released . Vangelis spent the next two years mostly studio - bound , writing and producing for other Greek artists . Around the time of the student riots in 1968 , Vangelis founded progressive rock band Aphrodite 's Child together with Demis Roussos , Loukas Sideras , and Anargyros `` Silver '' Koulouris . After an unsuccessful attempt to enter the UK , they found a home in Paris where they recorded their first single , a hit across much of Europe called `` Rain and Tears '' . Other singles followed , including two albums , which , in total , sold over 20 million copies . The record sales led the record company to request a third album , and Vangelis went on to conceive the double - album 666 , based on Revelation , the last book in the Bible . It is often listed as one of the best progressive rock albums . One of the many remarkable features of this album is Irene Papas 's guest participation ( vocal on `` Infinity '' ) . Tensions between members during the recording of 666 eventually caused the split of the band in 1971 , but the album was still released in 1972 . Despite the split , Vangelis has since produced several albums and singles for Demis Roussos , who , in turn , contributed vocals to the Blade Runner soundtrack . He often recalls on music industry : I moved into the record industry . I was under the impression that in order to be alive and to be able to create what I had in mind I had to become successful . I realised that success and pure creativity are not very compatible ... Instead of being able to move forward freely and do what you really wish , you find yourself stuck and obliged to repeat yourself and your previous success . Early solo works ( edit ) While still in Aphrodite 's Child , Vangelis had already been involved in other projects . In the 1960s he scored music for three Greek films My Brother , the Traffic Policeman ( 1963 ) directed by Filippos Fylaktos , 5,000 Lies ( 1966 ) by Giorgos Konstantinou , To Prosopo tis Medousas ( 1967 ) by Nikos Koundouros . In 1970 composed the score for Sex - Power directed by Henry Chapier , as well again for Salut , Jerusalem ( 1972 ) and Amore ( 1974 ) . In 1971 , some jam sessions with a group of musicians in London had resulted in two albums ' worth of material , unofficially released without Vangelis ' permission in 1978 , titled Hypothesis and The Dragon . Vangelis succeeded in taking legal action to have them withdrawn . A more successful project was his scoring of wildlife documentary films in the early 1970s made by French filmmaker Frédéric Rossif . The first soundtrack L'Apocalypse des animaux was released in 1973 . In 1972 , the student riots of 1968 provided the inspiration for an album titled Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit ( Make Your Dream Last Longer Than the Night ) , comprising musical passages mixed with news snippets and protest songs ; some lyrics were based on graffiti daubed on walls during the riots . He also did music for the 1973 Henry Chapier film Amore . In 1973 Vangelis ' solo career began in earnest . His second solo album was Earth . It was a percussive - orientated album with Byzantine undertones . It featured a group of musicians including ex-Aphrodite's Child guitarist Silver Koulouris and also vocalist and songwriter Robert Fitoussi ( better known as F.R. David of `` Words '' fame ) . This line - up , later briefly going out under the name `` Odyssey '' , released a single in 1974 titled `` Who '' , but that was Vangelis ' last involvement with them . Later in 1974 , Vangelis was widely tipped to join another prog - rock band , Yes , following the departure of Rick Wakeman . After a couple of weeks of rehearsals Vangelis wavered on the option of joining Yes , and the band had to detour and hire Swiss keyboard player Patrick Moraz instead , who later joined the Moody Blues . Vangelis did , however , become friends with Yes ' lead vocalist Jon Anderson , and later worked with him on several occasions , including as the duo Jon & Vangelis . Solo career breakthrough ( edit ) After moving to London in 1975 , Vangelis signed with RCA Records , set up his own studio , Nemo Studios , and began recording a string of electronic albums , such as Heaven and Hell ( 1975 ) , Albedo 0.39 ( 1976 ) , Spiral ( 1977 ) , Beaubourg ( 1978 ) , and China ( 1979 ) . The Heaven and Hell was premiered at The Royal Albert Hall . Each of the albums had special thematic inspiration ; Heaven and Hell the homonymous mythological places , Albedo 0.39 the universe , Spiral the Tao philosophy , Beaubourg the visit to the Centre Georges Pompidou , while China the Chinese cultural and musical traditions . In 1977 was re-released ( originally released in 1975 ) the film score of Do You Hear the Dogs Barking ? directed by François Reichenbach . Vangelis also contributed as a producer and keyboard player to the album Phos , by the Greek rock band Socrates Drank the Conium ( later known simply as Socrates ) . In 1976 was released the second soundtrack for Rossif animal documentary , La Fête sauvage , which combined African rhythms with Western music . In 1979 was released the third score album for Rossif , Opéra sauvage . Almost as well known as L'Apocalypse des animaux , the resulting soundtrack would bring him to the attention of some of the world 's top filmmakers . The music itself would be re-used in other films ( most notably the track `` L'Enfant '' in The Year of Living Dangerously ( 1982 ) by Peter Weir ; the melody of same ( in marching band format ) can also be heard at the beginning of the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies scene in the film Chariots of Fire and television commercials ( the track `` Hymne '' , used in Barilla pasta commercials in Italy and Ernest & Julio Gallo wine ads in the US ) . They again collaborated for Sauvage et Beau ( 1984 ) , De Nuremburg à Nuremburg ( 1989 ) . In 1979 was released album Odes , which included Greek folk songs performed by Vangelis and actress Irene Papas . It was instant success in Greece . It was followed by second collaboration album Rapsodies in 1986 . In the 1980s were released five solo albums ; the experimental and satirical See You Later ( 1980 ) included `` Memories of Green '' which featured in the upcoming 1982 film Blade Runner ; Soil Festivities was thematically inspired by the interaction between nature and its microscopic living creatures ; Invisible Connections ( 1985 ) by the world of elementary particles invisible to the naked eye ; Mask ( 1985 ) by the theme of the mask , an obsolete artefact which was used in ancient times for concealment or amusement ; and Direct ( 1988 ) , the first album to be recorded in the post-Nemo Studios era . In the 1990s were also released five solo albums ; The City ( 1990 ) was recorded during his stay in Rome in 1989 , and reflected a day of bustling city life , from dawn until dusk ; Voices ( 1995 ) featured sensual songs filled with nocturnal orchestrations ; Oceanic ( 1996 ) thematically explored the mystery of underwater worlds and sea sailing ; two classical albums about El Greco - Foros Timis Ston Greco ( 1995 ) , which had limited release , and El Greco ( 1998 ) , which was an expansion of the former . Notable film work ( edit ) Chariots of Fire ( edit ) With the stars of the stage adaptation of Chariots of Fire at the Gielgud Theatre , July 2012 Main article : Chariots of Fire ( album ) In 1981 , Vangelis wrote the score for the film Chariots of Fire , set at the 1924 Summer Olympics . The choice of music was unorthodox as most period films featured traditional orchestral scores , whereas Vangelis ' music was modern and synthesizer - heavy . The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Vangelis won the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score . The opening theme of the film was released as a single in 1982 , topping the American Billboard chart for one week after climbing steadily for five months . It was used at the 1984 Winter Olympics . Vangelis commented that the `` main inspiration was the story itself . The rest I did instinctively , without thinking about anything else , other than to express my feelings with the technological means available to me at the time '' . Blade Runner ( edit ) Main article : Blade Runner ( soundtrack ) In 1982 , Vangelis collaborated with director Ridley Scott , to write the score for the science fiction film Blade Runner . Critics have written that capturing the isolation and melancholy of Harrison Ford 's character , Rick Deckard , the Vangelis score is as much a part of the dystopian environment as the decaying buildings and ever - present rain . The music score was nominated for a BAFTA and Golden Globe award . A disagreement led to Vangelis withholding permission for his performance of the music from Blade Runner to be released , and the studio instead hired a group of musicians dubbed `` The New American Orchestra '' to record the official LP released at the time . It took 12 years before the disagreement was resolved and Vangelis 's own work was released in the United States , in 1994 . The soundtrack was still incomplete , as the film contained some non-Vangelis tracks as well . Over the years a number of bootleg recordings of the Blade Runner soundtrack from unknown sources have been released , mostly targeted to collectors as `` private releases '' , that contain most of the music cues ( including the Ladd Company logo theme ) . An official three - disc box set was released in late 2007 to commemorate the film 's 25th anniversary : it contained the original 1994 album , a second disc containing some more of the missing music cues and a third disc of new Vangelis material inspired by Blade Runner . The 2007 release still lacks some incidental music , most notably the background music from the Taffey Lewis bar scene featuring vocals by Demis Roussos . A 35th anniversary LP of the original soundtrack was released on Record Store Day 2017 . 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( edit ) Main article : 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( album ) In 1992 , Paramount Pictures released the film 1492 : Conquest of Paradise , also directed by Ridley Scott , as a 500th anniversary commemoration of Christopher Columbus ' voyage to the New World . Vangelis 's score was nominated as `` Best Original Score -- Motion Picture '' at the 1993 Golden Globe awards , but was not nominated for an Academy Award . However , due to its success Vangelis won an Echo Award as `` International Artist Of The Year '' , and RTL Golden Lion Award for the `` Best Title Theme for a TV Film or a Series '' in 1996 . Other works ( edit ) Carl Sagan 's TV series Cosmos : A Personal Voyage ( 1980 ) , uses several pieces composed by Vangelis during the 1970s , including the series ' opening theme , Heaven and Hell 's 3rd movement . In 1986 , Vangelis was actively involved in the composition of new music for the special edition . Vangelis recalls he was sent by Sagan some sounds collected by satellites , which were exactly what he heard as a child . During 1980 , six years after Vangelis decided against joining Yes , he and Jon Anderson , the lead singer of Yes , released their first album together , Short Stories , under the band name of Jon & Vangelis . They would eventually go on to release three more afterwards ; The Friends of Mr Cairo , Private Collection and Page of Life released in 1981 , 1983 , and 1991 respectively . In 1981 wrote the score for Pablo Picasso Painter , the documentary by Frédéric Rossif . It was the third score by Vangelis as previous were scored for documentaries about Georges Mathieu and Georges Braque . In 1982 composed the film score of Missing directed by Costa - Gavras , and which was awarded Palme d'Or as well Vangelis was nominated in BAFTA Award for Best Film Music category . Other notable Vangelis film soundtracks were Antarctica for the film Nankyoku Monogatari in 1983 , one of the highest - grossing movies in Japan 's film history , and The Bounty in 1984 . Vangelis also collaborated in 1981 and 1986 with Italian singer Milva , achieving success especially in Germany with the albums Ich hab ' keine Angst and Geheimnisse ( I have no fear and Secrets ) . The Italian language Nana Mouskouri album also featured her singing Vangelis composition `` Ti Amerò '' . Collaboration numbers with lyricist Mikalis Bourboulis sung by Maria Farantouri included the tracks `` Odi A '' , `` San Elektra '' , and `` Tora Xero '' . In the early 1980s he also began composing for ballet and theatre stage plays . In 1983 Vangelis wrote the music for Michael Cacoyannis ' staging of the Greek tragedy Elektra which was performed with Irene Papas at the open - air amphitheater at Epidavros in Greece . The same year Vangelis composed his first score for a ballet by Wayne Eagling . It was originally performed by Lesley Colier and Wayne Eagling himself at an Amnesty International gala in Drury Lane , but in 1984 the Royal Ballet School presented it again at the Sadler 's Wells theatre . In 1985 and 1986 , Vangelis wrote music for two more ballets : `` Frankenstein -- Modern Prometheus '' and `` The Beauty and the Beast '' . In 1992 , Vangelis wrote the music for the Euripides play , Medea , that featured Irene Papas . In 2001 composed for the third play which starred Papas , and for The Tempest by Hungarian director György Schwajdas . Vangelis wrote the film score for the 1992 film Bitter Moon directed by Roman Polanski , and The Plague by film director Luis Puenzo . In the 90s , Vangelis scored a number of undersea documentaries for French ecologist and filmmaker , Jacques Cousteau , one of which was shown at the Earth Summit . The music score of the film Cavafy ( 1996 ) directed by Yannis Smaragdis , was awarded at the Flanders International Film Festival Ghent and Valencia International Film Festival World and Olympic Games ( edit ) The Sport Aid ( 1986 ) TV broadcast was set to music specially composed by Vangelis . He conceived and staged the ceremony of the 1997 World Championships in Athletics which were held in Greece . He also composed the music as well designed and directed the artistic Olympic flag relay portion , `` Handover to Athens '' , of the closing ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . While no official recording of Vangelis ' composition for the 2000 Sydney Games exists , the music can be heard accompanying the presentation of the emblem of the 2004 Athens Games . In 2002 , Vangelis created the official Anthem for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . His work from Chariots of Fire was heard during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony . 2000s Mythodea , El Greco , Rosetta ( edit ) Vangelis Papathanassiou , as an Honorary Doctor of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens In 2001 , Vangelis performed live and released choral symphony Mythodea , a predominantly orchestral rather than electronic piece that was originally written in 1993 , and used by NASA as the theme for the Mars Odyssey mission . In 2004 , Vangelis released the score for Oliver Stone 's Alexander , continuing his involvement with projects related to Greece . Vangelis released 2 albums in 2007 ; the first was a 3 - CD set for the 25th anniversary of Blade Runner , titled Blade Runner Trilogy and second was the soundtrack for the Greek movie , El Greco directed by Yannis Smaragdis , titled El Greco Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . On 11 December 2011 , Vangelis was invited by Katara 's Cultural Village in the state of Qatar to conceive , design , direct , and compose music for the opening of its world - class outdoor amphitheater . The event was witnessed by a number of world leaders and dignitaries participating in the 4th Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations held in the city of Doha . British actor Jeremy Irons performed in the role of ceremony master , and the event featured a light show by German artist Gert Hof . It was filmed for a future video release by Oscar - winning British filmmaker Hugh Hudson . In 2012 , Vangelis re-tooled and added new pieces to his iconic Chariots of Fire soundtrack , for use in the same - titled stage adaptation . He composed the soundtrack of the environmental documentary film Trashed ( 2012 ) directed by Candida Brady , in which starred Jeremy Irons , as well scored the music for the film Twilight of Shadows ( 2014 ) directed by Mohammed Lakhdar - Hamina . In 2013 was released documentary film Vangelis And The Journey to Ithaka . For the 12 November 2014 landing of the Philae lander on Comet 67P ( part of the European Space Agency 's Rosetta mission ) , Vangelis composed three short pieces titled `` Arrival '' , `` Rosetta 's Waltz '' , and `` Philae 's Journey '' . The pieces were released online as videos accompanied by images and animations from the Rosetta mission . He was quoted by ESA as saying , `` Mythology , science and space exploration are subjects that have fascinated me since my early childhood . And they were always connected somehow with the music I write '' . In September 2016 , the works were released as part of the new studio album Rosetta . Personal life ( edit ) For an artist of his stature , very little is known about Vangelis ' personal life and he rarely gives official interviews to journalists . However , in a 2005 interview with The Daily Telegraph , Vangelis talked openly about various parts of his life . He stated in the interview that he was `` never interested '' in the `` decadent lifestyle '' of his band days , choosing not to use alcohol or other drugs . At the time of the Telegraph interview , Vangelis was involved in his third long - term relationship . When asked why he had not had children , Vangelis replied : ... Because of the amount of travelling I do and the nonsense of the music business , I could n't take care of a child in the way I think it should be taken care of . It is not publicly known where Vangelis generally resides ; he has stated that he `` travels around '' , rather than settling down in one specific place or country for long periods of time . As a hobby , Vangelis enjoys painting ; his first art exhibition of 70 paintings was held at Almudin in Valencia , Spain in 2003 and then toured South America until the end of 2004 . Excerpts from other interviews mention that Vangelis has been married twice before . In a 1976 interview with Dutch music magazine Oor , the author wrote that Vangelis had a wife named Veronique Skawinska , a photographer who had done some album art work for Vangelis . An interview in 1982 with Backstage music magazine suggests that Vangelis had previously been married to a singer named Vana Verouti , who had performed vocals on some of his records , performing for the first time with him on La Fête sauvage and later on Heaven and Hell . Musical style and compositional process ( edit ) The musical style of Vangelis is diverse ; although he primarily uses electronic music instruments , which characterize electronic music , his music has been described as a mixture of electronica , classical ( his music is often symphonic ) , progressive rock , jazz ( improvisations ) , ambient , avant - garde / experimental , world , and new - age . Vangelis is often categorized as a New - age composer , but some consider it an erroneous classification . Vangelis considers it a style which `` gave the opportunity for untalented people to make very boring music '' . As a musician who has always composed and played primarily on keyboards , Vangelis relies heavily on synthesizers and other electronic approaches to music . However , he also plays and uses many acoustic instruments ( including folk ) and choirs : I do n't always play synthesizers . I play acoustic instruments with the same pleasure . I 'm happy when I have unlimited choice ; in order to do that , you need everything from simple acoustic sounds to electronic sounds . Sound is sound and vibration is vibration , whether from an electronic source or an acoustic instrument . Synthtopia , an electronic music review website , stated that Vangelis ' music could be referred to as `` symphonic electronica '' because of his use of synthesizers in an orchestral fashion . The site went on to describe his music as melodic : `` drawing on the melodies of folk music , especially the Greek music of his homeland '' . Vangelis ' music and compositions have also been described as `` ... a distinctive sound with simple , repetitive yet memorable tunes against evocative rhythms and chord progressions . '' His first electric instrument was a Hammond B3 organ , while first synthesizer a Korg 700 monophonic . He has often used vibrato on his synthesizers , which was carried out in a distinctive way on his Yamaha CS - 80 polyphonic synthesizer -- varying the pressure exerted on the key to produce the expressive vibrato sound . In a 1984 interview Vangelis described the CS - 80 as `` The most important synthesizer in my career -- and for me the best analogue synthesizer design there has ever been . '' In an interview with Soundtrack , a music and film website , Vangelis talked about his compositional processes . For films , Vangelis stated that he would begin composing a score for a feature as soon as he sees a rough cut of the footage . In addition to working with synthesizers and other electronic instruments , Vangelis also works with and conducts orchestras . For example , in the Oliver Stone film Alexander , Vangelis conducted an orchestra that consisted of various classical instruments including sitars , percussion , finger cymbals , harps , and duduks . Vangelis uses a technique of recording all tracks simultaneously on tape , using a Zyklus MIDI Performance System . He named the album Direct after the successor to the Zyklus was specially manufactured for him by the Zyklus MPS designers , Bill Marshall , Pete Kellock , and Mike Crisp . He explains his customary method of approach . As soon as the musical idea is there , as many keyboards as possible are connected to the control - desk , which in turn are directly connected to the applicable tracks of the multi-track machine . The idea now is to play as many keyboards as possible at the same time . That way , as broad a basis as possible develops , which only needs fine - tuning . After that it 's a question of adding things or leaving out things . Vangelis once used digital sampling keyboard E-mu Emulator , and tried to use computer software for recording , but concluded its `` the worst thing that has happened for the performing musician '' . He deems it `` insufficient and slow '' for immediate and spontaneous creation and all his efforts `` are to stay away from that beast '' . He considers that the contemporary civilization is living in a cultural `` dark age '' of `` musical pollution '' . He considers musical composing a science rather than an art , similar to Pythagoreanism . He has a mystical viewpoint on music as `` one of the greatest forces in the universe '' , that the `` music exists before we exist '' . Some consider that his experience of music is a kind of synaesthesia . Honours and legacy ( edit ) In 1989 he received the Max Steiner Award . France made Vangelis a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in 1992 and promoted him to Commander in 2017 , as well Chevalier de la Legion d ' Honneur in 2001 . In 1993 he received the music award Apollo by Friends of the Athens National Opera Society . In 1995 , Vangelis had a minor planet named after him ( 6354 Vangelis ) by the International Astronomical Union 's Minor Planet Center ( MPC ) at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ; the name was proposed by the MPC 's co-director , Gareth V. Williams , rather than by the object 's original discoverer , Eugène Joseph Delporte , who died in 1955 , long before the 1934 discovery could be confirmed by observations made in 1990 . In 1996 and 1997 was awarded at World Music Awards . NASA conferred their Public Service Medal to Vangelis in 2003 . The award is the highest honour the space agency presents to an individual not involved with the American government . Five years later , in 2008 , the board of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens voted to make Vangelis an Honorary Doctor , making him Professor Emeritus at their Faculty of Primary Education . In June 2008 , the American Hellenic Institute honoured Vangelis with an AHI Hellenic Heritage Achievement Award for his `` exceptional artistic achievements '' as a pioneer in electronic music and for his lifelong dedication to the promotion of Hellenism through the arts . On 16 September 2013 , he received the honour of appearing on the Greek 80 cent postage stamp , as part of a series of six distinguished living personalities of the Greek Diaspora . Afi ( edit ) The American Film Institute nominated Vangelis ' scores for Blade Runner and Chariots of Fire for their list of the 250 greatest film scores . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Vangelis discography ( 1970 ) Sex Power ( Soundtrack ) ( 1972 ) Fais Que Ton Rêve Soit Plus Long Que la Nuit ( Poéme Symphonique ) ( 1973 ) L'Apocalypse des Animaux ( Soundtrack ) ( 1973 ) Earth ( 1975 ) Ignacio -- Do You Hear the Dogs Barking ( Soundtrack ) ( 1975 ) Heaven and Hell ( 1976 ) La Fête Sauvage ( Soundtrack ) ( 1976 ) Albedo 0.39 ( 1977 ) Spiral ( 1978 ) Beaubourg ( 1978 ) Hypothesis ( unofficial ) ( 1978 ) The Dragon ( unofficial ) ( 1979 ) China ( 1979 ) Opera Sauvage ( Soundtrack ) ( 1980 ) See You Later ( 1981 ) Chariots of Fire ( Soundtrack ) ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( Soundtrack ) ( 1983 ) Antarctica ( Soundtrack ) ( 1984 ) Soil Festivities ( 1985 ) Mask ( 1985 ) Invisible Connections ( 1988 ) Direct ( 1990 ) The City ( 1992 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( Soundtrack ) ( 1995 ) Foros Timis Ston Greco ( 1995 ) Voices ( 1996 ) Oceanic ( 1998 ) El Greco ( 2001 ) Mythodea -- Music for the NASA Mission : 2001 Mars Odyssey ( 2004 ) Alexander ( Soundtrack ) ( 2007 ) Blade Runner Trilogy : 25th Anniversary ( Soundtrack ) ( 2007 ) El Greco : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2012 ) Chariots of Fire -- The Play : Music From The Stage Show ( 2016 ) Rosetta See also ( edit ) 20th century classical music Electronic music Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greek : Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου , IPA : ( evˈaɲɟelos oðiˈseas papaθanaˈsiu ) Jump up ^ Vangelis ( Greek : Βαγγέλης , IPA : ( vaɲˈɟelis ) ) is a Greek diminutive of Evangelos . Jump up ^ He pronounces his own name as / væŋˈɡɛlɪs / in English , but it is also heard as / vænˈdʒɛlɪs / . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas S. Hischak ( 2015 ) . The Encyclopedia of Film Composers . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 386 -- 388 . ISBN 9781442245501 . Jump up ^ `` Prog Reviews review of 666 '' . Ground & Sky . 5 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Culshaw ( 6 January 2005 ) . `` My Greek odyssey with Alexander '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny . `` Vangelis Biography '' . All Music . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vangelis And The Journey to Ithaka Documentary Now Available '' . Synthtopia. 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Goldstein ( November 1984 ) , `` Soil Festivities Vangelis Speaks '' , Electronics & Music Maker , retrieved 22 August 2016 ^ Jump up to : Musician Guide biog Retrieved 20 August 2008 Jump up ^ Clipper Ships website Retrieved 20 August 2008 Jump up ^ Yves Bigot ( January 1984 ) . `` Vangelis analyses his syntheses '' . Guitare & Claviers . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Lake ( 10 August 1974 ) . `` Greek Group : Vangelis Papathanassiou is one of those rare rock characters - an eccentric . Will this ex-keyboard player of Aphrodite 's Child join Yes ? Steve Lake meets the man himself '' . Melody Makes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Forminx '' . Vangelis Movements . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Blue Point Retrieved 11 October 2008 Jump up ^ Prog Archives bio of AC Retrieved 21 August 2008 ^ Jump up to : Elsewhere Oor Retrieved 12 October ^ Jump up to : Allegra Donn ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` Vangelis : why Chariots of Fire 's message is still important today '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : John Schaefer ( June 1985 ) . `` New Sounds '' . Spin . Vol. 1 no . 2 . p. 49 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 1 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Album review Retrieved 20 August 2008 Jump up ^ Groove NL reviews Retrieved 2 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` New On The Charts - Jon and Vangelis '' . Billboard. 92 ( 35 ) : 31 . 30 August 1980 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Alt. music FAQ Yes Retrieved 2 September 2008 Jump up ^ Nemo Studios Retrieved 7 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 2 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 3 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sound on Sound article Retrieved 2 September 2008 Jump up ^ MD Socrates album review Retrieved 11 October 2008 Jump up ^ All Music review of Opera . Retrieved 2 September 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 8 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 7 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 9 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 4 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 11 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 12 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ AMG review of Chariots of Fire Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Vangelis ' Blade Runner film score Retrieved 12 February 2012 Jump up ^ Synthtopia BR review Retrieved 27 November 2008 ^ Jump up to : Intuitive Music -- Vangelis biog . Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Answers.com review Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Play.com BR Tri . Product page Retrieved 20 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` RSD ' 17 Special Release : Vangelis - Blade Runner Original Soundtrack '' . recordstoreday.com . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 1492 : Conquest of Paradise soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com Retrieved 25 September 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Vangelis Papathanassiou by Gus Leous '' . Newsfinder.Org. 7 March 2003 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 5 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 6 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 10 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Conolly discography of J&V Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Dennis Lodewijks . `` Elsewhere : Other Music '' . elsew.com . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 13 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Retrieved 13 April 2012 Jump up ^ Proggnosis Web - site Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Myles Garcia ( 2014 ) . Secrets of the Olympic Ceremonies . eBookIt . ISBN 9781456608088 . Jump up ^ Prog archives single Retrieved 26 September 2008 Jump up ^ Sophia Heath ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics : the full musical playlist for the Olympic opening ceremony '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Tracksounds Review Retrieved 26 September 2008 Jump up ^ Synthtopia Review of Alex . S.T. Retrieved 26 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 15 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Synthopia Trilogy Preview Retrieved 26 September 2008 Jump up ^ Elsewhere albums page Retrieved 26 September 2008 Jump up ^ Peter Townson ( 13 December 2011 ) . `` Cultural village amphitheatre opens with inspiring concert '' . Gulf Times . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Jasper Rees ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` Chariots of Fire : The British are coming ... again '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Leo Hickman ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Jeremy Irons talks trash for his new environmental documentary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Alejandro Clavijo ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Vangelis compone la banda sonora de la última película del director argelino Mohammed Lakhdar - Hamina '' . Reviews New Age . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Claudia ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Music Of The Irregular Spheres '' . European Space Agency . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rosetta CD '' . uDiscover . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nemo : Vangelis - chapter 14 '' . nemostudios.co.uk . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vangelis Paintings '' . Vangelis Movements . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Vangelis collector Telegraph interview Retrieved 12 October 2008 Jump up ^ Elsewhere Backstage Retrieved 12 October 2008 Jump up ^ According to the Vangelis Movements website not mentioning marriage to Vana , she is reported to have played again recently ( 2012 ) . This website refer 's to Vana 's own website , and includes images of Vangelis and Vana together . Jump up ^ `` Rediscover Vangelis ' ' See You Later ' '' . uDiscover. 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mike G. `` Vangelis '' . Ambient Music Guide . Mike Watson aka Mike G. Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ambient In 20 Songs '' . uDiscover. 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Orme ( 7 February 2008 ) . `` Blade Runner Trilogy : 25th Anniversary '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rediscover China '' . uDiscover. 30 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nemo Studios : Portrait of a studio '' . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Vangelis '' . Synthtopia. 17 January 2004 . Retrieved 6 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Mfiles biog . Retrieved 6 October 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.nemostudios.co.uk/vangelis/interviews/emm/emm.htm Jump up ^ Soundtrack Interview Retrieved 6 October 2008 Jump up ^ MFTM review of Alexander Retrieved 6 October 2008 Archived 19 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Groove article Retrieved 22 December 2008 Jump up ^ Sequencer occult : Zyklus and Direct Sequencer Retrieved 18 October 2009 Jump up ^ Vangelis interview to Music Maker magazine , September 1982 Retrieved 20 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Greek composer Vangelis says music shaped space '' . CNN . 4 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vangelis is `` Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres '' ( Commander in the Order of Arts and Letters ) `` . http://mounarebeiz.com. 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alexander the Great website Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Jacqueline A. Schaap ( 21 June 2004 ) . `` Vangelis copyright BUMA and STEMRA '' ( PDF ) . Commission of the European Communities . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Minor Planet Center web - site with info about the planet Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Sonic State bio of Vangelis Retrieved 25 September 2008 Jump up ^ Elsew web - site Retrieved 20 August 2008 Jump up ^ American Hellenic website Retrieved 22 February 2009 Jump up ^ Papantoniou , Margarita ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Six Greek Diaspora Personalities on Postal Stamps GreekReporter.com '' . Greece.greekreporter.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Ballot External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Vangelis Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vangelis . Vangelis on IMDb Independent Vangelis Site Vangelis ' Movements Vangelis Collector Vangelis ' Nemo Studios Vangelis History Interview with Vangelis from Den of Geek Interview with Vangelis on composing Chariots of Fire from BBC Four 's Sound of Cinema Vangelis Studio albums Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit Earth Heaven and Hell Albedo 0.39 Spiral Beaubourg Hypothesis The Dragon China See You Later Soil Festivities Mask Invisible Connections Direct The City Foros Timis Ston Greco Voices Oceanic El Greco Mythodea Rosetta Soundtracks L'Apocalypse des animaux Entends - tu les chiens aboyer ? La Fête sauvage Opéra sauvage Chariots of Fire Antarctica Conquest of Paradise Blade Runner Alexander Blade Runner Trilogy . 25th Anniversary El Greco Chariots of Fire : The Play Compilations Themes Portraits ( So Long Ago , So Clear ) Reprise 1990 -- 1999 Odyssey : The Definitive Collection The Collection Jon and Vangelis Short Stories The Friends of Mr Cairo Private Collection Page of Life The Best of Jon and Vangelis Chronicles Songs `` Chariots of Fire -- Titles '' `` I 'll Find My Way Home '' `` State of Independence '' `` Conquest of Paradise '' `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Official Anthem '' Other Collaborations Odes Rapsodies Related Vangelis discography Aphrodite 's Child Electronic music Aphrodite 's Child Vangelis Papathanassiou Demis Roussos Loukas Sideras Silver Koulouris Studio albums End of the World It 's Five O'Clock 666 Singles `` Rain and Tears '' `` It 's Five O'Clock '' Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers ( 1934 ) Max Steiner ( 1935 ) Leo F. Forbstein ( 1936 ) Charles Previn ( 1937 ) Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman ( 1938 ) Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman , W. Franke Harling , John Leipold , Leo Shuken ( 1939 ) 1940s Leigh Harline , Paul J. Smith , Ned Washington / Alfred Newman ( 1940 ) Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace ( 1941 ) Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld ( 1942 ) Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf ( 1943 ) Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon ( 1944 ) Miklós Rózsa / Georgie Stoll ( 1945 ) Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff ( 1946 ) Miklós Rózsa / Alfred Newman ( 1947 ) Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens ( 1948 ) Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton ( 1949 ) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens ( 1950 ) Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin ( 1951 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman ( 1952 ) Bronisław Kaper / Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin ( 1954 ) Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett , Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch ( 1955 ) Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1956 ) Malcolm Arnold ( 1957 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn ( 1958 ) Miklós Rózsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby ( 1959 ) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman ( 1960 ) Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal ( 1961 ) Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf ( 1962 ) John Addison / Andre Previn ( 1963 ) Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn ( 1964 ) Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal ( 1965 ) John Barry / Ken Thorne ( 1966 ) Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1967 ) John Barry / Johnny Green ( 1968 ) Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman ( 1969 ) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand / John Williams ( 1971 ) Charlie Chaplin , Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns ( 1972 ) Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle ( 1974 ) John Williams / Leonard Rosenman ( 1975 ) Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman ( 1976 ) John Williams / Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 ) Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti ( 1978 ) Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns ( 1979 ) 1980s Michael Gore ( 1980 ) Vangelis ( 1981 ) John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse ( 1982 ) Bill Conti / Michel Legrand , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1983 ) Maurice Jarre / Prince ( 1984 ) John Barry ( 1985 ) Herbie Hancock ( 1986 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto , David Byrne and Cong Su ( 1987 ) Dave Grusin ( 1988 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s John Barry ( 1990 ) Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Alan Menken ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) Luis Enríquez Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman ( 1996 ) James Horner / Anne Dudley ( 1997 ) Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck ( 1998 ) John Corigliano ( 1999 ) 2000s Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek ( 2004 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Georges Delerue Award Daniel Schmid ( BMD ) ( 1985 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( BUEM ) ( 1985 ) Ry Cooder ( BOM ) ( 1986 ) Pirjo Honkasalo and Pekka Lehto ( BAM ) ( 1986 ) Benoît Lamy ( 1987 ) Astor Piazzolla ( 1988 ) Tôru Takemitsu ( 1989 ) Michael Haneke ( BUMF ) ( 1989 ) Michael Kamen ( 1990 ) Rachid Bouchareb ( 1991 ) David Robbins ( 1992 ) Hou Hsiao - hsien ( 1993 ) Frédéric Devreese ( 1994 ) Tôn - Thất Tiết ( 1995 ) Bruno Coulais ( 1996 ) Vangelis ( 1997 ) Simon Fisher Turner ( 1998 ) Rachel Portman ( 1999 ) Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Vladimír Godár ( 2001 ) Howard Shore ( 2002 ) Zygmunt Konieczny ( 2003 ) Miguel Miranda and José Tobar ( 2004 ) Stephen Warbeck ( 2005 ) Tony Gatlif and Delphine Mantoulet ( 2006 ) Benny Andersson ( 2007 ) Tolib Shakhidi ( 2008 ) Nathan Larson ( 2009 ) Hong - jip Kim ( 2010 ) Evgueni and Sacha Galperine ( 2011 ) Olivier Assayas ( 2012 ) Lim Giong ( 2013 ) Boris Debackere ( 2014 ) Johnnie Burn ( 2015 ) Johnny Jewel ( 2016 ) VIAF : 64193360 LCCN : n80080556 ISNI : 0000 0001 0909 4902 GND : 134545338 SUDOC : 080493203 BNF : cb13900723q ( data ) BIBSYS : 62952 MusicBrainz : 57fca0e2 - f9ad - 4ae6 - af9d - 6a6f50cbcd5f NKC : js20020408004 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 088657 BNE : XX845254 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vangelis&oldid=811571261 '' Categories : Vangelis 1943 births 20th - century classical composers 21st - century classical composers Ambient musicians Atlantic Records artists Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Deutsche Grammophon artists Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece Greek classical composers Greek electronic musicians Greek film score composers Georges Delerue Award winners Greek keyboardists Greek record producers Living people Male classical composers Male film score composers New - age composers New - age synthesizer players People from Volos Polydor Records artists Windham Hill Records artists Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 14 : 02 . 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-7827644773192570374 | The Originals (TV series) | The Originals ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Originals ( TV series ) The Originals Genre Horror Fantasy Supernatural Created by Julie Plec Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Claire Holt Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Daniella Pineda Leah Pipes Danielle Campbell Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Danielle Rose Russell Steven Krueger Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 92 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Julie Plec Michael Narducci ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Leslie Morgenstein Gina Girolamo Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) My So - Called Company Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) -- August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Related shows The Vampire Diaries Legacies External links Website The Originals is an American television series that began airing on The CW on October 3 , 2013 . Created as a spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series follows vampire - werewolf hybrid Klaus Mikaelson as he and his family become embroiled in the supernatural politics of New Orleans . On May 10 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced by series creator Julie Plec ahead of Comic Con that the series ' fifth season would be its last . The final season debuted on April 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 The Originals : The Awakening 7 Novels 8 Spin - off 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The Originals , a spin - off from The Vampire Diaries , centers around three of the Mikaelson siblings : Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) . The Mikaelson family is called `` the Originals '' as they are the first vampires to ever exist . Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson is a descendant of a witch and a werewolf , and his quest to unleash his hybrid nature was detailed in The Vampire Diaries . The backdoor pilot , which aired on April 25 , 2013 , also revealed that the werewolf Hayley ( Phoebe Tonkin ) is pregnant with Klaus 's child . The series begins with the Original siblings returning to the city of New Orleans for the first time since 1919 , where a pregnant Hayley has also settled . Having originally built the city , they had been forced to abandon it when fleeing from their vengeful father . In their absence , Klaus 's protégé , Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) , took charge of the city . Klaus resolves that they must take down Marcel and get back the city that once belonged to them . While doing that they must also protect their city from a war brewing between vampires , werewolves , and witches . Over time , new and old friendships are formed , love is in the air , death surrounds them , and the Originals learn more about their own family past . The first season describes how Klaus 's mystical child is going to be born and speaks of the threats that the Originals together must keep her safe from . The second season deals with the return of Klaus and his siblings ' parents , and the arrival of an aunt who threatens the baby 's life . The third season shows the Mikaelsons facing both a prophecy that speaks of their downfall , and the first - sired vampires who have wanted revenge for a millennium . The fourth season jumps ahead five years , with the Mikaelsons returning to New Orleans and having to face a reawakened ancient menace set on destroying anything in its path . The fifth and final season of the series takes place seven years after the fourth season , with Hope now being a teenager at a school for supernatural children , the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals characters Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson : The self - proclaimed King of New Orleans and the Original Hybrid : half - Original Vampire and half - werewolf . As the son of a witch and a werewolf plus being a vampire by magic , Klaus is one of the most ruthless and feared supernatural beings in history but also has a soft spot for his family . He is the father of Hayley 's daughter , Hope , and is the adoptive father of Marcel , also his former protégé . He eventually develops feelings for Cami . Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson : An Original Vampire and Klaus 's older maternal half - brother . He is shown to be extremely suave , always sporting a suit , and relatively level - headed compared to Klaus 's more heated tendencies . He harbors romantic affections for Hayley . Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson ( main season 1 ; special guest star season 2 -- 5 ) : An Original Vampire and Klaus 's younger maternal half - sister . She is Klaus 's favorite and the youngest of the Mikaelson siblings after the death of Henrik . At one time , she was in a romantic relationship with Marcel . Despite her unwavering love for her family , she desires to find love and start a family of her own , which is complicated by her family name and vampire status . She eventually leaves New Orleans to pursue a simpler life outside of her family . Holt departs the main cast near the end of season 1 , but has guest starred sporadically in every season since . Maisie Richardson - Sellers portrayed Rebekah during the second half of season 2 and one episode of season 3 , when Rebekah possessed witch Eva Sinclair 's body . Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall : Originally a werewolf , later hybrid , who conceived a daughter with Klaus named Hope . She is revealed to be the long - lost Alpha of her werewolf bloodline . Later , she rises to become the Alpha of the entire Crescent pack when the Alphas of all the other bloodlines bow down before her . She is initially reluctant to be involved with the Mikaelsons , but is eventually accepted into the family and accepts them in return . She reciprocates Elijah 's romantic feelings , but marries Jackson Kenner in order to unite their packs . Charles Michael Davis as Marcel Gerard : A vampire , now enhanced Original Vampire , and former slave . He was turned by Klaus , his adoptive father and former mentor . He has a romantic past with both Rebekah and Cami . His relationship with the Mikaelsons is complicated as a result of his history with them as well as philosophical differences . They are often adversarial as Klaus and Marcel constantly struggle for power over New Orleans . He rescues Davina from being sacrificed and takes her under his wing as his adoptive daughter . Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux ( main season 1 ) : A powerful witch of the French Quarter . Leah Pipes as Camille O'Connell ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest star season 4 -- 5 ) : A human therapist for Klaus whom he is later affectionate toward , though she was briefly romantically involved with Marcel . Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest star season 4 -- 5 ) : A powerful young witch and Marcel 's adoptive daughter who becomes Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans . She does n't much care for the Mikaelsons and seeks to destroy them with Marcel 's help , until she unknowingly falls in love with one . Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith ( guest star season 1 ; main season 2 -- 5 ) : A witch once possessed by Finn , the eldest brother among the Mikaelson siblings . He is the ex-husband of Eva Sinclair , the witch Rebekah possessed . He succeeds Davina as Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans . Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson ( recurring season 2 ; main season 3 -- 5 ) : Klaus 's long - lost maternal older half - sister , Freya is an immensely powerful and skilled thousand - year - old witch , former immortal , and the eldest of the Mikaelson siblings . Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson ( main season 5 ) , the teen - aged daughter of Klaus and Hayley , and who is an extremely powerful supernatural being as she holds the three-fold lineage of vampire , werewolf , and witch . Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza ( recurring seasons 1 -- 4 ; main season 5 ) , a visitor to New Orleans who is soon turned into a vampire . He befriends Davina , and later serves as Marcel 's lieutenant . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 5 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Production ( edit ) On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a backdoor pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus and titled The Originals would air sometime in April for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . On April 26 , 2013 , The Originals was confirmed for a full series . This second spin - off attempt will be overseen by Julie Plec , with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . The Originals was officially picked up by The CW on April 26 , 2013 , for the 2013 -- 14 season . Season one of The Originals was set to premiere on Tuesday , October 15 . However , on July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that the series premiere would instead air on October 3 , 2013 , following the fifth - season premiere of The Vampire Diaries in order to attract fans of the series . On October 10 , 2013 , the CW ordered three additional scripts for the series . On November 11 , 2013 , the CW decided to order a full season for The Originals . Following her March 11 episode Claire Holt left the main cast . Holt confirmed that she will be returning to the show , but she needs to spend time with her family first . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2.21 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 1.76 2013 -- 14 149 2.61 1.6 / 4 Monday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 1.37 May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.19 2014 -- 15 172 1.81 0.9 / 3 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 9 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 0.89 May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 0.85 2015 -- 16 181 1.44 0.6 / 2 Friday 8 : 00 pm 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.05 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 0.80 2016 -- 17 TBD TBD TBD 5 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 0.97 August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 0.86 2017 -- 18 188 1.36 0.6 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Refs 2014 Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Single - Camera Series Colleen Labaff , Kimberley Spiteri Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New Series Joseph Morgan Won Favorite New TV Drama The Originals Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Claire Holt Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Liplock Joseph Morgan & Leah Pipes Nominated Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2018 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Commercial Television Kurt Jones ( Episode : `` Bag of Cobras '' ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series The Originals Nominated Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated The Originals : the Awakening ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes § The Originals : The Awakening The Originals : The Awakening is a webseries . The series explores the character Kol Mikaelson and his relationships with his siblings . Flashing back to 1914 , Kol is on a quest to form an alliance with the witches of the French Quarter . Awakening gives answers to some questions about Kol 's past , including the origins of his rivalry with his family and the unique backstory he has with the New Orleans witches . Each webisode is approximately two minutes long . Novels ( edit ) On January 27 , 2015 , the first book in a series of novels based on the show was released . The Rise , The Loss , and The Resurrection make up the three novels in The Originals series written by Julie Plec . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Legacies ( TV series ) In August 2017 , it was announced that a spin - off focusing on Hope Mikaelson , the daughter of Klaus and Hayley , was in development . Julie Plec , co-creator of The Vampire Diaries and creator of The Originals , wrote the script and is credited with creating the series . In January 2018 , it was revealed that filming for the pilot would go into production in the second quarter of 2018 . It was announced in March 2018 that the spin - off was in fact ordered to pilot , but instead of a traditional pilot , Plec would be delivering a fifteen - minute pilot presentation of the series to The CW . It was also announced that The Vampire Diaries veteran Matt Davis would star in the project along with Aria Shahghasemi , Quincy Fouse , Jenny Boyd , and Kaylee Bryant . Shahghasemi will debut in the fifth season of The Originals as Hope 's friend Landon . On May 11 , 2018 , it was announced that the spin - off , titled Legacies , was ordered to series for the 2018 -- 19 season . The show will center around `` a 17 - year - old Hope , along with Alaric 's twin daughters , and other young witches , vampires , and werewolves '' as they come of age at the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' & ' iZombie ' Renewed By The CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' to End After Season 5 on The CW '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ julieplec ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` An announcement ... # TheOriginals '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The CW Midseason Schedule Update '' . The Futon Critic . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 Promo Features ( Spoiler ) 's Shocking ' Return ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Campbell Is Returning to The Originals For a Visit '' . E ! Online . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Philiana Ng ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Shows Renewed 2013 -- ' Hart of Dixie , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Kenneally ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` The CW sets fall premieres : ' Tomorrow People , ' ' The Originals ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Additional Scripts for The Originals , Tomorrow People and Reign '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` CW Gives Full - Season Orders To Freshman Series ' The Originals ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Reign ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Claire Holt Quits ' The Originals ' -- Rebekah 's Last Episode Season 1 - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals at PaleyFest : The Cast Talks Elijah 's Undoing , Klaroline , Whether Rebekah Will Return , and More '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' finale adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Masters of Illusion ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations '' . Emmy Awards . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Allison ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual ASC Awards - February 17 . 2018 '' . American Society of Cinematographers . February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals : The Rise : Julie Plec : 9780373788897 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Originals Series '' . barnesandnoble.com . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , August 2 '' . The Futon Critic . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ducote , Jonathan . `` The Originals Spinoff - Ordered to Pilot ? '' . The TV Ratings Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' TVD / The Originals ' Universe Spinoff : Matt Davis & Danielle Rose Russell Lead Cast of Hope - Centric Series In Works At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` The CW picks up Legacies , the Hope - centric Originals spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . 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Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Originals ( TV series ) Official website The Originals on IMDb The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. 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-4284983208988782362 | Victoria Smurfit | Victoria Smurfit - wikipedia Victoria Smurfit Jump to : navigation , search Victoria Smurfit Smurfit in 2016 ( 1974 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1974 ( age 43 ) Dublin , Ireland Residence Santa Monica , California , United States Occupation Actress Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Douglas Baxter ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Children Victoria Smurfit ( born 31 March 1974 ) is an Irish actress . She is known for her role as Cruella De Vil in Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Selected credits 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Victoria Smurfit is part of the Smurfit family , one of the richest in Ireland , through the Smurfit Kappa Group . The family , headed by Victoria 's uncle Michael Smurfit , sponsors a number of sporting events including the Smurfit European Open and the Champion Hurdle . The family is also associated with Smurfit Business School in University College Dublin ( UCD ) . She was educated at two Anglican schools , Saint Columba 's College , Dublin and St. George 's School , Ascot , England . She did an A level in theatre studies and then went to the Bristol Old Vic theatre school . Career ( edit ) Smurfit gained fame for her role as Orla O'Connell in the BBC television series Ballykissangel from 1998 -- 99 . She was in the 2003 movie Bulletproof Monk . From 2003 -- 09 , she played the lead role of DCI Roisin Connor in Trial & Retribution . She also guest starred in the BBC Radio 4 series Baldi . In 2011 , Smurfit appeared in the Agatha Christie 's Marple television episode `` The Mirror Cracked From Side to Side '' . In 2013 , Smurfit costarred as Lady Jane Wetherby in the NBC television period drama Dracula . In 2014 , Smurfit began playing the recurring guest role of villainess Cruella de Vil on ABC 's Once Upon a Time . She is currently shooting for her role in Homecoming , a film she has described as a `` mean girls for grownups . '' She plays Nikki , the `` head mean girl . '' Personal life ( edit ) Smurfit married advertising executive Douglas Baxter on 29 July 2000 in Surrey , England . She gave birth to their first child , daughter Evie Dorothy Baxter in Dublin , Ireland on 2 November 2004 . A second daughter , Ridley Belle Baxter was born in May 2007 . Their third child , a boy , was born in November 2008 and named Flynn Alexander Baxter . In 2012 , the family relocated to Santa Monica , California . In February 2015 it was announced that Smurfit and her husband had filed for divorce . She writes an opinion blog for The Dubliner , which often features anecdotes from her personal life and is a patron of the children 's charity World Vision Ireland . Selected credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Other notes Ivanhoe Rowena TV series 1998 Berkeley Square Hannah Randall TV series 1998 Ballykissangel Orla O'Connell TV series , 1998 -- 1999 2000 The Wedding Tackle Clodagh Feature film 2000 The Beach Weather girl Feature film 2000 North Square Dr. Helen Ferryhough TV series , 10 episodes 2000 Cold Feet Jane Fitzpatrick TV series , recurring role , 2000 -- 2001 2002 About a Boy Suzie Feature film 2003 Bulletproof Monk Nina Feature film 2003 Trial & Retribution DCI Roisin Connor TV series , 2003 -- 2009 2006 The Shell Seekers Olivia Keeling Mini-series 2009 The Clinic Dr. Edel Swift TV Series 2011 Agatha Christie 's Marple Ella Blunt TV series , 1 episode ( `` The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side '' ) 2013 Dracula Lady Jayne Wetherby TV series 2014 The Mentalist Monica Giraldi TV series 2014 -- 2016 Once Upon a Time Cruella De Vil Recurring role ( Season 4 & 5 ) : 14 episodes 2015 Homecoming Nikki Feature film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunday Independent 4 May 2008 Jump up ^ Irish Times Magazine , page 10 , 10 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` 14 years on , but Ballykissangel fans still stop Victoria Smurfit in the street '' . evoke.ie. 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Eva ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` Victoria Smurfit To Sink Teeth Into Jonathan Rhys Meyers ' Dracula '' . IFTN . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Victoria Smurfit Talks Cruella de Ville , and Season 4 '' . collider.com. 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Victoria Smurfit set to return as Cruella '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Laura . `` Putting divorce aside , actress Victoria Smurfit lines up role after role '' . Evoke.ie . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/property/2005/0901/3342536493RPINDOUG.html Jump up ^ `` ' Cannes - do ' Irish go networking - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Victoria Smurfit interview : ' It 's me , three kids , two dogs and a cup of tea now ' - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Smurfit & husband Doug Baxter split after 15 years of marriage '' . evoke.ie. 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dubliner Magazine : Victoria Smurfit '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Vision Ireland '' . External links ( edit ) Victoria Smurfit on IMDb VIAF : 75954227 LCCN : no99061609 ( hide ) Hosts of the Irish Film & Television Awards ceremonies James Nesbitt ( 2003 -- 05 ) Ryan Tubridy ( 2007 -- 09 ) Victoria Smurfit ( 2010 ) Simon Delaney ( 2011 -- 14 ) Laura Whitmore ( 2014 ) Caroline Morahan ( 2015 ) Deirdre O'Kane ( 2016 -- 17 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Smurfit&oldid=801549694 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people Irish film actresses Irish television actresses People educated at St Columba 's College , Dublin People from County Dublin People educated at St. George 's School , Ascot Irish expatriates in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 10 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played cruella deville in once upon a time | [
"Victoria Smurfit (born 31 March 1974) is an Irish actress. She is known for her role as Cruella De Vil in Once Upon a Time."
] | [
"Victoria Smurfit"
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-3218543228881297020 | The Carrie Diaries (TV series) | The Carrie Diaries ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Carrie Diaries ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Carrie Diaries Genre Teen drama Comedy - drama Period drama Based on The Carrie Diaries by Candace Bushnell Developed by Amy B. Harris Starring AnnaSophia Robb Austin Butler Ellen Wong Katie Findlay Stefania Owen Brendan Dooling Chloe Bridges Freema Agyeman Matt Letscher Lindsey Gort Narrated by AnnaSophia Robb Composer ( s ) Mark Mothersbaugh Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Miguel Arteta Candace Bushnell Len Goldstein Amy B. Harris Stephanie Savage Josh Schwartz Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Fake Empire Productions A.B. Baby Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) -- January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) Chronology Preceded by Sex and the City ( 1998 -- 2004 ) The Carrie Diaries is an American teen comedy - drama television series that aired for two seasons on The CW from January 14 , 2013 , to January 31 , 2014 . It is a prequel to the HBO television series Sex and the City and based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell . The first season focuses on Carrie Bradshaw ( AnnaSophia Robb ) during her junior year of high school in 1984 as she explores life in New York City while interning at a fashion magazine , while the second season focuses more on her expanding life in the city as well as the lives of her friends . The pilot was picked up by The CW to a series order of 13 episodes in May 2012 . Four months into the first season , the network renewed The Carrie Diaries for a second season , which premiered in October 2013 . In May 2014 , The CW canceled the series after two seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards and accolades 5 Broadcasts 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) AnnaSophia Robb as Carrie Bradshaw ; The protagonist and voice - over narrator of the series . She is a 16 - year - old high school student living in the fictional town of Castlebury , Connecticut , who dreams of being a famous writer . Carrie 's mother recently died from cancer and as a result , Carrie 's younger sister , Dorrit , is more rebellious than ever , and their father , Tom , is overwhelmed with the responsibility of suddenly having to care for two teenage girls on his own . Instead of attending school on one day during the week , she takes an internship at a law firm in New York City which she relishes as a stepping stone in her quest to leave her small town behind her . She left this position to work for Larissa Loughlin at Interview Magazine . Towards the end of high school , Larissa offers Carrie a full - time job at Interview Magazine , which she accepts over going to NYU . Unfortunately , when Larissa is fired , so is Carrie . She decides to stay in New York , rather than going to Malibu with Sebastian . In the Season 2 finale , she moves into Larissa 's apartment with Samantha . Austin Butler as Sebastian Kydd ; The new kid at Castlebury High School and Carrie 's love interest . Sebastian moves to Castlebury after getting kicked out of his old high school for having sex with his art history teacher . He lives with his divorced mother who is never around . He and Carrie date during the second half of the first season , before breaking up ( after a fight resulting in Sebastian kissing Maggie ) . They are constantly going back and forth from a couple to singles and back , but it is clear that they both have feelings for each other . At the end of Season 2 , Sebastian moves to Malibu to run his company , and it seems that he and Carrie may have broken up . Ellen Wong as Jill `` Mouse '' Chen ; Jill is Carrie 's nerdy and sweet best friend from high school and the ex-girlfriend of a college guy she still loves . They broke up because both of their grades were getting low . In school , she is an academic overachiever who is said to be under pressure and driven to be the best at everything by her stern parents . Mouse accepts an offer to go to Harvard towards the end of Season 2 . Katie Findlay as Maggie Landers ; Carrie 's best friend , and Walt 's sexually active ex-girlfriend . She is a sarcastic and self - assured underachieving student who barely passes her classes and is said to have an unhappy home life where her parents neglect and ignore her . She cares about Carrie , and will sacrifice her own happiness for Carrie 's . Maggie is proposed to by Pete in the last episode of Season 2 , and she accepts . Stefania LaVie Owen as Dorrit Bradshaw ; Carrie 's troubled , 14 - year - old , rebellious younger sister . She openly resents Carrie for being close with their mother , and for not having more time with her . She is rebelling by dyeing her hair and wearing too much eye make - up as well as seeing a guy older than Carrie called Miller . Brendan Dooling as Walter `` Walt '' Reynolds ; Carrie 's other best friend . He is Maggie 's ex-boyfriend . He does n't know that she is cheating on him with a cop . In the ending of the first episode , it 's implied that Walt is secretly gay . In later episodes it is clear he is confused about his sexuality , he even sparks an interest in a man named Bennet Wilcox ( an employee at Interview Magazine ) . At the end of the first season he and Maggie break up , and she ( as well as the rest of the group ) finds out about his homosexuality . In season 2 he begins dating Bennett and his mom sees a picture of them in a local newspaper and kicks him out . He lives at Carrie 's for 3 episodes before being scared off by the potential to get AIDS , breaking up with Bennett and moving back in with his parents , denying his sexuality again . By the end of Season 2 , his parents finally accept Walt 's homosexuality . Chloe Bridges as Donna LaDonna ; The school 's most popular girl , and she is the leader of a cliques called ' The Jens ' which is made up of all of the school 's shallow and narcissistic ' mean girls ' . She was Carrie 's chief rival in the first season and also had a crush on Walt . When she found out that Walt was gay , she protected his secret by telling the whole school that they had sex . She is currently frenemies with Carrie . Freema Agyeman as Larissa Loughlin ; A hip , British , cutting - edge style editor at Interview magazine and party girl who acts as Carrie 's mentor in New York City . It is later revealed that Larissa is an African princess who ran away from her family and found financial support from a British lord before moving to America . Carrie introduces Larissa to Harlan , her father Tom 's friend , and Larissa and Harlan get married in the Season 2 finale . Matt Letscher as Tom Bradshaw ; Carrie 's overprotective father . He loosens up a bit as the series progresses . When Carrie chooses a job at Interview over going to NYU , Tom disapproves and cuts her off financially . In the Season 2 finale , Tom and Carrie mend their relationship when she tells him that she will stay in New York and support herself . Lindsey Gort as Samantha Jones ; Donna 's brash and outgoing older cousin whom Carrie befriends . She is part of Manhattan 's music scene . Samantha and Carrie move in together at the end of Season 2 . Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Salatin as Simon Byrnes , a former local policeman and Maggie 's former casual sexual partner . Maggie ended up pregnant with Simon 's child but lost it when she experienced complications . He is fired by Maggie 's father when he finds out . Jake Robinson as Bennet Wilcox , Larissa 's co-worker and Walt 's former boyfriend . Walt broke up with him when he realised that he wants all the things that gay people ca n't have , after a health scare with AIDS . Towards the end of second season Walt decides that he can not live a lie and reconciles with Bennet , realising that he missed him . Scott Cohen as Harlan Silver , Tom 's friend who encourages him to begin dating and Larissa 's fiance . Nadia Dajani as Deb , Tom 's ex-girlfriend . R.J. Brown as Thomas West , Mouse 's academic rival and former boyfriend . The two broke up after West explained that he was tired of competing with Mouse after she got accepted in Harvard . Whitney Vance and Alexandra Miller as the Jens , Donna LaDonna 's two minions . They follow her around in explosions of neon doing whatever their leader tells them to . Evan Crooks as Miller , Dorrit 's former boyfriend who works at the Record store . Chris Wood as Adam Weaver ( 4 episodes ) , a guy who Carrie meets while trying to get an interview for the magazine , took her virginity , and is currently her ex . Giullian Yao Gioiello as Scott , Dorrit 's friend who later becomes her boyfriend . They meet at the Bradshaw house party . He eventually becomes her boyfriend near the end of Season 2 upon being tricked to go to prom with him . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In September 2011 , it was officially announced that The CW was moving forward with a television series as a prequel to the original series , based on The Carrie Diaries . The project is produced by Gossip Girl producers Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . Former Sex and the City writer Amy B. Harris penned the adaptation . On January 18 , 2012 , The CW ordered a pilot of The Carrie Diaries . The project will continue to be helmed by executive producers Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , Len Goldstein and Candace Bushnell . On May 11 , 2012 , the pilot was picked up to series . On May 9 , 2013 , The CW renewed The Carrie Diaries for a second season . It received an order for 13 episodes . Casting ( edit ) On February 15 , 2012 , the series ' first role was cast . Stefania Owen has landed the part of Carrie Bradshaw 's 14 - year - old sister Dorrit . She 's described as rebelling in the most obvious of ways : dyeing her hair , getting arrested , acting out . Dorrit is desperate for attention and willing to get it any way she can . On February 27 , 2012 , it was announced that AnnaSophia Robb had won the role of the young Carrie Bradshaw . On February 28 , Katie Findlay and Ellen Wong joined her . Wong will play Carrie 's best friend in high school , Jill Chen . Also known as ' The Mouse ' , Jill is said to be intelligent and loyal . Findlay will star in the project as Carrie 's oldest friend Maggie Landers , the police chief 's daughter . Whereas Carrie is beginning to explore Manhattan , Maggie has no desire to leave her town . On March 2 , 2012 , Deadline reported that Austin Butler has been cast as the male lead . Butler will play Sebastian Kydd , a brooding heartthrob and ultimate insider who always plays the outsider . His presence at Carrie 's school will shake things up in a big way . On March 4 , 2012 , Deadline announced that Freema Agyeman has been cast in the pilot as Larissa , a hip , cutting - edge editor and party girl who works at Interview magazine and is Carrie 's mentor . On the same day , Brendan Dooling , who originally auditioned for the role of Sebastian , joined the cast as Walt , Carrie 's gay friend . On March 9 , 2012 , Deadline reported that Matt Letscher had been cast as Carrie 's father . On March 14 , 2012 , it was announced that Chloe Bridges had been cast as Carrie 's nemesis Donna LaDonna . On July 20 , 2013 , E ! News reported that actress Lindsey Gort was cast as Samantha Jones for the second season . English model Poppy Delevingne also auditioned for the role . After the show 's cancellation , showrunner Amy B. Harris revealed that had the show been renewed for a third season , Miranda Hobbes would have been introduced as Mouse 's roommate at Harvard . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Carrie Diaries episodes Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes Premiered Ended Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Season 1 Mondays 8 : 00 pm 13 January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 1.61 April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 1.00 # 143 1.14 Season 2 Fridays 8 : 00 pm 13 October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) 0.78 January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 0.86 # 172 0.82 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Carrie Diaries has received mixed reviews . Metacritic gave the first season a score of 57 % based on 23 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews , '' based on 23 critics . Rotten Tomatoes gave season 1 a score of 63 % based on reviews from 30 critics . Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch said `` The CW 's attempt to capture the magic of Sex and the City in a prequel , set in 1984 , could have gone very wrong . But The Carrie Diaries is surprisingly right . '' Marisa LaScala of PopMatters says `` The rest of the show goes on to prize sweetness over superficiality . '' Alan Sepinwall of Hitfix describes `` The new series succeeds on its own nostalgic terms . '' The second season opened with generally more favorable reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gave it score 100 % , based on 5 reviews , and praised the introduction of Lindsey Gort as the iconic Sex and the City character , Samantha Jones . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Awards and accolades for The Carrie Diaries Year Result Award Category Recipients 2013 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Show 2013 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout AnnaSophia Robb 2014 Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actor 17 - 21 Evan Crooks 2014 Nominated Dorian Award Unsung TV Show of the Year 2015 Won Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Outstanding Comedy Series , Drama or Musical 2015 Nominated Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Best TV Actress : Comedy , Drama or Musical AnnaSophia Robb Broadcasts ( edit ) In the United States , on its first season , The Carrie Diaries aired on The CW on Mondays at 8 : 00 pm as a lead - in for 90210 and then streamed on The CW 's website . The show moved to Fridays for its second season and it premiered on October 25 , having been paired with America 's Next Top Model . In Canada , the series airs on Citytv , and premiered January 14 , 2013 . In Latin America , the series premiered on Boomerang on May 20 , 2013 . In Asia - Pacific , The Carrie Diaries started airing in Australia on January 15 , 2013 , on FOX8 . In Malaysia , the series premiered on March 5 , 2013 on 8TV , in New Zealand , the show aired on TV2 and in the Philippines , the series premiered on ETC on January 21 , 2013 . In Bulgaria the series aired for the first time from July 1 to August 5 , 2015 on bTV Lady . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' gets CW premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nikita ' Renewed For A Short ( Final ? ) 4th Season & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Renewed For 2nd Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mittovich , Matt ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall TV Premiere Dates : The CW Once Again Opens Its Season in October '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' , ' Tomorrow People ' & ' Star - Crossed ' Canceled by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' Season 2 scoop : How will Carrie Bradshaw meet Samantha Jones ? '' . Zap2It . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Casts Samantha Jones For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Scoop : Meet Young Samantha ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Carrie Diarires ' Now Officially At CW With ' Gossip Girl ' Producers On Board '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` CW orders ' Sex and the City ' prequel pilot , more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Rose , Lacey ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` CW 's ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Arrow , ' ' Cult , ' ' First Cut , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ordered to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Confirms `` Carrie Diaries , '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' Episode Orders ; Other Post-Upfront Notes `` . Thefutoncritic.com . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' casting scoop : Bradshaw 's sister is ... -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` AnnaSophia Robb lands role as young Carrie Bradshaw '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sex and the City ' prequel casts Katie Findlay , Ellen Wong '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Sarah Wright & Amy Huberman Get Leads In NBC Pilots , Austin Butler In ' Carrie Diaries ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Billy Burke In ' Revolution ' , David Harbour In ' Midnight Sun ' Among Pilot Cast Additions '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' Finale : Brendan Dooling Previews What 's To Come For Walt '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Carrie Bradshaw Gets A Father , Cuba Gooding Gets A Wife In Pilot Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Pilots ' Revolution ' , ' Baby Big Shot ' & ' Carrie Diaries ' Add Regulars '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Delevingne Samantha Jones audition '' . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ; Santos , Kristin ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Canceled : Boss Reveals How Carrie Would 've Met Miranda and More '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down + Basketball Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' review : Forget about ' Sex and the City ' and enjoy The CW 's new series '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the-carrie-diaries/s01 Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` TV review : CW 's ' Carrie Diaries ' is a charmer '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaScala , Marisa ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' : High School Origin Story '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spinwall , Alan ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Review : CW 's ' The Carrie Diaries ' takes ' Sex and the City ' back to the ' 80s '' . Hitfix . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Carrie Diaries : Season 02 '' . 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` CW 2013 - 14 Primetime Schedule : ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Pair Monday , ' Supernatural ' to Tuesday , ' The Carrie Diaries ' Friday + ' Nikita ' TBD '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Citytv Announces 2013 Mid-Season Premiere Dates '' . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furquim , Fernanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' apresentará o primeiro encontro de Carrie e Samantha '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Editora Abril . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five of the best programs on TV this summer '' . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE CARRIE DIARIES < 10.30 PM @ 8TV / Start 5 MARCH 2013 '' . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Carrie Diaries '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Очаквайте премиерния сериал `` Дневниците на Кари '' по bTV Lady от 1 юли `` . bTV. 17 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Carrie Diaries on IMDb The Carrie Diaries at TV.com Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A. Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Life Sentence ( since 2018 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carrie_Diaries_(TV_series)&oldid=833639654 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s American teen television series 2010s LGBT drama television series 2010s teen drama television series 2013 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings American high school television series American teen drama television series The CW shows English - language television programs Fashion - themed television series Gay - related television programs Prequel television series Sex and the City Television programs based on American novels Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series set in 1984 Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows about writers Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in Connecticut Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays carrie bradshaw in the carrie diaries | [
"The Carrie Diaries is an American teen comedy-drama television series that aired for two seasons on The CW from January 14, 2013, to January 31, 2014. It is a prequel to the HBO television series Sex and the City and based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell. The first season focuses on Carrie Bradshaw (AnnaSophia Robb) during her junior year of high school in 1984 as she explores life in New York City while interning at a fashion magazine, while the second season focuses more on her expanding life in the city as well as the lives of her friends."
] | [
"AnnaSophia Robb"
] |
-1173711414688744041 | KJ Apa | KJ Apa - Wikipedia KJ Apa Jump to : navigation , search KJ Apa Apa at WonderCon in 2017 Keneti James Fitzgerald Apa ( 1997 - 06 - 17 ) 17 June 1997 ( age 20 ) Auckland , New Zealand Occupation Actor Years active 2013 -- present Keneti James Fitzgerald `` KJ '' Apa ( born 17 June 1997 ) is a New Zealand actor . He is known for starring as Archie Andrews in the CW drama series Riverdale . Apa also starred as Kane Jenkins in the primetime soap opera Shortland Street and as teenage Ethan Montgomery in the comedy - drama film A Dog 's Purpose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Apa was born in Auckland , the son of Keneti and Tessa Apa ( née Callander ) . His father is half Samoan and is a Matai ( chief ) of his village in Samoa . He has two older sisters . He attended high school at King 's College , Auckland before embarking on his acting career . Career ( edit ) From 2013 to 2015 , Apa starred as Kane Jenkins in the New Zealand prime - time soap opera Shortland Street . In 2015 , he was cast as teenage Ethan Montgomery in the comedy - drama film A Dog 's Purpose , which was released in 2017 . In 2016 , Apa was cast as Archie Andrews in the CW drama series Riverdale after a four - month worldwide talent search . Personal life ( edit ) Apa was involved in a minor car accident in Vancouver in September 2017 , but was uninjured when the passenger side of his car hit a light pole . The event was reportedly the result of Apa falling asleep at the wheel after a long shoot the previous night . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 A Dog 's Purpose Teenage Ethan Montgomery TBA Altar Rock Post-production 2019 The Hate U Give Chris Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 -- 2015 Shortland Street Kane Jenkins Series Regular 2016 The Cul De Sac Jack 6 episodes 2017 -- present Riverdale Archie Andrews Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Riverdale Nominated Breakthrough Performance Riverdale Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star Riverdale Nominated 2018 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Riverdale Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kiwi - Samoan actor KJ Apa scores lead US role '' . Suga Magazine . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex . `` Riverdale 's K.J. Apa on His Dye Job , Becoming a Sex Object , and Why He Ships Archie and Betty '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Riverdale Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Britt Robertson , Dennis Quaid join DreamWorks ' A Dog 's Purpose ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Get to know KJ Apa '' . tmnz.co.nz . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KJ Apa 's News '' . Youtube . Jump up ^ Jones , Bridget ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Our little brother the Shortie star '' . New Idea . Yahoo ! New Zealand . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/riverdale-star-late-night-car-crash-working-16-hour-day-1041899 Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's K.J. Apa Set For ' The Hate U Give ' As Fox 2000 Reshoots Kian Lawley Scenes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) KJ Apa on IMDb KJ Apa on Twitter KJ Apa on Instagram VIAF : 56149912359906210716 This article about a New Zealand actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KJ_Apa&oldid=837271550 '' Categories : New Zealand actor stubs 1997 births 21st - century New Zealand male actors Actors of Samoan descent Living people New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male soap opera actors New Zealand male television actors New Zealand people of Samoan descent People educated at King 's College , Auckland People from Auckland Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 46 . About Wikipedia | who is the actor who plays archie in riverdale | [
"Keneti James Fitzgerald \"KJ\" Apa[1][2] (born 17 June 1997) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for starring as Archie Andrews in the CW drama series Riverdale.[3] Apa also starred as Kane Jenkins in the primetime soap opera Shortland Street and as teenage Ethan Montgomery in the comedy-drama film A Dog's Purpose.[4]"
] | [
"Keneti James Fitzgerald \"KJ\" Apa"
] |
623294224787253483 | Pittsburgh Steelers | Pittsburgh Steelers - wikipedia Pittsburgh Steelers Jump to : navigation , search `` Steelers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Steelers ( disambiguation ) . Pittsburgh Steelers Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Heinz Field Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Headquartered in UPMC Sports Performance Complex Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Training camp in Latrobe , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 1949 ) Western Division ( 1944 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) AFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Gold Mascot Steely McBeam Personnel Owner ( s ) Rooney family President Art Rooney II General manager Kevin Colbert Head coach Mike Tomlin Team history Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 1939 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1940 -- 1942 ; 1945 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Card - Pitt ( 1944 ) Championships League championships ( 6 ) Super Bowl championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) , 1975 ( X ) , 1978 ( XIII ) , 1979 ( XIV ) , 2005 ( XL ) , 2008 ( XLIII ) Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 Division championships ( 22 ) AFC Central : 1972 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 AFC North : 2002 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 30 ) NFL : 1947 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Forbes Field ( 1933 -- 1963 ) Shibe Park ( 1943 ) Comiskey Park ( 1944 ) Pitt Stadium ( 1958 -- 1969 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 1970 -- 2000 ) Heinz Field ( 2001 -- present ) Team owner ( s ) Rooney family ( 1933 -- present ) Team president ( s ) Art Rooney ( 1933 -- 1975 ) Dan Rooney ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Art Rooney II ( 2002 -- present ) The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Steelers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC . In contrast with their status as perennial also - rans in the pre-merger NFL , where they were the oldest team never to win a league championship , the Steelers of the post-merger ( modern ) era are one of the most successful NFL franchises . Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles ( 6 ) and both played in ( 16 ) and hosted more conference championship games ( 11 ) than any other NFL team . The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships , tied with the Denver Broncos , but behind the New England Patriots ' record 9 AFC championships . The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos , and Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) . The Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance , Super Bowl XLV , on February 6 , 2011 . The Steelers , whose history traces to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s , joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8 , 1933 , owned by Art Rooney and taking its original name from the baseball team of the same name , as was common practice for NFL teams at the time . To distinguish them from the baseball team , local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen , an unofficial nickname which persisted for decades after the team adopted its current nickname . The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding . Art 's son , Dan Rooney owned the team from 1988 until his death in 2017 . Much control of the franchise has been given to Dan 's son Art Rooney II . The Steelers enjoy a large , widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation . The Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburgh 's North Side in the North Shore neighborhood , which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers . Built in 2001 , the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons . Prior to Three Rivers , the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 The Chuck Noll era 1.2 The Bill Cowher era 1.3 The Mike Tomlin era 1.4 Summary 1.5 Ownership 1.6 Season - by - season records 1.7 Civil rights advocacy 2 Logo and uniforms 3 Rivals 3.1 Divisional rivals 3.2 Historic rivals 4 Culture 4.1 Mascot 4.2 Fanbase 4.3 Fight songs 4.4 Basketball 5 Facilities 5.1 Stadiums 5.2 Training camp 5.3 Historical facilities 6 Statistics 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired uniform numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3. 1 `` Primary '' inductees 7.3. 1.1 Award recipients 7.3. 2 Steelers in the Hall for contributions elsewhere 7.4 Pro Bowl players 7.5 NFL MVPs 7.6 Defensive Player of the Year Awards winners 7.7 Rookie of the Year Award winners 7.8 Super Bowl MVPs 7.9 NFL All - Decade Teams 7.10 All - time team 7.11 Dapper Dan Sportsman of the Year 8 Hall of Honor 9 Coaches 9.1 Current staff 9.2 Offensive coordinator history 9.3 Defensive coordinator history 10 Media 10.1 Figures with broadcasting résumés 10.2 Newspaper 10.3 Usage in popular culture 11 The Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the Pittsburgh Steelers . See also : American football in Western Pennsylvania The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20 , 1933 , losing 23 -- 2 to the New York Giants . Through the 1930s , the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division , or with a record better than . 500 ( 1936 ) . Pittsburgh did make history in 1938 by signing Byron White , a future Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , to what was at the time the biggest contract in NFL history , but he played only one year with the Pirates before signing with the Detroit Lions . Prior to the 1940 season , the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers . During World War II , the Steelers experienced player shortages . They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team . During the 1943 season , they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles '' . This team went 5 -- 4 -- 1 . In 1944 , they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card - Pitt ( or , mockingly , as the `` Carpets '' ) . This team finished 0 -- 10 , marking the only winless team in franchise history . The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in 1947 , tying for first place in the division at 8 -- 4 with the Philadelphia Eagles . This forced a tie - breaking playoff game at Forbes Field , which the Steelers lost 21 -- 0 . That would be Pittsburgh 's only playoff game for the next 25 years ; they did qualify for a `` Playoff Bowl '' in 1962 as the second - best team in their conference , but this was not considered an official playoff . In 1970 , the year they moved into Three Rivers Stadium and the year of the AFL -- NFL merger , the Pittsburgh Steelers were one of three old - guard NFL teams to switch to the newly formed American Football Conference ( the others being the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts ) , in order to equalize the number of teams in the two conferences of the newly merged league . The Steelers also received a $3 million ( $18.5 million today ) relocation fee , which was a windfall for them ; for years they rarely had enough to build a true contending team . The Chuck Noll era For more details on this topic , see Chuck Noll . The Steelers ' history of bad luck changed with the hiring of coach Chuck Noll for the 1969 season . Noll 's most remarkable talent was in his draft selections , taking Hall of Famers `` Mean '' Joe Greene in 1969 , Terry Bradshaw and Mel Blount in 1970 , Jack Ham in 1971 , Franco Harris in 1972 , and finally , in 1974 , pulling off the incredible feat of selecting four Hall of Famers in one draft year , Lynn Swann , Jack Lambert , John Stallworth , and Mike Webster . The Pittsburgh Steelers ' 1974 draft was their best ever ; no other team has ever drafted four future Hall of Famers in one year , and only very few ( including the 1970 Steelers ) have drafted two or more in one year . The players drafted in the early 1970s formed the base of an NFL dynasty , making the playoffs in eight seasons and becoming the only team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls in six years , as well as the first to win more than two . They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins ( 1971 -- 1979 ) against teams that would finish with a losing record that year . The Steelers suffered a rash of injuries in the 1980 season and missed the playoffs with a 9 -- 7 record . The 1981 season was no better , with an 8 -- 8 showing . The team was then hit with the retirements of all their key players from the Super Bowl years . `` Mean '' Joe Greene retired after the 1981 season , Lynn Swann and Jack Ham after 1982 's playoff berth , Terry Bradshaw and Mel Blount after 1983 's divisional championship , and Jack Lambert after 1984 's AFC Championship Game appearance . After those retirements , the franchise skidded to its first losing seasons since 1971 . Though still competitive , the Steelers would not finish above . 500 in 1985 , 1986 , and 1988 . In 1987 , the year of the players ' strike , the Steelers finished with a record of 8 -- 7 , but missed the playoffs . In 1989 , they would reach the second round of the playoffs on the strength of Merrill Hoge and Rod Woodson before narrowly missing the playoffs in each of the next two seasons . Noll 's career record with Pittsburgh was 209 -- 156 -- 1 . The Bill Cowher era For more details on this topic , see Bill Cowher . In 1992 , Chuck Noll retired and was succeeded by Kansas City Chiefs defensive coordinator Bill Cowher , a native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Crafton . Steelers ' five Super Bowl rings before 2009 Cowher led the Steelers to the playoffs in each of his first six seasons , a feat that had been accomplished only by legendary coach Paul Brown of the Cleveland Browns . In those first six seasons , Cowher coached them as deep as the AFC Championship Game three times and following the 1995 season an appearance in Super Bowl XXX on the strength of the `` Blitzburgh '' defense . However , the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX , two weeks after a thrilling AFC Championship victory over the Indianapolis Colts . Cowher produced the franchise 's record - tying fifth Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XL over the National Football Conference champion Seattle Seahawks ten years later . With that victory , the Steelers became the third team to win five Super Bowls , and the first sixth - seeded playoff team to reach and win the Super Bowl since the NFL expanded to a 12 - team post-season tournament in 1990 . He coached through the 2006 season which ended with an 8 -- 8 record , just short of the playoffs . Overall Cowher 's teams reached the playoffs 10 of 15 seasons with six AFC Championship Games , two Super Bowl berths and a championship . Cowher 's career record with Pittsburgh was 149 -- 90 -- 1 in the regular season and 161 -- 99 -- 1 overall , including playoff games . The Mike Tomlin era For more details on this topic , see Mike Tomlin . Roethlisberger in a Steelers ' throwback jersey during 500th franchise win On January 7 , 2007 , Cowher resigned from coaching the Steelers , citing a need to spend more time with his family . He did not use the term `` retire '' , leaving open a possible return to the NFL as coach of another team . A three - man committee consisting of Art Rooney II , Dan Rooney , and Kevin Colbert was set up to conduct interviews for the head coaching vacancy . The candidates interviewed included : offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt , offensive line coach Russ Grimm , former offensive coordinator Chan Gailey , Minnesota Vikings defensive coordinator Mike Tomlin , and Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Ron Rivera . On January 22 , 2007 , Mike Tomlin was announced as Cowher 's successor as head coach . Tomlin is the first African - American to be named head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers in its 75 - year history . Tomlin became the third consecutive Steelers Head Coach to go to the Super Bowl , equaling the Dallas Cowboys ( Tom Landry , Jimmy Johnson and Barry Switzer ) in this achievement . He was named the Motorola 2008 Coach of the Year . On February 1 , 2009 , Tomlin led the Steelers to their second Super Bowl of this decade , and went on to win 27 -- 23 against the Arizona Cardinals . At age 36 , he was the youngest head coach to ever win the Super Bowl , and he is only the second African - American coach to ever win the Super Bowl ( Tony Dungy was the first ) . The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40 . Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl ( Super Bowl XLV ) on Feb. 6 , 2011 . However , the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31 -- 25 . The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins . Through the 2016 season , Tomlin 's record is 111 -- 63 , including playoffs . He is the first Pittsburgh coach without a losing season . The 2013 -- 2017 seasons were noted for record performances from the `` killer B 's '' . This trio consisted of Antonio Brown , Ben Roethlisberger and Le'Veon Bell . Summary Since the NFL merger in 1970 , the Pittsburgh Steelers have compiled a regular season record of 444 -- 282 -- 2 (. 635 ) and an overall record of 480 - 305 - 2 (. 635 ) including the playoffs , reached the playoffs 30 times , won their division 22 times , played in 16 AFC championship games , and won six of eight Super Bowls . They are also the only NFL team not to have a season with twelve or more losses since the league expanded to a 16 - game schedule in 1978 . Ownership Heinz Field , current home of the Pittsburgh Steelers Since 2008 , the Rooney family has brought in several investors for the team while retaining control of the team itself . This came about so that the team could comply with NFL ownership regulations . Dan Rooney , and his son , Art Rooney II , president of the franchise , wanted to stay involved with the franchise , while two of the brothers -- Timothy and Patrick -- wanted to further pursue racetracks that they own in Florida and New York . Since 2006 , many of the racetracks have added video slot machines , causing them to violate `` NFL policy that prohibits involvement with racetrack and gambling interests '' . Upon Dan Rooney 's death in 2017 , he and Art Rooney II retained control of the team with the league - minimum 30 % , the following make up the other investors : Several other members of the Rooney family , including Art Rooney Jr. , John Rooney , and the McGinley family , who are cousins to the Rooneys . Legendary Pictures president and CEO Thomas Tull . The Robert A. Paul family of Pittsburgh and Los Angeles , which is primarily involved with Pittsburgh - based Ampco Pittsburgh Corporation as well as Morton 's Restaurant Group , Urban Active Fitness , Meyer Products and Harley Marine Services . Additionally , family members serve on numerous boards , including Cornell University , UPMC , University of Pittsburgh , the American Red Cross , Harvard Medical School and the Loomis Chaffee School . Former Steelers wide receiver John Stallworth , a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame . GTCR chairman Bruce V. Rauner . President Obama poses with the Steelers in 2009 . Left to right : Ben Roethlisberger , Hines Ward , Obama , and Dan Rooney . The Peter Varischetti family of Brockway , Pennsylvania , which owns several nursing homes and a commercial real estate business . Paul Evanson , chairman , president , and CEO of Allegheny Energy . Russ and Scott Swank of Lower Burrell , Pennsylvania . Season - by - season records For more details on this topic , see List of Pittsburgh Steelers seasons . Through the end of the 2015 season , the Steelers have an all - time record of 624 -- 552 -- 21 , including playoffs . In recent seasons the Steelers have generally performed well , qualifying for the playoffs six times in the past ten seasons and winning the Super Bowl twice since 2005 . In the NFL 's `` modern era '' ( since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 ) the Steelers have posted the best record in the league . The franchise has won the most regular season games , the most playoff games ( 33 playoff wins ; the Dallas Cowboys are second with 32 ) , won the most divisional titles ( 20 ) , has played in the most conference championship games ( 15 ) , hosted the most conference championship games ( 11 ) , and is tied with the Dallas Cowboys , the Denver Broncos and the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 ) . The Steelers have the best winning percentage ( including every expansion team ) , earned the most All - Pro nominations , and have accumulated the most Super Bowl wins ( 6 ) since the modern game started in 1970 . Since the merger , the team 's playoff record is 33 -- 19 (. 635 ) , which is second best in terms of playoff winning percentage behind the Green Bay Packers ' playoff record of 28 -- 16 (. 636 ) , through January 23 , 2011 . Civil rights advocacy The franchise , along with the Rooney family have for generations been strong advocates for equality of opportunity for both minorities and women . Among these achievements of the Steelers was the first to hire an African - American Assistant Coach ( September 29 , 1957 with Lowell Perry ) , the first to start an African - American quarterback ( December 3 , 1973 with Joe Gilliam ) , the first team to boast of an African - American Super Bowl MVP ( January 12 , 1975 with Franco Harris ) , the first to hire an African - American Coordinator ( September 2 , 1984 with Tony Dungy ) , the first owner to push for passage of an `` equal opportunity '' mandating that at least one minority candidate is given an interview in all head coach hiring decisions throughout the league ( the Rooney Rule in the early 2000s ) , and the first to hire a female as full - time athletic trainer ( Ariko Iso on July 24 , 2002 ) . Note : Although Marlin Briscoe is sometimes erroneously cited as the first African - American starting quarterback in 1968 , this was not for an NFL team and not in an NFL game , additionally the vast majority of Briscoe 's career was not as quarterback . Logo and uniforms For more details on this topic , see Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers . US Airways logo jet featuring the colors of the Pittsburgh Steelers The script logo . The Steelers have used black and gold as their colors since the club 's inception , the lone exception being the 1943 season when they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles and formed the `` Steagles '' ; the team 's colors at that time were green and white as a result of wearing Eagles uniforms . Originally , the team wore solid gold - colored helmets and black jerseys . The Steelers ' black and gold colors are now shared by all major professional teams in the city , including the Pittsburgh Pirates in baseball and the Pittsburgh Penguins in ice hockey , and also the Pittsburgh Power of the re-formed Arena Football League , and the Pittsburgh Passion of the Independent Women 's Football League . The shade of gold differs slightly among teams : the Penguins have previously used `` Vegas Gold '' , a color similar to metallic gold , and the Pirates ' gold is a darker mustard yellow - gold , while the Steelers `` gold '' is more of a bright canary yellow . Black and gold are also the colors of the city 's official flag . The Steelers logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the `` Steelmark '' , originally designed by Pittsburgh 's U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute ( AISI ) . In fact , it was Cleveland - based Republic Steel that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo . It consists of the word `` Steelers '' surrounded by three astroids ( hypocycloids of four cusps ) . The original meanings behind the astroids were , `` Steel lightens your work , brightens your leisure , and widens your world . '' Later , the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel - making process : yellow for coal , red for iron ore , and blue for scrap steel . While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word `` Steel '' , the team was given permission to add `` ers '' in 1963 after a petition to AISI . The Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet ( the right side ) . Longtime field and equipment manager Jack Hart was instructed to do this by Art Rooney as a test to see how the logo appeared on the gold helmets ; however , its popularity led the team to leave it that way permanently . A year after introducing the logo , they switched to black helmets to make it stand out more . The Steelers , along with the New York Giants , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The current uniform designs were introduced in 1968 . The design consists of gold pants and either black jerseys or white jerseys , except for the 1970 and 1971 seasons when the Steelers wore white pants with their white jerseys . In 1997 , the team switched to rounded numbers on the jersey to match the number font ( Futura Condensed ) on the helmets , and a Steelers logo was added to the left side of the jersey . The 2007 -- 2011 third uniform , consisting of a black jersey with gold lettering , white pants with black and gold stripes , and a gold helmet were first used during the Steelers ' 75th anniversary season in 2007 . They were meant to evoke the memory of the 1963 -- 1964 era uniforms . The uniforms were so popular among fans that the Steelers ' organization decided to keep them and use them as a third option during home games only . In 2012 , the Steelers introduced a new third uniform , consisting of a yellow jersey with black horizontal lines ( making a bumble bee like pattern ) with black lettering and black numbers placed inside a white box , to represent the jerseys worn by the Steelers in their 1933 season . The rest of the uniform consists of beige pants , yellow with black horizontal stripped socks , and the Steelers regular black helmet . The uniforms were used for the Steelers ' 80th anniversary season . Much like the previous alternate these jerseys were so popular that they were used up through the 2016 season . The jerseys were nicknamed the `` bumblebee jerseys '' due to looking like the pattern of a bumble bee . The jerseys were retired after the 2016 season . In 2008 -- 2009 , the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to defeat an opponent three times in a single season using three different uniforms . They defeated the Baltimore Ravens in Pittsburgh in Week 4 in their third jerseys , again Week 15 in Baltimore in their road whites , and a final time in the AFC Championship in Pittsburgh in their home black jerseys . In 1979 , the team owners were approached by then - Iowa Hawkeyes Head Coach Hayden Fry about designing his fading college team 's uniforms in the image of the Steelers . Three days later , the owners sent Fry the reproduction jerseys ( home and away versions ) of then quarterback Terry Bradshaw . Today , the Hawkeyes still retain the 1979 Steelers uniforms as their home , and away colors . Rivals This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pittsburgh Steelers have three primary rivals , all within their division : ( Cleveland Browns , Baltimore Ravens , and Cincinnati Bengals ) . They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from post-season battles in the past , most notably the New England Patriots , Oakland Raiders , Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys . They also have an intrastate rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles , but under the current scheduling the teams play each other only once every four years . Divisional rivals The Cleveland Browns and the Steelers have been divisional rivals since the two cities ' teams began playing against each other in 1950 . After posting a 9 -- 31 record in the first 40 games of the series between the two cities , the Steelers recently took over the all - time series lead for the first time ever ( 64 -- 56 ) ; partly due to their dominance over the post-1999 Cleveland Browns franchise and won twelve straight before the Browns snapped their losing skid against them by beating them 13 -- 6 on December 10 , 2009 . Additionally , the Browns lost 16 straight years in Pittsburgh from 1970 -- 1985 and posted an abysmal 5 -- 24 record at Three Rivers Stadium overall . Former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher coached the Browns special teams and secondary before following Marty Schottenheimer for a brief tenure as Kansas City Defensive Coordinator , and then hired by Pittsburgh . This has only intensified the rivalry . The Baltimore Ravens and the Steelers have had several memorable match - ups and have a bitter divisional rivalry . Both teams handed the other their first losses at their current home fields . The Steelers won the inaugural game played at Baltimore 's M&T Bank Stadium in 1998 , 20 -- 13 , and three years later the Ravens handed the Steelers their first - ever loss at Heinz Field , 13 -- 10 . Later that season ( 2001 ) Pittsburgh won a divisional playoff game 27 -- 10 against Baltimore , who was the defending Super Bowl champion . During their NFL championship season in 2000 , the Ravens defeated the Steelers in Pittsburgh , 16 -- 0 , in the season opener with the Steelers later exacting revenge , 9 -- 6 , in Baltimore ( the Ravens ' final loss of the season ) . During the Steelers 2008 Championship run , they beat the Ravens three times , including a win in the AFC Championship game . The Steelers lead the series ( begun in 1996 ) , 16 -- 10 . The two teams complement each other by consistently fielding strong defenses in their division . The Cincinnati Bengals -- Steelers rivalry dates from the 1970 season , when the AFL -- NFL merger was completed . In 1976 , the Steelers kept their playoff hopes alive ( they later won the division ) with a late - season 7 -- 3 win in snowy Cincinnati . One of the most memorable games was the 2005 AFC Wildcard playoff game , in which the Steelers , en route to a Super Bowl title , won a 31 -- 17 come - from - behind victory after Bengals QB Carson Palmer was forced to leave the game with a knee injury . The injury happened when nose tackle Kimo von Oelhoffen contacted Palmer 's knee during a passing play . The Bengals players called this a dirty play ; the NFL ruled that it was accidental and did not fine von Oelhoffen for the hit . This incident has led to an intensifying of the rivalry since this game . The Bengals beat the Steelers in week 13 of the 2005 season 38 -- 31 , and wide receiver T.J. Houshmandzadeh used a Terrible Towel to polish his cleats while walking up the tunnel after the game , fueling the rivalry . The Steelers and Bengals finished 2005 and 2006 with identical records ( 11 -- 5 and 8 -- 8 respectively ) , splitting both regular - season series , the Bengals winning the tiebreaker both years due to having a superior division record . The Steelers also are responsible for ending the Bengals ' season in Cincinnati two years in a row , eliminating them from the playoffs in 2005 and taking them out of contention in 2006 . The Steelers lead the all - time series , 52 -- 32 . Historic rivals The Raiders -- Steelers rivalry was one of the most heated of the 1970s and early to mid-1980s . The Steelers ' first playoff win was a 13 -- 7 victory over the Raiders by way of Franco Harris 's Immaculate Reception on December 23 , 1972 . The wild card Pittsburgh football team was knocked out of the playoffs the following year by the Raiders in the 1973 AFC Divisional round 33 -- 14 , but fired back with two straight AFC Championships in 1974 24 -- 13 and 1975 16 -- 10 over Oakland . Oakland responded with a victory over Pittsburgh in the 1976 AFC Championship game 24 -- 7 ( the third consecutive AFC title game between the two teams ) , but not before Chuck Noll referred to Oakland 's George Atkinson as part of the NFL 's `` criminal element '' after his alleged cheap - shot on Lynn Swann during a regular - season matchup . Atkinson and the Raiders later filed a defamation of character lawsuit against Noll , but lost . Following the 1983 regular season , the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Steelers 38 -- 10 in the AFC Divisional round which turned out to be the last NFL game for Steeler Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw who did not play due to injury . While the rivalry has dissipated over the years ( mostly due to Oakland 's decline after 2002 ) , the teams have had notable games against each other including an upset Steelers victory towards the end of the 2000 season to prevent the Raiders from obtaining homefield advantage in the playoffs , and an upset Raiders victory in week 8 of the 2006 NFL season ( 20 -- 13 ) , which helped cost the Steelers a playoff berth ; three years later another Raiders upset took place . In Week 13 , the game lead changed five times on five touchdowns in the fourth quarter ; Bruce Gradkowski 's third touchdown of the quarter won it with nine seconds to go , and the 27 -- 24 loss cost the Steelers another playoff run . The teams met at Pittsburgh in 2010 , where the Steelers blew out the Raiders 35 -- 3 , and ended their 3 - game winning streak ; the game was further notable for a punch thrown by Richard Seymour of the Raiders against Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger . The Raiders then hosted the Steelers in 2012 and erased a 31 -- 21 gap to win 34 -- 31 . The two clubs met again in 2013 and the Raiders won again , 21 -- 18 . The Steelers trail the all - time series 14 -- 12 ( 11 -- 9 in regular season ) . The Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry started with the Cowboys ' first game as a franchise in 1960 ( against the Steelers ) at the Cotton Bowl with the Steelers coming away with a 35 -- 28 victory . These teams hold a record for the most times ( three ) that two teams have met in a Super Bowl . The first two times the favored Steelers and Cowboys met came with Pittsburgh victories in the Orange Bowl Super Bowl X 21 -- 17 and Super Bowl XIII 35 -- 31 . The Cowboys never won a regular season game in the Orange Bowl and lost three Super Bowl games ( once to the Baltimore Colts and twice to the Steelers ) . Between the Cowboys and Steelers , Super Bowl XIII had the greatest number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players participating , which as of 2010 numbered 20 -- 14 players and six coaches / front office , including Ernie Stautner , defensive coordinator for the Cowboys who was a HoF defensive tackle for the Steelers . The teams featured an all - star matchup at quarterback between the Steelers ' Terry Bradshaw and the Cowboys ' Roger Staubach , both of whom are in the Hall of Fame . In 1977 , Staubach and the Cowboys won Super Bowl XII , their second and last loss of their season being inflicted by Bradshaw and the Steelers , 28 -- 13 at Three Rivers Stadium in November . In 1979 , Staubach 's final season , the two defending conference champs met again at Three Rivers , the Steelers winning 14 -- 3 en route to winning their fourth Super Bowl title . The Steelers won six of eight meetings during the 1970s and 80s , before the Cowboys won all four meetings during the 1990s , including the teams ' record third Super Bowl meeting in 1996 , as this time the heavily favored Cowboys beat the Steelers 27 -- 17 . Dallas cornerback Larry Brown intercepted Pittsburgh quarterback Neil O'Donnell twice and was named the game 's MVP . The teams ' first two meetings of the 21st century ( 2004 and 2008 ) were won by the Steelers , including a come from behind victory December 7 , 2008 in Pittsburgh , when the Steelers drove the length of the field to tie the game 13 -- 13 , then cornerback Deshea Townsend returned an intercepted pass from Tony Romo for the game 's final score , Steelers 20 , Cowboys 13 . The Cowboys won on December 16 , 2012 , at Cowboys Stadium by a 27 -- 24 margin in overtime and won 35 - 30 at Heinz Field on November 13 , 2016 . The all - time series is led by the Dallas Cowboys , 17 -- 15 . The Pittsburgh / Dallas rivalry served as a backdrop to the 1977 film Black Sunday , parts of which were filmed during Super Bowl X . The Denver Broncos in 2011 broke a tie with the Oakland Raiders for the most playoff meetings versus the Steelers and added yet another meeting in 2015 ( the Broncos have met Pittsburgh eight times to Oakland 's six ) . The rivalry dates from 1970 , but the first notable contest came in 1973 , when Denver dealt Pittsburgh its first regular - season defeat at Three Rivers Stadium , 23 -- 13 . The following year , they met in the NFL 's first regular - season overtime game , which ended in a 35 -- 35 tie . Denver 's first playoff game had them hosting the Steelers in the 1977 divisional round ; the Broncos won 34 -- 21 . The following year , the Steelers hosted and defeated Denver 33 -- 10 in the divisional round . Their next playoff matchup was the 1984 divisional round in Mile High Stadium ; the Steelers pulled the upset 24 -- 17 . They nearly pulled the upset again 5 years later in Denver , but the Broncos prevailed in the divisional playoff , 24 -- 23 . In 1997 , they met in Pittsburgh for the AFC Championship Game , where Denver squeaked out at 24 -- 21 win . Eight years later , the Steelers went to the Super Bowl by beating Denver 34 -- 17 in Colorado , only to have their campaign to repeat as AFC Champions dashed in Denver after a stunning overtime upset by the Tim Tebow lead Broncos in January 2012 . The following September the Steelers were defeated in Denver 31 -- 19 in Peyton Manning 's debut as Broncos quarterback . The two clubs met twice in 2015 , as the Steelers defeated the Broncos in the regular season but fell in the Divisional Round of the AFC playoffs ; Denver presently leads the series 19 -- 11 -- 1 , including 5 -- 3 in the playoffs . Neither team has beaten the other more than three times in a row . The rivalry between the Steelers and the New England Patriots emerged as a prominent rivalry in league circles when the Patriots upset the Steelers in the 2001 AFC Championship Game at Heinz Field , though the two teams had met in the postseason twice before -- the Patriots defeated the Steelers in 1996 28 - 3 while the Steelers won 7 - 6 in 1997 ; both times the Patriots fielded players in Ty Law and Curtis Martin with Pittsburgh - area roots ; Martin 's final game as a Patriots was in the 1997 playoffs before he departed to the rival New York Jets . Following the 2001 AFC title upset the Patriots defeated the Steelers 30 - 14 at the start of the 2002 season . Pittsburgh did not exact revenge for the two losses until ending the Patriots record - setting 21 - game winning streak in week 6 of the 2004 NFL season . Later that season , the Steelers lost to the eventual champion Patriots in the AFC Championship game after a 15 -- 1 season . The Patriots won six of seven meetings over a ten - year period ( 1998 -- 2007 ) before the Steelers broke through with a 33 -- 10 victory at Foxborough in 2008 , after Matt Cassel had turned the ball over five times . The Steelers lead the all - time regular season series , 13 -- 8 . The Patriots in 2013 then made history by becoming the first opponent to score 55 points on the Steelers , winning 55 -- 31 . The Patriots won again in 2015 ( 28 - 21 ) and 2016 's regular season ( 27 - 16 ) and then won 36 - 17 in the 2016 AFC Championship Game . In the postseason , the Patriots have outscored the Steelers 135 points to 75 , with the Patriots maintaining a 4 -- 1 record . The only other franchises with winning AFC playoff records against Steelers include the Miami Dolphins ( 2 -- 1 , both wins in the AFC Championship ) , the San Diego Chargers ( 2 -- 1 , all games played in Pittsburgh ) , the Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1 -- 0 , game at Heinz Field ) , and the Broncos ( 5 -- 3 ) . The Steelers have an all - time regular - season record of 14 -- 11 against the Patriots . Less well known is Pittsburgh 's rivalry with the Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans franchise . The Oilers were aligned into the AFC Central with the Steelers in 1970 and were division rivals for 32 seasons . The Steelers dominated the rivalry during the Houston era and defeated the Oilers in three playoff matchups . But since the franchise moved to Tennessee the rivalry shifted , with the Titans winning 13 of 20 meetings ( including a bitter 34 -- 31 playoff showdown in 2002 ) post-Houston ; the Titans won seven in a row in the 1997 -- 2001 period , the longest win streak by either team in the series . The Steelers have won 45 of 77 career meetings following 2014 's 27 -- 24 win at LP Field . Culture Mascot Steely McBeam signing autographs for fans at Steelers training camp on August 2 , 2007 Prior to the 2007 season , the Steelers introduced Steely McBeam as their official mascot . As part of the 75th anniversary celebrations of the team , his name was selected from a pool of 70,000 suggestions submitted by fans of the team . Diane Roles of Middlesex Township , Butler County , Pennsylvania submitted the winning name which was `` meant to represent steel for Pittsburgh 's industrial heritage , `` Mc '' for the Rooney family 's Irish roots , and Beam for the steel beams produced in Pittsburgh , as well as for Jim Beam , her husband 's favorite alcoholic beverage . '' Steely McBeam is visible at all home games and participates in the team 's charitable programs and other club - sponsored events . Steely 's autograph is known to be drawn with an oversized ' S ' and the `` L '' is drawn to look like a beam of steel . Fanbase Main article : Steeler Nation The Steelers have a tradition of having a large fanbase , which has spread from Pittsburgh . In August 2008 , ESPN.com ranked the Steelers ' fans as the best in the NFL , citing their `` unbelievable '' sellout streak of 299 consecutive games . The team gained a large fan base nationally based on its success in the 1970s , but many consider the collapse of the city 's steel industry at the end of the 1970s dynasty into the 1980s ( and the resulting diaspora ) to be a large catalyst for the size of the fan base in other cities . The Steelers have sold out every home game since the 1972 season . The Pittsburgh Steelers have numerous unofficial fan clubs in many cities throughout the country , that typically meet in bars or taverns on game days . This phenomenon is known to occur for other NFL teams as well , but `` Steeler bars '' are more visible than most , including representative establishments even in cities that field their own NFL teams . Sailors and Marines aboard the USS Essex react as the Pittsburgh Steelers score against the Arizona Cardinals . The Terrible Towel has been described by the Associated Press as `` arguably the best - known fan symbol of any major pro sports team '' . Conceived of by broadcaster Myron Cope in 1975 , the towel 's rights have since been given to the Allegheny Valley School in Coraopolis , Pennsylvania , which cares for over 900 people with intellectual disability and physical disabilities , including Cope 's autistic son . Since 1996 , proceeds from the Terrible Towel have helped raise more than $2.5 million for the school . Fight songs This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers have no official fight song , but many fan versions of Here we go Steelers and the Steelers Polka ( the latter a parody of Pennsylvania Polka ) by ethnic singer Jimmy Pol , both originating in the 1970s , have been recorded . Since 1994 , the song Here We Go by local singer Roger Wood has been popular among fans . During Steelers games , Styx 's Renegade is often used to rally the crowd . Basketball During the offseason , the Steelers have long participated in charity basketball games throughout Western Pennsylvania and neighboring areas . The games usually feature six active players as well as their player - coach playing against a group of local civic leaders . The players , whose participants are n't announced until the day the game , sign free autographs for fans during halftime . Facilities Stadiums This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2001 , the Steelers moved into Heinz Field . The franchise dating back to 1933 has had several homes . For thirty - one seasons , the Steelers shared Forbes Field with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1933 to 1963 . In 1958 , though they started splitting their home games at Pitt Stadium three blocks away at the University of Pittsburgh . From 1964 to 1969 , the Steelers played exclusively at the on campus facility before moving with the Pirates to Three Rivers Stadium on the city 's Northside . Three Rivers is remembered fondly by the Steeler Nation as where Chuck Noll and Dan Rooney turned the franchise into a powerhouse , winning four Super Bowls in just six seasons and making the playoffs 11 times in 13 seasons from 1972 to 1984 , the AFC title game seven times . Since 2001 however a new generation of Steeler greats has made Heinz Field legendary with multiple AFC Championship Games being hosted and two Super Bowl championships . Training camp Steelers at training camp in Latrobe The Steelers hold training camp east of the city at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe , Pennsylvania . The site is one of the most storied in the league with Peter King of SI.com describing it as : `` ... I love the place . It 's the perfect training - camp setting , looking out over the rolling hills of the Laurel Highlands in west - central Pennsylvania , an hour east of Pittsburgh . On a misty or foggy morning , standing atop the hill at the college , you feel like you 're in Scotland . Classic , wonderful slice of Americana . If you can visit one training camp , this is the one to see . The team has its headquarters and practice facilities at the state - of - the - art University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sportsplex on Pittsburgh 's Southside . Constructed in 2000 , the facility combines the vast expertise of sports medical professionals and researchers as well as hosting the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team . Historical facilities The Rooney family has long had a close relationship with Duquesne University in the city and from the teams founding in the 1930s to the late 1990s used Art Rooney Field and other facilities on campus as either its primary or secondary in - season training site as well as Greenlee Field during the 1930s . In the 1970s and 1980s , the team had season scrimmages at South Park in the suburban south hills of Pittsburgh . During various seasons including the strike season of 1987 , the Steelers used Point Stadium in nearby Johnstown , Pennsylvania for game week practices . During the 1950s St. Bonaventure University and suburban Ligonier also served as a pre-season training camp sites . Statistics Further information : Pittsburgh Steelers statistics Players of note Main article : List of Pittsburgh Steelers players Current roster Pittsburgh Steelers roster view talk Quarterbacks 5 Joshua Dobbs 3 Landry Jones 7 Ben Roethlisberger Running backs 26 Le'Veon Bell 30 James Conner 45 Roosevelt Nix FB 39 Terrell Watson Wide receivers 84 Antonio Brown PR 10 Martavis Bryant 88 Darrius Heyward - Bey 11 Justin Hunter 17 Eli Rogers 19 JuJu Smith - Schuster KR Tight ends 85 Xavier Grimble 81 Jesse James 89 Vance McDonald Offensive linemen 66 David DeCastro G 71 Matt Feiler G 67 B.J. Finney C 73 Ramon Foster G 77 Marcus Gilbert T 65 Jerald Hawkins T 74 Chris Hubbard T 53 Maurkice Pouncey C 78 Alejandro Villanueva T Defensive linemen 94 Tyson Alualu DE 79 Javon Hargrave NT 97 Cameron Heyward DE 93 Daniel McCullers NT 91 Stephon Tuitt DE 96 L.T. Walton DE Linebackers 56 Anthony Chickillo OLB 48 Bud Dupree OLB 54 L.J. Fort ILB 92 James Harrison OLB 44 Tyler Matakevich ILB 55 Arthur Moats OLB 50 Ryan Shazier ILB 90 T.J. Watt OLB 98 Vince Williams ILB Defensive backs 29 Brian Allen CB 25 Artie Burns CB 28 Sean Davis SS 22 William Gay CB 20 Robert Golden SS 21 Joe Haden CB 31 Mike Hilton CB 23 Mike Mitchell FS 24 Coty Sensabaugh CB 27 J.J. Wilcox FS Special teams 4 Jordan Berry P 9 Chris Boswell K 57 Kameron Canaday LS Reserve lists 99 Keion Adams OLB ( IR ) 34 Antonio Crawford CB ( IR ) 38 Greg Ducre CB ( IR ) 62 Mike Matthews C ( IR ) -- Daimion Stafford S ( Did Not Report ) 34 Cameron Sutton CB ( IR ) Practice squad 37 Jordan Dangerfield SS 61 Kyle Friend C 95 Lavon Hooks NT 41 Farrington Huguenin OLB 46 Keith Kelsey ILB 80 Jake McGee TE 35 Dashaun Phillips CB 68 Jake Rodgers OT 33 Fitzgerald Toussaint RB 16 Marcus Tucker WR Rookies in italics Roster updated October 27 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired uniform numbers Pittsburgh Steelers retired numbers No . Player Position Seasons Ref . 70 Ernie Stautner DT 1950 -- 1963 75 Joe Greene DT 1969 -- 1981 The Steelers retired Stautner 's # 70 in 1964 before creating a 50 - year tradition of not retiring numbers . The team retired Greene 's # 75 in 2014 and left the possibility open that they would retire other players ' jersey numbers at later dates . Other numbers are no longer issued since the retirement of the players who wore them , including : 1 Gary Anderson 12 Terry Bradshaw 32 Franco Harris 36 Jerome Bettis 43 Troy Polamalu 52 Mike Webster 58 Jack Lambert 59 Jack Ham 63 Dermontti Dawson 86 Hines Ward Pro Football Hall of Famers `` Primary '' inductees The Steelers boast the third most `` primary '' inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , i.e. inductees that spent most or all of their NFL careers in Pittsburgh . They also can claim the most honorees of any franchise founded on or after 1933 and the only franchise with three members of ownership in the Hall . Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Famers No . Name Inducted Position ( s ) Years w / Steelers Ref . -- Bell , Bert Bert Bell 1963 Co-owner Head coach 1941 -- 1946 1941 36 Bettis , Jerome Jerome Bettis 2015 RB 1996 -- 2005 47 Blount , Mel Mel Blount 1989 CB 1970 -- 1983 12 Bradshaw , Terry Terry Bradshaw 1989 QB 1970 -- 1983 80 Butler , Jack Jack Butler 2012 CB 1951 -- 1959 63 Dawson , Dermontti Dermontti Dawson 2012 1988 -- 2000 35 Dudley , Bill Bill Dudley 1966 RB 1942 , 1945 -- 1946 75 Greene , Joe `` Mean '' Joe Greene DT 1969 -- 1981 59 Ham , Jack Jack Ham 1988 LB 1971 -- 1982 32 Harris , Franco Franco Harris 1990 RB 1972 -- 1983 35 Johnson , John Henry John Henry Johnson RB 1960 -- 1965 35 Kiesling , Walt Walt Kiesling 1966 Head coach 1936 -- 1938 1939 -- 1944 , 1954 -- 1956 58 Lambert , Jack Jack Lambert 1990 LB 1974 -- 1984 22 Layne , Bobby Bobby Layne 1967 QB 1958 -- 1962 -- Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll 1993 Head coach 1969 -- 1991 -- Rooney , Art Art Rooney 1964 Founder , Owner 1933 -- 1988 -- Rooney , Dan Dan Rooney 2000 Executive , Owner 1975 -- 2017 82 Stallworth , John John Stallworth 2002 WR 1974 -- 1987 70 Stautner , Ernie Ernie Stautner 1969 DT 1950 -- 1963 88 Swann , Lynn Lynn Swann 2001 WR 1974 -- 1982 52 Webster , Mike Mike Webster 1997 1974 -- 1988 26 Woodson , Rod Rod Woodson 2009 DB 1987 -- 1996 Award recipients Rocky Bleier , former Steeler running back received the Purple Heart , Bronze Star and the Combat Infantryman Badge while serving in the Army in Vietnam . Pat Livingston , Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press , awarded the 1979 Dick McCann Memorial Award Vito Stellino , Steelers beat writer in the 1970s for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , awarded the 1989 Dick McCann Memorial Award Myron Cope , Announcer ( 1970 -- 2005 ) , awarded the 2005 Pro Football Hall of Fame 's Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award John Clayton , Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press ( 1976 -- 1986 ) , awarded the 2007 Dick McCann Memorial Award Steelers in the Hall for contributions elsewhere Steelers in the Hall for contributions elsewhere No . Name Inducted Steeler Position ( s ) Years w / Steelers Primary Team Impact Position ( s ) Ref . 36 Cal Hubbard 1963 OT 1936 Green Bay Packers OT 15 Johnny `` Blood '' McNally 1963 FB Head Coach 1934 , 1937 -- 1939 1937 -- 1939 Green Bay Packers FB 36 Motley , Marion Marion Motley 1968 FB 1955 Cleveland Browns FB 14 Johnny Unitas 1979 QB 1955 Baltimore Colts QB 16 Dawson , Len Len Dawson QB 1957 -- 1959 Kansas City Chiefs QB 7 Jim Finks 1995 QB 1949 -- 1955 Minnesota Vikings GM -- Mike Munchak 2001 Offensive Line Coach 2014 -- present Houston Oilers -- Russ Grimm Offensive Line Coach 2001 -- 2006 Washington Redskins -- Dick LeBeau Defensive Coordinator 1992 -- 1996 2004 -- 2014 Detroit Lions CB 21 Tony Dungy 2016 Defensive Coordinator 1977 -- 1978 1981 -- 1988 Indianapolis Colts Head coach 91 Kevin Greene 2016 LB 1993 -- 1995 Los Angeles Rams LB Pro Bowl players The following Steelers players have been named to the Pro Bowl : QB Ben Roethlisberger ( 5 ) , Kordell Stewart , Neil O'Donnell , Terry Bradshaw ( 3 ) , Bobby Layne ( 2 ) , Earl Morrall , Jim Finks FB Earnest Jackson , Franco Harris ( 9 ) , John Henry Johnson ( 3 ) , Fran Rogel , Dick Riffle , John Karcis , Stu Smith HB Le'Veon Bell ( 2 ) , Willie Parker ( 2 ) , Jerome Bettis ( 4 ) , Barry Foster ( 2 ) , Dick Hoak , Clendon Thomas , Tom Tracy ( 2 ) , Ray Mathews ( 2 ) , Johnny Lattner , Lynn Chandnois ( 2 ) , Joe Geri ( 2 ) , Bill Dudley , Merl Condit , Whizzer White LT Marvel Smith , Charlie Bradshaw ( 2 ) , Joe Coomer LG Alan Faneca ( 7 ) , Duval Love , Mike Sandusky , Byron Gentry ( 2 ) C Maurkice Pouncey ( 5 ) , Jeff Hartings ( 2 ) , Dermontti Dawson ( 7 ) , Mike Webster ( 9 ) , Buzz Nutter , Bill Walsh ( 2 ) , Chuck Cherundolo ( 2 ) , Mike Basrak RG David DeCastro ( 2 ) , Carlton Haselrig , Bruce Van Dyke , John Nisby ( 2 ) , Milt Simington RT Tunch Ilkin ( 2 ) , Larry Brown , Frank Varrichione ( 4 ) , George Hughes ( 2 ) , John Woudenberg TE Heath Miller ( 2 ) , Eric Green ( 2 ) , Preston Carpenter , Jack McClairen , Elbie Nickel ( 3 ) WR Antonio Brown ( 4 ) , Mike Wallace , Hines Ward ( 4 ) , Yancey Thigpen ( 2 ) , Louis Lipps ( 2 ) , John Stallworth ( 4 ) , Lynn Swann ( 3 ) , Ron Shanklin , Roy Jefferson ( 2 ) , Gary Ballman ( 2 ) , Buddy Dial ( 2 ) , Jimmy Orr DE Brett Keisel , Aaron Smith , L.C. Greenwood ( 6 ) , Dwight White ( 2 ) , Ben McGee ( 2 ) , Lou Michaels ( 2 ) , Bill McPeak ( 3 ) DT Casey Hampton ( 5 ) , Joel Steed , Joe Greene ( 10 ) , Joe Krupa , Gene Lipscomb , Ernie Stautner ( 9 ) LB Ryan Shazier , Lawrence Timmons , James Harrison ( 5 ) , LaMarr Woodley , James Farrior ( 2 ) , Joey Porter ( 3 ) , Jason Gildon ( 3 ) , Kendrell Bell , Levon Kirkland ( 2 ) , Chad Brown , Kevin Greene ( 2 ) , Greg Lloyd ( 5 ) , David Little , Mike Merriweather ( 3 ) , Robin Cole , Jack Lambert ( 9 ) , Jack Ham ( 8 ) , Andy Russell ( 7 ) , Myron Pottios ( 3 ) , John Reger ( 3 ) , Dale Dodrill ( 4 ) , Marv Matuszak , Jerry Shipkey ( 3 ) CB Rod Woodson ( 7 ) , Mel Blount ( 5 ) , J.T. Thomas , Marv Woodson , Brady Keys , Dean Derby , Jack Butler ( 4 ) , Art Jones SS Troy Polamalu ( 8 ) , Carnell Lake ( 4 ) , Donnie Shell ( 5 ) , Mike Wagner ( 2 ) FS Ryan Clark , Glen Edwards ( 2 ) K Gary Anderson ( 3 ) , Roy Gerela ( 2 ) , Mike Clark P Bobby Walden KR / PR Antonio Brown ( 2 ) , Rod Woodson , Glen Edwards NFL MVPs NFL MVP Winners Season Player Position 1946 Bill Dudley HB 1978 Terry Bradshaw QB Defensive Player of the Year Awards winners This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1972 Joe Greene DT Joe Greene DT Mel Blount CB 1976 Jack Lambert LB 1993 Rod Woodson DB 2008 James Harrison LB Troy Polamalu Rookie of the Year Award winners This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1972 Franco Harris RB 1984 Louis Lipps WR / RS Ben Roethlisberger QB NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1969 Joe Greene DT Jack Lambert LB 2001 Kendrell Bell LB Super Bowl MVPs This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Super Bowl MVP winners Game Player Position IX Franco Harris RB X Lynn Swann WR XIII Terry Bradshaw QB XIV Terry Bradshaw QB XL Hines Ward WR XLIII Santonio Holmes WR NFL all - decade teams This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following Steelers were named to NFL All - Decade Teams ( and 75th Anniversary All - Time Team selected in 1994 ) . Only those who spent time with Pittsburgh during the respective decades are listed . NFL 1930s All - Decade Team Johnny `` Blood '' McNally , HB ( 1934 , 1937 -- 38 ) NFL 1940s All - Decade Team Bill Dudley , HB ( 1942 , 1945 -- 46 ) Bucko Kilroy , T ( 1943 ) Vic Sears , T ( 1943 ) Al Wistert , T ( 1943 ) NFL 1950s All - Decade Team Bobby Layne , QB ( 1958 -- 62 ) Ernie Stautner , DT ( 1950 -- 63 ) Jack Butler , DB ( 1951 -- 59 ) NFL 1960s All - Decade Team No players selected NFL 1970s All - Decade Team Terry Bradshaw , QB ( 1970 -- 83 ) Franco Harris , RB ( 1972 -- 83 ) Lynn Swann , WR ( 1974 -- 82 ) Mike Webster , C ( 1974 -- 88 ) L.C. Greenwood , DE ( 1969 -- 81 ) Joe Greene , DT ( 1969 -- 81 ) Jack Lambert , MLB ( 1974 -- 84 ) Jack Ham , OLB ( 1971 -- 82 ) Chuck Noll , Coach ( 1969 -- 91 ) NFL 1980s All - Decade Team Mike Webster , C ( 1974 -- 88 ) Jack Lambert , MLB ( 1974 -- 84 ) Mel Blount , CB ( 1970 -- 83 ) Gary Anderson , K ( 1982 -- 94 ) Chuck Noll , Coach ( 1969 -- 91 ) NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Dermontti Dawson , C ( 1988 -- 2000 ) Kevin Greene , LB ( 1993 -- 95 ) Hardy Nickerson , LB ( 1987 -- 92 ) Levon Kirkland , LB ( 1992 -- 2000 ) Rod Woodson , CB ( 1987 -- 96 ) Carnell Lake , S ( 1989 -- 98 ) Gary Anderson , K ( 1982 -- 94 ) NFL 75th Anniversary All - Time Team Johnny Unitas , QB ( 1955 ) Marion Motley , FB ( 1955 ) Mike Webster , C ( 1974 -- 88 ) Joe Greene , DT ( 1969 -- 81 ) Jack Lambert , LB ( 1974 -- 84 ) Jack Ham , LB ( 1971 -- 82 ) Mel Blount , CB ( 1970 -- 83 ) Rod Woodson , CB ( 1987 -- 96 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team Alan Faneca , G ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Joey Porter , LB ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Troy Polamalu , S ( 2003 -- 14 ) All - time team In 2007 , in celebration of the franchise 's 75th season , the team announced an updated All - Time team of the 33 best players who have ever played for the Steelers . This team supplanted the previous All - Time team of 24 players named as part of the 50th anniversary commemoration in 1982 . A `` Legends team '' consisting of the club 's best pre-1970s players was released concurrently with the latest All - Time team . Further information : Pittsburgh Steelers All - Time Team Dapper Dan Sportsman of the year This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The regional Dapper Dan Charities has since 1939 named the `` Sportsman of the Year '' in the Pittsburgh region . 18 Steelers have won the award in 22 events : 1941 Aldo Donelli 1942 Bill Dudley 1946 Bill Dudley 1950 Joe Geri 1952 Red Dawson 1955 John Michelosen 1962 Lou Michaels 1962 John Michelosen 1968 Dick Hoak 1972 Chuck Noll 1974 Joe Greene 1975 Terry Bradshaw 1977 Franco Harris 1984 John Stallworth 1985 Louis Lipps 1992 Bill Cowher 1994 Bill Cowher 1997 Jerome Bettis 2001 Kordell Stewart 2004 Ben Roethlisberger 2005 Jerome Bettis 2008 Mike Tomlin Hall of Honor The Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor was established on August 1 , 2017 . There have been 27 inductees . Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor N ° Name Position Years With Club Inducted 36 Jerome Bettis RB 1996 -- 2005 2017 47 Mel Blount CB 1970 -- 1983 2017 12 Terry Bradshaw QB 1970 -- 1983 2017 80 Jack Butler CB 1951 -- 59 2017 63 Dermontti Dawson 1988 -- 2000 2017 35 Bill Dudley HB 1942 , 1945 -- 46 2017 75 Joe Greene DT 1969 -- 81 2017 91 Kevin Greene LB 1993 -- 95 2017 68 L.C. Greenwood DE 1969 -- 81 2017 59 Jack Ham LB 1971 -- 82 2017 32 Franco Harris RB 1972 -- 83 2017 42 Dick Hoak RB Coach 1961 -- 70 1972 -- 2006 2017 35 John Henry Johnson FB 1960 -- 65 2017 35 Walt Kiesling Coach 1937 -- 39 1939 -- 44 , 1954 -- 56 2017 58 Jack Lambert LB 1974 -- 84 2017 22 Bobby Layne QB 1958 -- 62 2017 15 Johnny `` Blood '' McNally FB Coach 1934 , 1937 -- 39 1937 -- 39 2017 -- Chuck Noll Coach 1969 -- 91 2017 -- Art Rooney , Sr . Founder President Chairman of the Board 1933 -- 88 2017 -- Dan Rooney , Sr . President Chairman 1955 -- 2017 2017 34 Andy Russell LB 1963 , 1966 -- 76 2017 31 Donnie Shell 1974 -- 87 2017 82 John Stallworth WR 1974 -- 87 2017 70 Ernie Stautner DT 1950 -- 63 2017 88 Lynn Swann WR 1974 -- 82 2017 52 Mike Webster 1974 -- 88 2017 26 Rod Woodson CB 1987 -- 96 2017 Coaches Main article : List of Pittsburgh Steelers head coaches The Steelers have had 16 coaches through their history . They have cycled through the least amount of head coaches in the modern NFL history . Their first coach was Forrest Douds , who coached them to a 3 -- 6 -- 2 record in 1933 . Chuck Noll had the longest term as head coach with the Steelers ; he is one of only four coaches to coach a single NFL team for 23 years . Hired prior to the 2007 season , the Steelers current coach is Mike Tomlin . Current staff Pittsburgh Steelers staff Front Office President -- Art Rooney II Vice President -- Art Rooney Jr . Vice President & General Manager -- Kevin Colbert Vice President of Football and Business Administration -- Omar Khan Football Administration Coordinator -- Samir Suleiman Player Personnel Coordinator -- Dan Rooney Jr . College Scouting Coordinator -- Phil Kreidler Senior Assistant , College Scouting -- Rick Reiprish Pro Personnel Coordinator -- Brandon Hunt Analytics and Football Research Coordinator -- Karim Kassam Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike Tomlin Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Line -- John Mitchell Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Todd Haley Quarterbacks -- Randy Fichtner Running Backs -- James Saxon Wide Receivers -- Richard Mann Tight Ends -- James Daniel Offensive Line -- Mike Munchak Offensive Assistant -- Shaun Sarrett Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Keith Butler Inside Linebackers -- Jerry Olsavsky Outside Linebackers -- Joey Porter Defensive Backs -- Carnell Lake Defensive Assistant -- Steve Meyer Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Danny Smith Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Garrett Giemont Conditioning Assistant -- Marcel Pastoor → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Offensive coordinator history Source : Years Name 2012 -- present Todd Haley 2007 -- 2011 Bruce Arians 2004 -- 2006 Ken Whisenhunt 2001 -- 2003 Mike Mularkey 1999 -- 2000 Kevin Gilbride 1998 Ray Sherman 1996 -- 1997 Chan Gailey 1992 -- 1995 Ron Erhardt 1990 -- 1991 Joe Walton 1983 -- 1989 Tom Moore Defensive coordinator history Source : Years Name 2015 -- present Keith Butler 2004 -- 2014 Dick LeBeau 2000 -- 2003 Tim Lewis 1997 -- 1999 Jim Haslett 1995 -- 1996 Dick LeBeau 1992 -- 1994 Dom Capers 1990 -- 1991 Dave Brazil 1989 Rod Rust 1984 -- 1988 Tony Dungy 1979 -- 1983 Woody Widenhofer 1978 George Perles 1973 -- 1977 Bud Carson Media Map of radio affiliates . Further information : Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network As of 2006 , the Steelers ' flagship radio stations were WDVE 102.5 FM and WBGG 970 AM . Both stations are owned by iHeartMedia . Games are also available on 51 radio stations in Pennsylvania , Western Maryland , Ohio , and Northern West Virginia . The announcers are Bill Hillgrove and Tunch Ilkin . Craig Wolfley is the sideline reporter . Myron Cope , the longtime color analyst and inventor of the `` Terrible Towel '' , retired after the 2004 season , and died in 2008 . Pre-season games not shown on one of the national broadcasters are seen on CBS O&O KDKA - TV , channel 2 ; sister CW O&O WPCW , channel 19 ; and AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh . KDKA - TV 's Bob Pompeani and former Steelers quarterback Charlie Batch do the announcing for the pre-season games , as well as the two hosting the pre-game program Steelers Kickoff during the regular season prior to the national airing of The NFL Today . Pompeani and former Steelers lineman Chris Hoke also host the Xfinity Xtra Point following the game on days when CBS does not have that week 's NFL doubleheader . When CBS has a week 's doubleheader , the show airs on WPCW . Coach Mike Tomlin 's weekly press conference is shown live on AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh . Both Batch and Hoke replaced former Steelers lineman Edmund Nelson , who retired from broadcasting in 2015 . Thursday Night Football broadcasts are shown locally on KDKA , while national ESPN broadcasts are shown locally on WTAE - TV , channel 4 . ( WTAE - TV is owned by the Hearst Corporation , which owns a 20 % stake in ESPN . ) By virtue of being members of the AFC , most of the Steelers ' games air on CBS except for home games against NFC opponents , which air locally on WPGH - TV , which is a Fox affiliate . NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by WPXI , channel 11 , in the market . The Steelers hold a national contract with Grupo Imagen for radio rights to their games in Mexico ; Imagen broadcasts the Steelers on their stations in 17 Mexican cities . Figures with broadcasting résumés Main article : List of Pittsburgh Steelers figures in broadcasting The Steelers franchise has a rich history of producing well - known sportscasters over the years . The most famous of these is probably Myron Cope , who served as a Steelers radio color commentator for 35 seasons ( 1970 -- 2004 ) . Several former Steelers players have gone on to careers in media after completing their playing careers . Newspaper The Steelers Digest is the only official newspaper for the Pittsburgh Steelers . It has been published for 22 years and is currently published by Dolphin / Curtis Publishing in Miami , Florida , which also handles several other publications . The newspaper is very widely acknowledged by Steelers fans . Issues are mailed out to paying subscribers weekly through the season after every regular season game and continues through playoffs as long as the Steelers do . After a Super Bowl victory , a bonus issue is published , which is followed by a draft preview , draft recap , and training camp edition every other month , then leading into the pre-season . There are typically 24 issues of the paper within a publishing year . The newspaper is listed on the official Steelers.com page . Usage in popular culture The Steelers success over several decades has permeated film and literature . The Steelers are portrayed in the following big - budget Hollywood films : The January 11 , 1975 episode of the Mary Tyler Moore Show used the team 's first Super Bowl as the plot device . Black Sunday in 1977 Heaven Can Wait in 1978 Smokey and the Bandit II in 1980 Fighting Back in 1980 Hey Kid , Catch ! in 1980 ... All the Marbles in 1981 Evening Shade ( TV series ) 1990 -- 1994 The Waterboy cameo by Bill Cowher in 1998 The Longest Yard in 2005 The Chief a theater production . Black and Yellow in 2010 . The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 features several Steelers players as the fictional Gotham Rogues , which was filmed in Heinz Field Mad Men 's April 14 , 2013 episode has Don Draper , Pete Campbell and Roger Sterling meeting with two HJ Heinz executives . The executives are told that not only would the ad firm have given them tickets to the Steelers ' November 19 , 1967 game at the Giants , the firm would have worked it so that the Steelers would have won ( they lost 20 -- 28 ) . Concussion in 2015 features players from the team suffering from CTE . The protagonist of John Grisham 's novel `` The Associate '' is a staunch Steelers fan . The Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain injury Research The Steelers helped launch the Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research in November 2016 by donating $1 million . The Foundation , started by Steelers president Art Rooney II , focuses on education and research regarding brain injuries and sports - related concussions . In June 2017 , the Steelers announced an inaugural charity walk to raise money for the foundation . See also Pittsburgh portal Pittsburgh Pro Football Hall of Fame Active NFL playoff appearance streaks References Jump up ^ `` A Tradition of Excellence '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Steelers new Nike uniform unveiled '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com ( 2007 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ESPN.com -- The Best : Owner '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team History -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` PDF File : NFL Past Standings '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Team History Jump up ^ `` : The U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals : '' . Jump up ^ `` World War II Steagles to be honored at tonight 's game -- Pittsburgh Tribune - Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Unconfigured Site '' . www.mmbolding.com . Jump up ^ Sherrington , Kevin ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Dallas meeting in ' 66 saved Steelers from stinking '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Steelers Draft History , Stats and more on databaseFootball.com Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Detail -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Article Jump up ^ `` Steelers ' 400th Win In The NFL Comes Against The Redskins '' . CBS Local . 2012 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- January 02 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2011 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Ownership Transition '' . PittsburghSteelers.com . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rooneys look to restructure Steelers ownership '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dulac , Gerry ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` Steelers ownership in turmoil '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL owners approve altered Steelers ownership '' . ESPN.com . December 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Steelers Add Partner To Ownership Group '' . Jump up ^ Browns owner Haslam sells stock in Steelers -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Post-gazette.com ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Story Behind the Symbol on the Headgear of the Pittsburgh Steelers ? '' . American Iron and Steel Institute . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Steelers Logo '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys , Steelers rivalry has been one for the ages '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Dvorchak , Robert ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Catching up with their competitors , the Steelers christen a mascot '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Byko , Maureen ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` Middlesex grandmother won Steelers ' Name the Mascot ' contest '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN ranks Steelers fans No. 1 '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steelers ' former radio announcer Myron Cope dies at 79 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allegheny Valley School Mourns the Loss of Myron Cope '' . Allegheny Valley School . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Steelers to play basketball in Poland '' . Vindy.com. 2012 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers to play basketball game April 22 at Behrend GoErie.com/Erie Times - News '' . Goerie.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Postcard from camp : Steelers '' ; accessed 08 - 20 - 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southside Sports Complex ( UPMC Sports Performance Complex ) Campus Tour '' . www.tour.pitt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette via Google News Archive Search Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Pittsburgh Press 09 - 24 - 1987 Jump up ^ `` Butler recalls when Steelers cut Unitas at St. Bona -- Press Coverage The Buffalo News '' . Blogs.buffalonews.com. 2012 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ The Washington Reporter via Google News Archive Search Jump up ^ `` Only One Retired Number '' , Time.com , 4 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers to Retire Joe Greene 's Number ' 75 ' '' . Jump up ^ Grdnic , Dale . Pittsburgh Steelers Glory Days . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61321 - 329 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teams -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bert Bell -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Bettis -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Mel Blount -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Terry Bradshaw -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jack Butler -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Dermontti Dawson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bill Dudley -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Joe Greene -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ham -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Franco Harris -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` John Henry Johnson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Walt Kiesling -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jack Lambert -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Layne -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Noll -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Art Rooney -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Dan Rooney -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` John Stallworth -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Ernie Stautner -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Lynn Swann -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Mike Webster -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Rod Woodson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : Bouchette , Ed ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` Steelers Notebook : Players pushing LeBeau for Canton '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert ( Cal ) Hubbard -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` John ( Blood ) McNally -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Marion Motley -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Finks -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ Pro Football Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` Russ Grimm -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Dick LeBeau -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame 's Class of 2016 Announced -- General -- News -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Joe F. Carr Trophy ( MVP ) winners '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Football League MVPs '' . ESPN . January 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Announce All - Time Team as Part of Club 's 75th Season Celebration '' . Steelers.com . October 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` 1970s stars dominate Steelers all - time team '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Announce Legends Team as Part of 75th Season Celebration Twenty - Four Honored as Best Pre-1970s Players in Club History '' . Steelers.com . October 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers announce plans for Hall of Honord '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Inaugural Hall of Honor class announced '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fischer - Baum , Reuben . `` How Fast Has Your NFL Team Cycled Through Coaches ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dulac , Gerry ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Tomlin , 34 , is NFL 's rising coaching star '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Assistant Coaches '' ( PDF ) . 2015 Official Pittsburgh Steelers Media Guide . Pittsburgh Steelers . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Broadcasts Archived March 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Former Steelers Charlie Batch and Chris Hoke join KDKA - TV broadcasts Steelers.com ( 05 / 05 / 2015 ) Jump up ^ http://www.superbowlconcierge.com/Super_Bowl_IX.html Jump up ^ `` Steelers help launch Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research with $1 million contribution '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers announce inaugural charity walk '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pittsburgh Steelers . Official website Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. 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1770267751585060910 | Red John | Red John - wikipedia Red John Jump to : navigation , search `` Red John ( The Mentalist ) '' redirects here . For the Mentalist episode , see Red John ( The Mentalist episode ) . Red John ( Thomas McAllister ) The Mentalist character Xander Berkeley as Red John First appearance `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' Last appearance `` Red John '' Portrayed by Xander Berkeley Simon Baker ( Voice , in `` Red Sky In The Morning '' , `` The Crimson Hat '' and `` The Desert Rose '' ) Information Aliases Roy Tagliaferro ; Dr. Joe N.H. ; McAllister ; Jay Roth Gender Male Occupation Sheriff of Napa County , California Nationality American Red John is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the CBS crime drama The Mentalist for the first five seasons and half of the sixth . As a serial killer , he is believed to have begun his killing spree in 1988 , and has , with his operatives and acolytes , killed more than 70 people in California , Nevada , and Mexico , throughout his murder spree . Five years prior to the action of the first episode , he murdered the wife and the daughter of Patrick Jane ( Simon Baker ) , making Jane his dedicated nemesis . In the season 3 finale , `` Strawberries and Cream ( Part 2 ) '' , Jane encounters a man ( played by Bradley Whitford ) in a shopping mall who convinces him he is Red John and whom he subsequently kills . However , after this `` cliffhanger '' episode , over the course of the first several episodes of season 4 , Jane determines that the man he killed , Timothy Carter , although a psychopathic killer himself , was not Red John but one of the killer 's many operatives . In season 5 's `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) , a Red John operative , who goes astray after Jane convinces her that Red John murdered her sister , Miranda , accidentally reveals to Jane that he has already met Red John and shaken his hand . Jane compiles a list of men whose hands he has shaken and eventually narrows the list to seven names . Lorelei , however , is captured by Red John , whom she refused to name to Jane , breaking a promise she had made , and reads a pre-mortem message from Red John threatening to go back to killing `` a lot '' until Jane captures Red John or vice versa . In Lorelei 's message from Red John , she names the seven men Jane had narrowed down his list to include , indicating that somehow Red John has gotten inside Jane 's mind , although Red John does n't deny being one of the seven men . In the season 6 episode `` Red John '' , the eponymous serial killer 's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister , the sheriff of Napa County , portrayed by Xander Berkeley . After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane , McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association . TV Guide included Red John in its 2013 list of `` The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character profile 2 The Face and other signatures 3 Tyger Tyger Conspiracy : The Blake Association 4 Victims 4.1 Known victims 4.2 Likely killed by Red John 4.3 Indirect victims / killed by Red John associates 5 Appearances , accomplices , and copycats 5.1 Face - to - face 5.2 Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator 5.3 Red John still at large 5.4 James Panzer and Susan Darcy 's investigation 5.5 Ninth anniversary of Jane 's wife and daughter 's death 5.6 Jane 's breakdown and Red John 's proposal 5.7 Lorelei Martins 5.8 Visualize 5.9 Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security 5.10 The seven suspects 5.11 The final hunt 5.12 Kirkland 's ambition and the final clue 5.13 The Blake Association 5.14 The reveal and death of Red John 6 References Character profile ( edit ) Patrick Jane relentlessly pursues Red John , and ultimately in season 5 narrows his list of suspects to seven . The number of people in series who claim to have met `` Red John '' is limited . Although Patrick Jane learns that he has met Red John and shaken his hand at some point , he only discovers Red John 's true identity midway through season 6 . The face and other signatures ( edit ) `` The Face '' As part of his criminal signature , Red John draws a smiley face on the wall with the blood of the victim -- always clockwise ( except when it was portrayed in skywriting in `` Red John 's Footsteps '' ) , using the three fingers of his rubber - gloved right hand . Jane says in the pilot episode , `` Red John thinks of himself as a showman ; an artist . He has a strong sense of theater ... the first thing that anyone sees is the face on the wall . You see the face first and you know . You know what 's happened and you feel dread . Then , and only then do you see the body of the victim . Always in that order . '' Jane uses this information to work out that an apparent Red John murder was a copycat crime . Red John has twice painted his victim 's toenails with their own blood . Both were female . The first was Patrick Jane 's wife , Angela ; Red John wanted to punish Jane for saying derogatory things about him during a TV interview . Years later , knowing the case would be intercepted by the California Bureau of Investigation team and that the reminder of his wife 's death would make Jane furious , Red John painted the toenails of a young girl , to lead Jane into a trap . Red John 's victims have been mostly female , with some exceptions , such as Jared Renfrew ( Todd Stashwick ) in the season 1 episode `` Red John 's Friends '' , a man Jane helped to be released from prison on the condition he would give Jane information on the whereabouts of Red John . Fearing Red John , the man escaped Jane 's custody before giving any relevant information . Later that day , the man contacted Jane to explain that he would be of no further assistance , although this does n't save Renfrew 's life . Jane used background noises from the conversation as a starting point to find this man , but Red John got to him first , killing both Renfrew and the prostitute Renfrew had been with . In the season 2 episode `` His Red Right Hand '' , it is revealed another man was killed when he interrupted his wife 's murder at the hand of Red John . Jane believes this occurred early in Red John 's career and that Red John made a `` mistake '' due to his inexperience . Jane believes Red John removed the body from the crime scene ( something he had otherwise not done ) to bury the mistake . In the season 2 finale `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , Red John and Jane meet when Red John rescues Jane from kidnappers ; however Red John wears a mask that obscures his face . Red John also kills the two kidnappers , one of whom was male , but leaves alive a boy who the kidnappers blackmailed into looking like a criminal . In the season 4 episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , Red John kills James Panzer , a blogger and serial killer known as the San Joaquin killer , after Panzer has been goaded by Jane into insulting Red John on television . Jane did this because he could think of no other way to protect society from Panzer . In the season 4 premiere `` Scarlet Ribbons '' , Patrick Jane says that Red John 's victims are `` nearly all women , late at night , in their homes . He wakes them first , because he likes to see the fear in their eyes . He likes to hear them beg for mercy as he cuts them open . '' In the season 2 episode `` The Scarlet Letter '' , Jane tells Senior Special Agent Sam Bosco ( Terry Kinney ) that `` Red John does n't make mistakes . He does n't leave clues . If you have new evidence , it 's because he wants you to have it . The question is n't ' What does it mean ? ' ; it 's ' Why did he give it to you ? ' '' . Bruno Heller , show 's creator , has said that Red John is n't a `` pathetic loser who is hiding out in a basement somewhere '' , and that Jane is `` not fighting the Green River Killer . He 's fighting Moriarty . '' In addition , `` Jane and the audience are coming to the gradual realization that this is a much larger task than it seemed at first . It 's like those Amazon tribesmen who throw spears at passing airplanes , then come to realize those planes are the seeds of a much larger civilization that is coming down on them . '' Like Moriarty , Red John has a network of agents , willing to kill or to die for him . In a radio interview Heller has also stated : `` Red John is really just a personification of death , I mean it 's that simple . Patrick Jane is very much alive and is very much about being alive in the face of death . And Red John is the fate that awaits us all in the end . '' Tyger Tyger conspiracy : the Blake Association ( edit ) Further information : William Blake in popular culture In season 2 's finale episode `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , a William Blake theme is introduced , when a person , whom we believe at the time to be Red John , saves Patrick Jane from being killed under the direction of deranged slasher movie makers Ruth and Dylan . Jane is tied with saran wrap to a chair and , while he is immobilized , Red John recites the first verse of the William Blake poem `` Tyger Tyger '' : Tyger ! Tyger ! burning bright In the forests of the night What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry ? In subsequent episodes ( season 3 ) , Jane wonders about this but does n't tell anyone that Red John recited it to him . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Red Moon '' ) , serial cop killer Todd Johnson is burned alive . While in the ICU , with Jane the only person present , Johnson whispers in his dying breath `` Tyger ! Tyger ! '' . This makes Jane conclude that there is a connection between Johnson and Red John , but he does n't tell anyone about this either . During subsequent episodes , it becomes clear that Red John either has an inside man in the CBI or is himself working within the CBI . In season 3 's `` Red Queen '' , the new director of the CBI , Gale Bertram ( Michael Gaston ) , also recites William Blake . This time it 's from another poem , called `` A Cradle Song '' . The two lines he recites are : And when thy little heart doth wake , Then the dreadful night shall break Jane is not present at the time of the reciting , but it is quite out of character for Bertram to recite poetry , and the fact that it is a poem by the same author is probably more than a simple coincidence . Bertram is later revealed to be among Jane 's final list of Red John suspects . In the season 3 finale , Jane tells the entire team all that he knows and recites the first verse of `` Tyger Tyger '' . Kimball Cho knows the poem very well and recites the first two lines of the second verse : In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes ? When discussing what the poem means , Cho says , `` Well , God made the lamb , but he also made the tiger . You ca n't have light without darkness . Life without death . '' This is also the mindset Red John 's accomplices follow to act on his orders . In Cho 's interpretation , he refers to a third , and earlier poem by William Blake , called `` The Lamb '' to which `` Tyger Tyger '' is a response or a further musing on the different parts of creation and the reasons for them , as started in `` The Lamb '' . Actually , Blake himself refers to `` The Lamb '' in `` Tyger ! Tyger ! '' , in the last line of the fifth verse : Did he who made the Lamb make thee ? In the season 6 episode `` Red Listed '' , there is a revelation by Bob Kirkland ( Kevin Corrigan ) as to what `` Tyger Tyger '' means . Kirkland reveals to FBI agent Reede Smith ( Drew Powell ) that corrupt officials use the term `` Tyger , Tyger '' to cover up dirty work done under law enforcement . Smith pretends to know nothing about `` Tyger Tyger '' until he shoots Kirkland in the back six times when pretending to free him from a prison transfer , after which he tells the driver , who belongs to the same organization , `` Tyger Tyger '' . The driver replies with the same phrase . In the season 6 episode `` The Red Tattoo '' , a woman named Kira Tinsley ( Beth Riesgraf ) is murdered by a man with a tattoo containing three dots - she reveals this to Jane in her final moments . Jane , believing that the man who killed Tinsley was Red John , gathers his five remaining Red John suspects into one location ( in `` Fire and Brimstone '' ) , only to find that three of his suspects have the identical tattoo of three dots , revealing that they are all part of the `` Tyger Tyger '' group of corrupt officials . In the season 6 episode `` The Great Red Dragon '' , Smith decides to hand himself in after the same organization he is part of attempts to kill him , in the same way he killed Bob Kirkland . Once he is alone with Lisbon and Jane , he reveals that he is a member of The Blake Association ( whose name is simultaneously first revealed ) , that they use the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' to identify fellow members , and that Red John is also a member of the Association . He explains how he came to join the Association after accidentally shooting a 12 - year - old girl . The Association promised to clear his name and protect him if he agreed to join them and follow any instructions given to him , including murder . Victims ( edit ) As of season 5 , Red John had killed a number of people , mostly women . In the series pilot , a copycat killer ( played by Željko Ivanek ) claims in a letter that he has killed 12 women ( he claims to have `` 12 wives '' in the letter ) . This means that only 11 women had been killed by the real Red John at the time of episode one . In the episode `` Red Dawn '' , when Jane first joins the CBI , he states at that time Red John was known to have killed 10 people . After Jane kills Timothy Carter , he tells the jury in season 4 's `` Scarlet Ribbons '' that Red John killed `` at least 28 people '' . Known victims ( edit ) Unnamed Victim - Red John 's first known murder is done with the assistance of Orville Tanner , himself eventually arrested and sent to prison , where he dies . Janet and Carter Peak - Red John 's third and fourth victims according to Cho in the episode `` His Red Right Hand '' . When Red John kills Janet Peak he is surprised by her husband , whom he is then forced to kill . In the same episode , Red John is discovered to have then buried Carter Peak 's body , which is subsequently found , one of Red John 's few `` mistakes '' . The DNA evidence on Carter Peak 's body is sought out by Sam Bosco and his team , and eventually Patrick Jane , but is never located as `` Agent Rojo '' removes the evidence before the CBI can examine it . `` Agent Rojo '' turns out to be Rebecca Anderson , Bosco 's secretary and one of Red John 's associates . Subsequent unnamed victims - Red John and / or his operatives kill others , who have not been named . Angela Ruskin Jane and Charlotte Anne Jane - Patrick Jane 's wife and daughter , killed by Red John in retaliation for Jane 's insulting remarks toward and about him on national television . Angela 's toenails are found painted in her own blood , something Red John has never done ( and repeats only once , some years later ) . A year or so after their deaths , Jane joins the CBI . Red John paints his signature smiley face on the wall of Jane 's bedroom in his Malibu house , where it remains . Miranda Martins - In the episode `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' it is revealed that sometime in the past , Miranda , the sister of Red John operative Lorelei Martins , was found raped and tortured , chained alone in a warehouse , where she died of heat suffocation . Etched in the floor was the word `` ROY '' , which Jane takes as a sign that , before her death , she was identifying her murderer as `` Roy Tagliaferro '' , an alias of Red John . It was confirmed in the episode `` There Will Be Blood '' by Jason Lennon , a Red John operative , that Red John was responsible for her death . Jared Renfrew and Juana Porfiria Braga - Renfrew , who knows Red John presumably through his own association with the late Orville Tanner , is murdered with Braga , a prostitute , in Tijuana in the episode `` Red John 's Friends '' . Although Jane is aware that Red John wishes Renfrew out of prison to `` get him out in the open '' and therefore vulnerable , Jane assists Renfrew 's escape and manages to secure new evidence proving Renfrew 's innocence . Renfrew abandons Jane , and is murdered shortly thereafter without providing any useful information . The painted smiley face is left above the bodies , along with the words `` He is mar '' , which could have been scrawled by one of the victims as a possible clue . Emma Plaskett - Plaskett is killed in the episode `` Red John 's Footsteps '' . Her corpse appears with Red John 's signature cutting style , and her toenails are painted red in her own blood , just as Jane 's wife 's had been . This , along with a skywritten signature smiley face , alerts Jane that Red John wishes him on the case . Her twin sister is allowed to live , however . Although Plaskett was stabbed and cut in Red John style , her body is found outdoors . Dr. Towlen Morning - Killed in the episode `` His Red Right Hand '' , Morning was Janet and Carter Peak 's doctor . He is murdered in an unconventional way for Red John ( frozen and his body displayed in public ) . He is presumably killed due to his possession of DNA records concerning the death of Carter Peak , a rare mistake in the early days of Red John 's killing spree . Marlon Hicks - A member of Sam Bosco 's team . Hicks is killed in typical Red John style and his corpse is left under Red John 's signature smiley face . He is presumably killed for examining the files of Dr. Morning that could implicate Red John . Rebecca Anderson - Bosco 's secretary who kills two of Sam Bosco 's team members and mortally wounds Bosco in `` His Red Right Hand '' , is killed by Red John , after she is captured by the CBI , by an extremely potent toxic substance sprinkled on her skin . Jacqueline Sandoval - Sandoval is killed in the season 2 episode `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , shortly after a television broadcast in which she interviews purported psychic Kristina Frye ( Leslie Hope ) about Red John . Sandoval 's comments on Red John ( `` that horrible Red John '' ) lead to her being killed in typical Red John style , with the smiley face signature painted on her wall . Frye disappears , presumably kidnapped , and left in a near comatose state . Dylan and Ruth - Amateur film students and budding serial killers who , after the death of Sandoval in the above episode , are killed by Red John since they imitated his style of murder to make a snuff film . After Red John is seen physically for the first time and shoots and stabs the two to death , he quotes the first line from William Blake 's `` The Tyger '' for the first time to Jane . James Panzer - In the season 4 episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , Panzer is secretly a serial murderer himself , the `` San Joaquin Killer '' , and is murdered by Red John after a televised interview in which Jane goads Panzer into insulting Red John - Jane realized that Panzer is going to keep on killing and that there is no other way to protect society from him . At the time of the interview , both Panzer and the public assumed that Red John had been killed by Jane ( in the finale episode of season 3 ) . It is not clear if Red John is aware of Jane 's stratagem or the underlying reason , but Panzer nonetheless dies in typical Red John slash / stab style , and the smiley face is painted above his corpse . Lorelei Martins - Lorelei is first introduced in the fourth season finale as a cocktail waitress , and is later revealed as one of Red John 's friends . In season 5 's `` There Will Be Blood '' , she is found dead under Red John 's smiley face after Jane turned her against Red John by convincing her that Red John murdered her sister , Miranda ( see above ) . In the same episode , Lorelei shows her capacity for violence , killing a woman named Julia Howard , who played a role in Miranda 's death , after brutally interrogating Howard and extracting information . Lorelei fatefully reneges on her promise to reveal Red John 's identity , telling Jane she has `` done a lot worse ( things than breaking a promise ) '' . She later shoots Red John operative Jason Lennon , who previously confirmed to Lorelei that Miranda was indeed killed by Red John . Red John tortures and kills the rebellious Lorelei after forcing her to make a pre-mortem recording to Jane , telling Jane that he is going to go back to killing `` a lot '' until Jane finds him or vice versa . Eileen Turner - Eileen Turner ( née Barlow ) was a fellow `` carny '' and childhood companion of Jane from his carnival days . A younger Eileen being lifted in the air by her father on the Fourth of July was one of the few memories that made Jane happy . Her murder in season 5 's finale `` Red John 's Rules '' marks Red John 's return . Turner was betrayed by a social worker , Miriam Gottlieb ( played by Laura San Giacomo ) , who wanted Turner 's baby and happened to be an `` old friend '' of Red John . Gottlieb commits suicide in the back of a police car by swallowing what appears to be a cyanide pill . A video in which Lorelei Martins , shortly before she herself is to be killed by Red John for treachery , reads Red John 's words ; his reference to killing a happy memory of Jane 's was borne out by Eileen Turner 's murder . Brett Partridge - Partridge was a CBI forensics agent who was introduced in the series pilot . At the end of season 5 , he , along with six other men , are revealed to be Red John suspects . At the end of the sixth season premiere `` The Desert Rose '' , he is found severely and mortally wounded by Red John . Before dying , he says `` Tyger Tyger '' to Lisbon , hinting that he was somehow connected to Red John . Partridge is later revealed to have worked for the Blake Association . Sophie Miller - Miller was Jane 's psychiatrist after his nervous breakdown . She was a suspect in her husband 's murder , but was exonerated by Jane . In season 6 's `` Black Winged Redbird '' , Jane attempts to contact her after assuming that Red John learned about the connection between him and Eileen Turner . After not receiving an answer to his two calls , Jane goes to her house to find her severed head in her oven . Jane learns that Red John visited her as a patient under the alias `` Jay Roth '' . He is described as being middle - aged , in good health , victim to certain phobias , an excellent whistler , and slightly narcissistic . Charlie - Charlie was a guest at a wedding in Napa County . At the wedding chapel , he tried to steal a very expensive Bible , but was caught in the act . He therefore killed the only witness , Uncle Larry . When Jane and Lisbon discover that he is the killer , he takes Jane hostage . While on the roof of the chapel , Red John / McAllister climbs up a ladder reserved for tree trimming and shoots Charlie in the torso , disproving his previously noticeable apparent fear of heights . During this episode McAllister is one of Jane 's 7 Red John suspects . This is the second time that Red John has saved Jane 's life . Kira Tinsley - Tinsley was hired by an unknown client to play a love interest to Cho . As a private investigator , she planted a listening device in the CBI offices . When Jane discovers that it was not the `` Visualize '' church who employed Tinsley , he concludes that Tinsley was either hired by Red John or is one of his many operatives . He hurries to rescue her , but is too late and arrives just as Tinsley is about to die . She reveals to Jane that her attacker has a tattoo on his left arm of three horizontal dots , which she draws on her arm using her own blood . Bret Stiles - The ambitious leader of the independent church known as `` Visualize '' . During the meeting with the five remaining Red John suspects , a concussion bomb goes off . This knocks out everyone in the room except Red John , who knew of the bomb in advance . Since Red John knew that he was no longer safe because he possessed the `` Blake Association '' tattoo , he faked his own death . By doing this he knew that the one of the two other members present in the room , Gale Bertram or Reede Smith , would be pinned as Red John . Red John dragged Jane , Bertram , and Smith out of the room where the second , lethal explosion would go off , one which killed Bret Stiles . Ray Haffner - Along with mentor Bret Stiles , he perished in the second explosion at Jane 's house during the Red John suspects meeting . Since he and Stiles were n't members of the `` Blake Association '' , Red John figured he and Stiles had to die , in order to protect himself . Likely killed by Red John ( edit ) Ron Deutsch - A security guard and Red John operative who is a first responder after Jane kills Timothy Carter in the season 3 finale . In season 4 , it is revealed that Deutsch had removed evidence from the scene that would have confirmed Jane 's account , including Carter 's cell phone and gun . Deutsch is electrocuted in his bathtub by Red John or another Red John operative . Baris Acar - A morgue attendant who lets Jane look at Timothy Carter 's corpse and whose face Jane has the blind Rosalind Harker feel to examine the features , which Harker confirms are not those of `` Roy '' ( the alias by which she knows Red John ) . Acar is interviewed by Susan Darcy in the episode `` Red is the New Black '' . Acar 's body is later found dead in Harker 's closet . It is not clear why he was killed , as he had no new information to provide , but his death directly resulted from Darcy 's interference in Jane 's activities . Martin Talbot and Alan Charney - Two members of a fictitious cult - like group , `` Visualize '' , who lived and worked at Elliston Farm , a farm owned by the cult , in 1988 , a decade before `` Red John '' became known as a serial killer . The decomposed bodies of the men are discovered in the season 5 episode `` The Red Barn '' and subsequently identified as possible early victims of Red John , as the barn in which their bodies are found bears the characteristic bloody `` smiley face '' design , albeit on its outside wall . Michael Kirkland - In the season 6 episode `` Red Listed '' , Bob Kirkland explains that his brother joined Red John 's following after their mother had committed suicide to escape from their abusive father ( who later drank himself to death ) . Kirkland states that , after his brother had joined Red John , he never saw or heard from him again and believes him to be one of the countless victims . Indirect victims / killed by Red John associates ( edit ) Red John 's disciples or operatives are willing and ready to assist him , including in acts of murder to either sabotage investigations or influence events . Almost all die after serving their purpose ( s ) . These include : Unnamed police officer - The officer is shot in the chest by Dumar Tanner , the son of Red John 's first accomplice , Orville Tanner . Dumar is shot moments later by Jane . Sam Bosco , Nick Martinez , and Mark Dyson - The new team replacing Jane 's to take charge of the Red John investigation . They are all killed by Bosco 's secretary Rebecca Anderson , who tells Jane : `` Red John thought you 'd understand . I got rid of Bosco and his team so that you could have the case back . Red John misses you . And it 's what you wanted too . Is n't it ? '' Todd Johnson - Red John associate who has killed several police officers , including his own uncle . When Johnson is captured by the CBI and suggests he has information for Jane , Red John has him burned alive by FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin , one of Red John 's highest - ranking disciples . Madeline Hightower is later framed for the Johnson killing . Manuel Montero - A successful archaeologist and friend of Todd Johnson - they were on the same football team . Montero was found dead in a museum . It is unknown if he was killed by Red John or one of his operatives , such as O'Laughlin . Alan Dinkler - In the episode `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 1 '' , he is killed as a pawn to get information , via a bomb vest that explodes while he is wearing it . Anthony Gupta , who detonates the vest , is another Red John associate . Gupta himself is fatally shot by Agent J.J. LaRoche ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) in an escape attempt . Max James - In the episode `` Strawberries and Cream '' , it is revealed that Anthony Gupta tortured James , Madeline Hightower 's cousin , to death while trying to get Hightower 's location for Red John . Unnamed assassin ( committed suicide ) - Hired by O'Laughlin to kill Hightower in the episode `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 2 '' . The young woman leaps to her death from a hotel window rather than allow herself to be taken into custody by the CBI . Two unnamed deputies - In the above episode , FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( Eric Winter ) murders two police officers guarding Supervisory Agent Madeleine Hightower ( Aunjanue Ellis ) , who was being guarded by Jane 's team . Luther Wainwright - The young CBI supervisor is found gagged and bound in the backseat of the limousine driven by Red John 's operatives : an unnamed bodyguard and Lorelei Martins . Wainwright was shot to death in the back seat unknowingly by FBI Agent Susan Darcy ( Catherine Dent ) during the firefight , in the fourth season finale . Julia Howard - Howard worked at the women 's shelter where Lorelei Martins ' sister stayed temporarily . When Lorelei discovered that she was involved with her sister 's death , she tortures her , then kills her . Gale Bertram - The CBI director is killed by Blake Association member Oscar Cordero in the episode `` Red John '' , right before the real Red John reveals himself to Jane . Appearances , accomplices , and copycats ( edit ) Face - to - face ( edit ) At the start of the series , Red John was initially known as simply a serial killer who tortured and murdered mostly women , with at least eleven confirmed victims by the series ' premiere . However , Red John 's persona would become much more mysterious as any individual who would come close to disclosing any crucial information regarding the killer to Jane would wind up dead themselves , implying that Red John is far more than just an average serial killer and has deep connections throughout the state . It would later be revealed that Red John has a multitude of followers that see him as a savior who gave their life a purpose and willingly aid him in his various plans and murders in gratitude for what he gives them , which can range from a new life , an occupation , or some form of compensation . His followers do not simply aid him , but worship him and willingly give their lives for his cause , refusing to ever reveal any information about their leader or how they met him . Jane soon realizes that Red John is more powerful than he could ever imagine , having connections in law enforcement and an entire cult of brainwashed followers under his complete control and at his beck and call . The character of Red John himself remained largely unseen from the beginning . His face was confined in the shadows when he escaped from the abandoned house in the first - season finale . He may have appeared as a slim , dark - haired CHP motorcycle officer ( blue turtleneck , rather than blue tie ) to poison Rebecca using his left hand in `` His Red Right Hand '' ; in the same episode , he is also seen in flashback . In the second - season finale , `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , a man claiming to be Red John appears in the flesh , wearing a black sweatshirt , apron and pants , black rubber gloves , a pair of charcoal boots , and a grotesque rubber mask that covers his face , making him look slightly similar to what many believe the real life serial killer Jack the Ripper donned during his murder hunts . In the episode , Red John saves Jane from two student filmmakers who had copycatted Red John murders . During the encounter , Red John keeps his face hidden behind a mask , preventing Jane from identifying him . Before leaving Jane , Red John recites the first stanza of `` The Tyger '' by William Blake ( see above ) . This poem is alluded to numerous times throughout the series , before and after its reveal to Jane , with its contents making up the backbone of Red John 's philosophy ( implying the reason for why it is his favorite poem ) of there being no such thing as life without death or light without darkness , something he tells his followers to get them into the correct mindset for their murders and exploits . There have been further developments in season 5 . In `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins reveals , in a moment of pique , that Red John is someone Jane knows by telling him that he and Red John are very much alike and she is surprised that they did n't become best friends `` as soon as they shook hands '' . This prompts Jane to compile a list of men he has shaken hands with , which would eventually be narrowed down to seven names . Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator ( edit ) In the episode `` Red Moon '' , Jane exposes an EMT worker , Todd Johnson ( Josh Braaten ) , as a serial cop killer . After being locked in a holding cell in the CBI headquarters , Johnson says he will only talk to Jane , as he claims only Jane will understand what he has to say . When the guard returns with Jane , Johnson has been set aflame and is writhing on fire . On his deathbed , Johnson says `` Tyger Tyger '' to Jane , indicating he is in some way connected to Red John . The reason behind Todd Johnson 's cop killings is left unclear , but later seasons along with Johnson 's knowledge of the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' would imply that their deaths were in some way connected to the `` Blake Association '' . Red John most likely ordered Johnson to murder various police officers who were close to discovering his society or were members themselves ( perhaps indicating why one of Johnson 's victims was burned alive , probably in order to hide the organization 's tattoo , which is marked on all members to better ensure loyalty ) who failed to complete their orders or were planning on turning themselves , and the association by extension , over to the authorities . When Johnson realized that Red John would never let him live while he was in custody and surrounded by potentially corrupt officials , he was prepared to reveal everything he knew to Jane , before he himself is killed by another Red John operative , but still managed to utter the society 's main form of communication to Jane . Jane then begins a secret investigation of his own to track the killer . Red John , in the meantime , decides to exploit the opportunity to use Johnson 's murder as a means to target another individual close to Jane and additionally cover up the identity of Johnson 's true killer , who also served as his secret informant on the CBI . Meanwhile , Special Agent J.J. LaRoche ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) begins rigorously working to find Johnson 's killer . He ultimately suspects Supervising Agent Madeleine Hightower ( Aunjanue Ellis ) , due to DNA evidence that Jane believes has been planted by Red John or one of his accomplices . With Jane 's help , Hightower stages a hostile escape and is advised by Jane to remain in hiding , not only to evade the police but due to the danger imposed by Red John . Hightower goes to stay with her sister . In the season 3 finale , `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 2 '' , the mole is identified as Grace Van Pelt 's fiancé , FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( played by Eric Winter ) ; O'Laughlin attempts to assassinate Hightower and instead shoots Lisbon , and is then himself shot dead by Hightower and Van Pelt in tandem . In a mall , after Gale Bertram ( Michael Gaston ) leaves in a huff over Jane 's wasting of his time . Jane , on a call with Lisbon during the shootout , tells her to use O'Laughlin's cell phone to redial the last number and tell the one who answered that O'Laughlin is dead . When Lisbon does so , a phone rings near Jane and is answered by a man ( Timothy Carter , played by Bradley Whitford ) reading a newspaper and speaking in an odd , high - pitched voice . After ending the call , Jane approaches the man and questions him . At first , the man appears upset and threatens to call security , but then smiles and says he was joking and claims he is Red John . The two talk ; the man reveals to Jane that he has a gun concealed in a folded newspaper and states that he is tired of killing and wants to start a new life , and encourages Jane to do the same . Jane says he will not be able to move on until Red John is dead . The man begins to leave , but at Jane 's insistence answers a question , revealing details about Jane 's wife and daughter that Jane mistakenly presumes only Red John could know . Jane vengefully shoots Carter with a gun he has hidden in his pocket . In season 4 , Carter is shown to have been a Red John operative imposter . Red John still at large ( edit ) In reference to the season 3 finale , the series creator , Bruno Heller , has stated : `` What you get from that scene is what you should get . The viewer is supposed to be convinced . Patrick Jane is certain it 's Red John ... The thing is , Red John is a master of the mind game . If Red John wanted to die , maybe this is how he wanted to die . Or maybe he just wants Jane to think he 's dead . '' In the season 4 premiere it is revealed that Ron Deutsch , the bald security officer at the mall , was a Red John operative who removed crucial evidence from the scene . Jane comes to believe the man he shot was not Red John , but Timothy Carter , a sadistic businessman who , with his equally twisted wife , Sally , had kidnapped a young woman Debbie Lupin , in whose search the couple cynically pretended to join . Jane tricks Sally into revealing the girl 's location . Sally is arrested by Lisbon and taken into custody , not to be heard from again , as she commits suicide in jail . Jane convinces a jury that Carter was Red John and is acquitted , although Jane is already beginning to have doubts about that . In `` Little Red Book '' , Lisbon arranges a meeting with Agent J.J. LaRoche , who is apparently leaving Major Crimes , to see Sally Carter , who committed suicide by slitting her wrists with a sharpened spoon , leaving a note about how lost she was now that her `` God '' ( by which she presumably means Timothy Carter ) is dead . But Jane , still not satisfied Carter was Red John , brings Rosalind Harker , the blind woman who had a relationship with Red John , to identify Carter 's body . She feels his face and told him that she had never met the man before , confirming Jane 's suspicion that Red John is `` still out there somewhere '' . James Panzer and Susan Darcy 's investigation ( edit ) By the episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , it is now widely believed that Red John is dead , with Jane and Lisbon the only ones aware he is still alive . One of the people believing Red John to be dead is James Panzer , a blogger pretending to devote his life to find a serial killer known as `` the San Joaquin Killer '' ( abbreviated SJK , who has killed at least five young women ) . In reality , Panzer is the killer . Jane suspects Panzer but initially lacks the proof to expose him . When he and Panzer both appear on Karen Cross 's television talk show discussing the SJK case , Jane recognizes Panzer has to be stopped and goads Panzer into comparing Red John unfavorably to SJK . Panzer rises to the bait , making bold statements that the SJK killings were the work of a genius and Red John by comparison is a `` common sociopath , lazy , sloppy , delusional '' and already forgotten since Jane killed him . Panzer then makes the same mistake made by Jane and Kristina Frye : belittling Red John in a public forum . A couple of hours after the television appearance , Panzer is found murdered , with Red John 's smiley face painted in blood on one of the walls near his body . Panzer 's murder proves Jane 's theory that Red John is still alive . This makes Panzer Red John 's ninth male victim . By the episode `` Always Bet on Red '' , the FBI had investigated Panzer 's murder and believed that a copycat of Red John was now active . The agent in charge , Susan Darcy ( Catherine Dent ) , begins pressing Jane for confirmation that he did kill Red John . At this time , Red John is shown to be stalking Darcy via an uploaded video called `` I Dare You '' on the Major Crime server , which shows her in her apartment , unaware that she is being filmed . The cameraman uploads an infobox saying , `` She 's cute , this is going to be fun '' . Jane reluctantly frames the late Thomas Maier , father of Panzer 's first victim , for killing Panzer as revenge for SJK 's victims - Maier had recently committed suicide . The FBI closes the case , presumably leaving Darcy safe , as she will presumably drop her inquiry . In the episode `` Red is the New Black '' , Jane 's efforts are later exposed and undone when Darcy refuses to let the case go after finding too many discrepancies . Darcy interviews Rosalind Harker , Red John 's blind ex-girlfriend and also the attendant of the morgue that Timothy Carter 's body was taken to following his death . Darcy subsequently realizes that Red John was still alive even though Jane has kept up the deception . Later , Harker contacts Jane and happily reveals Red John , once again under the alias `` Roy Tagliaferro '' , has come to visit her for tea , promising to `` sort things out '' with Jane and Darcy . As Harker speaks on the phone , a slim man , holding a tea cup in his left hand , and dressed in a smart , dark - coloured suit , is sitting nearby ; Harker , when asked , confirms that `` Roy '' is present and listening . Jane , fearing Red John will kill Harker , alerts Lisbon and Darcy , and they proceed to her house with an FBI SWAT team . Upon arrival , they find Harker alive and unhurt , playing her piano alone , seemingly sad that Red John `` could n't stay '' . Darcy notices a blood trail leading to a nearby closet , which , when opened , reveals the murdered body of the morgue attendant , confirming that Red John is still alive , either following Darcy or with access to the information in her files and / or her comings and goings . All of the Red John files were delivered to Darcy by CBI Director Wainwright , himself killed shortly thereafter by either Red John or a Red John operative . Ninth Anniversary of Jane 's wife and daughter 's death ( edit ) In the season 4 's penultimate episode `` Red Rover , Red Rover '' , Jane receives a message from Red John : an envelope with the words `` Happy Anniversary '' under the wiper of his car . In the cemetery where Jane 's wife and daughter are buried , a little girl named Hailey ( Emma Rayne Lyle ) approaches him and says , `` Hello , Patrick . '' When Patrick asks how she knows his name , she says , `` Your friend told me , '' and reveals the red smiley - face painted on her hand . She says , `` He told me to ask you a question ... ' Do you give up yet ? ' '' Hailey tells Patrick the man is white , was wearing a baseball cap , and had an odd voice . Lisbon says to Patrick that Red John wants to play with his mind . Later in the episode , Patrick burns all the CBI files of Red John , presumably out of despair , and the next morning says , `` He 's right ... it 's time to give up ... nothing 's working . Nothing . It 's just a game , and he keeps winning . The only way for me to stop him is if I stop playing . '' Jane 's breakdown and Red John 's proposal ( edit ) In the season 4 's finale `` The Crimson Hat '' , after being fired from the CBI , Jane finds himself in a Las Vegas bar , where he meets an attractive woman named Lorelei ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . He gets arrested . Lorelei bails him out , and the two make love in Jane 's apartment . The next day , Lorelei reveals herself as an associate of Red John and says her presence in Jane 's life is `` a gift '' . She brings forward Red John 's proposal for friendship and a ' change ' in Jane 's lifestyle to help him overcome his depression . Jane is shocked and tells Lorelei to get out . However , he later confides to Lisbon that his breakdown had been tailored to get Red John to believe Patrick was really giving up . Red John communicates through Lorelei that he will only meet Jane in person if he kills Lisbon and brings him her head as a `` present '' . The CBI team executes a plot where they fake the murders of Lisbon and Rigsby at the hands of Jane , and the team goes into hiding . On hearing this over the news , Red John sends a message to Jane to meet him in Nevada . Darcy is investigating the apparent deaths of Lisbon and Rigsby . She discovers that the body found does not belong to Rigsby and gets arrest warrants issued against the entire team involved in the deception . Meanwhile , a limousine pulls over in the middle of a deserted street where Jane is waiting . Lorelei and a huge , armed man emerge from the car , and she claims Red John is inside . Lorelei looks at the box Jane is bearing and asks if it contains a football or a cabbage . He tells her it is a melon , specifically a honeydew . She does not react angrily , apparently since Red John ( and thus she ) became aware of Jane 's deception . Lorelei does have her assistant beat Jane up `` a little '' . Jane sits in the front seat of the limo while a dark , shadowy figure sitting in the back whose voice is distorted with a radio transmitter , and whose face is not visible , greets Jane . He tells Jane that he was fooled for a while by Jane 's plot but was apprised of the truth by a `` good friend '' inside the FBI . At this moment , Lisbon and her team , who were to move in and arrest Red John , are arrested by Darcy and her squad . Lisbon , cuffed on the side of the road , tells Darcy about the plan and the imminent danger to Jane 's life . Just as Lorelei is about to reluctantly punish Jane by cutting off two of his fingers , the CBI and FBI teams arrive . Jane emerges unharmed . The FBI fire bullets at the fleeing limousine , which stops . Lorelei is arrested unhurt , although the driver / bodyguard is killed . Darcy opens the back door , which reveals CBI Director Luther Wainwright , bound and dead , with a cell phone attached to his body . Lorelei is interrogated at the CBI by Jane and Lisbon . She refuses to speak about Red John but tells Lisbon that she and Jane have been lovers , calling Jane `` lover '' frequently . Jane tells Lorelei that she will eventually reveal what she knows and walks out of the room , ending season 4 . Lorelei Martins ( edit ) In the season 5 episode `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins reappears in a women 's prison , having been removed from CBI custody by the FBI . She remains loyal to Red John , and when Jane ( with the aid of Bret Stiles ( Malcolm McDowell ) has her broken out of prison , she expresses shock and disappointment that her liberator is Jane , not Red John . Jane discovers Lorelei previously had a sister , who was murdered some years prior . Lisbon faxes him a photo of the crime scene where the word `` ROY '' can be seen scrawled on the floor next to the sister 's body -- information that had been withheld from the public at the time of the murder . This suggests to Jane that Red John ( who has used the alias Roy Tagliaferro ) was the killer , a fact that Jane reveals to Lorelei , who , angry at an earlier deception by Jane , tells him that `` you 're just like him , you know that ? Relentless manipulation ... I only wonder why the two of you did n't become lifelong friends from the moment you shook hands . '' This slip of Lorelei suggests that Jane has met Red John in the past . However , Lorelei refuses to believe Jane about the murderer . Alerted to Jane 's whereabouts , the CBI begins to close in on the pair , but Jane allows Lorelei to escape , telling her to `` find the truth '' for herself and come back to him when she realizes Red John used her . Lorelei reappears in episode 16 of season 5 , `` There Will Be Blood '' . This episode reveals two new accomplices of Red John : Julia Howard and Jason Lennon , well - regarded citizens , a worker and a trustee of a women 's shelter , respectively . Lorelei tortures Julia to get information about her sister 's death . She kills Howard after brutally beating her . After Lorelei comes after Lennon , Jane appears to try to rescue Lennon ( for Jane 's own ends ) and to acknowledge Lennon 's and Red John 's involvement in Miranda Martins ' murder . Lorelei shoots Lennon , critically wounding him . After kissing Jane , she departs on a mission to kill Red John , breaking her pact to reveal Red John 's identity . She tells Jane she has done `` much worse ( than breaking a promise ) '' , and that she and Jane are both going to hell `` on two different roads '' . Two weeks later , Lennon is revealed to have survived the shooting , although in a coma , while Lorelei is found dead under Red John 's smiley face with Homeland Security and police at the scene . Jane apologizes to her corpse but , still peeved over Lorelei 's breaking her promise to identify Red John , tells Lisbon ( of Lorelei ) , `` She had it coming . '' Visualize ( edit ) In the fifth season episode `` The Red Barn '' , it is hinted that Red John may currently be or was a member of the `` Visualize Self - Realization Center '' church , a notorious cult with a reputation for brainwashing its members , as two bodies which fit his MO were found on a farm previously controlled by Visualize , complete with his signature smiley face on the outside of the barn where the bodies were found . The murders are revealed to have been committed over two decades ago , when various Visualize members worked on the farm until its eventual shutdown due to a lack of farming expertise , and ten years before Red John was an active serial killer who targeted predominantly women . This implies that Red John used the cult and its techniques to recruit individuals who would make suitable followers ( as many of Visualize 's members come from broken families and traumatic childhoods , a trait that nearly every single Red John operative also shares ) , then brainwashes or seduces them to effectively control them . This finally explains how Red John recruited so many followers over the years who worshipped him and who were willing to give their lives for his plans . Rebecca Anderson , a loyal Red John operative who murdered Sam Bosco and his team under his orders before she herself is killed by Red John , reveals that Red John `` opened her eyes to the truth '' and enabled her to see the world for what it really was . This is similar to Visualize 's motto of opening up potential members ' eyes to the truth in order to effectively recruit them , implying that Red John uses the same philosophy to recruit his followers . Visualize is also known for teaching its members various and diverse skills , such as bomb manufacturing and advanced technology and computer uses , skills that Red John himself and many of his followers also display throughout the series . In a later episode , a private investigator named Kira Tinsley , who was hired by Red John to spy on the CBI , mentions that it was a Visualize member that hired her , confirming that Red John is indeed still a functioning member of the organization . The leader of the cult , Bret Stiles , has shown in previous seasons that he has a very thorough grasp on Red John 's inner workings , hinting at a connection between the two , which seems to finally be revealed as Visualize . Whether Bret Stiles actually knows the identity of Red John appears to be debatable throughout the series , but subsequent episodes imply that , although Stiles may know Red John is connected to his organization , he does not know which member he currently is and simply uses his own resources to keep tabs on the killer 's activities . Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security ( edit ) Robert `` Bob '' Kirkland , introduced in the retcon episode `` Red Dawn '' , has engaged in numerous suspicious activities relating to Jane and Jane 's search for Red John . In flashback just after Jane has joined the CBI , a man is seen thanking FBI Director Alexa Shultz for asking Virgil Minelli to keep the FBI updated on the Red John investigation . A couple of episodes later , the man reappears . He identifies himself as Homeland Security Agent Bob Kirkland , telling Lisbon that the Tommy Volker matter is being handled and that she should `` take a step back '' . After he leaves her office , he comes upon Jane . The two shake hands , and Kirkland tells Jane that he knows him , although Jane did n't know Kirkland . In the next episode , Lorelei Martins tells Jane that he had already met and shaken hands with Red John . In the episodes `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' and `` There Will Be Blood '' , Kirkland and Homeland Security are shown taking deep interest in finding Red John 's accomplice , Lorelei Martins , when she goes on a killing spree . Neither the CBI nor Homeland Security locate Lorelei before she is found murdered under Red John 's trademark smiley face . When Jason Lennon ( who admitted to being an accomplice of Red John ) awakes from an induced coma , he is interviewed by Kirkland . He tells Kirkland that he remembers who shot him but says he does not recognize Kirkland . Kirkland then kills Lennon with an injection , making it appear Lennon has died of his injuries . Kirkland tells Jane that Lennon `` never said a word '' before dying . In the episode `` Red Letter Day '' , Kirkland has two Homeland Security agents break into the attic where Jane works ( and occasionally lives ) at CBI . They take pictures of the information on Red John that Jane has on display . Kirkland is able to reproduce a near exact version of Jane 's bulletin board on Red John , presumably including the references to Kirkland himself as a suspect . Jane had had suspicions that he was being watched and realizes that his room has been broken into because he sees the toothpick he had been leaving of late between the door and the frame lying on the floor where it fell after Kirkland 's men entered the premises , never noticing it . Kirkland reappears in episode 4 of season 6 . He is revealed to be responsible for killing names on a list of fake Red John suspects his men stole from Jane . Once he learns that the list was fake from Jane , he kidnaps him . At the barn where he is being held captive , it is also shown that Richard Haibach is there , one of the men suspected of being the `` San Joaquin Killer . '' Jane is saved by Hightower and Lisbon , and Kirkland is arrested . On his way to prison , his vehicle is pulled over by FBI Agent Reede Smith . Smith informs him that the `` Tyger , Tyger '' quote is used by dirty officers of California Law Enforcement . Smith is one of them . When he gives Kirkland the address to a safe house , he then shoots him to death while running to his freedom . He and the driver cover it up and before departing say , `` Tyger , Tyger . '' While Kirkland originally monitored Jane through his connections in the FBI and researched Red John on his own accord , Kirkland 's findings into the existence of this criminal organization enabled him to authorize Homeland Security to openly investigate Red John , as he is a suspected member of the organization , which could pose a threat to national security and commit acts of terrorism . The seven suspects ( edit ) In the fifth season finale , Jane reveals to Lisbon that he has narrowed the Red John suspect list to seven names . Although those names are n't revealed until the end of the episode , Jane and the CBI investigate a Red John murder . Although it was initially believed that Red John was n't involved in the murder , and that it was either the victim 's husband or uncle , it is revealed that Red John committed the murder with the help of Miriam Gottlieb , a social worker who wanted Eileen Turner 's child . Gottlieb tricked Turner into separating herself from her volatile husband and moving into a motel , where Red John struck . In transit after her arrest , Gottlieb commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill , refusing , like almost all Red John 's operatives , to be taken alive . Before her arrest , she gave Jane a DVD from Red John , which featured the now dead Lorelei Martins , who recorded a video shortly before her own murder by Red John . Martins reveals that Red John is very angry with her for revealing that Patrick and Red John had shaken hands , and that , in exchange for her making the recording , Red John will not `` make her suffer so much '' . The video reveals that Red John somehow knows the names of Patrick Jane 's seven suspects : No . Suspect First appearance Description Outcome 1 . Gale Bertram s3 , ep. 1 `` Red Sky at Night '' CBI Director & member of the Blake Association Final suspect Killed by Oscar Cordero in `` Red John '' 2 . Bret Stiles s2 , ep. 20 `` Red All Over '' Leader of Visualize Self - Realization Center Eliminated = 3rd Killed by Red John in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 3 . Raymond Haffner s4 , ep. 2 `` Little Red Book '' Private detective , former CBI and FBI agent & member of Visualize Eliminated = 3rd Killed by Red John in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 4 . Reede Smith s5 , ep. 1 `` The Crimson Ticket '' FBI agent & member of the Blake Association Eliminated 6th Apprehended in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 5 . Robert Kirkland s5 , ep. 5 `` Red Dawn '' Homeland Security agent Eliminated 2nd Killed by Reede Smith in `` Red Listed '' 6 . Thomas McAllister s1 , ep. 2 `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' Sheriff of Napa County , leader of the Blake Association & Red John Eliminated = 3rd First believed killed via bomb in `` The Great Red Dragon '' ; Killed by Patrick Jane in `` Red John '' 7 . Brett Partridge s1 , ep. 1 `` Pilot '' Bureau of Forensic Science Lead agent & member of the Blake Association Eliminated 1st Killed by Red John in `` The Desert Rose '' Red John does n't deny being one of these men . The killing of Eileen Turner marks the beginning of a new killing spree as Lorelei tells Jane that Red John will `` start killing again ... often '' until either Jane catches him , or he catches Jane . Out of frustration , Jane breaks the DVD with his own fingers , and sighs while looking out his window of his room at CBI . To be a final suspect , each character had to have ' red ' or ' reed ' ( a name that means ' red ' ) in the name of the character or the actor ( such as Reed Diamond , Reede Smith , Xan ( der ) Berkeley ) , or the name Bret or Bert ( ( Bret ) Stiles , Brett Partridge , Ro ( bert ) Kirkland , and Gale ( Bert ) ram ) , just as Red John 's right - arm woman and man must have ' red ' backwards in their names ( Rebecca An ( der ) son and Oscar Cor ( der ) o ) . The final hunt ( edit ) In the premiere of season 6 , Jane is highly disturbed at how Red John could deduce who he would have on his final list two months before finishing it , as well as have so much intimate knowledge of his memories and thought process . At a loss as to what to do , Jane remains extremely cautious around the seven suspects while Lisbon goes behind his back and has all the suspects ' cell phones installed with GPS trackers . Infuriated that Lisbon went behind his back and played into Red John 's hands , Jane and Lisbon have a falling out , with Lisbon eventually going to an abandoned house after receiving an anonymous tip at 5570 West Huron Street . She calls SAC - PD ; however , when she arrives at the address , a lady on the line informs her that they are temporarily unavailable . She then hears a faint scream inside and enters . Inside , she finds the mutilated body of Brett Partridge , chanting `` Tyger , Tyger '' , before dying , effectively revealing that he is not Red John . It is revealed that Red John called in the anonymous tip , abducted and placed Partridge within the house to torture and murder him , knowing that Lisbon was tracking the suspects ' phones and would arrive after learning that Partridge was in the house . He abducts her and then uses her phone to call Jane , who has previously been attempting to call Lisbon to apologize for their earlier argument , and taunts him as he paints his signature smiley - face on her face with Partridge 's blood . However , Jane and the authorities locate Lisbon , who seems to have been left unscathed by Red John , confusing her and Jane . As Jane ponders how Red John could have such intimate knowledge into his past and memories , he concludes that Red John must have had access to someone with such knowledge : Sophie Miller , Jane 's old psychiatrist , who helped him regain his mental health after he suffered a breakdown in the wake of his family 's murder . After repeated attempts to communicate with Sophie fail , Jane visits her house , only to find her severed head in the kitchen oven , revealing her to be one of Red John 's victims . As it is revealed that Red John stole Sophie 's personal files on her patients , Jane concludes that Red John most likely came to her in the guise of a patient in order to ply her for knowledge . However , Red John did n't know that Sophie used an audio device to record her thoughts about her patients , using her unique ability to read people even if they attempt to hide their true emotions and personality . Locating an entry dedicated to a man with the last name `` Roth '' ( a word meaning ' red ' ) , Red John 's alias when visiting Sophie , Jane listens to a detailed description of Red John 's inner workings ; he seems to have a case of acrophobia * , and / or other phobias , is middle aged , is in good health , has no family but many friends , is a great speaker , has good posture , is an excellent whistler , possesses hints of narcissism , and seems to be harboring something dark within himself . With this knowledge , Jane is one step ahead of Red John with an additional description to narrow down his list of six suspects . Kirkland 's ambition and the final clue ( edit ) As Jane keeps tabs over the six remaining suspects , Robert Kirkland begins using the information he stole from Jane 's room in the CBI from the previous season to make his own list of Red John suspects and begins abducting , torturing , and murdering them . Little does Kirkland know that Jane intentionally put false evidence in his room in the event that someone stole his information that pointed to seven men , all of whom were bad men , but not Red John . Jane learns from Hightower , who faked the death of herself and her family to continue hiding from Red John , that Kirkland has been keeping surveillance on Jane through his connections with the FBI for nearly a decade as he believed he might be Red John . Jane visits Kirkland at Homeland and informs him of his ruse , which entices Kirkland to take him hostage and bring him to his brother 's barn , where he has been torturing the false Red John suspects . Kirkland reveals to Jane that he also wants revenge on Red John because he murdered his twin brother ( explaining why he asks all Red John associates if he recognizes his face to confirm if they knew his brother ) , Michael , who was persuaded to join his ranks after their mother committed suicide to escape from their abusive father , who later drank himself to death . Kirkland never heard from his brother again , and since then has dedicated himself to using his position and resources to locate Red John and kill him . However , Lisbon and Hightower locate both of them and arrest Kirkland before he can obtain any of the names from Jane . With only five suspects left on his list , Jane tells Kirkland that he will see this through to the end and will visit him to learn everything else he knows about Red John with Kirkland agreeing to do so . En route to the prison , the transfer van is forced to pull over by Reede Smith , who approaches Kirkland and confirms a theory that Kirkland previously mentioned to him earlier that day : there is a massive secret organization ( later revealed as `` The Blake Association '' ) spread across various government agencies , in which its members cover up for one another if they commit illegal operations or unethical practices . Smith reveals that he is a member and proposes to Kirkland that he should join , as he and his superiors have had their eyes on him for a while to join . The reality , however , is that Smith was ordered by his superiors in the organization to kill Kirkland as he knows far too much to be left alive . Regardless , Kirkland refuses , believing Red John to be amongst their ranks , and prefers to be killed instead ; Reede complies and shoots him with the gun belonging to the guard driving the transfer van as Kirkland begins to run to make it look like an escape attempt gone wrong . Reede and the guard then chant `` Tyger , Tyger '' to each other , the password used amongst the members of the conspiracy organization . This implies that Red John may be a member of the government organization or , at the very least , has intimate knowledge of its inner workings . Kirkland is killed before any of this information can be communicated to Jane . After Kirkland 's death , Red John resorts to drastic measures to find out what Jane knows about him by hiring a private investigator named Kira Tinsley to bug the CBI . When Jane discovers the bug and deduces that it was left by Kira , who falsely pretends to have an interest in Agent Kimball Cho , he realizes that Red John is now on the hunt to kill her . Having used his skills to plant the chip used to bug CBI inside Tinsley 's purse , the CBI realize Red John has visited her and can hear her being murdered via the transmitter . Jane and Lisbon rush to save her and arrive just as Tinsley is about to die . However , before Tinsley dies , she whispers to Jane that Red John has a tattoo on his left shoulder ( implying that the significance of a past clue ' he is mar ' to mean ' he is marked ' ) and draws it in her own blood , indicating three dots , which Jane then smears to avoid anyone knowing what Tinsley has told him . The Blake Association ( edit ) Knowing about the tattoo and using it as his leverage , Jane plans to gather the remaining five suspects at his old house where he has ammunition . He plans to attract each suspect individually , telling them he has critical information about Red John . Jane promises Lisbon that she can accompany him during this process , but breaks his promise as he is worried about her safety . Once the five suspects are together , Jane tells them that one of them is Red John . He pulls out his shotgun and asks that they all put their guns on the floor . He then reveals what Tinsley told him about the tattoo and asks the men to reveal their left shoulders . First to reveal is Raymond Haffner and Bret Stiles , who do not have tattoos . Sheriff Thomas McAllister reveals his arm and his tattoo , three dots , just as Tinsley described . Jane moves in to take a closer look at whom he now believes is the real Red John before Bret Stiles indicates for him to look at Gale Bertram and Reede Smith , who both have the same tattoo as the sheriff . Now that three men have identical tattoos , a new window is opened to identify who Red John is ; and whether Red John also has the tattoo . It is believed that the men who have these tattoos are all corrupt government officials who use the `` Tyger , Tyger '' phrase to cover up their unlawful work . As Jane gathers them in his home , the house explodes with all five Red John suspects and Jane still inside . Police arrive , and Lisbon enters the house to discover Reede Smith . She identifies the tattoo and shoots Smith , wounding him , but he escapes . Lisbon then sees Bertram and tells him Smith is Red John . Bertram slips away as only Jane at this point knows he has the tattoo . An unconscious Jane is asleep at the hospital and Bertram attempts to kill him before being interrupted by Lisbon . As Jane begins to regain consciousness , Bertram flees and Lisbon and Jane deduce that either Bertram or Smith is Red John . It is also revealed through DNA testing that the other Red John suspects were killed in the blast , although no bodies were seen . Jane and Lisbon then realize that Brett Partridge was chanting the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' to Lisbon just prior to his death , in the hope that she was a member and could help him . When Agent Cho checks Partridge 's body at the morgue to verify the tattoo confirming that he was a Blake member , he learns that Red John peeled away the section of skin on his shoulder where the tattoo would have been located , implying that Partridge was a member and Red John had attempted to cover up his affiliation to the group . While Smith attempts to recover from his wound , the corrupt law enforcement organization he is a part of attempts to kill him before the CBI finds him , fearful that he will reveal their secrets . After two attempts are made on his life , Smith decides to hand himself in to the CBI in exchange for protection , where he reveals that he joined the Blake Association after accidentally killing a twelve - year - old girl as a result of paranoia induced by pain medication he was addicted to at the time , eventually being cleared of the crime due to his ties with the Blake Association . Since then , Smith has been a member of the group , helping fellow associates cover their own illegal acts , while developing more and more guilt over his own actions . The name of the group and its code are derived from William Blake and his famous poem `` The Tyger '' , implying that whoever controls the organization is an admirer of Blake 's work . Smith further reveals that Red John is part of the association , which was how he managed to poison Rebecca , one of his followers when she killed Bosco and his entire unit , as well as how he managed to have so many connections throughout law enforcement . Jane then looks Smith in the eye and asks him if he killed his wife and daughter , at which point Smith states that he did not . This prompts Jane to reveal at a press conference that Red John is Gale Bertram , who has since gone on the run with the aid of a fellow Blake associate named Oscar . While hiding from the authorities , Bertram brutally murders a bartender who comes close to recognizing him on the news reports and evades capture by posing as a SWAT officer as other units , many of which he called in himself , arrive , allowing him to escape unseen in Oscar 's vehicle . With so much corruption being revealed to have infiltrated California 's law enforcement agencies , along with Bertram seemingly revealed as Red John , an out of state FBI team led by Special Agent Dennis Abbot from Austin , Texas , is sent to disband the CBI , at which point Jane decides to `` let go '' but tells Lisbon he has n't quit in his hunt for Red John . The reveal and death of Red John ( edit ) The next day , as the FBI cleans out the CBI headquarters , Jane receives a phone call from Bertram , who is still on the run with the aid of Oscar , but cuts their conversation short when a police officer at the gas station he is calling from recognizes Bertram . Before the officer can arrest him , Oscar shoots the officer dead and escapes with Bertram . Jane bides his time until Bertram calls him again , wishing to meet him to gain a sense of closure and believing that their rivalry has ended in an honorable tie . Jane gets Bertram to meet him in the chapel at the cemetery where his wife and daughter are buried . Taking Lisbon 's gun and escaping from the FBI as they attempt to arrest him , Jane meets Bertram at the chapel after being disarmed by Oscar and learns that Bertram is not Red John . Bertram reveals that he is not even a high - ranking member of the Blake Association and it is Red John who is one of the high members . He does not know who Red John is but was ordered to lure Jane to a meeting so that he can be killed . He then orders Oscar to kill Jane . However , Oscar , also under orders from Red John , shoots Bertram dead as the real Red John enters the chapel : Sheriff Thomas McAllister . McAllister thanks Oscar and then instructs him to leave to give him and Jane time to talk . As Jane asks why Bertram had to die , McAllister reveals that , as the world now believes Bertram to be Red John , it would be a fitting end for Jane to end up dying with his supposed nemesis . The killer reveals that he has been the secret power controlling the Blake Association , having started it many years ago , and has been manipulating its thousands of members with their secrets and illegal acts , using his favorite poet , William Blake , and his poem `` The Tyger '' as inspiration for the name of the society and its inner communications . With this secret organization at his disposal , in conjunction with the dozens of loyal followers he recruited , seduced , and brainwashed through Visualize , McAllister formed connections all over the state to spy for him , tamper with evidence , commit murders , and aid in his plans of building up his society and cult , as well as targeting Jane and people close to him . While Red John gloats over his victories , Jane reveals that he knows how McAllister survived the explosion back at his home : he brought two bombs . One was a concussion bomb that knocked out everyone in the room , at which point McAllister dragged Jane , Bertram , and Smith away from the more deadly bomb . McAllister then brought in a dead body from the trunk of his car , which had its DNA records swapped with those of McAllister 's courtesy of Brett Partridge , a member of the Blake Association whose job gave him access to the DNA primary data base and was later murdered by McAllister for knowing too much . This body was placed next to Stiles and Haffner , both of whom perished in the explosion , leaving only Jane , Smith , and Bertram alive , while McAllister escaped before the authorities arrived . McAllister knew that either Smith or Bertram would be accused of being Red John as they would be the only remaining suspects with ties to the Blake Association . McAllister had then ordered for Smith to be killed before CBI could arrest him and had Bertram ( anonymously through the Blake Association ) lure Jane to a final meeting before Bertram was to escape the country , while also secretly ordering Oscar to aid the former CBI director and ensure his safety until Jane arrived , at which point he was to kill Bertram . Before McAllister can kill Jane , Jane hands him a handful of bread crumbs and releases a pigeon from his jacket , startling McAllister , who had displayed a phobia of the creatures in a previous episode . This revealed that Jane knew McAllister was Red John before meeting Bertram and deduced his phobia , which Sophia Miller previously speculated on ( also implying why he was unable to kill Lisbon previously as the house they were in during the season premiere contained pigeons ) . Jane then snatches a gun he taped underneath one of the pews the previous day and shoots McAllister in the torso and Oscar dead when he enters to stop Jane ; McAllister begs Jane not to kill him . As Jane revels in finally knowing who his nemesis is and having him at his mercy , a startled woman enters the chapel and asks Jane to stop . As Jane tries to calm the woman and get her to leave , she reveals herself to be another of Red John 's agents and attempts to slit Jane 's throat with a knife . Jane knocks out the woman with a candle stand and , realizing that McAllister escaped during the commotion , leaves the chapel to chase the killer . After being pursued through the cemetery , a neighborhood , and a playground , McAllister loses his stamina near a small pond and dials 911 . Jane kicks his nemesis , knocking the phone away from him , and grasps the man 's throat . As McAllister claims that he knew who would be on Jane 's final list of suspects because he is a real psychic , Jane asks him two final questions to determine his honesty by looking at his eyes . Asking McAllister to blink once for no and two for yes , Jane asks if he is sorry for murdering his wife and daughter and if he is afraid to die ; McAllister blinks twice to both questions . Satisfied with his answers , Jane then strangles McAllister to death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Baddies to the Bone : The 60 nastiest villains of all time '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Mentalist 's Bruno Heller Delivers the Scoop : Will Jane Get Busted By the FBI ? '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with The Mentalist Creator Bruno Heller '' . TV Time Machine . 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blake , William . `` Cradle Song '' . Poetry Archive . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . `` ' The Mentalist ' creator breaks his silence on last week 's Red John finale shocker '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Red Letter Day '' episode of season 5 . Jump up ^ Daniel , David ( 2013 ) . The Mentalist Code and the Search for Red John . ( 1st ed . ) . Rajanata . ISBN 978 - 1495942228 ( hide ) The Mentalist Seasons `` Strawberries and Cream '' 5 6 `` Red John '' 7 Characters Patrick Jane Teresa Lisbon Kimball Cho Wayne Rigsby Grace Van Pelt Red John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_John&oldid=823792887 '' Categories : The Mentalist characters Fictional serial killers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters from San Francisco Bay Area Fictional sheriffs Napa County , California Narcissism in fiction Psychopathy in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 12 : 54 . About Wikipedia | who was red john in the tv series the mentalist | [
"In the season 6 episode \"Red John\", the eponymous serial killer's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister, the sheriff of Napa County, portrayed by Xander Berkeley. After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane, McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association."
] | [
"Thomas McAllister"
] |
8203018573318291148 | Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! | Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! - Wikipedia Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Japanese release poster , designed and illustrated by Yoshitoshi Shinomiya Japanese 劇場 版 げきじょう ばん ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! Hepburn Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! Literally Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! Directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Produced by Satoshi Shimohira Susumu Matsuyama Atsushi Chiku Hidenaga Katakami Screenplay by Shoji Yonemura Based on Pokémon : Indigo League by Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Takeshi Shudo Narrated by Unsho Ishizuka Music by Shinji Miyazaki Cinematography Aya Aoshima Edited by Toshio Henmi Production company OLM Distributed by Toho Release date July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) ( Japan Expo ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) ( Japan ) Running time 98 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 3.31 billion ( JP ) US $36,508,515 ( World ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! is a 2017 Japanese anime adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama , written by Shoji Yonemura , and produced by OLM . Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first reboot film in the anime film series . It sets up an alternate continuity to the main series and acts as a loose retelling of the original Kanto League saga of the show , released to commemorate the anime 's twentieth anniversary . It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15 , 2017 . The Pokémon Company International and Fathom Events released the film on a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5 , 2017 and this was followed by airings on Disney XD in the United States on November 25 , 2017 , on CITV in the UK on December 8 , 2017 , 9Go ! in Australia on December 10 , 2017 and on Gulli in France on December 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast 2.2 New characters 3 Development 4 Music 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Ash Ketchum wakes up late one morning after having broken his alarm clock in his sleep . He eventually makes it to Professor Oak 's lab , but is told that the three starter Pokémon ( Bulbasaur , Squirtle and Charmander ) have already been taken by Trainers who were on time . However , Oak reveals that he has one more Pokémon , an Electric - type named Pikachu . Despite its volatile and feisty personality , as well as its refusal to get inside a Poké Ball , Ash happily takes Pikachu for his journey . Outside of Pallet Town , Ash encounters a Pidgey . When Pikachu refuses to fight it , Ash tosses a rock at it , but it hits a Spearow that mistakes Pikachu as the culprit . Soon , more Spearow show up forcing Ash and Pikachu to run . Injured and tired , Ash tells Pikachu to get inside its Ball , but it once again refuses . Instead , Pikachu defends Ash from the Spearow by summoning a large Thunderbolt that scares them away . As the storm ceases , a Ho - Oh flies above and drops a feather called a Rainbow Wing . Ash and Pikachu decide to go and find the Legendary Pokémon . During their travels , Ash catches a Caterpie and the group eventually settle at a Pokémon Center . A Trainer bursts in claiming that they encountered an Entei , a Legendary Fire - type Pokémon , causing Ash , as well as several other Trainers , to rush into the woods to look for it . Ash finds the Entei , but ends up fighting over it with a Trainer with a Piplup named Verity . They are also joined by an aspiring young Pokémon Professor named Sorrel who uses a Lucario in battle . When Entei escapes , Ash and Verity get into an argument and Sorrel leaves , telling them that they need to find shelter soon . As Ash and Verity fight , they accidentally disturb an Onix that starts chasing them . They manage to get it to leave just as it begins to rain . As they look to find shelter , they find a Charmander that has been left out . They quickly learn that it belongs to a ruthless trainer named Cross who , along with his Midnight form Lycanroc , left it out in the rain . He carelessly refuses to take it back , calling it weak , and Ash and Verity are forced to find it shelter . They come across a cave where Sorrel and Lucario happen to be and help Charmander back to health . Entei and several other Pokémon arrive to sleep for the night and Ash reveals the Rainbow Wing . Sorrel reveals that Ho - Oh only gives the Wing to the `` rainbow hero '' who is destined to fight it , as a shadow Pokémon named Marshadow watches . The next morning , Ash convinces Charmander to join them . The group venture on with Caterpie evolving into a Metapod , and Charmander evolving into Charmeleon . Sorrel studies more about Ho - Oh and the Legendary Pokémon while Verity spots a Suicune . Eventually , while battling other Trainers in town , Cross returns and challenges Ash 's Charmeleon with his Incineroar . Charmeleon is savagely defeated , causing Ash much grief . Upset over his loss , Ash openly admits that he could have won with Pikachu and later states that he wished he had gotten Bulbasaur or Squirtle . Alone in the woods , Marshadow puts Ash in a sleep - like state as the Rainbow Wing turns dark . Ash has a dream where no Pokémon exist and he attends regular school with Verity and Sorrel . Realizing something is missing , he remembers Pikachu and wakes up to his friends , and the Wing regains its color . After escaping some angry Primeape , Metapod evolves into Butterfree . They rescue a pink Butterfree from a Fearow and realize that Ash 's Butterfree needs to mate . Saddened but happy , Ash lets his Butterfree go . The group soon spot a Raikou and realize they are getting close when the Wing begins to glow in the direction of Mount Tensei . The group make it there and meet Bonji , an old researcher who has been studying Ho - Oh . They make it to a crystal - like structure , but are interrupted by Cross who wants to fight Ho - Oh himself ( he too saw Ho - oh , but it did not give him the Wing ) . Cross ' Incineroar fights Ash 's Charmeleon which quickly evolves into Charizard and defeats Incineroar . Cross , refusing to accept his loss , grabs the Wing and places it on the crystal , but it turns dark , causing Marshadow , as Ho - Oh 's agent , to turn the local Pokémon ( including Cross 's midnight form Lycanroc ) evil and attack Ash and his friends . The Trainers fight back , but are overwhelmed by the severity of the situation . Ash finally forces Pikachu to get in his Poké Ball as the Pokémon destroy Ash , turning him into pure energy as Marshadow notices the Wing has disintegrated . Ash finds himself in a grey world , but is brought back , presumably through Ho - Oh 's power when Ash protected Pikachu . Ash takes the newly formed Rainbow Wing and places it on the crystal structure . Ho - Oh arrives and Ash challenges it with Pikachu to battle , but the outcome is never shown . The gang return to the Pokémon Center as Bonji states that Ho - Oh will find a new trainer to leave its Wing to . Cross leaves on good terms with the group and eventually Verity and Sorrel leave to achieve their own dreams . Ash and Pikachu decide to continue their journey in the world of Pokémon . During the credits , Ash 's recurring friends from the main series ( Brock , Misty , Tracey , May , Max , Dawn , Iris , Cilan , Clemont , Bonnie and Serena ) are shown . Verity is seen returning home , presumably to amend her relationship with her mother , and Sorrel is seen traveling and spotting an Articuno that he wanted to study . Ash and Pikachu are seen traveling together while being tailed by Team Rocket who appeared throughout the film , unnoticed by the protagonists for comic relief . Cast ( edit ) Returning cast ( edit ) Character Voice Actor ( Japanese ) Voice Actor ( English ) Ash Ketchum ( Satoshi ) Rica Matsumoto Sarah Natochenny Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Ikue Ōtani Kate Bristol Professor Samuel Oak ( Professor Yukinari Okido ) Unshō Ishizuka Carter Cathcart Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Rodger Parsons Delia Ketchum ( Hanako ) Masami Toyoshima Sarah Natochenny Jessie ( Musashi ) Megumi Hayashibara Michele Knotz James ( Kojiro ) Shin - ichiro Miki Carter Cathcart Meowth ( Nyarth ) Inuko Inuyama Carter Cathcart Nurse Joy Shoko Nakagawa Michele Knotz New characters ( edit ) Kōichi Yamadera as Marshadow , the Gloomdweller Pokémon who is not known to show itself to people and thus a few only knew its existence . It mysteriously travels with Ash and his friends . Kanata Hongō in the Japanese version and David Oliver Nelson in the English dub as Sorrel ( Souji ) , a young Trainer from Veilstone City who aims to become a Pokémon Professor . He is seen with a Lucario . Shiori Sato in the Japanese version and Suzy Myers in the English dub as Verity ( Makoto ) , an energetic Trainer from Twinleaf Town who travels alongside Ash and Sorrel . She has a Piplup as her starter Pokémon . She is later confirmed to be the daughter of Cynthia , the Sinnoh League Champion . Arata Furuta in the Japanese version and Mike Pollock in the English dub as Bonji , a mysterious old man who knows about the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh and is determined to chase it at any costs . Ryōta Ōsaka in the Japanese version and Billy Bob Thompson in the English dub as Cross , an arrogant trainer who believes strength is everything and aims to become the ultimate Trainer . He is seen with an Incineroar and Midnight Form Lycanroc . Development ( edit ) The film was officially revealed during the December 15 broadcast of TV Tokyo 's Oha Suta program , revealing a teaser trailer and poster of the film . This early content revealed Ash and Pikachu alongside the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh , showing that the film would act as a retelling of the first season , exploring some of the important plot points of the series . Ho - Oh 's appearance in the film was also detailed to be important to the film 's storyline . A second trailer for the film was revealed at the March 1 broadcast of Oha Suta , revealing remade scenes from the first episode and its official English title . It was then posted on the official YouTube page the next day . Later on , the film 's second official trailer , which also featured a new version of the original Japanese opening theme , `` Mesaze Pokémon Master '' , was previewed on April 7 , 2017 . The next day , the producers announced that the current last Pokémon in the Pokédex , Marshadow , would debut in the film alongside several other brand - new characters . As the film is not a direct remake , it diverts itself from the original season that it is based on , and features an original story . Two days before the film 's release , Yoshitoshi Shinomiya , who draw background art for Kara no Kyoukai : Mirai Fukuin and Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works released a new poster for the film . With the film confirmed to be initially released at the French Japan Expo 2017 , Western fans requested for the film to be released in theaters in the United States . This was eventually confirmed to be released by Fathom Events as a limited release across November 4 and 5 , 2017 . In Australia , the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12 , 2017 . Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film , but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on . The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime , `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' . Music ( edit ) Regular series composer Shinji Miyazaki wrote the film 's score for its original release . The film 's opening song is titled Aim to Be a Pokémon Master - 20th Anniversary - ( めざせ ポケモン マスター - 20th Anniversary - , Mezase Pokemon Master - 20th Anniversary - ) by Rica Matsumoto while the ending is titled Oración 's Theme ~ Let 's Walk Together ~ ( オラシオン の テーマ ~ 共 とも に 歩 ある こう ~ , Orashion no Tēma ~ Tomoni Arukou ~ ) by Asuca Hayashi . Ed Goldfarb , the composer for the North American adaptations of the anime beginning with Pokémon : XY , along with frequent collaborators Akhil Gopal and Kc Daugirdas , composed a new background score for the film 's North American release . Release and promotion ( edit ) The movie premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 , and officially released in Japanese theaters on July 15 , 2017 . Advanced pre-orders the movie tickets across limited time periods ( from September 19 to October 30 , 2017 ) allowed moviegoers to receive a serial code to obtain one of the six special Pikachu in Pokémon Sun and Moon , each wearing one of Ash 's signature hats from each anime season . These Pikachu were holding an exclusive Pikashunium Z - Crystal . Also , both Marshadow and Ho - Oh were distributed during the film 's release in Japan . Merchandise coinciding with the film was also released . Bandai will release official Poké Ball Breath Mint Cases in both regular and Premium - Bandai versions to coincide with the film 's release . The first set is released in August 2017 , and the second is released in September 2017 , with pre-orders started on April 23 , 2017 . Bandai also released S.H. Figuarts figures of Ash and the Team Rocket trio on July 2017 , while Good Smile Company also announced they will release a Nendoroid of Ash in December 2017 . For the film 's worldwide release , The Pokémon Company announced special commemorative Pikachu Plush and Pokémon Trading Card Game Cards obtainable in US and Canadian Retail sites . Reception ( edit ) Some older fans of the anime expressed negative criticism over the film on social media due to the exclusion of Misty and Brock in favor of two new companions , with one saying `` It 's almost like Brock and Misty never existed '' . Also , criticism was made at the point where Pikachu actually speaks the human language . As shown at the film 's first screening at the 2017 Japan Expo , most of the main characters from the first six series were relegated to cameos , which also caused some harsh criticism from older fans . Despite this , reviews of the movie were mostly positive . Callum May of Anime News Network called the film a `` Pokémon movie for classic Pokémon fans '' and `` While it features new Pokémon from Sun and Moon like Lycanroc and Incineroar , many of the stories and references are from the series 20 years ago , repurposed into far more emotionally moving encounters . '' It was also praised for having a stronger narrative than the other movies in the franchise , but often criticized on Sorrel and Verity 's personalities , calling them `` more like bystanders of someone else 's story , and the attempts at creating backstories for them are n't built up at all . '' The film also topped Japanese box office records , earning first place and grossing more than 516 million yen ( US $4.61 million ) in the first two days , beating Gintama on its premiere . The movie earned ¥ 2.14 billion ( $19.6 million ) in its fourth week and remained at the sixth position . In its fifth week it grossed US $22 million and climbed up to the fourth position before being dethroned by Transformers : The Last Knight . Sequel ( edit ) A second film in the alternate continuity will be animated by OLM and Wit Studio and it will be released in theaters in Japan on July 13 , 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! , Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 が 解禁 ! アニメイト タイムズ '' . Animate Times ( in Japanese ) . animateLAB . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Film Opens at # 1 , Live - Action Gintama at # 2 '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie 20 : I Choose You ! '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere : The 20th Pokémon Movie '' . Japan Expo . SEFA Event. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 作 目 は 何 か が 違う ... ... ! ? 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 2017 年 7 月 15 日 公開 決定 、 トレーラー が 公開 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Gzbrain. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://animemojo.com/shonen/pokemon/pokemon-the-movie-i-choose-you-to-air-on-disney-xd-on-november-25-a3524 Jump up ^ `` New Pokémon I Choose You ! Film Announced ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場 版 ポケモン 新作 タイトル は 「 キミ に きめ た ! 」 、 ポスター に ホウオウ の 姿 '' . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . Natasha , Inc. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie takes Ash back to the beginning '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Here 's the first trailer for the Pokémon reboot / remake anime movie ( Video ) '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon I Choose You ! Anime Film 's 2nd Trailer Reveals Guest Cast , New Mythical Pokémon '' . Anime News Network . 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie revisits the show 's first season before shaking everything up '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Yoshitoshi , Shinomiya ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` 映画 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 ( 7 月 15 日 公開 ) 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 の 情報 が 解禁 され まし た . '' . Shinomiya Yoshitoshi ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Fans Clamor for Veronica Taylor to Return as Ash Ketchum for New Pokemon Movie '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Reprises `` The Rise of Darkrai '' Song for 20th Summer Movie `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Ed ( @ edgoldfarbmusic ) ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` For 20 years of Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu 's origin story is in theaters 11 / 5 & 11 / 6 . Excited to be part of it '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Casey ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` A Special Hat - Wearing Ash Pikachu Is Headed To Japan For Pokémon Sun & Moon '' . Siliconera . Curse . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Poké Ball breath mint holder series will keep you from being a smelly Pokémon otaku '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Become a Pokémon Master with Bandai 's Poké Ball Collection ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Premium Bandai Now Offering Real * Pokéballs '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.H. Figuarts Brings Ash and Team Rocket Together Again ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahotan ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Nendoroid Ash & Pikachu ( Pokémon ) '' . Kahotan 's Blog . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sounders , Mike ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Still not a Pokemon champion Ash Ketchum is now available in Nendoroid form , with a catch '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2017-11-06/pokemon-the-movie-i-choose-you-gets-commemorative-tcg-cards-plush/.123673 Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokemon Movie Just Erased Two Key Characters from Ash 's Past '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokémon Movie Rewrites History , Ditches Brock And Misty '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Pikachu is talking now and it 's very upsetting '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Pokemon The Movie : I Choose You Ruins Pikachu '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Brock and Misty are being written out of Pokémon , and these people 's childhoods are ruined '' . NME . Time Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Callum ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 7 月 18 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 8 月 7 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-12-10/attack-on-titan-wit-studio-animates-2018-pokemon-film-with-olm/.125106 Jump up ^ http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/11/ash-gets-a-new-look-at-wit-studio-and-olm-team-up-on-2018s-pokmon-anime-movie Jump up ^ https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1512957140 External links ( edit ) Japanese movie website Pokemon.co.jp movie website Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! on IMDb Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White Black 2 & White 2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon / Reboot series I Choose You ! Manga series ( volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . 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Makendō ( 1995 ) Gunsmith Cats ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Power DoLLS ( 1996 ) Wedding Peach DX ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Queen Emeraldas ( 1998 ) High School Aurabuster ( 1999 ) Steel Angel Kurumi Encore ( 2000 ) Steel Angel Kurumi Zero ( 2001 ) Early Reins ( 2003 ) Gift : Eternal Rainbow ( 2007 ) Bee and PuppyCat ( 2014 -- present ) Kong : King of the Apes ( 2016 -- present ) Pokémon Generations ( 2016 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pokémon_the_Movie : _I_Choose_You ! &oldid = 821409988 '' Categories : 2017 films Japanese - language films 2017 anime films 2010s Japanese films Anime film remakes Films directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Japanese films Pokémon films Toho animated films Viz Media anime Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the pokemon movie 2017 come out | [
"Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You![a] is a 2017 Japanese anime adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, written by Shoji Yonemura, and produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first reboot film in the anime film series. It sets up an alternate continuity to the main series and acts as a loose retelling of the original Kanto League saga of the show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017[4] and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017.[5] The Pokémon Company International and Fathom Events released the film on a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017 and this was followed by airings on Disney XD in the United States on November 25, 2017,[6][7] on CITV in the UK on December 8, 2017, 9Go! in Australia on December 10, 2017 and on Gulli in France on December 25, 2017."
] | [
"November 25, 2017"
] |
-5279746508725087002 | Jeri Ryan | Jeri Ryan - wikipedia Jeri Ryan Jump to : navigation , search Jeri Ryan Ryan at Star Trek Seattle 2014 Jeri Lynn Zimmermann ( 1968 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1968 ( age 50 ) Munich , West Germany Occupation Actress Years active 1991 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jack Ryan ( m . 1991 ; div. 1999 ) Christophe Émé ( m . 2007 ) Children Jeri Lynn Ryan ( born Jeri Lynn Zimmermann ; February 22 , 1968 ) is an American actress best known for her role as the Borg Seven of Nine on Star Trek : Voyager , for which she was nominated four times for a Saturn Award and won in 2001 . Ryan is also known for her role as Veronica `` Ronnie '' Cooke on Boston Public ( 2001 -- 2004 ) . She was a regular on the science fiction series Dark Skies ( 1997 ) and the legal drama series Shark ( 2006 -- 2008 ) . In 2009 she guest starred on the series Leverage as Tara Cole . From 2011 to 2013 , she starred as Dr. Kate Murphy in the ABC drama series Body of Proof . In 2016 , she began appearing as Veronica Allen on the Amazon Prime series Bosch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Notable awards and nominations 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Web 6 Video games 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ryan was born in Munich , Germany , the daughter of Gerhard Florian `` Jerry '' Zimmermann , a master sergeant in the United States Army , and his wife Sharon , a social worker . She has one older brother , Mark . As a `` military brat '' , Ryan grew up on Army posts in Kansas , Maryland , Hawaii , Georgia and Texas . When she was 11 , her father retired from the Army and the family settled in Paducah , Kentucky . She graduated from Lone Oak High School in 1986 ( as a National Merit Scholar ) , and then attended Northwestern University , where she was a member of the Alpha Phi sorority . In 1989 Ryan was chosen as Miss Illinois . She competed in the Miss America 1990 pageant , where she finished as 3rd runner - up , also winning a preliminary swimsuit competition . She graduated from Northwestern in 1990 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre . Career ( edit ) Ryan at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . After college , she pursued acting full - time in Los Angeles . She made her acting debut in Who 's the Boss ? , and followed that with guest - starring roles in television series such as Melrose Place , Matlock , and The Sentinel , as well as such television films as Co-Ed Call Girl . Her big break came when she won a regular role as the extraterrestrial investigator Juliet Stuart on the television series Dark Skies . The series was cancelled after one season , but the role had drawn the attention of the science - fiction community . In 1997 Ryan was chosen for a role on the science fiction series Star Trek : Voyager as Seven of Nine , a Borg drone who had been `` liberated '' , or freed , from the Borg 's collective consciousness . When she joined the cast in season four , ratings increased 60 % . She appeared in Wes Craven 's Dracula 2000 . After Voyager ended in 2001 , Ryan joined the cast of Boston Public in the role of Veronica `` Ronnie '' Cooke , a frustrated lawyer who becomes a high school teacher . The series ' producer , David E. Kelley , wrote the role specifically for her . The series ended in 2004 . Ryan appeared in the romantic comedy film Down with Love and as Lydia in the independent film Men Cry Bullets . Ryan 's first film lead was in the indie comedy The Last Man , as the last woman left on Earth . In 2005 she had a role in a pilot called Commuters , a suburban version of Desperate Housewives . She also had a recurring role as Charlotte Morgan on The O.C. in 2005 ; and she guest - starred as Courtney Reece on David E. Kelley 's Boston Legal in 2006 . Ryan then co-starred in the CBS legal drama Shark as Los Angeles County District Attorney Jessica Devlin alongside series lead James Woods , but she did not return for episodes aired after the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , although she was credited in all four episodes . The series did not air between January 27 and April 29 , 2008 . CBS cancelled the broadcast of the series after its season - two finale , May 20 , 2008 . She guest - starred as defense attorney Patrice La Rue on the April 7 , 2009 , episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , her first role since giving birth to her daughter Gisele . Ryan next won a seven - episode role on the TNT drama Leverage in season 2 as a grifter named Tara Cole , to fill in while series regular Gina Bellman ( Sophie ) was on maternity leave . She was in the Kevin Tancharoen - directed short film Mortal Kombat : Rebirth as Sonya Blade . Although originally a film , it marketed as a web series , with previews scheduled to appear online in June 2010 . The web series , Mortal Kombat : Legacy , officially launched in March 2011 . Ryan was a regular in the medical drama series Body of Proof , which premiered on March 29 , 2011 . Ryan has also continued to appear in guest roles on genre television series , including the science - fiction series Warehouse 13 as US Marine Major Amanda Lattimer , ex-wife of the series ' male lead character Pete Lattimer , in the episode `` Queen for a Day '' . Ryan made a return guest appearance on the TNT drama Leverage in season 4 , episode 13 as the grifter Tara Cole , in the episode entitled `` The Girls ' Night Out Job '' , which aired December 11 , 2011 . She also appeared for a multi-episode arc in Season 1 of the sci - fi series Helix , which first aired in 2014 . Personal Life ( edit ) Ryan at the 2010 Las Vegas Star Trek convention in Nevada . In 1990 , while dealing blackjack at a charity event , the actress met investment banker and future Republican political candidate Jack Ryan . The couple married on June 15 , 1991 , and had a son , Alex , on August 15 , 1994 . Throughout the marriage , they took turns commuting between Los Angeles and Chicago for their careers , but divorced on August 27 , 1999 . Although Ryan mentioned in an interview for Star Trek that the frequent separations had been difficult for the marriage , the reasons for the divorce were kept sealed at their mutual request . A few years after she joined the Voyager cast , Ryan began dating Star Trek : Voyager producer Brannon Braga . Between February and November 2000 , they were stalked by Marlon Estacio Pagtakhan , who was convicted for harassment and threats in May 2001 . When Jack Ryan 's campaign for an open United States Senate seat in Illinois began in 2003 , the Chicago Tribune newspaper and WLS - TV , the local ABC affiliate , sought to have his records released . Both Jeri and Jack agreed to make their divorce , but not custody , records public , saying their release could be harmful to their son . On June 18 , 2004 , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Robert Schnider agreed to release the custody files . The decision generated much controversy , because it went against both parents ' direct request and reversed the decision to seal the papers in the best interest of the child . It was revealed that six years earlier , Jeri had accused Jack Ryan of asking her to perform sexual acts with him in public , and in sex clubs in New York , New Orleans , and Paris . Jeri described one as `` a bizarre club with cages , whips , and other apparatus hanging from the ceiling . '' Jack denied these allegations . Although Jeri only made a brief statement , and she refused to comment on the matter during the campaign , the document disclosure led Jack to withdraw his candidacy ; his main opponent , Barack Obama , then won the 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois . According to statements she has made in interviews , Ryan 's avocation is gourmet cooking . While starring in Boston Public , she moonlighted on weekends in the kitchen of the Los Angeles restaurant The House . In 2003 , Ryan met French chef Christophe Émé at a chef 's charity event . The two eventually began a relationship , and Émé moved in with Ryan and her son Alex in their San Fernando Valley home . In February 2005 , Ryan , a `` lifelong Francophile '' , opened -- in partnership with Émé -- the restaurant Ortolan . Located on Third Street in Los Angeles , California , the restaurant served French food with a modern interpretation . The two have appeared on Iron Chef America , where Émé and one sous - chef challenged Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto and his two sous - chefs . The restaurant is seen in season 2 , episode 26 of Boston Legal as Denny Crane ( William Shatner ) and Alan Shore ( James Spader ) are discussing the arrival of Courtney Reece ( Jeri Ryan ) at `` her favorite restaurant '' . Despite its success , the restaurant closed in December 2010 . Ryan and Émé married in the Loire Valley , France , on June 16 , 2007 . On March 2 , 2008 , Ryan gave birth to daughter Gisele Émé in Los Angeles , California . Notable awards and nominations ( edit ) 1998 Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actress for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 1999 Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actress for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 1999 Won Golden Satellite Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series -- Drama for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 2000 Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Supporting Actress for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 2001 Won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her role in Star Trek : Voyager Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1991 Nightmare in Columbia County Dawn Elizabeth Smith Television film Alternate title : Victim of Beauty 1992 Flash III : Deadly Nightshade Felicia Kane Two episodes of the 1990 Flash TV series combined into a two hour movie . 1992 Just Deserts Nicole Television film 1993 In the Line of Duty : Ambush in Waco Rebecca Television film Pier 66 Beth Saunders Television film 1999 Men Cry Bullets Lydia 2000 Last Man , The The Last Man Sarah 2000 Disney 's The Kid Larry King guest 2000 Dracula 2000 Valerie Sharpe Alternate title : Wes Craven Presents : Dracula 2000 2003 Down with Love Gwendolyn 2005 Commuters , The The Commuters Anne Television film Mortal Kombat : Rebirth Sonya Blade Short Film Dead Lines Sophie Fyne Television film Secrets in the Walls Rachel Easton Television film 2016 Against the Wild : Survive the Serengeti Jennifer Croft Television film 2018 The Relic Filming Television ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 1991 Who 's the Boss ? Pam Episode : `` The Unsinkable Tony Micelli '' 1991 Flash , The The Flash Felicia Kane Episode : `` The Deadly Nightshade '' 1991 Top of the Heap Tyler Episode : `` The Marrying Guy '' 1991 Nurses Lisa Episode : `` Mother , Jugs , and Zach '' 1991 Reasonable Doubts Rachel Beckwith Episode : `` Graduation Day '' 1993 Jackie Thomas Show , The The Jackie Thomas Show Pauline Yardley Episode : `` Jackie and the Model '' 1993 Matlock : The Fatal Seduction Carrie Locke 2 episodes Time Trax Lauren Sanders Episode : `` Out for Blood '' 1995 Murder , She Wrote Maura Episode : `` Death n ' Denial '' 1995 Charlie Grace Claire Episode : `` Designer Knock - Off '' Client , The The Client Jennifer Episode : `` The Morning After '' Melrose Place Valerie Madison 2 episodes Diagnosis : Murder Melissa Farnes Episode : `` Murder by the Book '' Dark Skies Juliet Stewart 8 episodes 1997 -- 2001 Star Trek : Voyager Seven of Nine 102 episodes Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television 1999 Sentinel , The The Sentinel Alexis Barnes 2 episodes 1999 Dilbert Seven of Nine alarm clock Episode : `` The Gift '' 2001 -- 2004 Boston Public Ronnie Cooke 59 episodes 2004 -- 2011 Two and a Half Men Sherri 3 episodes 2005 O.C. , The The O.C. Charlotte Morgan 7 episodes 2006 Boston Legal Courtney Reese 2 episodes 2006 -- 2009 Iron Chef America Herself 2 episodes 2006 -- 2008 Shark Jessica Devlin 34 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Patrice Larue 3 episodes 2009 -- 2011 Leverage Tara 8 episodes Psych Dr. Kim Phoenix Episode : `` The Head , the Tail , and the Whole Damn Episode '' 2011 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Naomi Halloran Episode : `` Boots on the Ground '' 2011 -- 2012 Warehouse 13 Major Amanda Lattimer 2 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Kate Murphy 42 episodes 2014 - 2017 Major Crimes Linda Rothman 2 Episodes : `` Return to Sender , Part 2 '' ; `` Quid Pro Quo '' 2014 Helix Constance Sutton 2 episodes 2015 NCIS Rebecca Chase Episode : `` Check '' 2015 Arrow Jessica Danforth Episode : `` The Candidate '' 2016 - 17 Bosch Veronica Allen 8 episodes Web ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 2011 Mortal Kombat : Legacy Sonya Blade 2 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Star Trek : Voyager Elite Force Seven of Nine Voice role 2014 Star Trek Online Seven of Nine Voice role References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan -- Yahoo ! TV '' . Yahoo !. February 22 , 1968 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan News , Jeri Ryan Bio and Photos '' . TV Guide Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan Biography ( 1968 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Star Trek Communicator magazine ^ Jump up to : Hanania , Joseph ( February 7 , 1999 ) . `` Signoff Intergalactic Generation Gap '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 23 , 2000 ) . `` Film Review ; Those Wacky , Drooling , Foaming , Biting Undead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( May 14 , 2003 ) . `` ' Love ' fizzles with fake pillow talk '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( October 22 , 1999 ) . `` Film Review ; He Puts On His Dress One Leg At a Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( February 15 , 2002 ) . `` Film Review ; ' The Last Man ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Desperate Hours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` What 's On Tonight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` Shark : When a Legal Superstar Changes Sides '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` Upfronts : James Woods says goodbye to TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ryan 's Law '' . TV Guide . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jeri Ryan gains `` Leverage '' at TNT `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` New Mortal Kombat Promotional Featurette Delivers the Goods '' . Dreadcentral.com . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Mortal Kombat ' Reloaded : A Director 's Quest to Remake a Game - to - Movie Franchise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Christian ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` First Look at Baraka in New Mortal Kombat Series ( with video ) '' . Device . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patta , Gig ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Twitter News : Girl Fight Image from ' Mortal Kombat ' Web Series '' . Latino Review . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Stephen ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Jeri Ryan As Sonya Blade In Mortal Kombat Web Series -- First Video ! '' . The Feed . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Carl ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Talks ' Mortal Kombat : Rebirth ' '' . Fear.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Among the Dead , a Character Finds Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan joins Syfy 's Helix '' . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fornek , Scott ; Herrmann , Andrew . Senate rivals urge Ryan to unseal divorce records , Chicago Sun - Times ( 2004 - 03 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ Tyler , Aisha ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Girl on Guy 100 : Jeri Ryan '' . Aisha Tyler . 45 : 47 mark . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Manekin , Michael ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' stalker may not be fit to stand trial '' . Oakland Tribune . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyberstalking garnering more serious response '' . USA Today . Associated Press . June 29 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Trek Beauty Terrified '' . Fox News Channel . January 19 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , John and Liam Ford ( June 22 , 2004 ) . `` Ryan file a bombshell : Ex-wife alleges GOP candidate took her to sex clubs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael and Rick Pearson ( June 18 , 2004 ) . `` Court sets release of Ryan 's divorce file : Judge admits son will be harmed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` What Some Politicians Fear Most : The Ex-Wife '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` Illinois Senate Campaign Thrown Into Prurient Turmoil '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Race Sex Scandal '' . The Smoking Gun . June 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Jeri Ryan '' . Los Angeles Times . June 22 , 2004 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Napolitano , Jo ( July 30 , 2004 ) . `` National Briefing Midwest : Illinois : Candidate Officially Drops Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` Candidate , Under Pressure , Quits Senate Race in Illinois '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Dean ( December 28 , 2007 ) . `` A Refresher on Obama 's Senate Race '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Horchow , Sally ( March 23 , 2003 ) . `` Good Company ; When ' Doing Lunch ' Lasts 2 Days '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bardin , Brantley ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Trades Power Suits for Maternity Wear '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Virbila , S. Irene ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` Restaurant Review : Beso -- ready for its close - up ? Beso in Hollywood has the sexy allure of its owner , Eva Longoria Parker . Diners watch and wait for a star sighting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ortolan Closes '' . L.A. Weekly . January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Jeri Ryan Marries French Chef '' . People . June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Welcomes a Girl '' . People . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Casting Exclusive : Jeri Ryan To Guest Star On CW Drama '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeri Ryan . Jeri Ryan on IMDb Jeri Ryan at the TCM Movie Database Jeri Ryan at AllMovie Jeri Ryan on Google+ Montgomery , David ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` The Sex Scandal From Outer Space '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . BBC Online interview Jeri Ryan Biography , Startrek.com Ortolan Restaurant Preceded by Dawn Spicuzza Miss Illinois Succeeded by Marjorie Vincent Illinois pageant winners Miss Illinois Lois Delander ( 1927 ) Judith Ford ( 1968 ) Karen Moncrieff ( 1985 ) Jeri Zimmermann ( 1989 ) Marjorie Vincent ( 1990 ) Chuti Tiu ( 1994 ) Katherine Shindle ( 1997 ) Jade Smalls ( 1999 ) Jenny Powers ( 2000 ) Erika Harold ( 2002 ) Miss Illinois USA Myrna Hansen ( 1953 ) Marianne Gaba ( 1957 ) Patricia Thompson ( 1960 ) Marite Ozers ( 1963 ) Amanda Jones ( 1973 ) Karen Morrison ( 1974 ) Lisa Morgan ( 1991 ) Miss Illinois Teen USA Charlotte Martin ( 1994 ) Nicole Manske ( 1998 ) Awards for Jeri Ryan Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Christine Lahti ( 1996 ) Kate Mulgrew ( 1997 ) Jeri Ryan ( 1998 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Edie Falco ( 2001 ) CCH Pounder ( 2002 , 2003 ) Laurel Holloman ( 2004 ) Kyra Sedgwick ( 2005 , 2006 ) Ellen Pompeo ( 2007 ) Anna Paquin ( 2008 ) Glenn Close ( 2009 ) Connie Britton ( 2010 ) Claire Danes ( 2011 , 2012 ) Robin Wright ( 2013 ) Keri Russell ( 2014 ) Claire Danes ( 2015 ) Evan Rachel Wood ( 2016 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Justina Vail ( 1999 ) Jeri Ryan ( 2000 ) Jolene Blalock ( 2001 ) Alyson Hannigan ( 2002 ) Amy Acker ( 2003 ) Amanda Tapping ( 2004 ) Katee Sackhoff ( 2005 ) Hayden Panettiere ( 2006 ) Summer Glau / Elizabeth Mitchell ( 2007 ) Jennifer Carpenter ( 2008 ) Julie Benz ( 2009 ) Lucy Lawless ( 2010 ) Michelle Forbes ( 2011 ) Laurie Holden ( 2012 ) Melissa McBride ( 2013 ) Melissa McBride ( 2014 ) Danai Gurira ( 2015 ) Candice Patton ( 2016 ) VIAF : 66408486 LCCN : nr2002043430 ISNI : 0000 0001 1474 0665 BNF : cb159478840 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 78706548 - cb9f - 4942 - a65f - a74d8a45dedc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeri_Ryan&oldid=831701228 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Kentucky Actresses from Munich American film actresses American people of German descent American restaurateurs American Roman Catholics American television actresses Lone Oak High School ( Kentucky ) alumni Military brats Miss America 1990 delegates Miss America Preliminary Swimsuit winners Northwestern University School of Communication alumni People from Paducah , Kentucky Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played 7 of 9 on star trek voyager | [
"Jeri Lynn Ryan (born Jeri Lynn Zimmermann; February 22, 1968)[1][2] is an American actress best known for her role as the Borg Seven of Nine on Star Trek: Voyager, for which she was nominated four times for a Saturn Award and won in 2001."
] | [
"Jeri Lynn Ryan"
] |
-5953299281591744406 | The Secret Life of the American Teenager | The Secret Life of the American Teenager - wikipedia The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jump to : navigation , search The Secret Life of the American Teenager Also known as ' ' Secret - Teen Secret Life ' ' Genre Teen drama Created by Brenda Hampton Written by Brenda Hampton Jeffrey Rodgers Caroline Kepnes Jeff Olsen Chris Olsen Elaine Arata Paul Perlove Kelley Turk Courtney Turk Anne Ramsay Directed by Ron Underwood Anson Williams Jason Priestley John Schneider Gail Bradley Lindsley Parsons III Keith Truesdell Barry Watson Starring Shailene Woodley India Eisley ( Season 1 - 4 ) Daren Kagasoff Kenny Baumann Francia Raisa Megan Park Greg Finley II Jorge Pallo ( Season 1 ) Luke Zimmerman ( Season 1 ) Molly Ringwald Mark Derwin ( Season 1 - 4 ) Steve Schirripa ( Season 3 - 5 ) Theme music composer Dan Foliart Opening theme `` Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall In Love '' , performed by Molly Ringwald Composer ( s ) Dan Foliart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 121 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brenda Hampton Producer ( s ) Lindsley Parsons III Hrag Gaboudian Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Ronald E. High William L. Asman Editor ( s ) Stephen Myers Ellen Ring Jacobson Marilyn McMahon Adams Janet Weinberg Janet Gratz Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time Approx. 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Brendavision ! ProdCo Original American Teenager Inc . ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 1 , 2008 -- June 3 , 2013 External links abcfamily.go.com/abcfamily/path/section_Shows + Secret - Life - Of - The - American - Teenager / page_Detail The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( often shortened to Secret Life ) is an American teen drama television series created by Brenda Hampton . It first season aired on ABC Family on July 1 , 2008 , and ran until June 3 , 2013 . The show was renewed for four additional seasons . The series received generally mixed reviews from mainstream critics when it began broadcasting , but was well received among female and teenage viewers . The pilot episode broke the record for the highest rated debut on ABC Family with 2.82 million viewers , a record previously held by Kyle XY . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , beating that night 's episode of Gossip Girl , which had less than half its usual number of viewers . Premiering to mostly positive reviews from critics and being well received among viewers , the second season of Secret Life opened with the largest audience for the series , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers ; in adults 18 -- 34 it was the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 , with more than three million viewers watching . The show earned the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season , and spawned a book entitled The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 2 Cast and characters 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Reception 3.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 3.3 Awards and accolades 4 DVD releases 5 Other media 5.1 Music 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Season synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) In season one , fifteen - year - old Amy Juergens finds out that she is pregnant after having sex at band camp with a handsome and popular boy , Ricky Underwood . Amy first confides in her two best friends Lauren and Madison about it . Amy also tells Ben ( the guy she started dating after becoming pregnant ) the truth , but he is surprisingly supportive and offers to marry her anyway , despite the protests of his friends , Henry and Alice . When Ricky finds out he is the father , he is willing to be a part of his future child 's life , causing Adrian Lee , Ricky 's friend with benefits to become jealous , especially since Ricky already has his sights on the sweet and virginal Grace Bowman , who was going out with Jack Pappas until he cheated on her with Adrian . Much to Adrian 's surprise , Grace is not angry at her , and the two girls become friends despite being romantic rivals . Ricky and Ben also compete with each other for Amy 's attention and at the end of the season , Amy has her child , a boy whom her sister , Ashley , names John . Amy decides to keep John , after struggling with the decision over the course of the season . Ricky said he would do anything to take care of his new son , John . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Amy 's parents Anne and George are divorced , and Anne even begins dating again , but when she becomes pregnant again , it is revealed that the baby is George 's . At the same time , Ashley begins her freshman year at Grant High and resents the legacy Amy has accidentally created as a teenage mother so she befriends a gay classmate named Griffin and they both pledge to remain abstinent throughout high school . Ben returns from his summer Italy trip . Meanwhile , Amy struggles to raise John and frequently argues with Ricky over custodial arrangements , especially since Ben is becoming jealous of Ricky 's constant presence . Eventually , Ben and Amy break up while Ricky and Adrian have agreed to date officially but Ricky has issues being faithful . Grace loses her virginity to Jack on the same night her father dies in a plane crash and is wracked with guilt . She blamed Jack and herself for her father 's death which causes Jack to be so upset that he starts drinking . Grace refused to get out of the car to attend her father 's funeral , so Ricky forces her to . Grace 's brother Tom has trouble adjusting when their mother decides to remarry again . Adrian begins to reach out to Amy in order to make peace , so Amy , John , and Ricky can be a family with less drama . The season 's events culminate with Adrian 's cheating on Ricky with Ben on the night of the Mother / Daughter dance , in an attempt to get back at Ricky for kissing Amy . Ricky is angry at both , breaking up with Adrian and refusing to forgive Ben , thus crushing their already - fragile friendship . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , everyone finds out Adrian is pregnant with Ben 's baby , except for Amy . So , Ben and Amy continue to date and start considering taking their relationship to the next level , while Ben struggles to tell Amy about Adrian . George and Anne Juergens have officially divorced and Anne lives closer to her mother while George stays at the house with Amy and Ashley . Ashley drops out of school and begins homeschooling herself . Kathleen Bowman 's husband goes to Zimbabwe for a medical mission to bring aid to third world people and returns in the season finale with a proposal that he and Kathleen return to live and explore the world . Kathleen is hesitant to accept , not wanting to leave Grace and Tom behind by themselves . Towards the middle of the season , Amy and Ricky begin to date , and everyone is doubtful that Ricky will be faithful . Adrian and Ben decide to get married and the ceremony occurs near the end of the season . In the two - part season finale , Ben and Adrian are living together in their condo and Adrian begins to sense that something might be wrong with their baby . They decide to call the doctor , who has them meet her at the hospital as soon as possible . The baby is revealed to have died , which leaves everyone devastated . Amy is upset by this and decides to have sex with Ricky instead of going away for the weekend . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Amy and Ricky begin to get closer when Amy and John begin to move in with Ricky in his apartment , which is above the butcher shop . Meanwhile , Ashley leaves to go on a road trip with her friend Toby. Grace goes to Didiju and meets a new guy named Daniel who later becomes her boyfriend . Jack and Madison break up forcing Jack to do all the senior stuff with Grace who he is still in love with . Adrian is depressed as she lost her baby and Ben wants to leave , but does n't have the heart to do so . Adrian figures out that he wants to leave , and tries to seduce him so she can get pregnant again . Later Adrian sets her goal towards Ricky . Ricky proposes to Amy and she accepts . Afterwards , Jesse has a graduation party and everyone is invited . Adrian goes with Omar , her new boyfriend . Daniel 's ex-girlfriend shows up at the party and says she wants him back . Ricky kisses Adrian one last time as per her wish and she claims she is `` free '' from him , after which her new boyfriend Omar breaks up with her claiming that the kiss was `` totally disrespectful . '' The next morning outside , Grace asks Jack about Adrian 's theory , and then end up kissing which is caught on a picture sent to Daniel by Raven ( his ex-girlfriend ) , causing him to break up with Grace . Madison also sleeps with Jesse ending with 2 broken friendships and 1 broken relationship . Ben also shuns Henry when he sleeps with Adrian at the party because he was disloyal . Ben meets the lake house neighbor , Dylan , and she and her friends turn out to be a bad influence on him . Kathleen goes to Africa to learn that Marshall was cheating with her and already had a girlfriend and a son there who comes back to live with their family . In the last episode , Anne comes out with the fact that she really is gay , but when Amy is told , she is very upset and believes she is saying that because George is trying to have a good excuse as of why he cheated and also got back with Kathleen . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager characters This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shailene Woodley portrays Amy Juergens , daughter of George and Anne Juergens , mother of John , ex-girlfriend of Ben and wife to Ricky , and older sister of Ashley and Robert Juergens . Amy , 15 years old , is a sensitive , intelligent , kind and loving girl in high school who plays the French horn and wants to someday attend Juilliard . ( But later decides to be a teacher ) . At summer band camp , prior to starting her freshman year , Amy has a one - night stand with Ricky Underwood and becomes pregnant . After returning to school , Amy meets Ben Boykewich and they begin dating . After much indecision and disagreement , Amy and Ricky mutually decide to keep the baby . Upon the beginning of summer , Ben leaves Amy to visit Italy for his summer vacation . Following his return , they eventually break up . Amy later begins dating Jimmy , the son of Amy 's mother 's old high school boyfriend . Amy soon goes back to Ben after he confesses his love for her , despite his having had sex with Adrian ; but when she learns that Adrian is pregnant , she avoids Ben , who 'd covered up the pregnancy for weeks . She realizes that her attraction to Ricky is growing , and begins to date him . She desperately desires to sleep with him but is cautious about beginning a sexual relationship with him . She loves Ricky but she knows that creating a strong bond and relationship is the best way to keep him around . Adrian then points out to Amy some of the girls that Ricky slept with in order to hurt Amy . Amy , hurt , refuses to throw a baby shower for Adrian and grows cold toward her . This is the same attitude that Adrian had had when she threw Amy a shower ( Grace actually threw the shower ) . Adrian was so cruel that she had sex with her stepbrother during Amy 's baby shower . Distraught over the death of Adrian and Ben 's baby , Amy and Ricky abandon plans for a weekend getaway and decide to re-establish a physical relationship . Ricky proposes to her on his graduation night , and while Amy is happy to be engaged , she is in no hurry to marry . After discovering that her mother is gay , Amy tells Ricky that they should elope , to which Ricky happily agrees . Amy and Ricky seemingly elope in the Season 5 premiere ; however , they run out of the chapel laughing without actually having gotten married . In the season finale , Amy graduates and when she and Ricky get home , she tells him that she has to postpone the wedding and as they fight , she tells him she 's postponing because he is n't in love with her , though he loves her . Amy then makes the decision to pursue a college education while Ricky takes custody of their son . By Hampton , it is known that Amy and Ricky fell in love again and got married after they both graduated . Daren Kagasoff portrays Richard `` Ricky '' Underwood , 16 years old with a troubled past and emotional issues , resulting in promiscuity and a reputation as the school 's `` bad boy '' . He is the son of Bob Underwood , a domestic abuser , child molester , and drug addict , and a drug addict mother , Nora ( played by Anne Ramsay ) , who lived on the streets before being sent to jail for a short time . Ricky lived with his foster parents , Margaret and Dr. Shekhar , but moved out to an apartment above the butcher shop . Ricky later decided that he wants to have a more serious relationship with Adrian and tells her he does not want her sleeping with other guys . He , on the other hand , wants to sleep with other girls while still being in a relationship with Adrian . They break up after Adrian has sex with Ben , after finding out that Ricky and Amy kissed . Ashley kisses him , showing her feelings for him . Ricky does not seem to return these feelings , even though he flirts with her . Ashley tries to sleep with him , but Ricky has feelings for Amy so he refuses her . Ricky goes to New York to visit Amy and they kiss again . They have a long discussion and Amy tells Ricky that if he ever wants to be with her again he has to stop sleeping around . Ricky promises to try . Ricky and Amy begin to date after she returns from music camp . Their relationship becomes serious and they consider moving in together . Ricky has a constant battle with Amy over when she plans to have sex with him , and she insists that he be tested for STDs before considering having sex with him . Even while they are dating the custody agreement they have remains the same but , as they are often at each other 's places , the rules bend a little . Amy has a lot of trouble reconciling his past promiscuity with his declarations of love . He is being encouraged to consider attending college by both Ben 's father and the high school counselor , but is unsure how college fits into his life with Amy and John . He proposed to Amy on the night of his high school graduation , but is then confused when Amy does n't seem to be in a hurry to get married . After many arguments and disagreements , Ricky and Amy elope in the season 5 premiere , although it is revealed 2 episodes later that they did not finish the wedding ceremony.In the season finale , they go to Amy 's graduation and then go home , where Amy and Ricky fight because Amy wants to cancel the wedding . He gets angry but she says that he 's not in love with her and he says he loves her and then admits that he 's not in love with her . They both then agree that Ricky will keep John and they will see how it all goes . When Amy leaves , the last scene is Ricky telling John a story , saying , `` And she lives happily ever after ... And so will we . '' By Hampton , it is known that Amy and Ricky fell in love again and got married after they both graduate Megan Park portrays Grace Kathleen Bowman , a perky 15 - year - old Noah . Grace is Grant High 's head cheerleader and is a religious person . Grace 's father is Marshall Bowman , a doctor whose career she hopes to emulate . Her mother is Kathleen Bowman , George Juergens ' ex-wife . She has an adopted brother , Tom , who has Down syndrome . Grace has a loving , respectful , and open relationship with her family , but has grown from following their rules and advice to making her own decisions about matters such as boys and sex . Grace and Jack resume their rocky relationship and have sex for the first time . After having sex , Grace learns of her father 's death in a plane crash and feels guilty that the crash happened while she was having sex with Jack , and wonders if , in some way , her father 's death was punishment for having sex outside of marriage . She takes a while to recover from this idea and then tries to compensate for her feelings by pledging to wait to have sex again until marriage , even organizing a group of kids to embrace abstinence . She is somewhat interested in Ben , who shows up on her doorstep occasionally , usually when he 's worried about Amy and then , later , Adrian . However , after Ben begins to take responsibility for Adrian 's pregnancy , she then begins to date Grant . The two of them are interested in taking their relationship to the `` next level , '' but Grace 's mother extracts a promise from Grant that he would not have sex with Grace at med camp , much to Grace 's chagrin . But , after they decide to have sex , Grant wants Grace to have an STD test to make sure she does n't have anything . He goes on to explain that Grace has been with Jack after Jack had oral sex with Adrian . Adrian has been with Ricky and both Ricky and Adrian have been around with a bunch of other people . Grace then tells him he should get tested also but , he tells her the truth ( about him and his ex-girlfriend losing their virginity to each other ) then Jack walks in and tells Grace that it would not be a bad idea to get tested because he has come into contact with an STD ( that was treatable ) before they had sex . This scares Grace who already does not want to do the test and she tells Grant that they should not have sex anymore . Grant then skips school the next day and goes to look for her and tells her that if she is not ready to have sex then they can wait until she is because he loves her ( he wanted to tell her that he loved her before they did anything so that she would really see that he was in love with her ) . Eventually , they consummate their relationship . Later , Grace is insistent about meeting Grant 's ex-girlfriend , Angie , and is taken aback when she sees that Angie is significantly overweight . Later they break up after Grace cheats on him with a college student she met while in Africa , Daniel . She then begins a relationship with Daniel , who is far more mature and becomes impatient with Grace 's immaturity . At the graduation party , Daniel runs into an ex-girlfriend , Raven , ( played by Christian Serratos ) and decides to leave . Raven hooks up with Jack during the party , but the next morning , Jack and Grace kiss and Grace realizes that she still has feelings for him . Raven takes a picture of the kiss and sends it to Daniel , who breaks up with Grace . Grace decides to skip med school camp for the coming summer because she is tired of it and wants to avoid Grant . Francia Raisa portrays Adrian Lee , a now 16 - year - old majorette with a reputation for being promiscuous because she enjoys casual sex . Adrian 's mother is a flight attendant who is often away from home because of her job . Adrian 's father was absent from Adrian 's childhood , but is now making an effort to reconnect with her . Her broken background has made Adrian emotional , hidden under her tough exterior . She wants to feel loved , and so she continues her on - off casual relationship with Ricky , though he constantly pursues other girls . At first Adrian is extremely jealous of Amy and Grace . She is jealous of Amy because Amy had Ricky 's baby and she knows that they will always be connected . Adrian is also jealous of Grace because Ricky wants to sleep with her but he later changes his mind . Adrian then angrily throws Amy a baby shower although Grace was the one who threw the shower while Adrian had sex with her stepbrother in the other room . Adrian later decides that she wants a more serious relationship with Ricky and tells him that she loves him . They decide that they will work at being in a relationship and although Adrian agrees to stop having sex with other boys , Ricky says he still wants to have sex with other girls . Amy and Adrian then get into an argument about Adrian holding John and Adrian realizes that Ricky has sided with Amy about her holding John . Adrian then decides to become friends with Amy and Amy finally lets Adrian hold John . Adrian later has sex with Ben in an attempt at revenge after finding out that Ricky and Amy kissed . Adrian later discovers that she 's pregnant with Ben 's baby . At first she decides to have an abortion , having even spoke with a counselor at an abortion clinic . Her dad was not supportive of her choice with terminating the pregnancy . Adrian soon decides not to go through with an abortion and plans on keeping the baby instead . Ben has given Adrian an expensive ( $50,000 ) `` friendship ring , '' which they have agreed is just a friendship ring unless they both agree later on that it means something else . As Adrian pregnancy goes along they both start to realize that they have feelings for each other that goes beyond just caring for each other because they are going to have a baby together . but both of them have falling in love with each other unaware of it while it was happening . Ben then decides to make the friendship ring an engagement ring and surprises Adrian with the proposal . They subsequently marry , and moved in together in a condo . Both she and Ben are devastated when their baby , whom they were planning to name Mercy , is born as a stillborn . Adrian tries to keep Ben in the marriage by having another baby . He was willing to do so , but Adrian decides she loves Ricky . The two are separated and are getting a divorce . Meanwhile , Adrian is introduced to a friend of Daniel 's , Dante ' . She feels as if they get along well , but he leaves the country for a semester abroad , and Adrian begins going out with Dante 's brother , Omar . At the graduation party , Adrian wants one last kiss from Ricky to see if the spark is still there . With Amy 's ok , Ricky kisses her , and Adrian is relieved to discover that she no longer is obsessed with Ricky . However , Omar is offended at her kissing Ricky and leaves the party without her . Adrian , upset , ends up sleeping with Henry that evening , and they are discovered the next morning by a shocked Alice . She then completes summer school and has shown signs of still being in love with Ricky . By Hampton , it 's said that she moves to New York with her boyfriend now husband , Omar , and she becomes a lawyer . Also has 2 children . Ken Baumann portrays Benjamin `` Ben '' Boykewich 15 - year old now . His father Leo was the first person to suspect Amy 's pregnancy due to her throwing up on Ben while on a date . He initially dismissed the idea , but realizes that it may be a possibility . This causes him to propose to Amy so that way he can help financially support the baby , and because he genuinely loves her . Amy is flattered by his actions , but explains that she is unsure of what to do . When she considers getting an abortion , Ben convinces her not to because he knows that she has other options . He experiences a lot of hardship during Amy 's pregnancy ; particularly when he is brutally beaten up by a fellow student , but remains to be a loving and supportive boyfriend . In the season one episode `` The Secret Wedding of the American Teenager '' , Ben and Amy get married using fake ID 's after her mother says that Amy will have to get a job if she wants to keep the baby . Later on the series , Ben gets Adrian pregnant , after he lost his virginity with her in his car in front of Amy 's house . The couple decide to keep the baby . He then tells Amy and they break up . By the third season 's mid-season finale , it is shown that Ben and Adrian have some romantic feelings for one 's another . In the autumn premiere , Ben and Adrian find out they 're having a baby girl , which is what Ben was hoping for . His father bought a condo for the two of them , and they later get married . Their daughter , Mercy , was stillborn which left Adrian and Ben devastated . He later decides he wants out of the marriage due to Adrian 's attitude . He admits it harshly to Adrian after she gave away their baby 's things . After his outbursts to Adrian he then gets drunk and humiliates himself in front of his father . But he later begins to recant his decision after having time to vent his frustration . But , later Adrian decides she also does not want to remain married , and asks him to leave . He leaves brokenhearted and then later asks Adrian to remain his friend . He also allows Adrian to keep the condo with the approval of his father and continues to keep his word of being her friend to her after she is embarrassed at the graduation party . He also meets a new girl named Dylan , who seems be interested in him . Alice tells Ben that Henry slept with Adrian at the graduation party , which enrages him and prompts him to tell a stunned and contrite Henry that he is no longer welcome at his home . Dylan and her friends visit Ben and ask if he minds if they smoke some pot . Ben is taken aback , but does n't want to appear judgmental , so he allows them to smoke in his room . They are discovered by Ben 's and Dylan 's parents , and Ben lies to protect Dylan and tells them that he was given the pot at the party the night before . Ben and Dylan convince their parents that they should go out together . In the school hallway , Ben tells Amy that he still loves her , but Dylan 's friend Wendy over hears and tells Dylan . Dylan still wants to go out with Ben , but her parents do n't want her to because they think he 's a bad influence . Later when Ben is feeling vulnerable , Alice comes to his house and they both have sex . Henry finds out and starts dating Dylan , whose parents like Henry . Ben is upset but realizes that he 's in love with Amy Juergens , always was and always will be . India Eisley plays Ashley Juergens , Amy 's 13 - year - old sister . Ashley is sarcastic , always thinks straight , dresses in mainly black , and cares little about what others think of her . She is the first member of the Juergens family to learn of Amy 's pregnancy and the one who convinces Amy to keep the baby . When George buys his own home next door , Ashley goes with him . She and George eventually move back into the house with Amy and Anne to raise the children , as they see it as the best option . Upon seeing her sister go through childbirth , Ashley vows to delay having sex . During her freshman year of high school , Ashley quickly befriends a gay boy , Griffin , who becomes her only friend . She falls in love with Ricky , and claims that they could be together if they wanted to but Ricky does not agree . They kiss , and Ricky regrets that kiss . Ashley then says she wants to have sex with Ricky to get it over with because she says that she wants to see what sex is like . Now Ashley does n't want to be around Ricky or Amy . She has completely shut out everybody but her dad . She has stopped going to school and started home - schooling herself so she will not have to be around people that annoy her . As part of her home schooling she has a `` study buddy '' , Toby . Overtime , she seems to be developing a crush on him and in the episode `` Loose Lips '' they talk about sex with Amy and later they contemplate if they will be friends or not . `` Maybe even more that friends '' Toby comments after Ashley says they might be friends . Ashley and Toby take the GED together and , to everyone 's surprise , they pass , thus completing high school . With high school behind them , they want to take a cross-country road trip together , much to George and Anne 's dismay , but they agreed to it after seeing Ashley could learn a lot hands on about life . She and Toby end up in Florida , broke , living with his grandmother and doing odd jobs . Ashley returns home the day after Ricky 's graduation , and announces that she has been accepted to college in Florida . She is a bit taken aback to discover that George has rented her room to Nora . Greg Finley II portrays Jack Pappas , now 20 on the football team . Jack is the stepson of a minister . The summer before his sophomore year , Jack began a relationship with Grace , partially in an effort to keep her well - to - do family at his stepfather 's church . He quickly falls for Grace and after their first date asks her for a closed , committed relationship . However , Jack is distraught when Grace informs him she wants to wait until after marriage and medical school for sex . Fretful , Jack has oral sex with Adrian for which Grace breaks up with him . Jack regrets the end of their relationship and projected serious efforts into trying to win Grace back . However , Grace began to date Ricky instead . Unsure of how he feels about sex and waiting until marriage , Jack tries to keep his mind off it by doing good deeds . He dates Madison , but makes the mistake of telling Madison 's father that they are engaging in oral sex , which causes Madison 's father to stop Jack and Madison from seeing each other all summer . Jack knows he is still not over Grace even though she is with Grant . He constantly attempts to stop Grace from having sex with Grant , despite the fact that he is with Madison . He and Madison have one sexual encounter , but afterwards decide that sex is not right for them at this time . They break up , and Jack turns his attention back to Grace . At graduation , Jack is chosen to give the invocation / prayer , which Grace helps him write . Even though he hooks up with Daniel 's ex-girlfriend at the graduation party , he finds Grace the next morning , and they share a kiss , which confuses Grace . In the season 5 mid-season finale , Jack was beat up by a pimp and was in critical condition . Hampton , exclaimed that he moved to New York and married Madison . He also became a coach . Molly Ringwald portrays Anne Juergens , the now mother of Amy , Ashley , and Robert Juergens , and the wife of George Juergens . After discovering George was cheating on her with Adrian 's mother , Cindy Lee , Anne separated from him and filed for divorce . Due to her impending divorce , Anne took a job in an architectural office and began dating her boss , architect David Johnson ; she later becomes engaged . In the premiere of the second season , it is revealed that she is pregnant . Though she believes it is her boyfriend 's , due to her husband 's vasectomy , it is revealed that he lied about having the surgery . Later in the season Anne breaks off her engagement with David and returns to be with her family . She was about to remarry George when she finds papers saying he does not want to remarry her and discovers he cheated but only when they were divorced . Living away from home near her mother , she begins seeing her old high school sweetheart again . They realize they are just friends , though , and Anne finds herself drawn to George again . They are discovered by an amused Amy after a romantic encounter at home , but Anne and George find themselves on opposite sides after Ricky proposes to Amy . Anne realizes that Amy is happy , and George realizes that she is not . After a trip to Europe , Anne realizes she is gay , saying that when she is with another woman she feels `` one '' with her . It 's said after season 5 she 's married to someone new . Mark Derwin portrays George Juergens , the father of Amy , Ashley , and Robert Juergens , and the ex-husband of Anne Juergens . He owns a furniture store and was previously married to Kathleen Bowman , Grace 's mother , before marrying Anne . He also had a brief affair with Adrian 's mother , Cindy Lee , which led to Anne filing for divorce . George regrets his affair , realizes he is in love with Anne , and desires to reunite his family . When he is about to remarry his ex-wife Anne , she finds papers stating that he does not want to be remarried . She figures out he cheated again and they decide to split without causing too much harm to the family . After making a pass at Nora and discovering that she is a lesbian , he invites her to move into the house with him as a roommate . Much to everyone 's surprise , Nora accepts . George comes short as a responsible father figure who does not have adequate control over his daughters and did not always take sound decisions when issues came up . In season 4 he realizes he is still in love with Kathleen Bowman and the two of them fall in love all over again from seasons 4 to 5 . In season 5 they get married . Steve Schirripa portrays Leo Boykewich , Ben 's widowed father . Known locally as `` The Sausage King '' , now he is wealthy and owns a Butcher shop . He recently married a woman named Betty , a sweet but slightly ditzy former prostitute . He and Ben have always had a close relationship , but the relationship has been tested because he does n't approve of Ben 's latest choices with regards to Adrian . Distraught over the fact his son impregnated a girl and plans to marry her despite the fact they are not in love , he goes and sees a therapist . He figures out he is not over his first love , Ben 's mom , and realizes that he needs to move on and give Betty the same opportunity to make a place in his life that Ben 's mother had . He is saddened by the death of Ben and Adrian 's baby and takes it upon himself to tell Ben 's friends about the death . Later , Betty realizes that Leo is not happy in their marriage . She wants to separate and finally attend college , and he agrees , much to his relief . With Ben 's urging , he then realizes that he has been in love with his secretary of 20 years , and begins to court her . Broadcasting ( edit ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager first aired on ABC Family on July 1 , 2008 . Season 1 began with 11 episodes broadcast from July 1 , 2008 , to September 9 , 2008 . After a hiatus , 12 first - season episodes aired January 5 , 2009 , through March 23 , 2009 , despite being marketed as season 2 , for a total of 23 episodes . The first season was aired on Canadian broadcaster City starting on September 3 , 2008 . In early 2009 , City removed Secret Life from its schedule . Therefore , MuchMusic started to air the first season in Canada on November 30 , 2009 , followed by the second season on December 7 , 2009 . In the United Kingdom Secret Life is available on ABC Studios via sky on demand . It is however broken up into eight seasons in contrast to the original five . Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life . The official press release was released on February 9 and was added to ABC Family 's line up on April 7 , 2009 . The show was renewed for a 24 - episode second season , which began airing on June 22 , 2009 . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 , through September 7 , 2009 . After a four - month hiatus , the second half of the season returned on January 4 , 2010 , and concluded on March 22 , 2010 . Following their record - breaking , mid-season returns , Make It or Break It , and Secret Life were both picked up for an additional season . The third - season premiere of Secret Life was aired on June 7 , 2010 , at 8 pm . On January 10 , 2011 , it was reported that Secret Life was picked up for a fourth season to be shown in Summer 2011 and season three would resume on March 28 , 2011 , after an extended season break . The second half of the fourth season is set to air on March 26 , 2012 . On February 2 , 2012 , it was announced ABC Family renewed The Secret Life of the American Teenager for a fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Secret Life received mixed reviews at the time of its debut . It currently has a score of 48 out of 100 from review aggregator Metacritic . The New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are `` ... real and come from families of all stripes -- from intact to single - parent households to one boy in foster care ... '' However , most mainstream critics have n't embraced the show , indicating it as a TV - series version of an after school special , `` filled with didactic messages and a lotta wooden acting , '' in the words of Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly . The New York Times claimed that `` Secret Life '' must surely be the collective effort of an anti-pregnancy cabal . ( ... ) ABC Family means well but could not have done worse . `` Secret Life '' does n't take the fun out of teenage pregnancy , it takes the fun out of television '' and calls the show a `` Prime - Time Cautionary Tale '' . Variety magazine reported that `` ABC Family 's latest original drama wants to be a slow - motion version of `` Juno '' but settles for being an obvious , stereotype - laden teen soap ( ... ) based on first impressions , `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' should probably stay a secret . '' ReporterMag 's Andrew Rees says , `` The show ... might be the worst scripted drama on television . Suffering from gag - worthy dialog , horrific plot twists , terrible acting , and characters who not even the best of 3 - D glasses could give depth to , it 's a wonder how this show stays on the air . '' Brenda Hampton does not mind the poor reviews , saying , `` I 'd rather get good ratings and bad reviews than bad ratings and good reviews . '' . Despite its lackluster critical reviews , Secret Life received the highest premiere viewership ratings ever for an ABC Family original program . The pilot episode brought in 2.82 million viewers and a 0.9 / 3 share in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . Secret Life also scored high in the female demographic , registering a 6.5 / 24 among female teenagers and a 3.1 / 11 among 12 - to 34 - year - old females . Secret Life 's mid-season finale episode of season one defeated the first hour of the much - publicized series premiere of 90210 on The CW in viewers 12 -- 34 and females 12 -- 34 , beating 90210 in total viewers and all their key demographics , and bringing in some of the best ratings of the season for Secret Life . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers and was the highest rated telecast on March 23 , 2009 in viewers aged 12 -- 34 and the number one scripted telecast that night . The episode also beat 90210 , which had 2.20 million viewers , more than half the usual number . On Monday , June 22 , 2009 , Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far , posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers , and second - best numbers ever in adults 18 -- 34 with 1.4 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale , adults 18 -- 49 with 2.1 million viewers and viewers 12 -- 34 with 2.9 million viewers . In June 2009 , Secret Life ranked as cable 's number one scripted telecast in females 12 -- 34 , and the number one scripted series telecast in viewers 12 -- 34 and female teens . Additionally , Secret Life stood as ad - supported cable 's number one telecast this month in female teens . The season debut became cable 's number one scripted series premiere of the 2008 / 2009 season to date in women 18 -- 34 , women 18 -- 49 , and viewers 12 -- 34 , and the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 in adults 18 -- 34 . Secret Life 's second season debut stands as cable 's number one scripted original series season premiere of summer 2009 in adults ages 18 -- 34 and across core female 18 -- 34 , 18 -- 49 and 12 -- 34 demos , ahead of such high profile series as USA 's Royal Pains and Burn Notice , and TNT 's The Closer . Some critics praised the new developments of the show 's second season , saying they could be `` interesting material to build on . '' Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole `` teen going through a pregnancy '' plot has played out and the `` frustrated young mother '' thing is going on , we have room to explore some other topics . She remained hopeful that the writers will not just turn these new problems into issues of the week , instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall 's death , deal with Ann 's accidental pregnancy , and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex . With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere , the episode became ABC Family 's most - watched telecast ever in the key 12 -- 34 and teen demos . The episode stands as the series ' second-most - watched episode in viewers and is TV 's number one telecast of the season in female teens , cable 's number one telecast in females 12 -- 34 , and cable 's number one scripted telecast in viewers 12 -- 34 . The season two mid-season premiere remains cable 's number one scripted premiere of the 2009 / 10 season . It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale , and was number one in all target demos for the hour . On Monday , June 7 , 2010 , Secret Life opened its third season as the number one summer premiere for the 2010 summer season . It drew 1.3 million women 18 -- 49 viewers , 2.3 million viewers 12 -- 34 , 1.8 million female 12 -- 34 viewers , and 1.0 million teen viewers , topping high profiles premieres of Burn Notice , Royal Pains , and Pawn Stars . Additionally , Monday 's `` Secret Life '' ranks as summer 's number one scripted premiere on cable with 1.2 million viewers adults 18 -- 34 . It improved over its season 2 finale , growing by 20 % in adults 18 -- 34 , by 21 % in adults 18 -- 49 , and by 10 % in viewers 12 -- 34 . Regarding The Secret Life 's advertising , Laura Caraccioli - Davis , executive vice president of the media buyer Starcom , says , `` Nielsen numbers will do the talking in the advertising community , which has a deep respect for success . '' U.S. Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The following is a table with the average estimated amount of viewers per episode , each season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager on ABC Family . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00PM ( 2008 ) Monday 8 : 00PM ( 2009 ) 23 July 1 , 2008 2.82 March 23 , 2009 4.50 2008 -- 2009 3.51 Monday 8 : 00PM 24 June 22 , 2009 4.68 March 22 , 2010 3.17 2009 -- 2010 3.24 26 June 7 , 2010 3.18 June 6 , 2011 3.56 2010 -- 2011 3.74 24 June 13 , 2011 3.07 June 4 , 2012 1.43 2011 -- 2012 2.14 5 24 June 11 , 2012 1.67 June 3 , 2013 1.50 2012 -- 2013 1.22 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Throughout its five seasons , Secret Life has been nominated for several Teen Choice Awards , and won a Gracie Allen Award . It won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season . In 2009 , it was nominated for three Teen Choice Awards , including Choice TV Show Drama , Choice TV Breakout Show , and Choice Summer TV . Kenny Baumann was nominated for Choice TV Actor Drama and Choice Summer TV Star : Male , Shailene Woodley was nominated for Choice TV Actress Drama and Choice Summer TV Star : Female , Daren Kagasoff was nominated for Choice TV Breakout Star : Male and won Choice Summer TV Star Male , and Molly Ringwald and Mark Derwin were nominated for Choice TV Parental Unit . A Gracie Allen Award was awarded to the show for Outstanding Drama in 2009 . In 2010 , the show was nominated as a Favorite TV Obsession at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards ; Shailene Woodley won a 2010 Gracie Award for Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series ; the show was nominated as the Choice Summer TV show at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards ; Ken Baumann and Daren Kagasoff were nominated as the Choice Male Summer TV Star ; and Shailene Woodley was also nominated as the Choice Female Summer TV Star . DVD releases ( edit ) Each Secret Life season is released on DVD in separate volumes . Season one , confusingly , is sold as season one and season two . Season two is sold as volume three and volume four , and similarly for the later seasons . The DVD releases include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , interviews with the cast , and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The season two , volume two DVD includes a preview of Ashley Juergen 's Secret Diary , a novella released on June 15 , 2010 . DVD release dates for The Secret Life of the American Teenager Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Volume One December 30 , 2008 TBA TBA 11 Incorrectly marketed as season one . Extras include deleted scenes , cast interviews , gag reel , episode commentaries , and 7 featurettes Volume Two June 16 , 2009 TBA TBA 12 Incorrectly marketed as season two . Extras include behind - the - Scenes featurettes with the cast , exclusive music video from The Strange Familiar Volume Three December 22 , 2009 TBA TBA 12 Extras include pilot episode `` Make It or Break It '' , Hot Chat , exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the cast Volume Four June 15 , 2010 TBA TBA 12 Extras include behind the `` Secret '' scenes , Cast on Family , interviews with cast and composer Volume Five December 21 , 2010 TBA TBA 14 On Set with Director Anson Williams , On Set Fist Bumps with Joey and Matthew Levinson , On Set with Shailene Woodley , On Set with Luke Zimmerman Volume Six June 7 , 2011 TBA TBA 12 Volume Seven March 20 , 2012 TBA TBA 13 Volume Eight TBA TBA TBA 11 Volume Nine TBA TBA TBA 12 Volume Ten TBA TBA TBA 12 Other media ( edit ) On June 15 , 2010 , The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens was published . Written by Kelly and Courtney Turk , whose previous credits include episodes of 7th Heaven and NCIS , it documents the thoughts of the character Ashley Juergens in the events chronicling the first and part of the second season . It also includes new characters that were not shown on Secret Life . `` We watched the episodes together and then talked briefly about ideas we each had and what we thought Ashley would have to say about whatever the storyline was . Then we separated and exchanged our chapters , '' Courtney stated while talking about the difference between writing a book and writing for television . Music ( edit ) The series theme , sung by Molly Ringwald , is an upbeat version of Cole Porter 's `` Let 's Do It ( Let 's Fall in Love ) . '' Other noteworthy music featured in the installments includes : Both the first and last episodes of the first season feature the song `` Girlfriend '' by Avril Lavigne . It was also featured in the second - season episode 22 . A piano version of the song was played during mid-4th - season finale . In the fifteenth episode of the second season , Jack plays `` She Do n't Wanna Man '' by Asher Roth while he and Madison dance . At the Mother - Daughter Dance ( Season 2 , Episode 19 ) , Love Story by Taylor Swift is played in the background while Amy , her mother , and Ashley sit on the bleachers . In the fourth episode of the third season , when Adrian sits sadly on the stairs in front of her house , Tom plays `` You Are So Beautiful '' performed by Joe Cocker on his cell phone before they dance . ( Season 3 , episode 4 ) . The song `` Kids '' by MGMT appears in the fifth episode of the third season when a slide show of Amy lost in New York is played . At a party in the Bowmans ' guesthouse , the song `` New Day '' performed by Tamar Kaprelian is played . Bruno Mars ' `` Just the Way You Are '' plays in the final moments of the first half of the third - season finale , including during Ben and Adrian 's wedding . Sarah McLachlan 's `` Angel '' plays after Ben and Adrian find out the baby is dead , and the montage is played to close the season . `` Daughters '' by John Mayer was featured in the season 's first episode during Amy 's visit to the clinic . In the fifth episode of the fourth season , `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele is played in the beginning during Adrian 's walk and at the end of the episode when she is sitting in the empty nursery after punching numerous holes in the wall . In the thirteenth episode of the fourth season `` S&M '' by Rihanna , `` Memories '' by David Guetta feat . Kid Cudi and `` Til ya make it '' by `` Jamie Lynn Noon '' are played at the end of the episode during the dance party . At the beginning of first episode of fifth season , when Amy and Ricky went from chapel , is played Bruno Mars ' song `` Marry You '' . In the last episode when Adrian recollects her school years and relationships is played `` Try with Me '' by Nicole Scherzinger . In the last episode during Ricky 's flashback , the song `` Blurry '' by Puddle of Mudd is played . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Falling in Love Season Episode Guide on '' . Tv.com. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ' Secret Life Of The American Teenager ' Rises In Series Finale , retrieved September 21 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Set Records for ABC Family -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' recap : A new life for a new mom EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Catlin , Roger ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Roger Catlin 's TV Eye -- TV Entertainment News '' . Blogs.courant.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens ( 9781401324070 ) : Ashley Juergens : Books '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Family Brings Back American Teenager , Kyle XY '' . TVWeek.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Citytv Announces Fall 2008 -- 2009 Programming Schedule '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : SaveSecretLifeinCanada Secret Life CANCELLED in CANADA '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com. 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Channel Canada . `` MuchMusic 's Secret Is Out : THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER Begins Dec 7 '' . Channel Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABCFamily.com '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family announces upcoming programming slate -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle XY Cancelled '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' secret life ' will return June 22 '' . Community.abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Spoilers '' . Slotat.tripod.com. 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Renewed for 3rd Season ; `` Make It or Break It '' Renewed for 2nd Season -- Both Return in Summer 2010 -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com. 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Renewed For A 5th Season , ' Baby Daddy , ' ' Beverly Hills Nannies ' Picked Up By ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Good Daughter Comes Home with Bad News in Secret Life '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family scores with ' Teenager ' -- Entertainment News , Weekly TV , Media '' . Variety . 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Teenage Pregnancy , Packaged as a Prime - Time Cautionary Tale '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reporter Online TV Review : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . Reportermag.com. 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Review listing : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . MetaCritic.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` ABC 's Wipeout stays strong '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager Defeats the First Hour of CW 's Highly - Promoted 90210 '' . TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Family 's Secret Life Smacksdown CW and 90210 '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Claims Most - Watched June in Prime in Total Viewers -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cable ratings : WWE RAW , NCIS , SpongeBob , Secret Life and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Charts -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Third Season Opener is Cable 's number one Premiere This Summer Across Key Demos -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings `` . TVbytheNumbers.com. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) ' Secret Life ' vs. ' Gossip Girl ' - Roger Catlin TV Eye . Blogs.courant.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cable TV Show Nielsen TV Ratings Week Ending June 28 , 2009 ; BET Awards 2009 , Jon & Kate Plus 8 , Royal Pains , The Closer , Burn Notice , Princess Protection Program , NASCAR Sprint Cup Loudon , WWE Raw , Cake Boss - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings , Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings , American Pickers ratings , Pawn Stars ratings , Tori & Dean : Home Sweet Hollywood ratings , Nurse Jackie ratings , United States of Tara ratings , Neighbors from Hell ratings , WWE Raw ratings , Cake Boss ratings , All Worked Up ratings , Operation Repo ratings , Saving Grace ratings - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Keeps Growing ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Real Housewives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Cajun Pawn Stars ' , ' Basketball Wives ' + More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Bunheads ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ratings - Monday 's Cable Ratings : Pacers / Heat Finale Delivers Big Numbers for TNT . TheFutonCritic.com ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Comment by Clara Hinson ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Oklahoma 's 2009 Gracie Allen Award winners : Dr. Phil , Bob Dotson Television Blog '' . Blog.newsok.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Picks Up Award , Actors Shed Thoughts On Show 's Success '' . Buddytv.com. 2 September 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Teen Choice Awards -- Photos & Winners List '' . Allie Is Wired. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . Chiff.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vampires dominate People 's Choice Awards nominations '' . USA Today . November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Gracie Awards ® Winners '' . The Gracies . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` ' Twilight Saga : Eclipse ' Leads New Teen Choice 2010 Nominees -- News Story Music , Celebrity , Artist News MTV News '' . Mtv . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Season One : Secret Life of the American Teenager , Brenda Hampton : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager DVD news : Announcement for The Secret Life of the American Teenager -- Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Season Two : Shailene Woodley , Daren Kagasoff , Ken Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Allen Evangelista , India Eisley , Megan Park , Amy Rider , Francia Raisa , Camille Winbush , Renee Olstead , . : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Three : Molly Ringwald , Allen '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Four : '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001UREJXQ Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager : Volume Three : Molly Ringwald , Allen '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0043CT976 Jump up ^ http://videoeta.com/movie/129899 ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking In : Interview with TV Writers Kelley and Courtney Turk '' . Pink Raygun.com. 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official Website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb Secret Life of the American Teenager : Episodes and Parent / Teen Episode Discussion Guides by NCPTUP The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com Episode List at MSN Episode List at TVGuide.com ABC Spark Canada ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Grown - ish ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Nicki ( TBA ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films VIAF : 176377567 LCCN : n2010014132 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager&oldid=800919473 '' Categories : 2000s American drama television series 2008 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series endings ABC Family shows American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs American high school television series Teen dramas Teenage pregnancy in television Television shows set in Los Angeles The Secret Life of the American Teenager Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series created by Brenda Hampton Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use mdy dates from June 2012 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2014 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . 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-7835917851212106666 | Unification of Germany | Unification of Germany - wikipedia Unification of Germany This article is about the unification of 1871 . For the unification of East and West Germany in 1990 , see German reunification . It has been suggested that Founding of the German Empire be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . The German Empire of 1871 -- 1918 . Because the German - speaking part of the multinational Austrian Empire was excluded , this geographic construction represented a lesser Germany ( Kleindeutsch ) solution . The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 , in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France . Princes of the German states , excluding Austria , gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco - Prussian War . Unofficially , the de facto transition of most of the German - speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers , but in fits and starts . The self - interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation , beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars , which prompted the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806 , and the subsequent rise of German nationalism . Unification exposed tensions due to religious , linguistic , social , and cultural differences among the inhabitants of the new nation , suggesting that 1871 only represented one moment in a continuum of the larger unification processes . The Holy Roman Emperor had been often called `` Emperor of all the Germanies '' ; contemporary news accounts frequently referred to `` The Germanies '' . In the empire , higher nobility were referred to as `` Princes of Germany '' or `` Princes of the Germanies '' -- for the lands once called East Francia had been organized and governed as pocket kingdoms since before the rise of Charlemagne ( 800 AD ) . In the mountainous terrain of much of the territory , isolated peoples developed cultural , educational , linguistic , and religious differences over such a lengthy time period . By the nineteenth century , transportation and communications improvements brought these regions closer together . The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , which had included more than 500 independent states , was effectively dissolved when Emperor Francis II abdicated ( 6 August 1806 ) during the War of the Third Coalition . Despite the legal , administrative , and political disruption associated with the end of the Empire , the people of the German - speaking areas of the old Empire had a common linguistic , cultural , and legal tradition further enhanced by their shared experience in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars . European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization ; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition , education , and linguistic unity of peoples in a geographic region . Economically , the creation of the Prussian Zollverein ( customs union ) in 1818 , and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation , reduced competition between and within states . Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel , leading to contact and sometimes conflict among German speakers from throughout Central Europe . The model of diplomatic spheres of influence resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 1814 -- 15 after the Napoleonic Wars endorsed Austrian dominance in Central Europe . The negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia 's growing strength within and among the German states and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise to challenge Austria for leadership of the German peoples . This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification : Kleindeutsche Lösung , the small Germany solution ( Germany without Austria ) , or Großdeutsche Lösung , the greater Germany solution ( Germany with Austria ) . Historians debate whether Otto von Bismarck -- Minister President of Prussia -- had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia . They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck 's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political , economic , military , and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century . Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity . Military successes -- especially those of Prussia -- in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification . This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars , particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813 -- 14 . By establishing a Germany without Austria , the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism . Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Brief timeline 2 German - speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century 2.1 Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System 2.2 Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism 2.3 Problems of reorganization 3 Economic collaboration : the customs union 3.1 Roads and railways 3.2 Geography , patriotism and language 4 Vormärz and nineteenth century liberalism 4.1 Hambach Festival : liberal nationalism and conservative response 4.2 Liberalism and the response to economic problems 5 First efforts at unification 5.1 German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament 5.2 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis 5.3 Problem of spheres of influence : The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz 5.4 External expectations of a unified Germany 5.5 Prussia 's growing strength : Realpolitik 6 Founding a unified state 6.1 The Schleswig - Holstein Question 6.2 War between Austria and Prussia , 1866 6.2. 1 Choosing sides 6.2. 2 Austria isolated 6.3 Realpolitik and the North German Confederation 7 War with France 7.1 Spheres of influence fall apart in Spain 7.2 Military operations 7.3 Proclamation of the German Empire 7.4 Importance in the unification process 8 Political and administrative unification 8.1 Constituent states of the Empire 8.2 Political structure of the Empire 8.3 Historical arguments and the Empire 's social anatomy 9 Beyond the political mechanism : forming a nation 9.1 Kulturkampf 9.2 Integrating the Jewish community 9.3 Writing the story of the nation 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Brief timeline ( edit ) Germania , a personification of the German nation , appears in Philipp Veit 's fresco ( 1834 -- 36 ) . She is holding a shield with the coat of arms of the German Confederation . The shields on which she stands are the arms of the seven traditional Electors of the Holy Roman Empire . 1797 : The French First Republic annexed the Left Bank of the Rhine as a result of the War of the First Coalition . 1802 : Previous annexations by France confirmed following its victory in the War of the Second Coalition . 1804 : Francis I of Austria declared the new Austrian Empire as a reaction to Napoleon Bonaparte 's proclamation of the First French Empire in 1804 . 1806 : As a result of the War of the Third Coalition , Napoleon I annexed some territories East of the Rhine , replaced the Holy Roman Empire by the Confederation of the Rhine as a French client - state . 1807 : Prussia lost one half of its territory following the War of the Fourth Coalition . 1815 : After the defeat of Napoleon , the Congress of Vienna reinstated the Germanic states into the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire . 1819 : The Carlsbad Decrees suppressed any form of pan-Germanic activities to avoid the creation of a ' German state ' ; the Kingdom of Prussia , however , initiated a customs union with other Confederation states . 1834 : The Prussian - led custom union evolved into the Zollverein that included almost all Confederation states except the Austrian Empire . 1848 : Revolts across the German Confederation , such as in Berlin , Dresden and Frankfurt , forced King Frederick William IV of Prussia to grant a constitution to the Confederation . In the meantime , the Frankfurt Parliament was set up in 1848 and attempted to proclaim a united Germany , but this was refused by William IV . The question of a united Germany under the Kleindeutsch solution ( to exclude Austria ) or the so - called Großdeutsch ( to include Austria ) began to surface . 1850 : The Erfurt Union was a short - lived attempt at a union of German states under a federation , proposed by the Kingdom of Prussia . The Erfurt Union Parliament ( Erfurter Unionsparlament ) , lasting from March 20 to April 29 , 1850 , was opened at the former Augustinian monastery at Erfurt . The union never came into effect , and was completely undermined by the Punctation of Olmütz , a treaty between Prussia and Austria , signed 29 November 1850 , by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership . 1861 -- 62 : King Wilhelm I became King of Prussia and he appointed Otto von Bismarck on 23 September 1862 , Minister President and Foreign Minister , who favoured a ' blood - and - iron ' policy to create a united Germany under the leadership of Prussia . 1864 : The Danish - Prussian War started as Prussia protested against Danish incorporation of Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark . The Austrian Empire was deliberately drawn into this war by Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of Prussia . The Austro - Prussian victory led to Schleswig , the northern part , being governed by Prussia and Holstein , the southern part , being governed by Austria , as per the Treaty of Vienna ( 1864 ) . 1866 : Bismarck accused the Austrian Empire of stirring up troubles in Prussian - held Schleswig . Prussian troops drove into Austrian - held Holstein and took control of the entire state of Schleswig - Holstein . Austria declared war on Prussia and , after fighting the Austro - Prussian War ( Seven Weeks ' War ) , was swiftly defeated . The Treaty of Prague ( 1866 ) formally dissolved the German Confederation and Prussia created the North German Confederation to include all Germanic states except the pro-French , southern kingdoms of Bavaria , Baden and Württemberg . 1870 : When the French emperor , Napoleon III , demanded territories of the Rhineland in return for his neutrality amid the Austro - Prussian War , Bismarck used the Spanish Succession Question ( 1868 ) and Ems Telegram ( 1870 ) as an opportunity to incorporate the southern kingdoms . Napoleon III declared war against Prussia . 1871 : The Franco - Prussian War ended with Prussian troops capturing Paris , the capital of the Second French Empire . Bavaria , Baden , and Württemberg were incorporated into the North German Confederation in the Treaty of Frankfurt ( 1871 ) . Bismarck then proclaimed King Wilhelm I , now Kaiser Wilhelm I , as leader of the new , united Germany ( German Reich ) , excluding Austria . With the German troops remaining in Paris , Napoleon III dissolved the French Empire and a new republic , the Third French Republic , was created under Adolphe Thiers . German - speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century ( edit ) Further information : Holy Roman Empire Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789 . The map is dominated by the Habsburg Monarchy ( orange ) and the Kingdom of Prussia ( blue ) , besides a large number of small states ( many of them too small to be shown on the map ) Prior to 1803 , German - speaking Central Europe included more than 300 political entities , most of which were part of the Holy Roman Empire or the extensive Habsburg hereditary dominions . They ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable , well - defined territories such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia . Their governance varied : they included free imperial cities , also of different sizes , such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt ; ecclesiastical territories , also of varying sizes and influence , such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne ; and dynastic states such as Württemberg . These lands ( or parts of them -- both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also included territories outside the Empire structures ) made up the territory of the Holy Roman Empire , which at times included more than 1,000 entities . Since the 15th century , with few exceptions , the Empire 's Prince - electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor . Among the German - speaking states , the Holy Roman Empire administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords , between jurisdictions , and within jurisdictions . Through the organization of imperial circles ( Reichskreise ) , groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests , including economic cooperation and military protection . The War of the Second Coalition ( 1799 -- 1802 ) resulted in the defeat of the imperial and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte . The treaties of Lunéville ( 1801 ) and the Mediatization of 1803 secularized the ecclesiastical principalities and abolished most free imperial cities and these territories along with their inhabitants were absorbed by dynastic states . This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Württemberg and Baden . In 1806 , after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia and Russia at the joint battles of Jena - Auerstedt , Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg and presided over the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine , which , inter alia , provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories , as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights , by the Confederation 's member - states . Following the formal secession of these member - states from the Empire , the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire . Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic system ( edit ) Further information : French period Under the hegemony of the French Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) , popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states . Due in part to the shared experience , albeit under French dominance , various justifications emerged to identify `` Germany '' as a single state . For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte , The first , original , and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries . Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself , long before any human art begins ; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly ; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole . The Battle of the Nations monument , erected for the centennial in 1913 , honors the efforts of the German people in the victory over Napoleon A common language may have been seen to serve as the basis of a nation , but as contemporary historians of 19th - century Germany noted , it took more than linguistic similarity to unify these several hundred polities . The experience of German - speaking Central Europe during the years of French hegemony contributed to a sense of common cause to remove the French invaders and reassert control over their own lands . The exigencies of Napoleon 's campaigns in Poland ( 1806 -- 07 ) , the Iberian Peninsula , western Germany , and his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 disillusioned many Germans , princes and peasants alike . Napoleon 's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy . The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands , and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans , both high - and low - born , to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon 's influence . The creation of student militias such as the Lützow Free Corps exemplified this tendency . The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes . In 1813 , Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit ; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig , also known as the Battle of Nations . In October 1813 , more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days , making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century . The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria , Prussia , Russia , Saxony , and Sweden , and it ended French power east of the Rhine . Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine ; his army and his government collapsed , and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba . During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815 , forces of the Seventh Coalition , including an Anglo - Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher , were victorious at Waterloo ( 18 June 1815 ) . The critical role played by Blücher 's troops , especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before , helped to turn the tide of combat against the French . The Prussian cavalry pursued the defeated French in the evening of 18 June , sealing the allied victory . From the German perspective , the actions of Blücher 's troops at Waterloo , and the combined efforts at Leipzig , offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm . This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century . Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism ( edit ) Further information : Congress of Vienna Coat of arms of the German Confederation , also called Deutscher Bund After Napoleon 's defeat , the Congress of Vienna established a new European political - diplomatic system based on the balance of power . This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence , which , in some cases , suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities , including the Germans and Italians . Generally , an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire 's sphere of influence . The Congress established a loose German Confederation ( 1815 -- 1866 ) , headed by Austria , with a `` Federal Diet '' ( called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung , an assembly of appointed leaders ) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main . In recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs , the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament . Problematically , the built - in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia 's 18th century emergence in Imperial politics . Ever since the Prince - Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century , their domains had steadily increased through war and inheritance . Prussia 's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years ' War under Frederick the Great . As Maria Theresa and Joseph tried to restore Habsburg hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire , Frederick countered with the creation of the Fürstenbund ( Union of Princes ) in 1785 . Austrian - Prussian dualism lay firmly rooted in old Imperial politics . Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession , or `` Potato War '' among common folk . Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire , this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century . Problems of reorganization ( edit ) In October , 1817 , approximately 500 students rallied at Wartburg Castle , where Martin Luther had sought refuge over three centuries earlier , to demonstrate in favor of national unification . Wartburg was chosen for its symbolic connection to German national character . Contemporary , colored wood engraving . Despite the nomenclature of Diet ( Assembly or Parliament ) , this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly , or popularly , elected group of representatives . Many of the states did not have constitutions , and those that did , such as the Duchy of Baden , based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population . Furthermore , this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme . Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo . Consequently , Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics . The surge of German nationalism , stimulated by the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period and initially allied with liberalism , shifted political , social , and cultural relationships within the German states . In this context , one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period . The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations , such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817 , contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe . Furthermore , implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the War of Liberation engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process , promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved . Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich , to fear the rise of national sentiment ; the assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees , which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement . Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements . Consequently , these decrees drove the Burschenschaften underground , restricted the publication of nationalist materials , expanded censorship of the press and private correspondence , and limited academic speech by prohibiting university professors from encouraging nationalist discussion . The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Görres 's pamphlet Teutschland ( archaic : Deutschland ) und die Revolution ( Germany and the Revolution ) ( 1820 ) , in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures . Economic collaboration : the Customs Union ( edit ) Further information : Zollverein Boundaries of the German Confederation . Prussia is blue , Austria - Hungary yellow , and the rest grey . Another institution key to unifying the German states , the Zollverein , helped to create a larger sense of economic unification . Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans , Count von Bülow , as a Prussian customs union in 1818 , the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories . Over the ensuing thirty years ( and more ) other German states joined . The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states , especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods , making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy , transport , and sell raw materials . This was particularly important for the emerging industrial centers , most of which were located in the Prussian regions of the Rhineland , the Saar , and the Ruhr valleys . States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier . Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany , since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs - free access to the coast ( which gave access to international markets ) . Thus , by 1836 , all states to the south of Prussia had joined the Customs Union , except Austria . In contrast , the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border . Hanover on the north coast formed its own customs union - the `` Tax Union '' or Steuerverein - in 1834 with Brunswick and with Oldenburg in 1836 . The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials and were below the rates of the Zollverein . Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842 , while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854 After the Austro - Prussian war of 1866 , Schleswig , Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union , while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade . The Mecklenburgs joined in 1867 , while Bremen and Hamburg joined in 1888 . Roads and railways ( edit ) By the early 19th century , German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent . Travelers , both foreign and local , complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraßen , the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops . As German states ceased to be a military crossroads , however , the roads improved ; the length of hard -- surfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometres ( 2,400 mi ) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometres ( 10,300 mi ) in 1852 , helped in part by the invention of macadam . By 1835 , Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the `` veins and arteries of the body politic ... '' and predicted that they would promote freedom , independence and prosperity . As people moved around , they came into contact with others , on trains , at hotels , in restaurants , and for some , at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden - Baden . Water transportation also improved . The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon 's orders , but by the 1820s , steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream . By 1846 , 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance , and a network of canals extended from the Danube , the Weser , and the Elbe rivers . This drawing offered a satirical commentary on the prevalence of toll barriers in the many German states , circa 1834 . Some states were so small that transporters loaded and reloaded their cargoes two and three times a day . As important as these improvements were , they could not compete with the impact of the railway . German economist Friedrich List called the railways and the Customs Union `` Siamese Twins '' , emphasizing their important relationship to one another . He was not alone : the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein , which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy . Historians of the Second Empire later regarded the railways as the first indicator of a unified state ; the patriotic novelist , Wilhelm Raabe , wrote : `` The German empire was founded with the construction of the first railway ... '' Not everyone greeted the iron monster with enthusiasm . The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster , and Metternich refused to ride in one at all . Others wondered if the railways were an `` evil '' that threatened the landscape : Nikolaus Lenau 's 1838 poem An den Frühling ( To Spring ) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests . The Bavarian Ludwig Railway , which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands , connected Nuremberg and Fürth in 1835 . Although it was 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) long and only operated in daylight , it proved both profitable and popular . Within three years , 141 kilometres ( 88 mi ) of track had been laid , by 1840 , 462 kilometres ( 287 mi ) , and by 1860 , 11,157 kilometres ( 6,933 mi ) . Lacking a geographically central organizing feature ( such as a national capital ) , the rails were laid in webs , linking towns and markets within regions , regions within larger regions , and so on . As the rail network expanded , it became cheaper to transport goods : in 1840 , 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870 , five Pfennigs . The effects of the railway were immediate . For example , raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload . Railway lines encouraged economic activity by creating demand for commodities and by facilitating commerce . In 1850 , inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads ; by 1870 , the situation was reversed , and railroads carried four times more . Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled . Its impact reached throughout the social order , affecting the highest born to the lowest . Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s , the majority of the population , manufacturing centers , and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865 . Geography , patriotism and language ( edit ) German language area ( here including Dutch , Frisian , and Luxembourgish ) based on 19th century language maps with close German language islands shown with today 's European state borders . As travel became easier , faster , and less expensive , Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language . The Brothers Grimm , who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm , also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables , which highlighted the story - telling parallels between different regions . Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe , indicating places to stay , sites to visit , and giving a short history of castles , battlefields , famous buildings , and famous people . His guides also included distances , roads to avoid , and hiking paths to follow . The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity . In Deutschland , Deutschland über Alles , officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ( `` The Song of the Germans '' ) , Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people . Such other patriotic songs as `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' ( `` The Watch on the Rhine '' ) by Max Schneckenburger began to focus attention on geographic space , not limiting `` German - ness '' to a common language . Schneckenburger wrote `` The Watch on the Rhine '' in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France 's `` natural '' eastern boundary . In the refrain , `` Dear fatherland , dear fatherland , put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine '' , and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker 's `` Das Rheinlied '' ( `` The Rhine '' ) , Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland . In 1807 , Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence , linking landscape to people . Concurrent with this idea , movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged , and these particularly focused on the Rhineland , the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain . Vormärz and nineteenth century liberalism ( edit ) Main article : Vormärz The period of Austrian and Prussian police - states and vast censorship before the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormärz , the `` before March '' , referring to March 1848 . During this period , European liberalism gained momentum ; the agenda included economic , social , and political issues . Most European liberals in the Vormärz sought unification under nationalist principles , promoted the transition to capitalism , sought the expansion of male suffrage , among other issues . Their `` radicalness '' depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage : the wider the definition of suffrage , the more radical . Hambach Festival : liberal nationalism and conservative response ( edit ) Pro-nationalist participants march to the ruins of Hambach Castle in 1832 . Students and some professionals , and their spouses , predominated . They carried the flag of the underground Burschenschaft , which later became the basis of the flag of modern Germany Despite considerable conservative reaction , ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German - speaking lands . The Hambach Festival ( Hambacher Fest ) in May 1832 was attended by a crowd of more than 30,000 . Promoted as a county fair , its participants celebrated fraternity , liberty , and national unity . Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach , in the Palatinate province of Bavaria . Carrying flags , beating drums , and singing , the participants took the better part of the morning and mid-day to arrive at the castle grounds , where they listened to speeches by nationalist orators from across the conservative to radical political spectrum . The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution : the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people ; once the populace was educated as to what was needed , they would accomplish it . The Hambach rhetoric emphasized the overall peaceable nature of German nationalism : the point was not to build barricades , a very `` French '' form of nationalism , but to build emotional bridges between groups . As he had done in 1819 , after the Kotzebue assassination , Metternich used the popular demonstration at Hambach to push conservative social policy . The `` Six Articles '' of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority . On 5 July , the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles , which reiterated existing rules on censorship , restricted political organizations , and limited other public activity . Furthermore , the member states agreed to send military assistance to any government threatened by unrest . Prince Wrede led half of the Bavarian army to the Palatinate to `` subdue '' the province . Several hapless Hambach speakers were arrested , tried and imprisoned ; one , Karl Heinrich Brüggemann ( 1810 -- 1887 ) , a law student and representative of the secretive Burschenschaft , was sent to Prussia , where he was first condemned to death , but later pardoned . Liberalism and the response to economic problems ( edit ) A German caricature that mocks the Carlsbad Decrees , which suppressed freedom of expression . Several other factors complicated the rise of nationalism in the German states . The man - made factors included political rivalries between members of the German confederation , particularly between the Austrians and the Prussians , and socio - economic competition among the commercial and merchant interests and the old land - owning and aristocratic interests . Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s , and again in the 1840s , and a food crisis in the 1840s . Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing ; as people sought jobs , they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities , returning for a day and a half on weekends . The economic , social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people , the economic hardship of an economy in transition , and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems in Central Europe . The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s , caused by the potato blight ( related to the Great Irish Famine ) and several seasons of bad weather , encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems . Those in authority were concerned about the growing unrest , political and social agitation among the working classes , and the disaffection of the intelligentsia . No amount of censorship , fines , imprisonment , or banishment , it seemed , could stem the criticism . Furthermore , it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification ; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification . First efforts at unification ( edit ) Further information : Revolutions of 1848 Crucially , both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear - cut program of unification . At Hambach , the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas . Held together only by the idea of unification , their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk ( the people ) , if properly educated , would bring about unification on their own . Grand speeches , flags , exuberant students , and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political , bureaucratic , or administrative apparatus . While many spoke about the need for a constitution , no such document appeared from the discussions . In 1848 , nationalists sought to remedy that problem . German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament ( edit ) Further information : Frankfurt Parliament Pre-parliament delegates process into Paul 's Church in Frankfurt , where they laid the groundwork for electing a National Parliament . The widespread -- mainly German -- revolutions of 1848 -- 49 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution . The revolutionaries pressured various state governments , particularly those in the Rhineland , for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution . Ultimately , many of the left - wing revolutionaries hoped this constitution would establish universal male suffrage , a permanent national parliament , and a unified Germany , possibly under the leadership of the Prussian king . This seemed to be the most logical course since Prussia was the strongest of the German states , as well as the largest in geographic size . Generally , center - right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially , a form of loose unification . Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections , based on different voting qualifications , such as the Prussian three - class franchise , which granted to some electoral groups -- chiefly the wealthier , landed ones -- greater representative power . On 27 March 1849 , the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung ( Constitution of St. Paul 's Church ) and offered the title of Kaiser ( Emperor ) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month . He refused for a variety of reasons . Publicly , he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states , by which he meant the princes . Privately , he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia . He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament : he would not accept a crown of `` clay '' . Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome , the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution . While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought , they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms . 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis ( edit ) Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building . One school of thought , which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II , maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives ( especially the conservative Junker landholders ) , which subsequently led to the so - called Sonderweg ( distinctive path ) of 20th - century German history . Failure to achieve unification in 1848 , this argument holds , resulted in the late formation of the nation - state in 1871 , which in turn delayed the development of positive national values . Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation , but his regime did not create German nationalism : it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day . Furthermore , this argument maintains , the `` failure '' of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class ; consequently , this group never developed a self - conscious program of modernization . More recent scholarship has rejected this idea , claiming that Germany did not have an actual `` distinctive path '' any more than any other nation , a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism . Instead , modern historians claim 1848 saw specific achievements by the liberal politicians . Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck 's social programs ( e.g. , social insurance , education programs , and wider definitions of suffrage ) . In addition , the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation 's path ( in this case , the United Kingdom 's ) is the accepted norm . This new argument further challenges the norms of the British - centric model of development : studies of national development in Britain and other `` normal '' states ( e.g. , France or the United States ) have suggested that even in these cases , the modern nation - state did not develop evenly . Nor did it develop particularly early , being rather a largely mid-to - late - 19th - century phenomenon . Since the end of the 1990s , this view has become widely accepted , although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism . Problem of spheres of influence : the Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz ( edit ) This depiction of Germania , also by Philipp Veit , was created to hide the organ of the Paul 's Church in Frankfurt , during the meeting of the Parliament there , March 1848 -- 49 . The sword was intended to symbolize the Word of God and to mark the renewal of the people and their triumphant spirit . After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded , Frederick William IV , under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz , supported the establishment of the Erfurt Union -- a federation of German states , excluding Austria -- by the free agreement of the German princes . This limited union under Prussia would have almost entirely eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states . Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia ( a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence ) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmütz in Moravia . In November 1850 , the Prussians -- specifically Radowitz and Frederick William -- agreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership . This became known as the Punctation of Olmütz , but among Prussians it was known as the `` Humiliation of Olmütz . '' Although seemingly minor events , the Erfurt Union proposal and the Punctation of Olmütz brought the problems of influence in the German states into sharp focus . The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur , and when was contingent upon strength . One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members , Johann Gustav Droysen , summed up the problem : We can not conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria . In these states , German life has its positive and negative poles -- in the former , all the interests ( that ) are national and reformative , in the latter , all that are dynastic and destructive . The German question is not a constitutional question but a question of power ; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German , while that of Austria can not be . Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem . The possibility of German ( or Italian ) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna . The principal architects of this convention , Metternich , Castlereagh , and Tsar Alexander ( with his foreign secretary Count Karl Nesselrode ) , had conceived of and organized a Europe balanced and guaranteed by four `` great powers '' : Great Britain , France , Russia , and Austria , with each power having a geographic sphere of influence . France 's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states . Russia 's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans . Austria 's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire . Britain 's sphere was the rest of the world , especially the seas . This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states , not their consolidation . Consequently , a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions . There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch . There was also uncertainty as to who would best lead and defend `` Germany '' , however it was defined . Different groups offered different solutions to this problem . In the Kleindeutschland ( `` Lesser Germany '' ) solution , the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns ; in the Grossdeutschland ( `` Greater Germany '' ) solution , the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs . This controversy , the latest phase of the German dualism debate that had dominated the politics of the German states and Austro - Prussian diplomacy since the 1701 creation of the Kingdom of Prussia , would come to a head during the following twenty years . External expectations of a unified Germany ( edit ) Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement , and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back . Revolutionaries associated national unification with progress . As Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to German revolutionary Karl Blind on 10 April 1865 , `` The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt , and you with your superior intelligence will know why . The reason is that the world lacks a nation ( that ) possesses true leadership . Such leadership , of course , is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty , to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed . '' Garibaldi looked to Germany for the `` kind of leadership ( that ) , in the true tradition of medieval chivalry , would devote itself to redressing wrongs , supporting the weak , sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men . We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction . It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression . '' German unification had also been viewed as a prerequisite for the creation of a European federation , which Giuseppe Mazzini and other European patriots had been promoting for more than three decades : In the spring of 1834 , while at Berne , Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy , Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe . Its basic , and equally grandiose idea , was that , as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty , another revolution would now be needed for national liberty ; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests . ( ... ) His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed ( to ) in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna , which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations . ( ... ) Mazzini hoped , but without much confidence , that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime . In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short - term existence . Nevertheless he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary . Prussia 's growing strength : Realpolitik ( edit ) Further information : Helmuth von Moltke the Elder § Moltke 's Theory of War The convergence of leadership in politics and diplomacy by Bismarck , left , reorganization of the army and its training techniques by Albrecht von Roon ( center ) , and the redesign of operational and strategic principles by Helmuth von Moltke ( right ) placed Prussia among the most powerful states in European affairs after the 1860s . King Frederick William IV suffered a stroke in 1857 and could no longer rule . This led to his brother William becoming Prince Regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858 . Meanwhile , Helmuth von Moltke had become chief of the Prussian General Staff in 1857 , and Albrecht von Roon would become Prussian Minister of War in 1859 . This shuffling of authority within the Prussian military establishment would have important consequences . Von Roon and William ( who took an active interest in military structures ) began reorganizing the Prussian army , while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command . Prussian army reforms ( especially how to pay for them ) caused a constitutional crisis beginning in 1860 because both parliament and William -- via his minister of war -- wanted control over the military budget . William , crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861 , appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister - President of Prussia in 1862 . Bismarck resolved the crisis in favor of the war minister . The Crimean War of 1854 -- 55 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain , France , Austria , and Russia . In the aftermath of this disarray , the convergence of von Moltke 's operational redesign , von Roon and Wilhelm 's army restructure , and Bismarck 's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power . Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphs -- backed up by the possible use of Prussian military might -- and an internal conservativism tempered by pragmatism , which came to be known as Realpolitik . Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous `` Blood and Iron '' speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862 , shortly after he became Minister President : `` The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions -- that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 -- but by iron and blood . '' Bismarck 's words , `` iron and blood '' ( or `` blood and iron '' , as often attributed ) , have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power . First , the phrase from his speech `` the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions '' is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political process -- a repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate . Second , his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects : the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary . Founding a unified state ( edit ) There is , in political geography , no Germany proper to speak of . There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies , and Duchies and Principalities , inhabited by Germans , and each ( is ) separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State . Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation , ruled by one common head as a national unit . -- article from The New York Times published in July 1 , 1866 The need for both iron and blood soon became apparent . By 1862 , when Bismarck made his speech , the idea of a German nation - state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck 's more conservative Realpolitik . Ever the pragmatist , Bismarck understood the possibilities , obstacles , and advantages of a unified state . He also understood the importance of linking that state to the Hohenzollern dynasty , which for some historians remains one of Bismarck 's primary contributions to the creation of the German Empire in 1871 . While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action , the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of such an action . In order to get the German states to unify , Bismarck needed a single , outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first , thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind . This opportunity arose with the outbreak of the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 . Historians have long debated Bismarck 's role in the events leading up to the war . The traditional view , promulgated in large part by late 19th and early 20th century pro-Prussian historians , maintains that Bismarck 's intent was always German unification . Post-1945 historians , however , see more short - term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck 's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war , rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation - state . Regardless , Bismarck was neither villain nor saint : by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870 , he demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862 . From north to south : The Danish part of Jutland in purple and terracotta , Schleswig in red and brown , and Holstein in lime yellow . The Schleswig - Holstein Question was about the status of those territories . Three episodes proved fundamental to the administrative and political unification of Germany . First , the death without male heirs of Frederick VII of Denmark led to the Second War of Schleswig in 1864 . Second , the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 . Finally , France -- fearing Hohenzollern encirclement -- declared war on Prussia in 1870 , resulting in the Franco - Prussian War . Through a combination of Bismarck 's diplomacy and political leadership , von Roon 's military reorganization , and von Moltke 's military strategy , Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria 's sphere of influence in Central Europe , thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate . The Schleswig - Holstein question ( edit ) Main article : Second Schleswig War The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig - Holstein Question . On 15 November 1863 , King Christian IX of Denmark became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig and Holstein . On 18 November 1863 , he signed the Danish November Constitution and declared the Duchy of Schleswig a part of Denmark . The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852 , which emphasized the status of the kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the independent duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The populations of Schleswig and Holstein , furthermore , greatly valued this separate status . The German Confederation could use the ethnicities of these duchies as a rallying cry : large portions of both Schleswig and Holstein were of German origin and spoke German in everyday life ( though Schleswig had a sizable Danish minority ) . Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed collapsed , and fighting began when Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the border into Schleswig on 1 February 1864 . Initially , the Danes attempted to defend their country using an ancient earthen wall known as the Danevirke , but this proved futile . The Danes were no match for the combined Prussian and Austrian forces , and they could not rely on help from their allies in the other Scandinavian states because Denmark had nullified its alliance rights by violating the London Protocol . The Needle Gun , one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict , aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro - Prussian War two years later . The rifle enabled a Prussian soldier to fire five shots while lying prone , while its muzzle - loading counterpart could only fire one shot and had to be reloaded while standing . The Second Schleswig War resulted in victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria , and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the concluding peace of Vienna , signed on 30 October 1864 . War between Austria and Prussia , 1866 ( edit ) Main article : Austro - Prussian War Situation at the time of the outbreak of the war : Prussia Austria Austria 's allies Prussia 's allies Neutral Under joint administration ( Schleswig - Holstein ) The second episode in Bismarck 's unification efforts occurred in 1866 . In concert with the newly formed Italy , Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia . The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt , where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament . In April 1866 , the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government , committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria . The next day , the Prussian delegate to the Frankfurt assembly presented a plan calling for a national constitution , a directly elected national Diet , and universal suffrage . German liberals were justifiably skeptical of this plan , having witnessed Bismarck 's difficult and ambiguous relationship with the Prussian Landtag ( State Parliament ) , a relationship characterized by Bismarck 's cajoling and riding roughshod over the representatives . These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform . Choosing sides ( edit ) The debate over the proposed national constitution became moot when news of Italian troop movements in Tyrol and near the Venetian border reached Vienna in April 1866 . The Austrian government ordered partial mobilization in the southern regions ; the Italians responded by ordering full mobilization . Despite calls for rational thought and action , Italy , Prussia , and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict . On 1 May , Wilhelm gave von Moltke command over the Prussian armed forces , and the next day he began full - scale mobilization . In the Diet , the group of middle - sized states , known as Mittelstaaten ( Bavaria , Württemberg , the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse , and the duchies of Saxony -- Weimar , Saxony -- Meiningen , Saxony -- Coburg , and Nassau ) , supported complete demobilization within the Confederation . These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle ( or outright ) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs . The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout : the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg - Schwerin and Mecklenburg - Strelitz . They also understood that Prussia 's only ally abroad was Italy . Opposition to Prussia 's strong - armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups . Throughout the German states , city councils , liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state , and chambers of commerce -- which would see great benefits from unification -- opposed any war between Prussia and Austria . They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties . Their own interests , which they understood as `` civil '' or `` bourgeois '' , seemed irrelevant . Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination . Catholic populations along the Rhine -- especially in such cosmopolitan regions as Cologne and in the heavily populated Ruhr Valley -- continued to support Austria . By late spring , most important states opposed Berlin 's effort to reorganize the German states by force . The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power . Meanwhile , the liberals in the Frankfurt assembly saw German unity as a process of negotiation that would lead to the distribution of power among the many parties . Austria isolated ( edit ) Prussian Prince Friedrich Carl orders his enthusiastic troops to attack at the Battle of Königgrätz . Although several German states initially sided with Austria , they stayed on the defensive and failed to take effective initiatives against Prussian troops . The Austrian army therefore faced the technologically superior Prussian army with support only from Saxony . France promised aid , but it came late and was insufficient . Complicating the situation for Austria , the Italian mobilization on Austria 's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea . In the day - long Battle of Königgrätz , near the village of Sadová , the Crown Prince Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late , and in the wrong place . Once he arrived , however , he ordered his troops immediately into the fray . The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war , laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland ( little Germany ) solution , or `` Germany without Austria . '' Realpolitik and the North German Confederation ( edit ) Further information : North German Confederation A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria 's side . Prussia annexed Hanover , Hesse - Kassel , Nassau , and the city of Frankfurt . Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but not its sovereignty . The states south of the Main River ( Baden , Württemberg , and Bavaria ) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia 's sphere of influence . Austria , and most of its allies , were excluded from the North German Confederation . The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria 's attention to the Balkans . In 1867 , the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement ( the Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains , creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria - Hungary . The Peace of Prague ( 1866 ) offered lenient terms to Austria , in which Austria 's relationship with the new nation - state of Italy underwent major restructuring ; although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops , the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia . The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France , which then formally transferred control to Italy . The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadová ( `` Revenge for Sadova '' ) , illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in France -- a problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco - Prussian War . The Austro - Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government . At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III , Bismarck had let it be understood ( or Napoleon had thought he understood ) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war . These annexations did not happen , resulting in animosity from Napoleon towards Bismarck . The reality of defeat for Austria caused a reevaluation of internal divisions , local autonomy , and liberalism . The new North German Confederation had its own constitution , flag , and governmental and administrative structures . Through military victory , Prussia under Bismarck 's influence had overcome Austria 's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany . Austria 's influence over the German states may have been broken , but the war also splintered the spirit of pan-German unity : most of the German states resented Prussian power politics . War with France ( edit ) Further information : Causes of the Franco - Prussian War By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro - Prussian war had become apparent . The first lesson was that , through force of arms , a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815 . Second , through diplomatic maneuvering , a skillful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would declare war first , thus forcing states allied with the `` victim '' of external aggression to come to the leader 's aid . Finally , as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria , Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation ( or among the German states generally ) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression . In 1866 , most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia , but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia . In the event that a European state declared war on one of their members , they all would come to the defense of the attacked state . With skillful manipulation of European politics , Bismarck created a situation in which France would play the role of aggressor in German affairs , while Prussia would play that of the protector of German rights and liberties . Spheres of influence Fall apart in Spain ( edit ) At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , Metternich and his conservative allies had reestablished the Spanish monarchy under King Ferdinand VII . Over the following forty years , the great powers supported the Spanish monarchy , but events in 1868 would further test the old system . A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II , and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris . The Spanish , looking for a suitable Catholic successor , had offered the post to three European princes , each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III , who served as regional power - broker . Finally , in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen , a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line . The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature . Over the next few weeks , the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe . Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer . A successful installment of a Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen king in Spain would mean that two countries on either side of France would both have German kings of Hohenzollern descent . This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck , but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor , duc de Gramont , his minister of foreign affairs . Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm , as head of the Hohenzollern family , stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain , the French government would respond -- although he left ambiguous the nature of such response . The prince withdrew as a candidate , thus defusing the crisis , but the French ambassador to Berlin would not let the issue lie . He approached the Prussian king directly while Wilhelm was vacationing in Ems Spa , demanding that the King release a statement saying he would never support the installation of a Hohenzollern on the throne of Spain . Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement , and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands . Bismarck used the king 's telegram , called the Ems Dispatch , as a template for a short statement to the press . With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarck -- and further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havas -- the Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France . The French public , still aggravated over the defeat at Sadová , demanded war . Military operations ( edit ) Further information : Franco - Prussian War Emperor Napoleon III ( left ) at Sedan , on 2 September 1870 , seated next to Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , holding Napoleon 's surrendered sword . The defeat of the French army destabilized Napoleon 's regime ; a revolution in Paris established the Third French Republic , and the war continued . Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro - Prussian War , but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations , he ended up with nothing . He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former allies -- particularly the southern German states of Baden , Württemberg , and Bavaria -- would join in the cause . This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarily -- if not happily -- to fight against France . Instead of a war of revenge against Prussia , supported by various German allies , France engaged in a war against all of the German states without any allies of its own . The reorganization of the military by von Roon and the operational strategy of Moltke combined against France to great effect . The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French , and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific points -- reminiscent of Napoleon I 's strategies seventy years earlier -- overwhelmed French mobilization . Utilizing their efficiently laid rail grid , Prussian troops were delivered to battle areas rested and prepared to fight , whereas French troops had to march for considerable distances to reach combat zones . After a number of battles , notably Spicheren , Wörth , Mars la Tour , and Gravelotte , the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris . They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870 . Proclamation of the German Empire ( edit ) The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself , which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ( `` Camp Misery '' ) , threw the French government into turmoil ; Napoleon 's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic . The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the French , but the new republic refused to surrender . The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January , with the city being `` ineffectually bombarded '' . On 18 January 1871 , the German princes and senior military commanders proclaimed Wilhelm `` German Emperor '' in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt , France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions ( Alsace and the German - speaking part of Lorraine ) ; paid an indemnity , calculated ( on the basis of population ) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807 ; and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France , with `` German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment '' . Importance in the unification process ( edit ) 18 January 1871 : The proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . Bismarck appears in white . The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm , leading the cheers . Crown Prince Friedrich , later Friedrich III , stands on his father 's right . Painting by Anton von Werner . Victory in the Franco - Prussian War proved the capstone of the nationalist issue . In the first half of the 1860s , Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states ; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home . In responding to the Schleswig - Holstein Question , they both proved equally diligent in doing so . After the victory over Austria in 1866 , Prussia began internally asserting its authority to speak for the German states and defend German interests , while Austria began directing more and more of its attention to possessions in the Balkans . The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states ( aside from Austria ) to the international level . With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser , Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire . The southern states became officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ( signed 26 February 1871 ; later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 ) , which formally ended the war . Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state , he had not done it alone . Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein . The difficulties of the Vormärz , the impact of the 1848 liberals , the importance of von Roon 's military reorganization , and von Moltke 's strategic brilliance all played a part in political unification . Political and administrative unification ( edit ) Further information : German Empire The new German Empire included 25 states , three of them Hanseatic cities . It realized the Kleindeutsche Lösung ( `` Lesser German Solution '' , with the exclusion of Austria ) as opposed to a Großdeutsche Lösung or `` Greater German Solution '' , which would have included Austria . Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories , however much these might have boosted morale . It also required a rethinking of political , social , and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about `` us '' and `` them '' . Who were the new members of this new nation ? What did they stand for ? How were they to be organized ? Constituent states of the Empire ( edit ) Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs , the German Empire , strictly speaking , federated a group of 26 states . State Capital Kingdoms ( Königreiche ) Prussia ( Preußen ) Berlin Bavaria ( Bayern ) Munich Saxony ( Sachsen ) Dresden Württemberg Stuttgart Grand Duchies ( Großherzogtümer ) Baden Karlsruhe Hesse ( Hessen ) Darmstadt Mecklenburg - Schwerin Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Neustrelitz Oldenburg Oldenburg Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach ) Weimar Duchies ( Herzogtümer ) Anhalt Dessau Brunswick ( Braunschweig ) Braunschweig Saxe - Altenburg ( Sachsen - Altenburg ) Altenburg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( Sachsen - Coburg und Gotha ) Coburg Saxe - Meiningen ( Sachsen - Meiningen ) Meiningen Principalities ( Fürstentümer ) Lippe Detmold Reuss - Gera ( Junior Line ) Gera Reuss - Greiz ( Elder Line ) Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Bückeburg Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont ( Waldeck und Pyrmont ) Arolsen Free and Hanseatic Cities ( Freie und Hansestädte ) Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Imperial Territories ( Reichsländer ) Alsace - Lorraine ( Elsass - Lothringen ) Straßburg Political structure of the Empire ( edit ) Further information : Constitution of the German Empire The 1866 North German Constitution became ( with some semantic adjustments ) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire . With this constitution , the new Germany acquired some democratic features : notably the Imperial Diet , which -- in contrast to the parliament of Prussia -- gave citizens representation on the basis of elections by direct and equal suffrage of all males who had reached the age of 25 . Furthermore , elections were generally free of chicanery , engendering pride in the national parliament . However , legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat , the federal council of deputies from the states , in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence ; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto . Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies , with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser , who appointed the federal chancellor . The chancellor was accountable solely to , and served entirely at the discretion of , the Emperor . Officially , the chancellor functioned as a one - man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs ; in practice , the State Secretaries ( bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance , war , foreign affairs , etc . ) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers . With the exception of the years 1872 -- 1873 and 1892 -- 1894 , the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty 's hegemonic home - kingdom , Prussia . The Imperial Diet had the power to pass , amend , or reject bills , but it could not initiate legislation . ( The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor . ) The other states retained their own governments , but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control . The militaries of the larger states ( such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony ) retained some autonomy , but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime . Historical arguments and the Empire 's social anatomy ( edit ) Germania , also called the Niederwald Monument , was erected in 1877 -- 83 at Rüdesheim . The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany 's difficult 20th century to the weak political , legal , and economic basis of the new empire . The Prussian landed elites , the Junkers , retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state . The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes , or by peasants in combination with the urban workers , in 1848 and again in 1871 . Recent research into the role of the Grand Bourgeoisie -- which included bankers , merchants , industrialists , and entrepreneurs -- in the construction of the new state has largely refuted the claim of political and economic dominance of the Junkers as a social group . This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership ( the latter particularly important in the Rhineland ) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire . Additional studies of different groups in Wilhelmine Germany have all contributed to a new view of the period . Although the Junkers did , indeed , continue to control the officer corps , they did not dominate social , political , and economic matters as much as the Sonderweg theorists had hypothesized . Eastern Junker power had a counterweight in the western provinces in the form of the Grand Bourgeoisie and in the growing professional class of bureaucrats , teachers , professors , doctors , lawyers , scientists , etc . Beyond the political mechanism : forming a nation ( edit ) This monument to Kaiser Wilhelm , at Koblenz , where the Moselle River ( upper river ) meets the Rhine River ( lower river ) , called the Deutsches Eck , or the German corner . If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus , that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871 . Yet , as Germans discovered , grand speeches , flags , and enthusiastic crowds , a constitution , a political reorganization , and the provision of an imperial superstructure ; and the revised Customs Union of 1867 -- 68 , still did not make a nation . A key element of the nation - state is the creation of a national culture , frequently -- although not necessarily -- through deliberate national policy . In the new German nation , a Kulturkampf ( 1872 -- 78 ) that followed political , economic , and administrative unification attempted to address , with a remarkable lack of success , some of the contradictions in German society . In particular , it involved a struggle over language , education , and religion . A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire 's population , including the Polish and Danish minorities , started with language , in particular , the German language , compulsory schooling ( Germanization ) , and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past . Finally , it extended to the religion of the new Empire 's population . Kulturkampf ( edit ) Main article : Kulturkampf For some Germans , the definition of nation did not include pluralism , and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny ; some Germans , and especially Bismarck , feared that the Catholics ' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation . As chancellor , Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party - political arm , the Catholic Center Party , in schools and education and language - related policies . The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden , and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry , and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics , but other minorities , including the Poles , and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands . The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests , and their education , under the control of the state , resulting in the closure of many seminaries , and a shortage of priests . The Congregations Law of 1875 abolished religious orders , ended state subsidies to the Catholic Church , and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution . Integrating the Jewish community ( edit ) Further information : History of the Jews in Germany In this close - up of the Niederwald Monument ( see long shot above ) , Germania towers 40 metres ( 131 ft ) above the town of Rüdesheim . She holds a crown in her right hand and carries a sword at her side . The Niederwald Germania was erected 1877 -- 1883 . The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation - state . Since 1780 , after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II , Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German - speaking territories did not : they could own land , for example , and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter ( also called the Judengasse , or `` Jews ' alley '' ) . They could also attend universities and enter the professions . During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras , many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down . Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony . Like their French counterparts , wealthy German Jews sponsored salons ; in particular , several Jewish salonnières held important gatherings in Frankfurt and Berlin during which German intellectuals developed their own form of republican intellectualism . Throughout the subsequent decades , beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French , reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons . Beyond the salons , Jews continued a process of Germanization in which they intentionally adopted German modes of dress and speech , working to insert themselves into the emerging 19th - century German public sphere . The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort . By the years of unification , German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional , intellectual , and social life . The expulsion of Jews from Russia in the 1880s and 1890s complicated integration into the German public sphere . Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands ; considerably less educated and less affluent , their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews . Many of the problems related to poverty ( such as illness , overcrowded housing , unemployment , school absenteeism , refusal to learn German , etc . ) emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans , but for the local Jewish populations as well . Writing the story of the nation ( edit ) Further information : Historiography and nationalism Another important element in nation - building , the story of the heroic past , fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann ( 1785 -- 1860 ) , his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke ( 1834 -- 1896 ) , and others less conservative , such as Theodor Mommsen ( 1817 -- 1903 ) and Heinrich von Sybel ( 1817 -- 1895 ) , to name two . Dahlmann himself died before unification , but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions , by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation , and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification . Heinrich von Treitschke 's History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century , published in 1879 , has perhaps a misleading title : it privileges the history of Prussia over the history of other German states , and it tells the story of the German - speaking peoples through the guise of Prussia 's destiny to unite all German states under its leadership . The creation of this Borussian myth ( Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia ) established Prussia as Germany 's savior ; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united , this myth maintains , and it was Prussia 's destiny to accomplish this . According to this story , Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation - state ; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence . The story continues by drawing on Prussia 's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon 's power in 1815 , at Waterloo , creating some semblance of economic unity , and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871 . Mommsen 's contributions to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica laid the groundwork for additional scholarship on the study of the German nation , expanding the notion of `` Germany '' to mean other areas beyond Prussia . A liberal professor , historian , and theologian , and generally a titan among late 19th - century scholars , Mommsen served as a delegate to the Prussian House of Representatives from 1863 -- 1866 and 1873 -- 1879 ; he also served as a delegate to the Reichstag from 1881 -- 1884 , for the liberal German Progress Party ( Deutsche Fortschrittspartei ) and later for the National Liberal Party . He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien über die Judenfrage ( Studies of the Jewish Question ) , which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews . See also ( edit ) Germany portal Unification of Italy Reichsbürgerbewegung References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blackbourn , David ( 1997 ) The Long Nineteenth Century : A History of Germany , 1780 - 1918 , Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Gunter Mai , ( 2000 ) Die Erfurter Union und das Erfurter Unionsparlament 1850 . Köln : Böhlau Jump up ^ See , for example , James Allen Vann , The Swabian Kreis : Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648 -- 1715 . Vol . LII , Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions . Bruxelles , 1975 . Mack Walker . German home towns : community , state , and general estate , 1648 -- 1871 . Ithaca , 1998 . Jump up ^ John G. Gagliardo , Reich and Nation . The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality , 1763 -- 1806 , Indiana University Press , l980 , p. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Kann . History of the Habsburg Empire : 1526 -- 1918 , Los Angeles , 1974 , p. 221 . In his abdication , Francis released all former estates from their duties and obligations to him , and took upon himself solely the title of King of Austria , which had been established since 1804 . Golo Mann , Deutsche Geschichte des 19 . und 20 . Jahrhunderts , Frankfurt am Main , 2002 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Fichte , Johann Gottlieb ( 1808 ) . `` Address to the German Nation '' . www.historyman.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ James J. Sheehan , German History , 1780 -- 1866 , Oxford , 1989 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Jakob Walter , and Marc Raeff . The diary of a Napoleonic foot soldier . Princeton , N.J. , 1996 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 384 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the Seven Years ' War , its humiliating defeat at Jena and Auerstadt crushed the pride many Prussians felt in their soldiers . During their Russian exile , several officers , including Carl von Clausewitz , contemplated reorganization and new training methods . Sheehan , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford & New York , 1984 , part 1 ; Thomas Nipperdey , German History From Napoleon to Bismarck , 1800 -- 1871 , New York , Oxford , 1983 . Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 398 -- 410 ; Hamish Scott , The Birth of a Great Power System , 1740 -- 1815 , US , 2006 , pp. 329 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 398 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Jean Berenger . A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700 -- 1918 . C. Simpson , Trans . New York : Longman , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 09007 - 5 . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 460 -- 470 . German Historical Institute Jump up ^ Lloyd Lee , Politics of Harmony : Civil Service , Liberalism , and Social Reform in Baden , 1800 -- 1850 , Cranbury , New Jersey , 1980 . Jump up ^ Adam Zamoyski , Rites of Peace : The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna , New York , 2007 , pp. 98 -- 115 , 239 -- 40 . Jump up ^ L.B. Namier , ( 1952 ) Avenues of History . London , ONT , 1952 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Nipperdey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 407 -- 408 , 444 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 442 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 465 -- 467 ; Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 106 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wolfgang and Shiue , Carol ( University of Colorado , NBER , and CEPR ) The Trade Impact of the Customs Union , Pub . University of Colorado , 5 March 2013 ; pp. 10 and 18 Jump up ^ Ploeckl , Florian . The Zollverein and the Formation of a Customs Union , Discussion Paper no . 84 in Economic and Social History series , publ by Nuffield College , Oxford ; Page 23 ; Retrieved from www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/Economics/History March 2017 ; p. 23 Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 467 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 466 -- 467 . Jump up ^ They traced the roots of the German language , and drew its different lines of development together . The Brothers Grimm online . Joint Publications . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Hans Lulfing , Baedecker , Karl , Neue Deutsche Biographie ( NDB ) . Band 1 , Duncker & Humblot , Berlin 1953 , p. 516 f . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Peter Rühmkorf , Heinz Ludwig Arnold , Das Lied der Deutschen Göttingen : Wallstein , 2001 , ISBN 3 - 89244 - 463 - 3 , pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Raymond Dominick III , The Environmental Movement in Germany , Bloomington , Indiana University , 1992 , pp. 3 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber , Rhineland radicals : the democratic movement and the revolution of 1848 -- 1849 . Princeton , N.J. , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , pp. 610 -- 613 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 612 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 613 . Jump up ^ David Blackbourn , Marpingen : apparitions of the Virgin Mary in nineteenth - century Germany . New York , 1994 . Jump up ^ Sperber , Rhineland radicals . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 610 -- 615 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Badische Heimat / Landeskunde online 2006 Veit 's Pauls Church Germania . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 138 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber , Revolutionary Europe , 1780 -- 1850 , New York , 2000 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Examples of this argument appear in : Ralf Dahrendorf , German History , ( 1968 ) , pp. 25 -- 32 ; ( in German ) Hans Ulrich Wehler , Das Deutsche Kaiserreich , 1871 -- 1918 , Göttingen , 1973 , pp. 10 -- 14 ; Leonard Krieger , The German Idea of Freedom , Chicago , 1957 ; Raymond Grew , Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States , Princeton , 1978 , pp. 312 -- 345 ; Jürgen Kocka and Allan Mitchell . Bourgeois society in nineteenth - century Europe . Oxford , 1993 ; Jürgen Kocka , `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German Sonderweg . '' Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January , 1988 ) , pp. 3 -- 16 ; Volker Berghahn , Modern Germany . Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge , 1982 . Jump up ^ World Encyclopedia V. 3 p. 542 . Jump up ^ For a summary of this argument , see David Blackbourn , and Geoff Eley . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford & New York , 1984 , part 1 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley . Peculiarities , Part I . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley , Peculiarities , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley , Peculiarities , pp. 286 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Jürgen Kocka , `` Comparison and Beyond . ' '' History and Theory , Vol. 42 , No. 1 ( February , 2003 ) , pp. 39 -- 44 , and Jürgen Kocka , `` Asymmetrical Historical Comparison : The Case of the German Sonderweg '' , History and Theory , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( February , 1999 ) , pp. 40 -- 50 . Jump up ^ For a representative analysis of this perspective , see Richard J. Evans , Rethinking German history : nineteenth - century Germany and the origins of the Third Reich . London , 1987 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1914 -- 1918 , Oxford , 1954 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ J.G. Droysen , Modern History Sourcebook : Documents of German Unification , 1848 -- 1871 . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Zamoyski , pp. 100 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , The long nineteenth century , pp. 160 -- 175 . Jump up ^ The remainder of the letter exhorts the Germans to unification : `` This role of world leadership , left vacant as things are today , might well be occupied by the German nation . You Germans , with your grave and philosophic character , might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community . Let us hope , then , that you can use your energy to overcome your moth - eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states . Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions . All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you . '' Denis Mack Smith ( editor ) . Garibaldi ( Great Lives Observed ) , Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , 1969 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mack Smith , Denis ( 1994 ) . Mazzini . Yale University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Holt , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Holt , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 175 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Hollyday , 1970 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Peculiarities , Part I . Jump up ^ Bismarck had `` cut his teeth '' on German politics , and German politicians , in Frankfurt : a quintessential politician , Bismarck had built his power - base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum . He was first and foremost a politician , and in this lied his strength . Furthermore , since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon , he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control . Mann , Chapter 6 , pp. 316 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Isabel V. Hull , Absolute Destruction : Military culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany , Ithaca , New York , 2005 , pp. 90 -- 108 ; 324 -- 333 . Jump up ^ The Situation of Germany . ( PDF ) -- The New York Times , July 1 , 1866 . Jump up ^ Michael Eliot Howard , The Franco - Prussian War : the German invasion of France , 1870 -- 1871 . New York , MacMillan , 1961 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Mann , pp. 390 -- 395 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman . Oxford , Clarendon , 1988 . Chapter 1 , and Conclusion . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 900 -- 904 ; Wawro , pp. 4 -- 32 ; Holt , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Holt , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 900 -- 906 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 906 ; Geoffrey Wawro , The Austro Prussian War : Austria 's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . Cambridge , Cambridge University , 1996 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 905 -- 906 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 909 . Jump up ^ Wawro , pp. 50 -- 60 ; 75 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Wawro , pp. 57 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 908 -- 909 Jump up ^ Taylor , Bismarck , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 910 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 905 -- 910 . Jump up ^ Rosita Rindler Schjerve Diglossia and Power : Language Policies and Practice in the Nineteenth Century Habsburg Empire , 2003 , ISBN 3 - 11 - 017653 - X , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Bridge and Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 909 -- 910 ; Wawro , Chapter 11 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , Chapter V : From Reaction to Unification , pp. 225 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 4 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 50 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 64 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 218 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 222 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Bismarck , p. 126 Jump up ^ Die Reichsgründung 1871 ( The Foundation of the Empire , 1871 ) , Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online , accessed 2008 - 12 - 22 . German text translated : ( ... ) on the wishes of Wilhelm I , on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to princely status on 18 January 1701 , the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace . Jump up ^ Taylor , Bismarck , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Crankshaw , Edward . Bismarck . New York , The Viking Press , 1981 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Howard , Chapter XI : the Peace , pp. 432 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 255 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Alon Confino . The Nation as a Local Metaphor : Württemberg , Imperial Germany , and National Memory , 1871 -- 1918 . Chapel Hill , University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans , Death in Hamburg : Society and Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830 -- 1910 . New York , 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 225 -- 301 . Jump up ^ David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) and New York , Oxford University Press , 1984 . Peter Blickle , Heimat : a critical theory of the German idea of homeland , Studies in German literature , linguistics and culture . Columbia , South Carolina , Camden House ; Boydell & Brewer , 2004 . Robert W. Scribner , Sheilagh C. Ogilvie , Germany : a new social and economic history . London and New York , Arnold and St. Martin 's Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ To name only a few of these studies : Geoff Eley , Reshaping the German right : radical nationalism and political change after Bismarck . New Haven , 1980 . Richard J. Evans , Death in Hamburg : Society and Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830 -- 1910. New York , 2005 . Richard J. Evans , Society and politics in Wilhelmine Germany . London and New York , 1978 . Thomas Nipperdey , Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck , 1800 -- 1866 . Princeton , New Jersey , 1996 . Jonathan Sperber , Popular Catholicism in nineteenth - century Germany . Princeton , N.J. , 1984 . ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 240 -- 290 . Jump up ^ For more on this idea , see , for example , Joseph R. Llobera , and Goldsmiths ' College . The role of historical memory in ( ethno ) nation - building , Goldsmiths sociology papers . London , 1996 ; ( in German ) Alexandre Escudier , Brigitte Sauzay , and Rudolf von Thadden . Gedenken im Zwiespalt : Konfliktlinien europäischen Erinnerns , Genshagener Gespräche ; vol. 4 . Göttingen : 2001 ; Alon Confino . The Nation as a Local Metaphor : Württemberg , Imperial Germany , and National Memory , 1871 -- 1918 . Chapel Hill , 1999 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 243 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 283 ; 285 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber . Popular Catholicism in nineteenth - century Germany , Princeton , N.J. , 1984 . Jump up ^ Marion Kaplan , The making of the Jewish middle class : women , family , and identity in Imperial Germany , New York , 1991 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , in particular , pp. 4 -- 7 and Conclusion . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley , Peculiarities , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich , The other Prussia : royal Prussia , Poland and liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , New York , 2000 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Many modern historians describe this myth , without subscribing to it : for example , Rudy Koshar , Germany 's Transient Pasts : Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century . Chapel Hill , 1998 ; Hans Kohn . German history ; some new German views . Boston , 1954 ; Thomas Nipperdey , Germany history from Napoleon to Bismarck . Jump up ^ Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths ' College . The role of historical memory in ( ethno ) nation - building . Goldsmiths sociology papers . London , Goldsmiths College , 1996 . Sources ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker . Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34748 - 8 Beringer , Jean . A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700 -- 1918 . C. Simpson , Trans . New York : Longman , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 09007 - 5 . Blackbourn , David , Marpingen : apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany . New York : Knopf , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41843 - 1 Blackbourn , David . The long nineteenth century : a history of Germany , 1780 -- 1918 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507672 - 9 Blackbourn , David and Eley , Geoff . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873057 - 6 Blickle , Peter . Heimat : a critical theory of the German idea of homeland . Studies in German literature , linguistics and culture . Columbia , South Carolina : Camden House Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 78458 - 1 Bridge , Roy and Roger Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 , 2nd ed . Longman , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 78458 - 1 Confino , Alon . The Nation as a Local Metaphor : Württemberg , Imperial Germany , and National Memory , 1871 -- 1918 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4665 - 0 Crankshaw , Edward . Bismarck . New York , The Viking Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 34038 - 8 Dahrendorf , Ralf . Society and Democracy in Germany ( 1979 ) Dominick , Raymond , III . The Environmental Movement in Germany , Bloomington , Indiana University , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 31819 - X Evans , Richard J. Death in Hamburg : Society and Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830 -- 1910 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303636 - 4 Evans , Richard J. Rethinking German history : nineteenth - century Germany and the origins of the Third Reich . London , Routledge , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 302090 - 8 Flores , Richard R. Remembering the Alamo : memory , modernity , and the master symbol . Austin : University of Texas , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 72540 - 9 Friedrich , Karin , The other Prussia : royal Prussia , Poland and liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , New York , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02775 - 5 Grew , Raymond . Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07598 - 0 Hollyday , F.B.M. Bismarck . New Jersey , Prentice Hall , 1970 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 077362 - 3 Holt , Alexander W . The History of Europe from 1862 -- 1914 : From the Accession of Bismarck to the Outbreak of the Great War . New York : MacMillan , 1917 . OCLC 300969997 Howard , Michael Eliot . The Franco - Prussian War : the German invasion of France , 1870 -- 1871 . New York , MacMillan , 1961 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 02787 - 8 Hull , Isabel . Absolute Destruction : Military culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany . Ithaca , New York , Syracuse University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7293 - 0 Kann , Robert A. History of the Habsburg Empire : 1526 -- 1918 . Los Angeles , University of California Press , 1974 ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04206 - 3 Kaplan , Marion . The making of the Jewish middle class : women , family , and identity in Imperial Germany . New York , Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509396 - 4 Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . Bourgeois society in nineteenth century Europe . Oxford , Oxford University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85496 - 414 - 7 Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German Sonderweg . '' Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January 1988 ) , p. 3 -- 16 . Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . `` Comparison and Beyond . ' '' History and Theory Vol. 42 , No. 1 ( February 2003 ) , p. 39 -- 44 . Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . `` Asymmetrical Historical Comparison : The Case of the German Sonderweg '' . History and Theory Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( February 1999 ) , p. 40 -- 50 . Kohn , Hans . German history ; some new German views . Boston : Beacon , 1954 . OCLC 987529 Koshar , Rudy . Germany 's Transient Pasts : Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century . Chapel Hill , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4701 - 5 Krieger , Leonard . The German Idea of Freedom , Chicago , University of Chicago Press , 1957 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 519 - 5 Lee , Lloyd . The politics of Harmony : Civil Service , Liberalism , and Social Reform in Baden , 1800 -- 1850 . Cranbury , New Jersey , Associated University Presses , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 143 - 7 Llobera , Josep R. and Goldsmiths ' College . `` The role of historical memory in ( ethno ) nation - building . '' Goldsmiths Sociology Papers . London , Goldsmiths College , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 902986 - 06 - 0 Mann , Golo . The History of Germany Since 1789 ( 1968 ) Namier , L.B. . Avenues of History . New York , Macmillan , 1952 . OCLC 422057575 Nipperdey , Thomas . Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck , 1800 -- 1866 . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02636 - 7 Schjerve , Rosita Rindler , Diglossia and Power : Language Policies and Practice in the nineteenth century Habsburg Empire . Berlin , De Gruyter , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017654 - 4 Schulze , Hagen . The course of German nationalism : from Frederick the Great to Bismarck , 1763 -- 1867 . Cambridge & New York , Cambridge University Press , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37759 - 1 Scott , H.M. The Birth of a Great Power System . London & New York , Longman , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 21717 - 1 Scribner , Robert W. and Sheilagh C. Ogilvie . Germany : a new social and economic history . London : Arnold Publication , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 51332 - 3 Sheehan , James J. German history 1770 -- 1866 . Oxford History of Modern Europe . Oxford , Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820432 - 9 Sked , Alan . Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815 -- 1918 . London , Longman , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 35666 - 5 Sorkin , David , The transformation of German Jewry , 1780 -- 1840 , Studies in Jewish history . New York , Wayne State University Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2828 - 6 Sperber , Jonathan . The European Revolutions , 1848 -- 1851 . New Approaches to European History . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54779 - 6 Sperber , Jonathan . Popular Catholicism in nineteenth - century Germany . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05432 - 2 Sperber , Jonathan . Rhineland radicals : the democratic movement and the revolution of 1848 -- 1849 . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00866 - 0 Stargardt , Nicholas . The German idea of militarism : radical and socialist critics , 1866 -- 1914 . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46692 - 9 Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) Taylor , A.J.P. , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1914 -- 1918 , Oxford , Clarendon , 1954 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 881270 - 8 Taylor , A.J.P. . Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman . Oxford : Clarendon , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70387 - 9 Victoria and Albert Museum , Dept. of Prints and Drawings , and Susan Lambert . The Franco - Prussian War and the Commune in caricature , 1870 -- 71 . London , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 901486 - 30 - 2 Walker , Mack . German home towns : community , state , and general estate , 1648 -- 1871 . Ithaca , Syracuse University Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8508 - 4 Wawro , Geoffrey . The Austro - Prussian War . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62951 - 9 Wawro , Geoffrey ) . Warfare and Society in Europe , 1792 -- 1914 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21445 - 2 Wehler , Hans Ulrich . The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) Zamoyski , Adam . Rites of Peace : The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . New York , HarperCollins , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077519 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Bazillion , Richard J. Modernizing Germany : Karl Biedermann 's career in the kingdom of Saxony , 1835 -- 1901 . American university studies . Series IX , History , vol. 84 . New York , Peter Lang , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 1185 - X Brose , Eric Dorn . German History , 1789 -- 1871 : From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich . ( 1997 ) online edition Bucholz , Arden . Moltke , Schlieffen , and Prussian war planning . New York , Berg Pub Ltd , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 85496 - 653 - 6 Bucholz , Arden . Moltke and the German Wars 1864 -- 1871 . New York , Palgrave MacMillan , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 68758 - 2 Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 . Cambridge , Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2006 , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03196 - 8 Clemente , Steven E. For King and Kaiser ! : the making of the Prussian Army officer , 1860 -- 1914 . Contributions in military studies , no . 123 . New York : Greenwood , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28004 - 5 Cocks , Geoffrey and Konrad Hugo Jarausch . German professions , 1800 -- 1950 . New York , Oxford University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505596 - 9 Droysen , J.G. Modern History Sourcebook : Documents of German Unification , 1848 -- 1871 . Accessed April 9 , 2009 . Dwyer , Philip G. Modern Prussian history , 1830 -- 1947 . Harlow , England , New York : Longman , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 29270 - 0 Friedrich , Otto . Blood and iron : from Bismarck to Hitler the von Moltke family 's impact on German history . New York , Harper , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016866 - 8 Groh , John E. Nineteenth - century German Protestantism : the church as social model . Washington , D.C. , University Press of America , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 2078 - 2 Henne , Helmut , and Georg Objartel . German student jargon in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . Berlin & NY , de Gruyter , 1983 . OCLC 9193308 Hughes , Michael . Nationalism and society : Germany , 1800 -- 1945 . London & New York , Edward Arnold , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6522 - 7 Kollander , Patricia . Frederick III : Germany 's liberal emperor , Contributions to the study of world history , no . 50 . Westport , Conn. , Greenwood , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29483 - 6 Koshar , Rudy . Germany 's Transient Pasts : Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century . Chapel Hill , University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4701 - 1 Lowenstein , Steven M. The Berlin Jewish community : enlightenment , family , and crisis , 1770 -- 1830 . Studies in Jewish history . New York , Oxford University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508326 - 1 Lüdtke , Alf . Police and State in Prussia , 1815 -- 1850 . Cambridge , New York & Paris , Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 11187 - 0 Ogilvie , Sheilagh , and Richard Overy . Germany : A New Social and Economic History Volume 3 : Since 1800 ( 2004 ) Ohles , Frederik . Germany 's rude awakening : censorship in the land of the Brothers Grimm . Kent , Ohio , Ohio State University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 460 - 1 Pflanze Otto , ed . The Unification of Germany , 1848 -- 1871 ( 1979 ) , essays by historians Schleunes , Karl A. Schooling and society : the politics of education in Prussia and Bavaria , 1750 -- 1900 . Oxford & New York , Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 85496 - 267 - 0 Showalter , Dennis E. The Wars of German Unification ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) , 412pp by a leading military historian Showalter , Dennis E. Railroads and rifles : soldiers , technology , and the unification of Germany . Hamden , Connecticut , Hailer Publishing , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 9798500 - 9 - 6 Smith , Woodruff D. Politics and the sciences of culture in Germany , 1840 -- 1920 . New York , Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506536 - 0 Wawro , Geoffrey . The Franco - Prussian War : The German Conquest of France . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61743 - X External links ( edit ) Documents of German Unification Bismarck and the Unification of Germany hide Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament German reunification Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg Germany portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Germany&oldid=845885066 '' Categories : Pan-Germanism Modern history of Germany National unifications 1860s in Germany 1870s in Germany Conflicts in 1866 Conflicts in 1871 19th century in Germany 19th century in politics Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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"Historians debate whether Otto von Bismarck—Minister President of Prussia—had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Military successes—especially those of Prussia—in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813–14. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism."
] | [
"Otto von Bismarck"
] |
1864155973280871311 | The House of the Rising Sun | The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia The House of the Rising Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk - rock hit '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early versions 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early folk and blues releases 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement 2 The Animals ' version 2.1 Recording and releases 2.2 Reception 2.3 Charts 3 Frijid Pink version 3.1 Sales and certifications 4 Billboard Country Chart 4.1 Jody Miller version 4.2 Dolly Parton version 5 Five Finger Death Punch version 6 IRIS version 7 French version 8 Possible real locations 9 References 10 External links Origin and early versions ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl Great God , and I for one The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on 6 September 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on 3 November 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . The Animals ' version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' Released 19 June 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 18 May 1964 Genre Rock Length 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 Label Columbia Graphophone Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . Recording and releases ( edit ) The song was recorded in just one take on 18 May 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' In the United States however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 . The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version . '' Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittlesbach organ . The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . Reception ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on 5 September 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . Bob Dylan said he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio and `` jumped out of his car seat '' because he liked it so much ; but he stopped playing the song after the Animals ' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favourite number one song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Preceded by `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by The Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 5 September 1964 -- 19 September 1964 Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Preceded by `` It 's Over '' by Roy Orbison UK Singles Chart number - one single 9 July 1964 -- 15 July 1964 Succeeded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones Frijid Pink version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Frijid Pink from the album Frijid Pink B - side `` Drivin ' Blues '' Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Psychedelic rock Length 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) Label Parrot Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Michael Valvano Frijid Pink singles chronology `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated 6 January 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated 27 February 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on 4 April 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated 30 May 1970 . The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Billboard country chart ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Dolly Parton from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs B - side `` Workin ' Girl '' Released September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1980 Genre Country pop Length 4 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Mike Post Dolly Parton singles chronology `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . Jody Miller version ( edit ) In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , perhaps most notably on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped live in New Orleans . Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 Released 3 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Recorded November 2013 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 07 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . IRIS version ( edit ) `` Oh Mãe ! ! '' Single by IRIS ( pt ) from the album Vão Dar Banhó Cão Released 1995 ( 1995 ) Recorded 1995 Genre Rock Length 2 : 57 Label Vidisco Songwriter ( s ) Traditional The Portuguese band IRIS released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' named `` Oh Mãe ! ! '' on their first studio album , Vão Dar Banhó Cão , which was later released as the band 's first single . The lyrics where completely changed with the accent from Algarve ( which is on the south of Portugal ) and the sound is much heavier . This song became a huge national success . French version ( edit ) In French , Johnny Hallyday 's version Le pénitencier , released in October 1964 , made it to the French Billboard Top 10 , and he performed the song in his 2014 USA tour . Possible real locations ( edit ) Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife . Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . 1867 ad noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century . Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( 2004 - 07 - 09 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2. 28 July 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed 19 Oct. 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program 18 January 2008 ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , 17 August 2005 . Accessed 5 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , 15 January 2004 . Accessed 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted 9 December 2004 . Accessed 4 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Animals -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Animals . Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ David A. Carson . Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , 26 June 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ B&B site , more theories External links ( edit ) Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry The sheet music The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Dylan ( album ) Side one `` You 're No Good '' `` Talkin ' New York '' `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` Fixin ' to Die '' `` Pretty Peggy - O '' `` Highway 51 '' Side two `` Gospel Plow '' `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' `` Freight Train Blues '' `` Song to Woody '' `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Category Sandi Thom Albums Smile ... It Confuses People The Pink & the Lily Merchants and Thieves Singles `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' `` What If I 'm Right '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The Devil 's Beat '' `` Saturday Night '' `` This Ol ' World '' `` Gold Dust '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Maggie McCall '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category Five Finger Death Punch Zoltan Bathory Jason Hook Chris Kael Ivan Moody Jeremy Spencer Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist War Is the Answer American Capitalist The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell Volume 1 Volume 2 Got Your Six Extended plays Pre-Emptive Strike Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' Related articles Discography Invidia Miriam Makeba Studio albums The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=804625970 '' Categories : American folk songs Music of New Orleans Songs about New Orleans Year of song unknown 1964 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway The Animals songs Alan Price songs Bob Dylan songs Lead Belly songs Joan Baez songs Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Miriam Makeba songs Nina Simone songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Dolly Parton songs Jody Miller songs Alt - J songs Deram Records singles Folk songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles RCA Records Nashville singles Mercury Records singles Parrot Records singles MGM Records singles Five Finger Death Punch songs Songs about prostitutes Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 05 : 41 . 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-4814168952908464925 | Land registration | Land registration - Wikipedia Land registration The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Land registration generally describes systems by which matters concerning ownership , possession or other rights in land can be recorded ( usually with a government agency or department ) to provide evidence of title , facilitate transactions and to prevent unlawful disposal . The information recorded and the protection provided will vary by jurisdiction . In common law countries , particularly in jurisdictions in the Commonwealth of Nations , when replacing the deeds registration system , title registrations are broadly classified into two basic types : the Torrens title system and the English system , a modified version of the Torrens system . Cadastre and land registration are both types of land recording and complement each other . Contents 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 Denmark 4 Falkland Islands 5 Finland 6 France 7 Hong Kong 8 Ireland ( Republic of ) 9 Israel 10 Italy 11 Japan 12 Malaysia 13 Netherlands 14 New Zealand 15 Philippines 16 Russia 17 Singapore 18 Thailand 19 United Kingdom 19.1 England and Wales 19.2 Scotland 19.3 Northern Ireland 20 United States of America 21 See also 22 Notes 23 References 24 External links Australia ( edit ) Main article : Torrens title § Australia Canada ( edit ) Main article : Torrens title § Canada Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Danish mortgage market § Property registration and the granting of a loan Falkland Islands ( edit ) The Falkland Islands registry holds copies of all Crown Grants from 1844 . Finland ( edit ) Finland operates a cadastral system operated by the National Land Survey of Finland France ( edit ) The French system uses a cadastre , maintained by the French public land registry . The plans are boundaries of land parcels but do not provide details of the land owner or precise boundaries . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Land Registry ( Hong Kong ) The Hong Kong Land Registry administers the Land Registration Ordinance and provides facilities for search of the Land Register and related records by the public and government departments . It has responsibility for the registration of owners corporations under the Building Management Ordinance . Ireland ( Republic of ) ( edit ) Land registration is compulsory across all of Ireland , and two parallel registries are maintained : the Land Registry ( Clárlann na Talún in Irish ) and the Registry of Deeds ( Clárlann na nGníomhas ) . The system in Ireland follows the English system , but with features typical of the Torrens system ( for example , anyone can inspect the register ) . Robert Torrens himself drafted the Record of Title ( Ireland ) Act , 1865 in order to record titles conveyed . The Landed Estates Court a register , the `` Record of Title '' . While the record was not open to the public , the index could be inspected by anyone , today the index and folios can be viewed by anyone with an administration charge . Recording of title under the Act was voluntary and this was one of the reasons why the Act proved ineffective . The Land Registry has been dealing with the registration of all transactions ( purchase , sale , mortgage , remortgage and other burdens ) concerning registered land since 1892 , and issued land certificates which are a state guarantee of the registered owner 's good title up to 1 January 2007 . Land Certificates have been abolished by virtue of Section 23 of the Registration of Deeds and Title Act , 2006 . Every piece of land in the register -- which is arranged by county -- is granted a folio number , under which all transactions pertaining to the land can be examined on request and after payment of a fee . Approximately 90 % of land by area , and 85 % of title , is registered . The Registry of Deeds has since 1708 dealt with the registration of wills , title deeds , mortgage documents and other documentation concerning granting of title over land . It was originally set up to enforce the legislation regarding ownership of land by Catholics . A registered deed took precedence over an unregistered deed . Original deeds and their schedules were not retained by the registry , but rather detailed summaries ( called `` memorials '' ) of conveyancing and mortgage documents are stamped and filed by the registrar . These documents are generally signed by at least one of the parties and one of the witnesses of the deeds . No certificates or guarantees of title are issued : the registry merely endeavours to provide information concerning the deeds lodged against a certain property -- and , crucially , the order in which they were lodged -- such as the last named owner or the latest mortgage to be lodged . Both registries are managed by the Property Registration Authority and have offices in Dublin , Waterford and in Roscommon . Since most of Ireland gained independence in 1922 , the registries have dealt with the land in the 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland ( formerly the Irish Free State , 1922 -- 37 ) only , the registers of land in Northern Ireland now being administered by the Land and Property Services in the Northern Ireland Department of Finance and Personnel . Recording of title under recent legislative changes is now compulsory . Public access to the index and folios is limited to individuals who have an account with the Property Registration Authority . The Property Registration Authority in Ireland is connected to the European Land Information Service EULIS . Israel ( edit ) Main articles : Torrens title § Israel , and Israeli land and property laws Italy ( edit ) Main article : Catasto Japan ( edit ) Main article : Ōtabumi Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Torrens title § Malaysia Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Kadaster New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand uses the Torrens title system , which it adopted in 1870 , replacing the deeds registration system . Land registration is governed by the Land Transfer Act 1952 . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Torrens_title § Philippines Russia ( edit ) Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru : Титул_Торренса ; see its history for attribution . Advantages of the Torrens system were seen in Russia almost immediately after its occurrence , but scrapped the Russian legal system for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly did all ideas Russian imperial jurists consigned to history . Now operating the system of accounting and registration of rights to immovable property in Russia can not be called a complete system or Torrens cadastral system , although some of its elements and principles correspond to the Torrens title . Accounting for land , buildings and natural sites organized in Russia in the database of real estate cadastre of the State on the basis of a federal law in 2007 No 221 - FZ `` On State Real Estate Cadastre '' . The account holder of these facilities is conducted in another database : the Unified State Register of rights to immovable property and transactions with them on the basis of a federal law in 1997 No 122 - FZ `` On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith '' . Both laws established openness cadastre and registry information , and assigned to a single organization responsible for their management - Rosreestr . Entry in the Unified State Register of real property rights is a necessary and sufficient condition for the emergence of property rights to real estate . For information about the property , contained in the cadastre and registry , sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map . With a fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property . These laws are not , however , establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases . In 2015 , the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property . The bill was supported by the Government . According to some experts , the restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks ... Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Torrens_title § Singapore Thailand ( edit ) Main article : Torrens_title § Thailand United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom there are several land registers , including HM Land Registry for England and Wales , Registers of Scotland , and Land and Property Services in Northern Ireland . England and Wales ( edit ) Main articles : English land law and Registered land in English law A national system of land registration was first attempted in England and Wales under the Land Registration Act 1862 , a register having operated for the county of Middlesex ( excluding the City of London ) since 1709 . This voluntary national system proved ineffective and , following further attempts in 1875 and 1897 , the present system was brought into force by the Land Registration Act 1925 . It is operated by HM Land Registry . Over time various areas of the country were designated areas of compulsory registration by order so in different parts of the country compulsory registration has been around longer than in others . The last order was made in 1990 , so now virtually all transactions in land result in compulsory registration . One difference is land changing ownership after death , where land is gifted rather than sold ; these became compulsorily registrable only in April 1998 . Similarly it became compulsory to register land when a mortgage is created on it in 1998 . The Land Registration Act 2002 leaves the 1925 system substantially in place but enables the future compulsory introduction of electronic conveyancing using electronic signatures to transfer and register property . The Land Registry is connected to the European Land Information Service EULIS . Details of registrations are available to any person upon payment of the prescribed fees . Precautionary measures have been introduced in recent years to verify the identity of persons attempting to change records of title . No details will be on record for any land which has not had a relevant transaction recorded as will often occur if , for example , ownership was last transferred before the introduction of compulsory registration in a particular area . Public access to the title and filed plans in pdf format is available for a fee at Land Registry of England and Wales . Public access to a digital version of the boundaries on aerial photography is available at ( 1 ) . A legal boundary deals with the precise separation of ownership of land . It is an invisible line dividing one person 's land from another 's . It does not have thickness or width and usually , but not always , falls somewhere in or along a physical boundary feature such as a wall , fence or hedge . The exact positions of the legal boundaries are almost never shown on registered title plans and are not shown on Ordnance Survey maps . In a joint statement between Land Registry ( England and Wales ) and Ordnance Survey they state that : `` This title plan shows the general position of the boundaries : it does not show the exact line of the boundaries . Measurements scaled from this plan may not match measurements between the same points on the ground . '' Scotland ( edit ) Scotland is one of the first countries in the world to have a system of land registration . Land registration commenced in Scotland with the creation of the `` Register of Sasines '' by the Registration Act 1617 . Today , almost all land in Scotland is registered in the Register of Sasines making it possible ( but , because of the mapping limitations of that register , sometimes difficult ) to determine who owns what . Since 1981 the Register of Sasines is being replaced by the Registers of Scotland , although certain deeds can continue to be recorded in the old register for the time being . The Registers of Scotland agency is responsible for maintaining both the Register of Sasines and the new register . The governing legislation is the Land Registration etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2012 , replacing the earlier Land Registration ( Scotland ) Act 1979 . The Land Registration ( Scotland ) Act 1979 introduced a new system which now records all changes of ownership of land and creation of new titles . Scotland is divided into 33 registration counties . The Land Register was introduced in a rolling programme beginning with Renfrew in 1981 and finishing in 2003 with Banff , Caithness , Moray , Orkney and Shetland . The scheme is that , once a county becomes operational for the Land Register , properties switch from the Sasine to the Land Register on the first occasion that they are transferred . The switching process is known as first registration . According to the latest figures , some 55 % ( 1.4 million ) of all properties are now on the Land Register . This represents only 21 % of the land mass although there is considerable variation throughout the 33 registration counties . In Glasgow and its conurbation the figure is over 50 % , reflecting both its urban nature and the relatively early date at which it was brought on to the Register . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Land registration in Northern Ireland is operated by Land and Property Services , an executive agency within the Department of Finance and Personnel for Northern Ireland . Prior to 1 Apr 2007 it was dealt with by the Land Registers Northern Ireland government agency . United states of america ( edit ) Main article : Recording ( real estate ) Land registration is a matter for individual states in the USA . Thus each state will define the officials , authorities , and their functions and duties with respect to the ownership of land within that state , as is more fully described in the specified main article . See also ( edit ) Cadastre Deed Hukou ( Mainland China ) Land terrier Land titling Land Registration Authority ( Philippines ) Native title Property law Recorder of deeds Sasine Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Andrew . Land Law In Ireland . ISBN 1 - 85800 - 186 - 2 ; Ch. 24 Jump up ^ Jo Henssen , BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE MAIN CADASTRAL SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Etusivu - National Land Survey of Finland '' . www.maanmittauslaitos.fi . Archived from the original on 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Land Registration in France : Cadastre France '' . French-Property.com . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jim ( 24 November 2008 ) . `` Land ownership : Provincial administration of land '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The land transfer system '' . Land Information New Zealand . 30 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Покровский И . А . `` Основные проблемы гражданского права , глава 11 '' . Петроград , `` Право '' , 1917 год . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` О кадастровой деятельности '' от 24.07. 2007 N 221 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Archived from the original on 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` О государственной регистрации прав на недвижимое имущество и сделок с ним '' от 21.07. 1997 N 122 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Archived from the original on 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Публичная кадастровая карта Росреестра Jump up ^ Справочная информация по объектам недвижимости в режиме online Archived 16 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ФСБ предлагает засекретить информацию о владельцах недвижимости в России '' . РБК. 10 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Павел Чернышов ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` Секретность коррупцию не задавит '' . Газета. Ру . Archived from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Дмитрий Коптюбенко , Елена Малышева , Яна Милюкова , Светлана Бочарова ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` ФСБ поможет чиновникам засекретить свою недвижимость '' . РБК . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mayer & Pemberton ( 2000 ) p. 6 Jump up ^ Mayer & Pemberton ( 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ `` About us - HM Land Registry '' . landregistry.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . References ( edit ) Arruñada , B. ( 1996 ) . Institutional Foundations of Impersonal Exchange : The Theory and Policy of Contractual Registries . Chicago . External link in title = ( help ) Mayer , P. ( 1996 ) . Ten Chief Land Registrars . London . -- & Pemberton , A. ( 2000 ) . `` A Short History of Land Registration in England and Wales '' ( PDF ) . London : HM Land Registry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 November 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Offer , A. ( 1981 ) . Property and Politics : 1870 - 1914 . Cambridge . Pemberton , A. ( 1992 ) . HM Land Registry - An Historical Perspective . London : HM Land Registry . Riddall , J.G. ( 2003 ) . Land Law . 7th ed. , Lexis - Nexis Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 406 - 96743 - 1 . Ch. 26 for current law in England and Wales Rowton - Simpson , S. ( 1976 ) . Land Law and Registration . Cambridge . 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3938893552807170572 | Greta Van Fleet | Greta Van Fleet - Wikipedia Greta Van Fleet Jump to : navigation , search Greta Van Fleet Greta Van Fleet onstage at the Red River Valley Fair , West Fargo , North Dakota , July 14 , 2017 . Left to Right : Sam Kiszka , Josh Kiszka , Jake Kiszka , Danny Wagner . Background information Origin Frankenmuth , Michigan , United States Genres Hard rock blues rock Years active 2012 -- present Labels Lava Republic Website http://www.gretavanfleet.com Members Josh Kiszka Jake Kiszka Sam Kiszka Danny Wagner Past members Kyle Hauck Greta Van Fleet is an American rock band from Frankenmuth , Michigan , formed in 2012 . It consists of vocalist Josh Kiszka , guitarist Jake Kiszka , bassist Sam Kiszka , and drummer Danny Wagner . They were signed to Lava Records in March 2017 and a month later the band released their debut studio EP , Black Smoke Rising . Their debut single , `` Highway Tune '' , topped the Billboard US Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in September 2017 for four weeks in a row . A second EP From the Fires , containing the four songs from Black Smoke Rising and four new songs , was released on November 10 , 2017 , alongside a second single , `` Safari Song '' . The band 's heavy rock sound is influenced by the work of Led Zeppelin and many other rock and blues acts , with lead vocalist Josh Kiszka having a voice that has been compared to Robert Plant 's `` husky howl . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Black Smoke Rising and From the Fires ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Music and influences 3 Members 3.1 Current members 3.2 Former member 3.3 Timeline 4 Discography 4.1 EPs 4.2 Singles 4.3 Other charted songs 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation and early years ( 2012 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) The band was formed in Frankenmuth , Michigan in 2012 by brothers Joshua `` Josh '' Kiszka , Samuel `` Sam '' Kiszka , Jacob `` Jake '' Kiszka and Kyle Hauck . Hauck subsequently left the band in October 2013 and was replaced by Daniel `` Danny '' Wagner the same year . The band name was created when one of its members heard a relative mention Gretna Van Fleet , a resident of Frankenmuth ; their use of the variation on her name was done with her ( subsequent ) blessing . In the time Hauck was the drummer , the band recorded and released three songs : `` Highway Tune '' , `` Cloud Train '' , and `` Standing On '' . On February 28 , 2014 , a live EP was recorded in one take and subsequently released on June 7 , 2014 . In 2014 , their song `` Standing On '' was featured in 2014 Chevy Equinox advertisements in the Detroit area . It is one of several songs , along with `` By the Riverside '' , `` Cloud Train '' , `` Lover , Leaver , Taker , Believer '' , `` Down to the River '' , `` Sing in the Rain '' , `` Thunder Stomp '' , `` You 're the One '' , and `` Written in Gold '' , that were previously released but are currently unavailable . Black Smoke Rising and from the Fires ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) On January 17 , 2016 the song `` Highway Tune '' was featured on the Showtime show Shameless . On March 31 , 2017 the first single `` Highway Tune '' was released on iTunes . On April 2 , 2017 iTunes started streaming the song `` Highway Tune '' . On April 18 , 2017 the music video for the song `` Highway Tune '' was released exclusively on Loudwire . The band 's debut EP titled Black Smoke Rising was released April 21 , 2017 . On April 21 , 2017 Apple Music named Greta Van Fleet new artist of the week . The band toured with The Struts during May , 2017 . In October 2017 , the band won Best New Artist at the Loudwire Music Awards . The band released an eight - song double EP titled From the Fires on November 10 , 2017 . In addition to the four tracks from Black Smoke Rising , From the Fires features the new recordings `` Edge of Darkness '' and `` Talk on the Street '' , as well as covers of Sam Cooke 's `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' and Fairport Convention 's `` Meet on the Ledge '' . The four new tracks were recorded in September 2017 at Rust Belt Studios in Detroit and produced by Al Sutton and Marlon Young , the same duo that produced Black Smoke Rising . The band also released `` Safari Song '' as a single in October , 2017 . Greta Van Fleet opened for fellow Michigan native Bob Seger at the Dow Event Center on September 7 . In November 2017 , the band announced that they would begin recording their first full - length studio album shortly after the release of From the Fires , and that they expected its release by mid-2018 . The group performed at Elton John 's Academy Award Party on March 4 , 2018 at the host 's personal request . John joined Greta Van Fleet onstage for his `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' and their `` You 're the One '' . Music and influences ( edit ) Josh Kiszka performing at the Mercury Lounge on August 24 , 2017 . Greta Van Fleet 's music has been categorized as hard rock and blues rock . Although all four members bonded over blues , each does have their own music tastes ; Jake gravitates towards rock and roll , Sam likes jazz , Danny prefers folk , and Josh likes world music . Sam stated that `` It 's not like we set out to be a rock and roll band , it 's just that sound that comes out ( when ) we get together and play . '' Songwriting is done by the band as a whole after one of the four members finds the concept for a song . Danny said a lot of their songs are first written in a `` folk set up '' before evolving into something else . Greta Van Fleet are often compared to Led Zeppelin . Jake related that he `` ... went through a year of really intensely studying what ( Jimmy ) Page did ... '' , but he has studied other virtuoso rock guitarists in a similar manner , specifically mentioning Pete Townshend . Likewise , on his voice being compared to Robert Plant 's , Josh said that Plant has certainly been an influence , `` though it 's not what I was going for . '' Stating that he did not even know who Led Zeppelin was until high school , he explained that his singing style came out naturally one day while struggling to be heard over the rest of the band . In a March 2018 interview , Plant cited Greta Van Fleet as one of his favorite young bands , saying `` they are Led Zeppelin I '' and describing Josh as `` a beautiful little singer . '' Some of Jake 's guitar influences include John Lee Hooker , Elmore James , Bert Jansch , Eric Clapton and Keith Richards . Some of the drummers that inspired Danny are Carmine Appice , John Bonham , Mitch Mitchell and Michael Shrieve . Sam 's favorite bass player is Motown session bassist James Jamerson . Members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Joshua `` Josh '' Kiszka -- lead vocals ( 2012 -- present ) Jacob `` Jake '' Kiszka -- lead guitar ( 2012 -- present ) Samuel `` Sam '' Kiszka -- bass guitar , keyboards ( 2012 -- present ) Daniel `` Danny '' Wagner -- drums ( 2013 -- present ) Former member ( edit ) Kyle Hauck -- drums ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) EPs ( edit ) Jake Kiszka performing in 2017 . Album Details Chart positions US US Rock US Hard Rock US Heat CAN ITA POL Black Smoke Rising Release : April 21 , 2017 Label : Republic Format : Digital download ; CD ; vinyl 182 30 10 -- -- -- From the Fires Release : November 10 , 2017 Label : Republic Format : Digital download ; CD 36 -- 23 76 25 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Singles ( edit ) List of singles , showing year released and album name Year Title Peak chart positions Album US Main . Rock US Alt . US Rock US Rock Air . US AAA 2017 `` Highway Tune '' 34 21 12 39 Black Smoke Rising `` Safari Song '' -- 25 12 -- 2018 `` Black Smoke Rising '' 39 -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a release that did not chart . Other charted songs ( edit ) List of other songs , showing year released and album name Year Title Peak chart positions Album US Dig . US Rock 2017 `` Edge of Darkness '' 15 38 From the Fires `` -- '' denotes a release that did not chart . Music videos ( edit ) As lead artist Title Year Director ( s ) `` Highway Tune '' 2017 Ford Fairchild Awards and nominations ( edit ) Loudwire Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 Greta Van Fleet Best New Artist Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet 's Profile - Musicpage '' . Musicpage.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chartbreaker : Greta Van Fleet on Led Zeppelin 's Influence and ' Living In the Resurgence of Rock ' '' . Billboard . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GRETA VAN FLEET 's ' Highway Tune ' Claims # 1 Spot At U.S. Active And Mainstream Rock Radio '' . Blabbermouth.net. 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's the lowdown on Frankenmuth band Greta Van Fleet '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Kelly ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Band ' Greta Van Fleet ' Call Frankenmuth , Michigan Their Home and Unleash a Bluesy Wonderland with New EP `` Black Smoke Rising '' `` . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greta Van Fleet Talk Classic Rock Influences , the Woman Behind the Band Name , More ( Q1043 New York interview , published to YouTube on Dec 18 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` The Greta Van Fleet Live Video is Posted ! '' . pledgemusic.com . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Cara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Get Lost in the Raw & Eclectic Sounds of Greta Van Fleet '' . chevydetroit.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Music , Lyrics , Songs , and Videos '' . Reverbnation.com. 11 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` North Star Media Greta Van Fleet profile '' . North Star Media . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Myspace Profile '' . MySpace . 2013 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert `` Bo '' , White ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Greta Van Fleet : Gemutlichkeit & Pursuit of the Right Sound '' . newreviewsite.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jessica . `` Showtime 's ' Shameless ' to feature song by Frankenmuth 's Greta Van Fleet '' . Saginaw , Michigan : mlive.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Future Of Real Rock ' Greta Van Fleet Stream New Song : : Greta Van Fleet News : : antiMusic.com '' . Antimusic.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Greta Van Fleet , Highway Tune Exclusive Video Premiere '' . Loudwire.com . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What a thrill to be @ AppleMusic 's # NewArtistOfTheWeek ! '' . Twitter.com. April 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Caitlyn ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` 10 new songs we bet you did n't catch this week '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson - Mersha , Isis ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Frankenmuth 's Greta Van Fleet talks record deal , tour and graduation '' . Frankenmuth , Michigan : mlive.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Win Best New Artist - 2017 Loudwire Music Awards '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ CHRISTOPHER , MICHAEL ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` GRETA VAN FLEET ANNOUNCE DOUBLE EP ' FROM THE FIRES / '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet battles being `` overly creative '' with `` Safari Song '' - Music News - ABC News Radio `` . ABC News Radio . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet makes hot rock out of Frankenmuth '' . The Oakland Press . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Alice Cooper -- Approved Kids Bringing Riff Rock Back on the Charts '' . Revolvermag.com. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Greta Van Fleet Jam With Elton John '' . Loudwire . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Interview ) Greta Van Fleet Shed Light On Their Surprise Success And Life On The Road '' . Bullet Music . September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GRETA VAN FLEET Vocalist On LED ZEPPELIN Comparisons : ' We 'll Take It ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Interview : Danny Wagner '' . Blues Rock Review . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interview ~ Sam Kiszka of Greta Van Fleet '' . I 'm Music Magazine . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greta Van Fleet 's Misty Mountain Revival '' . Rolling Stone . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Bring Rock Back to the Future on Debut EP , Talk Influences & Brotherly Love '' . Billboard . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Plant on Greta Van Fleet : ' They are Led Zeppelin I ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERVIEW : Jake Kiszka and Danny Wagner of Greta Van Fleet '' . Go Venue Magazine . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Talks Bob Dylan , ' Highway Tune ' + More -- Interview '' . Audio Ink Radio . November 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ywain Evans , Morgan ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Greta Van Fleets Black Smoke Rising might just make you believe '' . metalriot.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A BAND FOUNDED BY JAKE KISZKA , JOSH M. KISZKA , KYLE HAUCK , AND SAM KISZKA ! '' . Facebook.com . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Top Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Top Hard Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Heatseekers Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 9 ( dal 2018 - 02 - 23 al 2018 - 03 - 01 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Albums . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History -- Mainstream Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet AChart History -- Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet - Highway Tune '' . Youtube.com. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Win Best New Artist - 2017 Loudwire Music Awards '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greta Van Fleet . Official website Lava Records Greta Van Fleet profile ( hide ) Greta Van Fleet Joshua Kiszka Jacob Kiszka Samuel Kiszka Daniel Wagner Kyle Hauck Extended plays Black Smoke Rising From the Fires Singles `` Highway Tune '' `` Safari Song '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greta_Van_Fleet&oldid=843644027 '' Categories : 2012 establishments in Michigan American rock music groups Musical groups established in 2012 Hard rock musical groups from Michigan People from Frankenmuth , Michigan Sibling musical groups Republic Records artists Lava Records artists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's the lead singer for greta van fleet | [
"Greta Van Fleet is an American rock band from Frankenmuth, Michigan, formed in 2012. It consists of vocalist Josh Kiszka, guitarist Jake Kiszka, bassist Sam Kiszka, and drummer Danny Wagner. They were signed to Lava Records in March 2017[2] and a month later the band released their debut studio EP, Black Smoke Rising. Their debut single, \"Highway Tune\", topped the Billboard US Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in September 2017 for four weeks in a row.[3] A second EP From the Fires, containing the four songs from Black Smoke Rising and four new songs, was released on November 10, 2017, alongside a second single, \"Safari Song\". The band's heavy rock sound is influenced by the work of Led Zeppelin and many other rock and blues acts, with lead vocalist Josh Kiszka having a voice that has been compared to Robert Plant's \"husky howl.\"[2]"
] | [
"Josh Kiszka"
] |
-3782289719317457985 | Gospel of Mark | Gospel of Mark - wikipedia Gospel of Mark Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Mark ( Greek : τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον , to kata Markon euangelion ) , is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb -- there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative , nor , in the original ending at chapter 16 , any post-resurrection appearances . It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action , an exorcist , a healer , and a miracle worker . Jesus is also the Son of God , but he keeps his identity secret ( the Messianic Secret ) , concealing it in parables so that even the disciples fail to understand . All this is in keeping with prophecy , which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant . The gospel ends , in its original version , with the discovery of the empty tomb , a promise to meet again in Galilee , and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection . Mark probably dates from 66 -- 70 AD . It appears as the second New Testament gospel because it was traditionally thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew , but most scholars now regard it as the earliest written gospel . They also reject the tradition which ascribes it to John Mark , the companion of the apostle Peter , and regard it as the work of an unknown author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories , controversy stories , parables , and a passion narrative . Contents 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Composition 1.2 Synoptic problem and historicity 1.3 Setting 1.4 Place in the Christian Church 2 Structure , style and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Style 2.3 Content 2.4 Ending 3 Theology 3.1 Mark 's gospel theology 3.1. 1 The failure of the disciples 3.1. 2 The charge of magic 3.1. 3 The messianic secret 3.2 Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus 3.3 Eschatology and salvation : The meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Mark and the New Testament 4.2 Sayings unique to Mark 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Mantegna 's St. Mark Composition ( edit ) The two - source hypothesis : Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed , and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the Q source when composing their own gospels . The blue sections indicate material original to Luke and Matthew . The Gospel of Mark is anonymous . Early tradition commencing with Papias of Hierapolis links it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter , and hence its author is often called Mark , but most scholars are content to identify the author of Mark 's gospel as an unknown first - century Christian . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . Mark was written in Greek , for a gentile audience ( that they were gentiles is shown by the author 's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms ) of Greek - speaking Christians : Rome ( Mark uses a number of Latin terms ) , Galilee , Antioch ( third - largest city in the Roman Empire , located in northern Syria ) , and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship . The author may have been influenced by Greco - Roman biographies and rhetorical forms , popular novels and romances , and the Homeric epics ; nevertheless , he mentions almost no public figures , makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature , and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures , mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint . His book is not history in the modern sense , or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians , but `` history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense , '' depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time . Synoptic Problem and historicity ( edit ) Mark the Evangelist , 16th - century Russian icon The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other , so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns . The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence , a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem . Traditionally , Mark was thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew : for example , Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order , `` first Matthew , then Mark , thirdly Luke , lastly John '' and that Mark followed Matthew as `` his attendant and epitomizer '' . Today , the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel ( Marcan Priority ) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke , together with considerable additional material . The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark . The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable . This conclusion was shaken by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century : in 1901 William Wrede argued strongly that the `` Messianic secret '' motif in Mark was a creation of the early church rather than a reflection of the historical Jesus ; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer , thus undermining the gospel 's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus ' mission . The modern consensus is that Mark 's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history , but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus 's life and ministry . Setting ( edit ) Christianity began within Judaism , with a Christian `` church '' ( or ἐκκλησία , ekklesia , meaning `` assembly '' ) that arose shortly after his death , when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead . From the outset , Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature , supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures . Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts : the messiah , the son of God and the son of man , the Day of the Lord , the kingdom of God . Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation : Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand , that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule , and that they were at the centre of his plans . Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ , so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ . The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west , and assumed a distinct identity , although the groups within it remained extremely diverse . The gospels were written for an audience already Christian -- their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed , not to convert unbelievers . Christian `` churches '' were small communities of believers , often based on households ( an autocratic patriarch plus extended family , slaves , freedmen , and other clients ) , and the evangelists often wrote on two levels , one the `` historical '' presentation of the story of Jesus , the other dealing with the concerns of the author 's own day . Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1 : 14 and the following verses , for example , mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st - century Jew ( `` kingdom of God '' ) and those of the early church ( `` believe '' , `` gospel '' ) . More fundamentally , some scholars believe Mark 's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way , as wonder - worker ( the Greek term is `` divine man '' ) ; Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential , so that the `` Son of God '' title ( the Hellenistic `` divine man '' ) had to be corrected and amplified with the `` Son of Man '' title , which conveyed Christ 's suffering . Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome ( 66 -- 73 CE ) as the beginning of the `` end times '' : for Mark , the Second Coming would be in Galilee , not Jerusalem , and not until the generation following the revolt . Place in the Christian Church ( edit ) Mark was traditionally placed second , and sometimes fourth , in the Christian canon , as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel , Matthew . The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew , secondarily from John , and only distantly from Mark . It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels , and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke . The hypothesis of Markan priority ( that Mark was written first ) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today , and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God . Structure , style and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Mark 1 . Galilean ministry John the Baptist ( 1 : 1 -- 8 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) Good News ( 1 : 15 ) First disciples ( 1 : 16 -- 20 ) Capernaum 's synagogue ( 1 : 21 -- 28 ) Peter 's mother - in - law ( 1 : 29 -- 31 ) Exorcising at sunset ( 1 : 32 -- 34 ) A leper ( 1 : 35 -- 45 ) A paralytic ( 2 : 1 -- 2 : 12 ) Calling of Matthew ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) Fasting and wineskins ( 2 : 18 -- 22 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 2 : 23 -- 28 ) Man with withered hand ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Withdrawing to the sea ( 3 : 7 -- 3 : 12 ) Commissioning the Twelve ( 3 : 13 -- 19 ) Blind mute ( 3 : 20 -- 26 ) Strong man ( 3 : 27 ) Eternal sin ( 3 : 28 -- 30 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 3 : 31 -- 35 ) Parable of the Sower ( 4 : 1 -- 9 , 13 - 20 ) Purpose of parables ( 4 : 10 -- 12 , 33 - 34 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Mote and Beam ( 4 : 24 -- 25 ) Growing seed and Mustard seed ( 4 : 26 -- 32 ) Calming the storm ( 4 : 35 -- 41 ) Demon named Legion ( 5 : 1 -- 20 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 5 : 21 -- 43 ) Hometown rejection ( 6 : 1 -- 6 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 6 : 7 -- 13 ) Beheading of John ( 6 : 14 -- 29 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 6 : 30 -- 44 ) Walking on water ( 6 : 45 -- 52 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 6 : 53 -- 56 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 7 : 1 -- 23 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 7 : 24 -- 30 ) Deaf mute ( 7 : 31 -- 37 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 8 : 1 -- 9 ) No sign will be given ( 8 : 10 -- 21 ) Healing with spit ( 8 : 22 -- 26 ) Peter 's confession ( 8 : 27 -- 30 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 8 : 31 -- 33 , 9 : 30 -- 32 , 10 : 32 -- 34 ) Instructions for followers ( 8 : 34 -- 9 : 1 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 2 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 14 -- 29 ) Teaching in Capernaum ( 9 : 33 -- 50 ) 2 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea and Transjordan ( 10 : 1 ) On divorce ( 10 : 2 -- 12 ) Little children ( 10 : 13 -- 16 ) Rich young man ( 10 : 17 -- 31 ) Son of man came to serve ( 10 : 35 -- 45 ) Blind Bartimaeus ( 10 : 46 -- 52 ) 3 . Events in Jerusalem Entering Jerusalem ( 11 : 1 -- 11 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 11 : 12 -- 14 , 20 - 24 ) Temple incident ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) Prayer for forgiveness ( 11 : 25 -- 26 ) Authority questioned ( 11 : 27 -- 33 ) Wicked husbandman ( 12 : 1 -- 12 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 12 : 18 -- 27 ) Great Commandment ( 12 : 28 -- 34 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 12 : 35 -- 40 ) Widow 's mite ( 12 : 41 -- 44 ) Olivet discourse ( 13 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) Anointing ( 14 : 3 -- 9 ) Bargain of Judas ( 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Last Supper ( 14 : 12 -- 26 ) Denial of Peter ( 14 : 27 -- 31 , 66 - 72 ) Agony in the Garden ( 14 : 32 -- 42 ) Kiss of Judas ( 14 : 43 -- 45 ) Arrest ( 14 : 46 -- 52 ) Before the High Priest ( 14 : 53 -- 65 ) Pilate 's court ( 15 : 1 -- 15 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 15 : 16 -- 20 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 15 : 21 ) Crucifixion ( 15 : 22 -- 41 ) Entombment ( 15 : 42 -- 47 ) Empty tomb ( 16 : 1 -- 8 ) The Longer Ending ( 16 : 9 -- 20 ) Resurrection appearances ( 16 : 9 -- 13 ) Great Commission ( 16 : 14 -- 18 ) Ascension ( 16 : 19 ) Dispersion of the Apostles ( 16 : 20 ) This box : view talk edit Page from Mark in a Latin bible dated 1486 ( Bodleian Library ) Structure ( edit ) There is no agreement on the structure of Mark . There is , however , a widely recognised break at Mark 8 : 26 -- 31 : before 8 : 26 there are numerous miracle stories , the action is in Galilee , and Jesus preaches to the crowds , while after 8 : 31 there are hardly any miracles , the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea , and Jesus teaches the disciples . Peter 's confession at Mark 8 : 27 -- 30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel . A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10 , when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins , leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three - act drama . James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is ( the answer being that he is the messiah ) , then what form his mission takes ( a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection , events only to be understood when the questions are answered ) , while another scholar , C. Myers , has made what Edwards calls a `` compelling case '' for recognising the incidents of Jesus ' baptism , transfiguration and crucifixion , at the beginning , middle and end of the gospel , as three key moments , each with common elements , and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light . Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy Style ( edit ) Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) . Content ( edit ) Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God ; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God ; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan ; John is arrested , and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God . Jesus gathers his disciples ; he begins teaching , driving out demons , healing the sick , cleansing lepers , raising the dead , feeding the hungry , and giving sight to the blind ; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd , intended for the disciples , but they fail to understand ; he performs mighty works , calming the storm and walking on water , but while God and demons recognise him , neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity . He also has several run - ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2 - 3 . Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is , and then , `` but you , who do you say I am ? '' Peter answers that he is the Christ , and Jesus commands him to silence ; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed , but will rise again ; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples , `` This is my son , '' but they remain uncomprehending . Jesus goes to Jerusalem , where he is hailed as one who `` comes in the name of the Lord '' and will inaugurate the `` kingdom of David '' ; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities ; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple , the persecution of his followers , and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory . A woman perfumes Jesus ' head with oil , and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death ; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples , declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood , and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray ; there Judas betrays him to the Jews ; interrogated by the high priest , he says that he is the Christ , the Son of God , and will return as Son of Man at God 's right hand ; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate , who has him crucified as one who claims to be `` king of the Jews '' ; Jesus , abandoned by the disciples , is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council . The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning ; they find it empty , and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee ; `` but they said nothing to anyone , for they were afraid ... '' Ending ( edit ) Further information : Mark 16 The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16 : 8 , with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb : the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending , and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome . Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion . A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the `` shorter ending '' , an addition to Mark 16 : 8 telling how the women told `` those around Peter '' all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life ( or `` proclamation of eternal salvation '' ) was then sent out by Jesus himself . This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus . The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the `` longer ending '' , Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , with accounts of the resurrected Jesus , the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel , and Christ 's ascension . This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century . Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending , though none with universal acceptance . It could indicate a connection to the theme of the `` Messianic Secret '' . Whatever the case , it is clear that Mark 's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee , and it is likely that at that meeting , like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts , Mark 's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations . Theology ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak ( 14th century ) Minuscule 2427 -- `` Archaic Mark '' Mark 's gospel Theology ( edit ) The author introduces his work as `` gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' , a literal translation of the Greek `` evangelion '' -- he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul . Paul uses it to mean `` the good news ( of the saving significance of the death and resurrection ) of Christ '' ; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection . Like the other gospels , Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer -- the purpose of terms such as `` messiah '' and `` son of God '' . As in all the gospels , the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes , including : ( 1 ) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse , fearful and uncomprehending ; ( 2 ) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus ' enemies that he was a magician ; ( 3 ) secrecy surrounding his true identity ( this last is missing from John ) . The failure of the disciples ( edit ) In Mark , the disciples , and especially the Twelve , move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the `` way of suffering '' to flight and denial -- even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news . There is much discussion of this theme among scholars . Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct `` erroneous '' views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah , others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles , or a mirror of the convert 's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering . It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the `` suffering just one '' portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures , from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms , but especially in the `` Suffering Servant '' passages in Isaiah . It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God 's love being met by infidelity and failure , only to be renewed by God . And in the real - world context in which the gospel was written , the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero , the failure of the disciples and Jesus ' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith , hope and reconciliation . The charge of magic ( edit ) Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings , accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters , more , proportionally , than in any other gospel . In the gospels as a whole , Jesus ' miracles , prophecies , etc. , are presented as evidence of God 's rule , but Mark 's descriptions of Jesus ' healings are a partial exception to this , as his methods , using spittle to heal blindness ( Mark 8 : 22 -- 26 ) and magic formulae ( `` Talitha cumi , '' 5 : 41 , `` Ephphatha , '' 7 : 34 ) , were those of a magician . This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus : they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit ( Mark 3 : 22 ) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 ) . `` There was ... no period in the history of the ( Roman ) empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society , '' subject to penalties ranging from exile to death , says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen . All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge , which , if true , would contradict their ultimate claims for him . The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark ( Mark 3 : 20 -- 30 ) is to set forth Jesus ' claims to be an instrument of God , not Satan . The Messianic secret ( edit ) Main article : Messianic secret In 1901 , William Wrede identified the `` Messianic secret '' -- Jesus ' secrecy about his identity as the messiah -- as one of Mark 's central themes . Wrede argued that the elements of the secret -- Jesus ' silencing of the demons , the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity , and the concealment of the truth inside parables , were fictions , and arose from the tension between the Church 's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus . There remains continuing debate over how far the `` secret '' originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition , and how far , if at all , it represents the self - understanding and practices of the historical Jesus . Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah . Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings : Jesus became God 's son at his resurrection , God `` begetting '' Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead -- this was the earliest understanding , preserved in Paul 's Epistle to the Romans , 1 : 3 -- 4 , and in Acts 13 : 33 ; Jesus became God 's son at his baptism , the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah , while `` Son of God '' refers to the relationship then established for him by God -- this is the understanding implied in Mark 1 : 9 -- 11 ; Matthew and Luke present Jesus as `` Son of God '' from the moment of conception and birth , with God taking the place of a human father ; John , the last of the gospels , presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus -- an idea also found in Paul . Mark also calls Jesus `` christos '' ( Christ ) , translating the Hebrew `` messiah , '' ( anointed person ) . In the Old Testament the term messiah ( `` anointed one '' ) described prophets , priests and kings ; by the time of Jesus , with the kingdom long vanished , it had come to mean an eschatological king ( a king who would come at the end of time ) , one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God 's previous messengers to Israel , endowed with miraculous powers , free from sin , ruling in justice and glory ( as described in , for example , the Psalms of Solomon , a Jewish work from this period ) . The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus ' death and suffering , suggesting that , for Mark , Jesus can only be fully understood in that context . A third important title , `` Son of Man '' , has its roots in Ezekiel , the Book of Enoch , ( a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period ) , and especially in Daniel 7 : 13 -- 14 , where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion , kingship and glory . Mark 14 : 62 combines more scriptural allusions : before he comes on clouds ( Daniel 7 : 13 ) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God ( Psalm 110 : 1 ) , pointing to the equivalence of the three titles , Christ , Son of God , Son of Man , the common element being the reference to kingly power . Eschatology and salvation : the meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return ( edit ) Eschatology means the study of the end - times , and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure , a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom . The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense , a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent ; but they also believed in Jesus ' resurrection and exultation to heaven , and for this reason they also viewed him as God 's agent ( the `` son of God '' ) who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Son of God '' likewise had a specific Jewish meaning , or range of meanings , one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement , legitimising his rule over Israel . In Hellenistic culture , in contrast , the phrase meant a `` divine man '' , covering legendary heroes like Hercules , god - kings like the Egyptian pharaohs , or famous philosophers like Plato . When the gospels call Jesus `` Son of God '' the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men , the ' sons of God '' who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings , exorcisms and other wonderful deeds . Mark 's `` Son of David '' is Hellenistic , his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering , death and resurrection , and , by implication , not military glory and conquest . This reflects a move away from the Jewish - Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul , for whom Christ 's death and resurrection , rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom , is the meaning of salvation , the `` gospel '' . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) `` Entering into the sepulchre , they saw a young man sitting on the right side , clothed in a long white garment '' -- Mark 's description of the discovery of the empty tomb ( from the Pericopes of Henry II ) Mark and the New Testament ( edit ) All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus ' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events . There are , however , important differences between the four : Unlike John , Mark never calls Jesus `` God '' , or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life ; unlike Matthew and Luke , the author does not mention a virgin birth , and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth ; unlike Matthew and Luke , he makes no attempt to trace Jesus ' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy . Christians of Mark 's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime -- Mark , like the other gospels , attributes the promise to Jesus himself ( Mark 9 : 1 and 13 : 30 ) , and it is reflected in the letters of Paul , in the epistle of James , in Hebrews , and in Revelation . When return failed , the early Christians revised their understanding . Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed , but still expected it ; others redefined the focus of the promise , the Gospel of John , for example , speaking of `` eternal life '' as something available in the present ; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all ( 2 Peter argues against those who held this view ) . Mark 's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels . Mark 's Christ dies with the cry , `` My God , my God , why have you forsaken me ? '' ; Matthew , the next gospel to be written , repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus 's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel ; Luke has a still more positive picture , replacing Mark 's ( and Matthew 's ) cry of despair with one of submission to God 's will ( `` Father , into your hands I commend my spirit '' ) ; while John , the last gospel , has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan . Sayings unique to Mark ( edit ) The Sabbath was made for man , not man for the Sabbath ( Mark 2 : 27 ) . Not present in either Matthew 12 : 1 -- 8 or Luke 6 : 1 -- 5 . This is also a so - called `` Western non-interpolation '' . The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark . People were saying , `` ( Jesus ) has gone out of his mind '' , see also Rejection of Jesus ( Mark 3 : 21 ) . Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4 : 24 -- 25 , the other gospels split them up : Mark 4 : 24 being found in Luke 6 : 38 and Matthew 7 : 2 ; Mark 4 : 25 being found in Matthew 13 : 12 and 25 : 29 , Luke 8 : 18 and 19 : 26 . Parable of the Growing Seed ( 4 : 26 -- 29 ) . Only Mark counts the possessed swine ; there are about two thousand ( Mark 5 : 13 ) . Two consecutive healing stories of women ; both make use of the number twelve ( Mark 5 : 25 and Mark 5 : 42 ) . Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the ( presumably original ) Aramaic : Talitha koum ( Mark 5 : 41 ) , Ephphatha ( Mark 7 : 34 ) . See Aramaic of Jesus . Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as `` the son of Mary '' ( Mark 6 : 3 ) . Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; in Matthew he is called a carpenter 's son ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6 : 8 -- 9 but prohibited in Matthew 10 : 9 -- 10 and Luke 9 : 3 . Only Mark refers to Herod as a king ( Mk 6 : 14 , 24 ) ; Matthew and Luke refer to him ( more properly ) as a tetrarch ( Mt 14 : 1 ; Lk 3 : 19 ; 9 : 7 ) . The longest version of the story of Herodias ' daughter 's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 -- 29 ) . Mark 's literary cycles : 6 : 30 -- 44 -- Feeding of the five thousand ; 6 : 45 -- 56 -- Crossing of the lake ; 7 : 1 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 7 : 14 -- 23 -- Discourse on Defilement Then : 8 : 1 -- 9 -- Feeding of the four thousand ; 8 : 10 -- Crossing of the lake ; 8 : 11 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 8 : 14 -- 21 -- Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees . Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained ( hand , produce , and utensil washing ) : 7 : 3 -- 4 . `` Thus he declared all foods clean '' . 7 : 19 NRSV , not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15 : 15 -- 20 . There is no mention of Samaritans Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time : 7 : 33 ; cf . Mark 8 : 23 , Luke 11 : 20 , John 9 : 6 , Matthew 8 : 16 ; see also Exorcism . Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him : 8 : 23 -- 25 ; cf. 5 : 23 , 16 : 18 , Acts 6 : 6 , 9 : 17 , 28 : 8 , laying on of hands . Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael : `` Hear O Israel ... '' ( 12 : 29 -- 30 ) ; in the parallels of Matt 22 : 37 -- 38 and Luke 10 : 27 the first part of the Shema ( Deut 6 : 4 ) is absent . Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ( 13 : 3 ) . When Jesus is arrested , a young naked man flees : 14 : 51 -- 52 . A young man in a robe also appears in 16 : 5 -- 7 , see also Secret Gospel of Mark . Mark does not name the High Priest , cf . Matt 26 : 57 , Luke 3 : 2 , Acts 4 : 6 , John 18 : 13 . Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree ( 14 : 56 , 14 : 59 ) . The cock crows `` twice '' as predicted ( Mark 14 : 72 ) . See also Fayyum Fragment . The other Gospels simply record , `` the cock crew '' . Early codices 01 , W , and most Western texts have the simpler version . Pilate 's position ( Governor ) is not specified , 15 : 1 , cf . Matt 27 : 2 , Luke 3 : 1 , John 18 : 28 -- 29 . Simon of Cyrene 's sons are named ( Mark 15 : 21 ) . A summoned centurion is questioned ( Mark 15 : 44 -- 45 ) . The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ( Mark 16 : 3 ) , cf . Matt 28 : 2 -- 7 . A young man sits on the `` right side '' ( Mark 16 : 5 ) , cf . Luke 24 : 4 , John 20 : 12 . Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings ( see Mark 16 , Possible Scenarios ) ; however , most of the contents of the traditional `` Longer Ending '' ( Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 ) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark , see Mark 16 # The Longer Ending . The one significant exception is 16 : 18b `` and if they drink any deadly thing '' , it will not harm those who believe , which is unique to Mark . See also ( edit ) Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Gospel harmony Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark Two - source hypothesis Apocalyptic literature Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus ( reference to Mark ) Secret Gospel of Mark List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC , `` The Sabbath is given over to you ( '' the son of man `` ) , and not you to the Sabbath . '' Misunderstood Passages Jump up ^ The verb katharizo means both `` to declare to be clean '' and `` to purify . '' The Scholars Version has : `` This is how everything we eat is purified '' , Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has : `` purging all that is eaten . '' Jump up ^ Willker , Wieland . `` A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels . Vol. 2 : Mark , p. 448 '' ( PDF ) . TCG 2007 : An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels , 5th ed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 252 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beaver 2009 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Yarbrough , Robert W. ( Jun 1983 ) . `` The Date of Papias : A Reassessment '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society . 26 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , Harmony of the Gospels , Book 1 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Koester 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Joel 2000 , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lössl 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gamble 1995 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ France 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , pp. 209 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on Mark 6 , accessed 8 June 2017 ; Donahue , J.R. and Harrington D.J. , Sacra Pagina : the Gospel of Mark , published by Liturgical Press ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 500 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schröter 2010 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Horsely 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Morris 1990 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kee 1993 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Welch 2006 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 1083 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 1993 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , pp. 709 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Moyise 2013 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaver , Caurie ( 2009 ) . Mark : A Twice - Told Story . Wipf and Stoc . ISBN 9781608991211 . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2006 ) . Mark : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22107 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Cole , R. Alan ( 1989 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : An Introduction and Commentary ( 2 ed . ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0481 - 5 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ) . Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Messianic Secret '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1083 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Donahue , John R. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5965 - 6 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Edwards , James ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to Mark . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 778 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 May 2006 ) . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974113 - 7 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 15 September 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975668 - 1 . Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications ... France , R.T. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2446 - 2 . Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1995 ) . Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1 . Horsely , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Mark '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 -- 92 New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 528881 - 0 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5 . Joel , Marcus ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Kee , Howard Clark ( 1993 ) . `` Magic and Divination '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Metzger , Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 483 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504645 - 8 . Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament : History and literature of early Christianity ( 2 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Lössl , Josef ( 2010 ) . The Early Church : History and Memory . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Malbon , Elizabeth Struthers ( 2000 ) . In the Company of Jesus : Characters in Mark 's Gospel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222550 . Morris , Leon ( 1990 ) ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Moyise , Steve ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Biblical Studies . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780567189264 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 241 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Powell , Mark Allan ( 1998 ) . Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3 . Reddish , Mitchell ( 2011 ) . An Introduction to The Gospels . Abingdon Press , 2011 . ISBN 9781426750083 . Sanders , E ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David E. The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Wiley -- Blackwell . pp. 272 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . Smith , Stephen H. ( 1995 ) . `` A Divine Tragedy : Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark 's Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum . E.J. Brill , Leiden. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 31 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568536952662709 . JSTOR 1561221 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Telford , William R. ( 1999 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43977 - 0 . Twelftree , Graham H. ( 1999 ) . Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8 . Welch , John W. ( 2006 ) . `` Miracles , Maleficium , and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus '' . In Charlesworth , James H. Jesus and Archaeology . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 . Williamson , Lamar ( 1983 ) . Mark . John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237608 . Witherington , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4503 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to New Testament Christology . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3516 - 5 . Crossan , John Dominic ( 2010 ) ( 1998 ) . The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 197815 - 9 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085951 - 0 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus Interrupted . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117394 - 3 . Ladd , George Eldon ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 2 . Lane , William L. ( 1974 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : The English Text with Introduction , Exposition and Notes . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2502 - 5 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Mack , Burton L. ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . The Lost Gospel : The Book of Q and Christian origins . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065375 - 0 . Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2952 - 6 . ( M. Eugene Boring translator ) Theißen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3123 - 9 . Van Linden , Philip ( 1992 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Mark '' . In Karris , Robert J. The Collegeville Bible Commentary : New Testament , NAB . Liturgical Press . pp. 903 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2211 - 7 . Weeden , Theodore J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Heresy that Necessitated Mark 's Gospel '' . In Telford , William . Interpretation of Mark . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 29256 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Mark Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark . Online translations of the Gospel of Mark Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings : Mark in numerous English translations , on - line scholarly resources Mark on Wikisource ( King James version ) Bible : Mark public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles A Brief Introduction to Mark Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker , including detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 411 pages ) and the variant endings ( PDF , 17 pages ) . Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark , Author Dr. Mary Healy Gospel of Mark Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Matthew New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of Luke Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Mark Bible Mark 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Events Feeding the 5000 Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew ( chapter 28 ) Gospel of Luke ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book BNF : cb120084265 ( data ) GND : 4037658 - 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3931901841872536008 | Jason Voorhees | Jason Voorhees - wikipedia Jason Voorhees Jump to : navigation , search Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th character Ken Kirzinger as Jason Voorhees in Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) First appearance Friday the 13th Created by Victor Miller Ron Kurz Sean S. Cunningham Tom Savini Portrayed by Ari Lehman ( child ) Warrington Gillette Steve Daskewisz Richard Brooker Ted White Tom Morga C.J. Graham Kane Hodder Ken Kirzinger Derek Mears Information Classification Mass murderer Primary location Camp Crystal Lake Signature weapon Machete Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series . He first appeared in Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) as the young son of camp cook - turned - murderer Mrs. Voorhees , in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman . Created by Victor Miller , with contributions by Ron Kurz , Sean S. Cunningham , and Tom Savini , Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist . The character has subsequently been represented in various other media , including novels , video games , comic books , and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film character , Freddy Krueger . The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films , whether by stalking and killing the other characters , or acting as a psychological threat to the protagonist , as is the case in Friday the 13th : A New Beginning . Since Lehman 's portrayal , the character has been represented by numerous actors and stuntmen , sometimes by more than one at a time ; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal . Kane Hodder is the best known of the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees , having played the character in four consecutive films . The character 's physical appearance has gone through many transformations , with various special makeup effects artists making their mark on the character 's design , including makeup artist Stan Winston . Tom Savini 's initial design has been the basis for many of the later incarnations . The trademark hockey goalie mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part III . Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength , regenerative powers , and near invulnerability . He has been seen as a sympathetic character , whose motivation for killing has been cited as being driven by the immoral actions of his victims and his own rage over having drowned as a child . Jason Voorhees has been featured in various humor magazines , referenced in feature films , parodied in television shows , and was the inspiration for a horror punk band . Several toy lines have been released based on various versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films . Jason Voorhees 's hockey mask is a widely recognized image in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Concept and creation 2.1 Creating a monster 2.2 Men behind the mask 2.3 Design 3 Characteristics 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Appearances ( edit ) Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main character Alice ( Adrienne King ) in the original Friday the 13th film ; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in its sequels . As well as the films , there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason , or been based on a minor aspect of him . Films ( edit ) Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9 , 1980 . In this film , Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother , Mrs. Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) , and as a hallucination of the film 's protagonist , Alice ( Adrienne King ) . Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen , he propels the film 's plot -- Mrs. Voorhees , the cook at Camp Crystal Lake , seeks revenge for his death , which she blames on the camp counselors . Jason 's second appearance was in the sequel , Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) . Revealed to be alive , an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film . Jason ( Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette ) , returns to Crystal Lake , living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders . Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp , only to be murdered one by one by Jason , who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face . Ginny ( Amy Steel ) , the lone survivor , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees , and surrounded by mutilated corpses . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . In Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) escapes to a nearby lake resort , Higgins Haven , to rest from his wounds . At the same time , Chris Higgins ( Dana Kimmell ) returns to the property with some friends . An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues the story , with a presumed - dead Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the morgue . Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse , and makes his way back to Crystal Lake . A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason 's rampage . Jason then seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) next door . While Trish distracts Jason , Tommy kills him . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter , and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) will return . Jason 's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved . Jason appears in the film only through Tommy 's dreams and hallucinations . In Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) , Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) , who has run away from a mental institution , visits Jason 's grave and learns that Jason 's body was never actually cremated , but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake . While attempting to destroy his body , Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod . Now possessing superhuman abilities , Jason returns to Crystal Lake , now renamed Forest Green , and begins his killing spree anew . Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor , but almost dies in the process . Tommy 's friend , Megan Garris , finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who was attempting to resurrect her father . Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake , and after a battle with Tina , is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina 's father . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) sees Jason return from the grave , brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan , boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) ; he chases them into the sewers , where he is submerged in toxic waste and dies . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon . Through an unexplained resurrection , he returns to Crystal Lake , where he is hunted by the FBI . The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason , which proves successful . Through mystical possession , however , Jason survives by passing his demon - infested heart from one being to the next . Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film , it is learned he has a half - sister and a niece , and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body . After resurrecting it , Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) and dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2002 ) marked Kane Hodder 's last performance as Jason . The film starts off in 2010 ; Jason has returned after another unexplained resurrection . Captured by the U.S. government in 2008 , Jason is being experimented upon in a research facility , where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him , since numerous attempts to execute him have proved unsuccessful . Jason escapes , killing all but one of his captors , and slices through the cryo - chamber , spilling cryonics fluid into the room , freezing himself and the only other survivor , Rowan ( Lexa Doig ) . A team of students 445 years later discover Jason 's body . On the team 's spacecraft , Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew . Along the way , he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process , which gives him an impenetrable metal body . Finally , he is ejected into space and falls to the planet Earth 2 , burning in the atmosphere . Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) is a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm Street 's villain Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) , a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams . Krueger has grown weak , as people in his home town of Springwood have suppressed their fear of him . Freddy , who is impersonating Jason 's mother ( Paula Shaw ) , resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to cause panic and fear . Jason accomplishes this , but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake . The identity of the winner is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot , young Jason ( Caleb Guss ) witnesses his mother 's ( Nana Visitor ) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps , killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . The adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) kidnaps Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , a girl who looks like his mother , and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels . Months later , Whitney 's brother Clay ( Jared Padalecki ) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her . Eventually , Whitney uses Jason 's devotion to his mother against him , stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears . Literature ( edit ) Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone . Avallone chose to use an alternate ending , which was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the ending for his 1982 adaptation . In the alternate film ending , Chris , who is in the canoe , hears Rick 's voice and immediately rushes back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete , and he decapitates her . Jason next appears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke , who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988 . Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , a character that was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio . In the novel , instead of being cremated , Elias has Jason buried after his death . Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film , with a few added scenes that were never shot . Jason made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan 's Six No. 4 , published in 1993 , which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell . In 1995 , Nancy A. Collins wrote a three - issue , non-canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train , after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping . Jason meets Leatherface , who adopts him into his family after the two become friends . Eventually they turn on each other . In 1994 four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . They did not feature Jason explicitly , but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his mask . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively . In 2005 they began publishing a new series of novels ; one set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film . Jason X : The Experiment was the first published . In this novel , Jason is being used by the government , who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of `` super soldiers '' . Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason , and shows their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana . Jason is discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power . Jason has a son in this book , conceived through a form of artificial insemination . On May 13 , 2005 , Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics . The first , titled Friday the 13th , was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller . The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group , so that she and her brother can sell the property . A three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath was released in September 2005 . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers discover they share common family backgrounds , and soon awaken Jason , who hunts them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Über - Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue Jason , in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 Avatar published Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer , the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X . A salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason are drawn to each other , resulting in a battle to the death . In June 2006 a one - shot comic entitled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization ; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters . The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series , and did not continue the stories set forth by the films , but furthered the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . Jason is stuck in Hell , when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . In The Jason Strain , Jason is on an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs . Pamela is in search of Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker . The first set was a six - issue miniseries involving Jason 's return to Camp Crystal Lake , which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction . The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake . Jason 's actions in this storyline are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , Wildstorm published a two - part special entitled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who was killed in the original film . Wildstorm released another two - part special , entitled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , that was released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . Wildstorm released a six - issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series . In this story , Freddy uses the Necronomicon , which is in the Voorhees ' basement , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , stating it will make him a real boy . Ash , who is working at the local S - Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it . Wildstorm released another two - issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively . The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake . A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , was released by Wildstorm in 2009 . Jason escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt for Ash , but is captured by the U.S. government . Freddy helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Deadite army , using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated injuries and decomposition ; it removes his natural deformities in the process . At the climax of the story , Jason battles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great - niece Stephanie Kimble ; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates him with a shard of glass . Jason 's soul is then absorbed by Freddy , who uses it to increase his own power . Concept and creation ( edit ) Creating a monster ( edit ) Tom Savini applies make - up to Ari Lehman , creating his vision of Jason Voorhees . Initially created by Victor Miller , Jason 's final design was a combined effort by Miller , Ron Kurz , and Tom Savini . The name `` Jason '' is a combination of `` Josh '' and `` Ian '' , Miller 's two sons , and `` Voorhees '' was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van Voorhees . Miller felt it was a `` creepy - sounding name '' , which was perfect for his character . Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal - looking child , but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed . Victor Miller explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the `` Black Lagoon '' in his script , and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy ; it was Savini who made Jason deformed . Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller 's version of Jason was that of a normal child , but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a `` mongoloid creature '' , and have him `` jump out of the lake at the end of the film '' . Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like `` Betsy Palmer at eight years old '' . Miller wrote a scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Jason , and then she wakes up in a hospital bed . Miller 's intention was to get as close to Carrie 's ending as possible . Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience , and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming , the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted . When it came time to cast the role of Jason , Ari Lehman , who had received a part in Sean Cunningham 's Manny 's Orphans , arrived to read for the character of Jack . Before he could get started , Cunningham walked in and offered him a different part : Jason . Without having read a single word , Cunningham just looked at Ari and said , `` You 're the right size , you 've got it . '' In the original Friday the 13th , Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending . Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason . The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors , some not credited , others taking great pride in their parts . Due to the physical demands the adult character requires , and the lack of emotional depth depicted , many of the actors since have been stuntmen . The most well - known among them is Kane Hodder , who is cited as the best to play the role . Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th , including making the title part of a serialized film series , where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker . It was Phil Scuderi , one of the producers for the original film , which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel . The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series , as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake . Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the `` real Jason '' in her dream , and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up . After killing Jason in The Final Chapter , it was the director Joseph Zito 's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist . Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason , but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning . Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer , but decided to use Tommy 's fear of Jason as the primary story . This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives , when A New Beginning did not spark the `` creative success '' the studio was looking for . Executive producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. wanted to bring Jason back , and he did not care how it was achieved . In yet another alteration of the series ' continuity , Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning , instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force . Since A New Beginning , no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist . Miller , who has not seen any of the sequels , took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain . Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son . Miller stated , `` Jason was dead from the very beginning ; he was a victim , not a villain . '' Men Behind the mask ( edit ) `` ... So I go from lead role to no role . Needless to say , I was disappointed . But I said , ' What the hell ? ' '' -- Steve Daskawisz , on losing screen credit Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full - grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2 , and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role . Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul ; that role eventually went to John Furey . Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman 's School , Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees . Initially Gillette was unsure about the character , but the idea of starring in his first film grew on Gillette , and he also thought the role was amusing . It became apparent Gillette could not perform the necessary stunts , so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz . Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and the unmasking shot at the end ; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes . Gillette received credit for playing Jason , while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double . When Part 3 was released the following year , Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film . Initially , Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3 , but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming . Having secured a part on Guiding Light , Daskawisz declined . Now wanting a `` bigger and stronger - looking '' Jason , one that was also `` more athletic and powerful '' , Steve Miner hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker . After a simple conversation , Miner decided he was the right person for the job . Being new to the country , Brooker believed that `` playing a psychopathic killer '' was the best way into the movie business . Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason 's now - signature hockey mask . According to Brooker , `` It felt great with the mask on . It just felt like I really was Jason because I did n't have anything to wear before that . '' For The Final Chapter , Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character , one that required a `` real hardcore stuntman '' ; Ted White was hired to perform the role . White , who only took the job for the money , did `` get into the Jason psychology '' when he arrived on the set . White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches . As filming continued , White 's experience was not pleasant , and in one instance , he went to battle for co-star Judie Aronson , who played Samantha , when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time . Displeased with his experience from filming , White had his name removed from the credits . As with Friday the 13th Part 2 , there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning , partly because Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film . When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return , Dick Wieand was cast . Wieand is credited as Roy Burns , the film 's actual murderer , but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Jason , as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes . Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film . Feeling alienated during the shoot , Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer . By comparison , Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made sure he `` really got into the character '' . `` It 's like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform on , and you 're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World Series . It 's an incredible feeling . '' -- C.J. Graham , on his experience as Jason A nightclub manager in Glendale , C.J. Graham , was interviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives , but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman . Dan Bradley was hired , but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role , and Graham was hired to replace him . Although Bradley was replaced early during filming , he can be seen in the paintball sequence of the film . Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts , including the scene where Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake . The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham , remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in . Graham had no intention of being an actor or a stuntman , but the idea of playing the `` bad guy '' , and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics , intrigued him . Graham was not brought back to reprise the role , but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part . Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood , and played Jason in the next four films . He previously worked alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called Prison . Based on his experience working with Hodder , Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him , but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder 's limited size . Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics , Buechler scheduled a test screening , the first in Friday the 13th history for the character , and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him . It is Buechler 's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality , based on the emotions , specifically the rage , that Hodder would emit while acting the part . According to Hodder , he wanted to `` get in touch with Jason 's thirst for revenge '' and try to better understand his motivation to kill . After viewing the previous films , Hodder decided that he would approach Jason as a more `` quick and agile '' individual than he had been portrayed in the previous sequels . John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had `` natural affinity for the role '' -- so much that Kane 's appearance , when wearing the mask , would often terrify the cast , the crew , and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer . Initially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan . Hodder acted as his own voice , calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role ; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden , who intended to use Hodder , because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series . With Sean Cunningham 's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell , Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better : Hodder had worked as Cunningham 's stunt coordinator for years . Regardless , Adam Marcus , the director for Jason Goes to Hell , always intended to hire Hodder for the role . Jason X would mark Hodder 's last performance as Jason , to date . Todd Farmer , who wrote the screenplay for Jason X , knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning . Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder 's work on the previous films , so hiring him was an easy decision . New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start , and choose a new actor for Jason . Cunningham disagreed with their decision , believing Hodder was the best choice for the role . Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason , and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives , but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu 's image of Jason . According to Hodder , New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting , but Yu has explained he wanted a slower , more deliberate Jason , and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films . Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason , but stood by their choice in recasting . The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger , a Canadian stuntman who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan . There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast . According to Yu , Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund , the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger . Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) , compared to the 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) of Kane Hodder , and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5 - foot - 10 - inch ( 1.78 m ) Englund . Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part , as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film , but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job . Although he was hired by the creative crew , New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film . Kirzinger 's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street . New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason 's walk ; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio . However , concerns that test audiences were confused by the film 's original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final scene . Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new ending , as he was available for the reshoot and had been the production 's second choice to portray the role of Jason during the original casting . For the 2009 remake , stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard . Mears 's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen , but Mears assured them he would be able to perform the role . When Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask . As Mears explained , portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work , where the mask and the actor are two separate entities , and , based on the scene , there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance . Design ( edit ) The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through changes , some subtle and some radical . For Friday the 13th , the task of coming up with Jason 's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini , whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and ears did not line up straight . The original design called for Jason to have hair , but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald , so he would look like a `` hydrocephalic , mongoloid pinhead '' , with a dome - shaped head . Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman 's head and used that to create prosthetics for his face . Lehman personally placed mud -- from the bottom of the lake -- all over his body to make himself appear `` really slimy . '' For Part 2 , Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton , the make - up effects supervisor , to stick to Savini 's original design , but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new head . Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like , and had it approved by Miner . Fullerton added long hair to the character . Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face , and had to keep one eye closed while the `` droopy eye '' application was in place . Gillette 's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film . False teeth created by a local dentist were used to distort Gillette 's face . Much of the basic concept of Fullerton 's design was eliminated for Part 3 . Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton , but as work progressed the design began to lean more and more toward Savini 's concept . Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason 's head , but the eyes were level and Doug White , the make - up artist for Part 3 , needed a droopy right eye . White did keep Winston 's design for the back of the head , because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason . The process of creating Jason 's look was hard work for White , who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker 's face , even up to the last day of filming . Jason 's original mask was molded from a Detroit Red Wings goalie mask , and would become a staple for the character for the rest of the series . The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face , having worn a bag over his head in Part 2 ; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would become a trademark for the character , and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come . During production , Steve Miner called for a lighting check . None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make - up for the light check , so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker . The film 's 3D effects supervisor , Martin Jay Sadoff , was a hockey fan , and had a bag of hockey gear with him on the set . He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test . Miner loved the mask , but it was too small . Using a substance called VacuForm , Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with . After White finished the molds , Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance . Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered , making it different from Sadoff 's mask . There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask . One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker 's face ; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed . In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face , a simple head mask was created . This one - piece mask would slip on over Brooker 's head , exposing his face but not the rest of his head . Tom Savini agreed to return to make - up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man . Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th , with the same practice of application as before , but molded from Ted White 's face . Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning , it was not necessary to do any major designing for Jason 's look . Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head , like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask , was needed for the film . Make - up artist Louis Lazzara , who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter , did base his head - mask on Tom Savini 's design for The Final Chapter . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a `` classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein . '' From the beginning , Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason 's appearance reflect that of the damage he received in the previous installments . Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives , and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood . Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry , the effects team wanted Jason to appear `` rotted '' , with bones and ribs showing , and for Jason 's features to have a more defined feel to them . Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton 's design in The New Blood , and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell . Berger designed Jason 's skin to overlap with the mask , to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed . Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full - body , foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume . The idea was to reveal as much of Jason 's skin as possible , because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film . Original concept drawings for `` Über - Jason '' , by makeup effects supervisor Stephan Dupuis , took months to plan . Dupuis sculpted a small - scale version of the new design to show off to the filmmakers , before finally taking mold castings of Kane Hodder . Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film . One concept brought into the film was Jason 's regenerative abilities . Dupuis gave the character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through ; Dupuis wanted a more `` gothic '' design for Jason , so he added chains and shackles , and made the hockey mask more angular . Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film . The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason 's body , allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life . What was referred to as Über - Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body , bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal , all pushing through a leather suit . The metal was created from VacuForm , the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask , and was attached by Velcro . The tendrils were made from silicone . All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit , including an entire head piece , which Hodder wore . The make - up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit , which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes . By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films . Make - up effects artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason 's look -- he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed and more defined , so that the audience would see a new Jason , but still recognized the face . Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films , but recognized that had he followed them too literally , then `` Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo . '' Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame , making the mask the focal point of each shot . To achieve this , Terezakis created a `` pooled - blood look '' for the character by painting the skin black , based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head because he had been lying on his back for a long time . As with other make - up artists before him , Terezakis followed Savini 's original skull design , and aged it appropriately . For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th , effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton 's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini 's work in Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter . Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster . Stoddard 's vision of Jason includes hair loss , skin rashes , and the traditional deformities in his face , but he attempted to craft Jason 's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen . Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason 's hockey mask . The make - up artist managed to acquire an original set piece , which he studied and later sculpted . Although he had a model of one of the original masks , Stoddard did not want to replicate it in its entirety . As Stoddard explains , `` Because I did n't want to take something that already existed , there were things I thought were great , but there were things I wanted to change a bit . Make it custom , but keep all the fundamental designs . Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks . Age them down a bit , break them up . '' In the end , Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask , each with varying degrees of wear . Characteristics ( edit ) In his original appearance , Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy . Since Friday the 13th , Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal , indestructible , machete - wielding mass murderer . Jason is primarily portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film series . Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a child , and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the character cries out `` Mommy , please do n't let me drown ! '' in a child 's voice before being submerged in toxic waste , and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other individuals . Online magazine Salon 's Andrew O'Hehir describes Jason as a `` silent , expressionless ... blank slate . '' When discussing Jason psychologically , Sean S. Cunningham said , `` ... he does n't have any personality . He 's like a great white shark . You ca n't really defeat him . All you can hope for is to survive . '' Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , Jason has been a `` virtually indestructible '' being . Tom McLoughlin , the film 's director , felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask , who would kill people left and right , but get `` beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end '' . McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a `` formidable , unstoppable monster '' . In resurrecting Jason from the dead , McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake ; inspired by vampire lore , McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child , and that returning him to his original resting place would immobilize him . This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood , and the idea that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan . Many have given suggestions as Jason 's motivation for killing . Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a `` psychotic mama 's boy gone horribly awry ... very resilient . You ca n't kill him , but he feels pain , just not like everyone else . '' Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a `` psycho - savant '' , and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother , and not anything personal . Andrew O'Hehir has stated , `` Coursing hormones act , of course , as smelling salts to prudish Jason , that ever - vigilant enforcer of William Bennett - style values . '' Todd Farmer , writer for Jason X , wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex . Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life . Whatever his motivations , Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do . According to Hodder , Jason might violently murder any person he comes across , but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character 's dog , Hodder refused , stating that , while Jason has no qualms against killing humans , he is not bad enough to hurt animals . Another example from Jason Takes Manhattan , involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens him with a knife , however Jason chooses not to kill them and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and showing them his face . Likewise , director Tom McLoughlin chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he encounters in Jason Lives , stating that Jason would not kill a child , out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated by his own death as a child . In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason , it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor . Ronald D. Moore , co-writer of the first draft , explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable , because no one had previously ventured into the psychology surrounding the character . Moore saw the character as a `` blank slate '' , and felt he was a character the audience could really root for . Another draft , penned by Mark Protosevich , followed Moore 's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality . In the draft , Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels . Protosevich explained , `` It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters . Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live . Ultimately , the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster . '' Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , who wrote the final draft of the film , disagreed about making Jason a hero , although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim . They stated , `` We did not want to make Jason any less scary . He 's still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They 're both villains to be equally feared . '' Brenna O'Brien , co-founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com , saw the character as having sympathetic qualities . She stated , `` ( Jason ) was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods . He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th , and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake . Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation , which you ca n't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers . '' As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film , Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo , Tarzan , and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes . To him , this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps . Like Rambo , he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back ; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film . Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience . As Brad Fuller explains , `` We do not want him to be sympathetic . Jason is not a comedic character , he is not sympathetic . He 's a killing machine . Plain and simple . '' In 2005 , California State University 's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters . Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants . In the survey , Jason was considered to be an `` unstoppable killing machine . '' Participants were impressed by the `` cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult . '' Out of the ten monsters used in the survey -- which included vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Michael Myers , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , and the Alien -- Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables . Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason 's `` immortality , his apparent enjoyment of killing ( and ) his superhuman strength . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In 1988 , Screamin ' toys introduced the build - it yourself Jason figure . Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture . In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award . He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award ; Godzilla ( 1996 ) and Chewbacca ( 1997 ) are the others . Jason was named No. 26 in Wizard magazine 's `` 100 greatest villains of all time '' . Universal Studios theme parks , in collaboration with New Line Cinema , used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event . The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years . In 1988 Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own Jason statuette . The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are now out of production . McFarlane Toys released two toy lines , one in 1998 and the other in 2002 . The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell , and the other was of Über - Jason from Jason X . Since McFarlane 's last toy line in 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes . These include tie - ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) . In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a polystone statue of Jason , based on the version appearing in the 2009 remake . Jason has made an appearance in five video games . He first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game . His next appearance was in 1989 , when LJN , an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 1980s and early 1990s , released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System . The premise involved the gamer , who picks one of six camp counselors as their player , trying to save the campers from Jason , while battling various enemies throughout the game . On October 13 , 2006 , a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones . The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead . Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as a downloadable content bonus character . A new Friday the 13th video game was released in 2017 , which allows players to take control of Jason or camp counselors in a multiplayer format focused on Jason trying to kill the counselors before they can escape or time runs out . The character has been referenced , or made cameo appearances , in various entertainment mediums . Outside of literature sources based on the character , Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips . Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason , and he has been featured on two of their covers . Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories . He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm . The Usagi Yojimbo antagonist Jei is based on Voorhees ; his name , with the honorific `` - san '' attached , is in fact a pun on Voorhees ' first name . `` ... Shit , half the shit I say , I just make it up To make you mad , so kiss my white naked ass And if it 's not a rapper that I 'll make it as I'mma be a fuckin ' rapist in a Jason mask . '' -- Final verse to Eminem 's `` Criminal '' Many musical artists have made references to Jason Voorhees . Inspired by his own experience , Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON . Lehman 's band is classified as horror punk , and is influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits . The band 's name pays homage to Lehman 's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th . One of the band 's songs is entitled `` Jason is Watching '' . In 1986 , coinciding with the release of Jason Lives , Alice Cooper released `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' from his album Constrictor . The song was written to `` signal Jason 's big return '' to the cinema , as he had been almost entirely absent in the previous film . Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs . The song `` Criminal '' , from the album The Marshall Mathers LP , mentions Jason specifically , while songs `` Amityville '' and `` Off the Wall '' -- the latter featured fellow rapper Redman -- contain Harry Manfredini 's music `` ki , ki , ki ... ma , ma , ma '' from the film series . Eminem sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts . Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur , Dr. Dre , LL Cool J , and Insane Clown Posse . In 1989 , Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled `` Viernes 13 '' which featured Jason in Puerto Rico . The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part titled `` Viernes 13 , Parte II '' . VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled `` Friday the 20th '' , and featured Jason 's mask created out of rhinestone . Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films . In the film Scream , directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven , actress Drew Barrymore 's character is being stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone . In order to survive , she must answer the man 's trivia questions . One question is `` name the killer in Friday the 13th . '' She incorrectly guesses Jason , who did not become the killer for the film series until Part 2 . Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game . He received a free drink , because nobody got the answer right . In another Wes Craven film , Cursed , a wax sculpture of Jason , from Jason Goes to Hell , can be seen in a wax museum . In 2014 , Jason made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial `` The ' 80s Called '' . Jason has also been referenced by several television shows . The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches . In episode seventeen , `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' , the mystery - solving teenagers from Scooby - Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders , and are killed off one by one . Velma is the only survivor , and in typical Scooby - Doo fashion , she rips off Jason 's mask to reveal his true identity : Old Man Phillips . In episode nineteen , `` That Hurts Me '' , Jason reappears , this time as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers , Freddy Krueger , Leatherface , Pinhead , and Ghostface . Three years later , in episode sixty - two , Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th . Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . The so - called `` Mr. Voorhees '' explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog . He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the `` Britches and Hose '' clothing store . As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films , Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate , albeit still a psychopath ; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up . In an episode of The Simpsons , Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive . When Freddy asks where the family is , Jason responds , `` Ehh , whaddya gon na do ? '' and turns the TV on . He also appears in The Simpsons episode `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' , alongside Pinhead , menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence . The South Park episodes `` Imaginationland Episode II '' and `` III '' feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the `` bad side '' of Imaginationland , a world populated by fictional characters . This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake 's eyeball as `` super hardcore '' . Experimental pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of horror film antagonists List of Friday the 13th characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; FranÇois Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry ; Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( April 25 , 2002 ) . `` ' X ' marks Jason 's return to theaters '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Carle , Chris ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X ( review ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Robert . `` 100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances '' . RetroCrush.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Kemble , Gary ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 -- ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Nispel , Marcus ( Director ) ( February 13 , 2009 ) . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) ( Motion picture ) . US : Platinum Dunes . Jump up ^ Michael Avallone ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . United Kingdom : Star . ISBN 0 - 352 - 31249 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 92 Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 14641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1987 ) . Friday the 13th . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15089 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15311 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 147 Jump up ^ Andy Mangels ( w ) , Cynthia Martin ( Issue No. 1 and 2 ) and Bobby Rubio ( Issue No. 3 ) ( a ) . Jason Goes to Hell ( comic ) 1 -- 3 ( 1993 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ `` Satan 's Six No. 4 '' . The Grand Comics Database Project . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason vs. Leatherface ( review ) '' . Digital - Retribution . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Mother 's Day . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14292 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Jason 's Curse . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : The Carnival . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15825 - X . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Road Trip . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14383 - X . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( July 29 , 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X : The Experiment . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( June 7 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Planet of the Beast . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 183 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( November 29 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Death Moon . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( April 25 , 2006 ) . Jason X : To The Third Power . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 281 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Bloodbath '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` June 2006 Solicited Releases '' . Avatarpress.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Scott ( August 5 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 181 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Paul ( August 9 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 182 - X . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( October 25 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hate - Kill - Repeat . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 271 - 0 . Jump up ^ Faust , Christa ( January 31 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : The Jason Strain . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( June 6 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : Carnival of Maniacs . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 380 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics No. 6 '' . G - Mart . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : Pamela 's tale '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs Jason vs Ash '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Marz on Friday the 13th : Bad Land '' . Newsarama . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric ( w ) , Jason Craig ( p ) . Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors 1 -- 6 ( 2009 ) , Wildstorm and Dynamite Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 50 , 55 , 57 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 206 Jump up ^ `` Victor Miller on Jason 's design '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 122 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th sequels '' . VictorMiller.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 60 -- 65 Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 69 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Steve Dash '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 91 -- 92 , 94 , 100 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 113 Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 129 , 136 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 157 -- 159 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 144 , 148 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 181 -- 182 , 185 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 198 -- 200 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 231 -- 232 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 243 , 248 , 257 -- 258 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 280 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 217 Jump up ^ `` Interview : Douglas Tait ( Jason Voorhees , ' Freddy vs Jason ' ) '' . fridaythe13thfilms.com . October 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frasco , Jay ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Casting of new ' Friday the 13th ' villain splits fans down the middle '' . IFMagazine . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rotten , Ryan ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` On the Set of Friday the 13th '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Derek Mears '' . SuicideGirls.com . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 84 , 86 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 124 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 157 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( August 14 , 1993 ) . `` ' Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ' ( R ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USF Oracle '' . USF Oracle . October 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X : review '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore ( 2003 ) . `` Freddy & Jason Go to Development Hell / Slicing Towards Production '' Fangoria Magazine Articles in September / October 2003 issues ( Freddy vs. Jason DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Paulington James Christensen III ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` SET VISIT : Jason Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake for Friday the 13th ! '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Producers '' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Rachel Gordon ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muehlberger , Matthew ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Freddy vs. Jason is an evil treat full of blood , gore that is sure to satisfy '' . The Pacer . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PRWEB . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chewbacca win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2004 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magazine / Comic references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Theme Parks and New Line Cinema Present Jason , Leatherface and Freddy Krueger '' . universalorlando.com . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brave Enough to Bring the Terror of Crystal Lake into Your Home ? '' . Dread Central . April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( C64 game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( NES game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( mobile phone game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Voorhees Confirmed For Mortal Kombat X '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stan ( Sakai ) leavens these dark tales with impish humor . Jei 's name is a pun : when the standard Japanese honorific san is appended , it becomes `` Jei - san '' - or `` Jason , '' the villain from the Friday the 13th horror movies . And like Jason , Jei will be back . Solomon , Charles : Introduction to `` Return of the Black Soul '' . The Usagi Yojimbo Saga Book 6 ( Dark Horse , 2016 ) , pg 186 . ISBN 978 - 1616556143 . Jump up ^ `` '' Criminal '' lyrics `` . Eminem24-7.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIRSTJASON Bio '' . FirstJason.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper 's `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' `` . X-Entertainment . October 5 , 2004 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem in a hockey mask '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vico C - Viernes 13 on YouTube Jump up ^ Guzmán , Marcos Billy ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` La máscara de Jason es símbolo del terror '' . El Nuevo Día . Jump up ^ `` A Night of Killer Music and Fashion '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 1996 ) . Feature film commentary for Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 2005 ) . Cursed ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Celebrating Every ' 80s Reference in That RadioShack Super Bowl Commercial '' . People . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( June 26 , 2005 ) . `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 17 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` They Took My Thumbs '' . Robot Chicken . Season 4 . Episode 2 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane , A.bo. , Zac Moncreif ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror IX '' . BBC . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Frink ( writer ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' . The Simpsons . Season 18 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode II '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 11 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode III '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 12 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : `` Imaginationland Part III '' Preview `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bracke , Peter ( October 11 , 2006 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Godalming , England : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Voorhees . Jason Voorhees on IMDb ( hide ) Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Voorhees&oldid=807894774 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional orphans Fictional cryonically preserved characters Fictional cyborgs Fictional demons and devils Fictional hermits Fictional characters with immortality Fictional mass murderers Fictional zombies and revenants Friday the 13th ( franchise ) characters Horror film characters Science fiction film characters Fictional sororicides Fictional rampage and spree killers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jason in the 2009 friday the 13th | [
"In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot, young Jason (Caleb Guss) witnesses his mother's (Nana Visitor) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps, killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake. The adult Jason (Derek Mears) kidnaps Whitney Miller (Amanda Righetti), a girl who looks like his mother, and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels. Months later, Whitney's brother Clay (Jared Padalecki) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her. Eventually, Whitney uses Jason's devotion to his mother against him, stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears.[18]"
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"Derek Mears"
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3528239391072657173 | List of Trojan War characters | List of Trojan War characters - wikipedia List of Trojan War characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of mythological characters who appear in narratives concerning the Trojan War . Map of Homeric Greece Map of the Troad ( Troas ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Armies 2 Individuals 2.1 Who killed whom 3 See also 4 External links Armies ( edit ) Greek armies Trojan armies * Abantes Arcadia Aetolia Athens and Salamis Argos and Tiryns Boebeans ( Thessaly ) Boeotia Crete Dulichium Elis Elone ( Thessaly ) Enienes Iolcus ( Thessaly ) Ithaca Locris Magnesia Meliboea Minyans Mycenae and Corinth Myrmidones of Argos Oechalia Ormenius Pherae Phylacia Phocis Pylos Rhodes Sparta Syme Amazons Adrasteia Chalybes ( Halizones ) Colonae Cicones Dardania Aethiopia Lycia Maeonia Miletus Mysia Paionia Pelasgians Percote Phrygia Thrace Troy Zeleia * See Catalogue of Ships Individuals ( edit ) Participants on the Greek side ( Achaeans ) Participants on the Trojan side Gods Humans Gods Humans Athena Hera Poseidon Hermes Hephaestus Thetis Abantes Acamas Achilles Agamemnon Agapenor Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Alcmaeon Amphidamas Amphimachus Anticlus Antilochus Antimachus Antiphates Antiphus Arcesilaus Ascalaphus Asclepius Automedon Calchas Canopus Clonius Cyanippus Demophon Diomedes Diores Echion Epeius Epistrophus Eteoneus Eumelus Eurymedon Euryalus Eurybates Eurydamas Eurymachus Eurypylus Guneus Halaesus Ialmenus Iasus Idomeneus Iphidamas Leitus Leonteus Lycomedes Machaon Medon Meges Meleager Menelaus Menestheus Meriones Neoptolemus Nestor Nireus Odysseus Patroclus Peneleos Pheidippus Philoctetes Podalirius Podarces Podalirius Polypoetes Protesilaus Prothoenor Prothous Schedius Sinon Stentor Sthenelus Talthybius Teucer Thalpius Thersander Thersites Thoas Thrasymedes Tlepolemus Aphrodite Ares Apollo Artemis Scamander Leto Phobos Deimos Eris Acamas Adrestus Aeneas Ainia Agenor Amphimachus Amphius Anchises Andromache Antenor Antibrote Antiphus Archilochus Ascanius Asius Asteropaios Astyanax Axylus Calesius Caletor Cassandra Cebriones Chromis Clete Coroebus Cycnus Deiphobus Dolon Ennomus Epistrophus Eteoneus Euphemus Euphorbus Eurypylus Eurytion Glaucus Gorgythion Hector Hecuba Helenus Hicetaon Hippothous Iapyx Ilioneus Imbrius Laocoon Lycaon Memnon Mentes ( King of the Cicones ) Mentes ( King of the Taphians ) Mesthles Mygdon of Phrygia Mynes Nastes Odius Othryoneus Pandarus Panthous Paris Pedasus Peirous Penthesilea Phorcys Polites Poludamas Polyxena Priam Pylaemenes Pylaeus Pyraechmes Rhesus Sarpedon Scylaceus Tenes Troilus Ucalegon Zeus , Hades , Dionysus , Hestia , and Demeter stayed neutral . Who killed whom ( edit ) This table lists characters killed during the war , and who was responsible for their deaths . Character Killer Achilles Paris Telamonian Ajax suicide Antilochus Agamemnon Antiphus Agamemnon Ascalaphus Deiphobus Astyanax Neoptolemus ( or Odysseus ) Cebriones Patroclus Cycnus Achilles Deiphobus Menelaus Dolon Odysseus and Diomedes Eurypylus Neoptolemus Hector Achilles Medon Aeneas Paris Philoctetes Patroclus Hector Penthesilea Achilles Phorcys Telamonian Ajax Polites Neoptolemus Polyxena Neoptolemus Priam Cleocypticus Protesilaus Hector Rhesus Diomedes Sarpedon Patroclus Thersander Telephus Thersites Achilles Troilus Achilles Two sons of Merops ( Adrastus and Amphius ) Diomedes See also ( edit ) Catalogue of Ships Trojan Battle Order List of children of Priam External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trojan War . Timeless Myths - Trojan War A full summary of the Trojan War . The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link The Legend of the Trojan War Mythology : Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes by Edith Hamilton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Trojan_War_characters&oldid=809432604 '' Categories : Trojans Trojan War People of the Trojan War Mythology - related lists Characters in the Iliad Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what side was hecuba on in the trojan war | [
"\n\nParticipants on the Greek side (Achaeans)\nParticipants on the Trojan side\n\n\nGods\nHumans\nGods\nHumans\n\n\nAthena\nHera\nPoseidon\nHermes\nHephaestus\nThetis\nAbantes\nAcamas\nAchilles\nAgamemnon\nAgapenor\nAjax the Great\nAjax the Lesser\nAlcmaeon\nAmphidamas\nAmphimachus\nAnticlus\nAntilochus\nAntimachus\nAntiphates\nAntiphus\nArcesilaus\nAscalaphus\nAsclepius\nAutomedon\nCalchas\nCanopus\nClonius\nCyanippus\nDemophon\nDiomedes\nDiores\nEchion\nEpeius\nEpistrophus\nEteoneus\nEumelus\nEurymedon\nEuryalus\nEurybates\nEurydamas\nEurymachus\nEurypylus\nGuneus\nHalaesus\nIalmenus\nIasus\nIdomeneus\nIphidamas\nLeitus\nLeonteus\nLycomedes\nMachaon\nMedon\nMeges\nMeleager\nMenelaus\nMenestheus\nMeriones\nNeoptolemus\nNestor\nNireus\nOdysseus\nPatroclus\nPeneleos\nPheidippus\nPhiloctetes\nPodalirius\nPodarces\nPodalirius\nPolypoetes\nProtesilaus\nProthoenor\nProthous\nSchedius\nSinon\nStentor\nSthenelus\nTalthybius\nTeucer\nThalpius\nThersander\nThersites\nThoas\nThrasymedes\nTlepolemus\nAphrodite\nAres\nApollo\nArtemis\nScamander\nLeto\nPhobos\nDeimos\nEris\nAcamas\nAdrestus\nAeneas\nAinia\nAgenor\nAmphimachus\nAmphius\nAnchises\nAndromache\nAntenor\nAntibrote\nAntiphus\nArchilochus\nAscanius\nAsius\nAsteropaios\nAstyanax\nAxylus\nCalesius\nCaletor\nCassandra\nCebriones\nChromis\nClete\nCoroebus\nCycnus\nDeiphobus\nDolon\nEnnomus\nEpistrophus\nEteoneus\nEuphemus\nEuphorbus\nEurypylus\nEurytion\nGlaucus\nGorgythion\nHector\nHecuba\nHelenus\nHicetaon\nHippothous\nIapyx\nIlioneus\nImbrius\nLaocoon\nLycaon\nMemnon\nMentes (King of the Cicones)\nMentes (King of the Taphians)\nMesthles\nMygdon of Phrygia\nMynes\nNastes\nOdius\nOthryoneus\nPandarus\nPanthous\nParis\nPedasus\nPeirous\nPenthesilea\nPhorcys\nPolites\nPoludamas\nPolyxena\nPriam\nPylaemenes\nPylaeus\nPyraechmes\nRhesus\nSarpedon\nScylaceus\nTenes\nTroilus\nUcalegon\n\n"
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"Trojan"
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-5930586031850388005 | Battle of Dunkirk | Battle of Dunkirk - wikipedia Battle of Dunkirk This article is about the Second World War battle in 1940 . For details about the major evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk , see Dunkirk evacuation . For the other battles of the same name , see Battle of Dunkirk ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Dunkirk Part of the Battle of France in the Second World War Soldiers were strafed and bombed by German aircraft while awaiting transport . Date 26 May -- 4 June 1940 Location Dunkirk , France Result German tactical victory Success of Operation Dynamo Allies evacuate approx. 85 % of stranded troops Territorial changes Allied forces withdraw to Britain Belligerents United Kingdom British India France Morocco Poland Belgium Canada Netherlands Germany Commanders and leaders Lord Gort Maxime Weygand Georges Blanchard René Prioux J.M. Abrial Gerd von Rundstedt Ewald von Kleist ( Panzergruppe von Kleist ) Strength approx . 400,000 338,226 evacuated approx . 800,000 Casualties and losses ( Estimated ) 61,774 total killed and wounded British ~ 3,500 killed during the evacuation 63,879 vehicles including tanks and motorcycles 2,472 field guns 6 destroyers 23 destroyers damaged 89 transport ships 177 aircraft destroyed or damaged in total 127 belonged to RAF Fighter Command . French 18,000 killed 35,000 captured 3 destroyers ( Estimated ) 20,000 killed and wounded 100 tanks 240 aircraft in theatre 156 aircraft on Dunkirk front Civilian casualties : 1,000 civilians killed during air raids Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland German bombing of Rotterdam Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic Battle of France Battle of France Royal Marine Ardennes Sedan Montcornet Saumur Maginot Line Weygand Plan Montcornet Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Wormhoudt Dynamo Abbeville Lille Paula Alps Fall Rot Cycle Ariel Fall Braun Battle of the Netherlands Maastricht The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Battle of Belgium Fort Eben - Emael KW Line Dyle Plan Hannut Gembloux Canal Lys Invasion of Luxembourg Schuster Line The Battle of Dunkirk was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk ( Dunkerque ) , France , during the Second World War . The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany . As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front , the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation to Britain of British and other Allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940 . After the Phoney War , the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940 . To the east , the German Army Group B invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward . In response , the Supreme Allied Commander -- French General Maurice Gamelin -- initiated `` Plan D '' and entered Belgium to engage the Germans in the Netherlands . The plan relied heavily on the Maginot Line fortifications along the German -- French border , but German forces had already crossed through most of the Netherlands before the French forces arrived . Gamelin instead committed the forces under his command , three mechanised armies , the French First and Seventh Armies and the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , to the River Dyle . On 14 May , German Army Group A burst through the Ardennes and advanced rapidly to the west toward Sedan , then turned northward to the English Channel , using Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein 's plan Sichelschnitt under the German strategy Fall Gelb , effectively flanking the Allied forces . A series of Allied counter-attacks -- including the Battle of Arras -- failed to sever the German spearhead , which reached the coast on 20 May , separating the BEF near Armentières , the French First Army , and the Belgian Army further to the north from the majority of French troops south of the German penetration . After reaching the Channel , the German forces swung north along the coast , threatening to capture the ports and trap the British and French before they could evacuate to Britain . In one of the most debated decisions of the war , the Germans halted their advance on Dunkirk . Contrary to popular belief , what became known as the `` Halt Order '' did not originate with Adolf Hitler . Generalobersten ( Colonel - Generals ) Gerd von Rundstedt and Günther von Kluge suggested that the German forces around the Dunkirk pocket should cease their advance on the port and consolidate to avoid an Allied breakout . Hitler sanctioned the order on 24 May with the support of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) . The army was to halt for three days , which gave the Allies sufficient time to organise the Dunkirk evacuation and build a defensive line . Despite the Allies ' gloomy estimates of the situation , with some in Britain even discussing a conditional surrender to Germany , in the end more than 330,000 Allied troops were rescued . Contents 1 Prelude 2 Halt order 3 Battle 3.1 `` Fight back to the west '' 3.2 Battle of Wytschaete 3.3 Action at Poperinge 3.4 Belgian surrender 3.5 Defence of the perimeter 3.6 Retreat to Dunkirk 4 Evacuation 5 Aftermath 6 `` Dunkirk Spirit '' 7 Dunkirk Medal 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 10 External links Prelude ( edit ) On 10 May 1940 , Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . By 26 May , the BEF and the French 1st Army were bottled up in a corridor to the sea , about 60 mi ( 97 km ) deep and 15 -- 25 mi ( 24 -- 40 km ) wide . Most of the British forces were still around Lille , over 40 mi ( 64 km ) from Dunkirk , with the French further south . Two massive German armies flanked them . General Fedor von Bock 's Army Group B was to the east , and General Gerd von Rundstedt 's Army Group A to the west . Both officers were later promoted to field marshal . Halt order ( edit ) See also : Battle of Arras ( 1940 ) Quotes on the halt order During the following days ... it became known that Hitler 's decision was mainly influenced by Goering . To the dictator the rapid movement of the Army , whose risks and prospects of success he did not understand because of his lack of military schooling , became almost sinister . He was constantly oppressed by a feeling of anxiety that a reversal loomed ... -- Halder , in a letter of July 1957 . Major L.F. Ellis wrote : The day 's entry concludes with the remark : `` The task of Army Group A can be considered to have been completed in the main '' -- a view which further explains Rundstedt 's reluctance to employ his armoured divisions in the final clearing - up stage of this first phase of the campaign . Halder wrote in his diary on 30 May : `` Brauchitsch is angry ... The pocket would have been closed at the coast if only our armour had not been held back . The bad weather has grounded the Luftwaffe and we must now stand and watch countless thousands of the enemy get away to England right under our noses . '' On 24 May , Hitler visited General von Rundstedt 's headquarters at Charleville . The terrain around Dunkirk was thought unsuitable for armour . Von Rundstedt advised him the infantry should attack the British forces at Arras , where the British had proved capable of significant action , while Kleist 's armour held the line west and south of Dunkirk to pounce on the Allied forces retreating before Army Group B. Hitler , who was familiar with Flanders ' marshes from the First World War , agreed . This order allowed the Germans to consolidate their gains and prepare for a southward advance against the remaining French forces . Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring asked for the chance to destroy the forces in Dunkirk . The Allied forces ' destruction was thus initially assigned to the air force while the German infantry organised in Army Group B. Von Rundstedt later called this `` one of the great turning points of the war . '' The true reason for the decision to halt the German armour on 24 May is still debated . One theory is that Von Rundstedt and Hitler agreed to conserve the armour for Fall Rot , an operation to the south . It is possible that the Luftwaffe 's closer ties than the army 's to the Nazi Party contributed to Hitler 's approval of Göring 's request . Another theory -- which few historians have given credence -- is that Hitler was still trying to establish diplomatic peace with Britain before Operation Barbarossa ( the invasion of the Soviet Union ) . Although von Rundstedt after the war stated his suspicions that Hitler wanted `` to help the British '' , based on alleged praise of the British Empire during a visit to his headquarters , little evidence that Hitler wanted to let the Allies escape exists apart from a self - exculpatory statement by Hitler himself in 1945 . The historian Brian Bond wrote : Few historians now accept the view that Hitler 's behaviour was influenced by the desire to let the British off lightly in ( the ) hope that they would then accept a compromise peace . True , in his political testament dated 26 February 1945 Hitler lamented that Churchill was `` quite unable to appreciate the sporting spirit '' in which he had refrained from annihilating ( the ) British Expeditionary Force , at Dunkirk , but this hardly squares with the contemporary record . Directive No. 13 , issued by the Supreme Headquarters on 24 May called specifically for the annihilation of the French , English and Belgian forces in the pocket , while the Luftwaffe was ordered to prevent the escape of the English forces across the channel . Whatever the reasons for Hitler 's decision , the Germans confidently believed the Allied troops were doomed . American journalist William Shirer reported on 25 May , `` German military circles here tonight put it flatly . They said the fate of the great Allied army bottled up in Flanders is sealed . '' BEF commander Lord Gort agreed , writing to Anthony Eden , `` I must not conceal from you that a great part of the BEF and its equipment will inevitably be lost in the best of circumstances '' . Hitler did not rescind the Halt Order until the evening of 26 May . The three days thus gained gave a vital breathing space to the Royal Navy to arrange the evacuation of the British and Allied troops . About 338,000 men were rescued in about 11 days . Of these some 215,000 were British and 123,000 were French , of whom 102,250 escaped in British ships . Battle ( edit ) `` Fight back to the west '' ( edit ) Map of the battle On 26 May , Anthony Eden told General Lord Gort , Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) of the BEF , that he might need to `` fight back to the west '' , and ordered him to prepare plans for the evacuation , but without telling the French or the Belgians . Gort had foreseen the order and preliminary plans were already in hand . The first such plan , for a defence along the Lys Canal , could not be carried out because of German advances on 26 May , with the 2nd and 50th Divisions pinned down , and the 1st , 5th and 48th Divisions under heavy attack . The 2nd Division took heavy casualties trying to keep a corridor open , being reduced to brigade strength , but they succeeded ; the 1st , 3rd , 4th and 42nd Divisions escaped along the corridor that day , as did about one - third of the French First Army . As the Allies fell back , they disabled their artillery and vehicles and destroyed their stores . On 27 May , the British fought back to the Dunkirk perimeter line . The Le Paradis massacre took place that day , when the 3rd SS Division Totenkopf machine - gunned 97 British and French prisoners near the La Bassée Canal . The British prisoners were from the 2nd Battalion , Royal Norfolk Regiment , part of the 4th Brigade of the 2nd Division . The SS men lined them up against the wall of a barn and shot them all ; only two survived . Meanwhile , the Luftwaffe dropped bombs and leaflets on the Allied armies . The leaflets showed a map of the situation . They read , in English and French : `` British soldiers ! Look at the map : it gives your true situation ! Your troops are entirely surrounded -- stop fighting ! Put down your arms ! '' To the land and air - minded Germans , the sea seemed an impassable barrier , so they believed the Allies were surrounded ; but the British saw the sea as a route to safety . Besides the Luftwaffe 's bombs , German heavy artillery ( which had just come within range ) also fired high - explosive shells into Dunkirk . By this time , over 1,000 civilians in the town had been killed . This bombardment continued until the evacuation was over . Battle of Wytschaete ( edit ) Gort had sent Lieutenant General Ronald Adam , commanding III Corps , ahead to build the defensive perimeter around Dunkirk . Lieutenant General Alan Brooke , commanding II Corps , was to conduct a holding action with the 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 50th Divisions along the Ypres - Comines canal as far as Yser , while the rest of the BEF fell back . The battle of Wytschaete , over the border in Belgium , was the toughest action Brooke faced in this role . On 26 May , the Germans made a reconnaissance in force against the British position . At mid-day on 27 May , they launched a full - scale attack with three divisions south of Ypres . A confused battle followed , where visibility was low because of forested or urban terrain , and communications were poor because the British at that time used no radios below battalion level and the telephone wires had been cut . The Germans used infiltration tactics to get among the British , who were beaten back . The heaviest fighting was in the 5th Division 's sector . Still on 27 May , Brooke ordered the 3rd Division commander , Major - General Bernard Montgomery , to extend his division 's line to the left , thereby freeing the 10th and 11th Brigades , both of the 4th Division , to join the 5th Division at Messines Ridge . The 10th Brigade arrived first , to find the enemy had advanced so far they were closing on the British field artillery . Between them , the 10th and 11th Brigades cleared the ridge of Germans , and by 28 May they were securely dug in east of Wytschaete . That day , Brooke ordered a counterattack . This was to be spearheaded by two battalions , the 3rd Grenadier Guards and 2nd North Staffordshire Regiment , both of Major - General Harold Alexander 's 1st Division . The North Staffords advanced as far as the Kortekeer River , while the Grenadiers reached the canal itself , but could not hold it . The counterattack disrupted the Germans , holding them back a little longer while the BEF retreated . Action at Poperinge ( edit ) The route back from Brooke 's position to Dunkirk passed through the town of Poperinge ( known to most British sources as `` Poperinghe '' ) , where there was a bottleneck at a bridge over the Yser canal . Most of the main roads in the area converged on that bridge . On 27 May , the Luftwaffe bombed the resulting traffic jam thoroughly for two hours , destroying or immobilising about 80 percent of the vehicles . Another Luftwaffe raid , on the night of 28 -- 29 May , was illuminated by flares as well as the light from burning vehicles . The British 44th Division in particular had to abandon many guns and lorries , losing almost all of them between Poperinge and the Mont . The German 6 . Panzerdivision could probably have destroyed the 44th Division at Poperinge on 29 May , thereby cutting off the 3rd and 50th Divisions as well . The historian and author Julian Thompson calls it `` astonishing '' that they did not , but they were distracted , investing the nearby town of Cassel . Belgian surrender ( edit ) Gort had ordered Lieutenant General Adam , commanding III Corps , and French General Fagalde to prepare a perimeter defence of Dunkirk . The perimeter was semicircular , with French troops manning the western sector and British troops the eastern . It ran along the Belgian coastline from Nieuport in the east via Furnes , Bulskamp and Bergues to Gravelines in the west . The line was made as strong as possible under the circumstances , but on 28 May the Belgian army , who were largely outnumbered by the attacking Germans , and still under the direct command of King Leopold , who had refused to abandon his troops and the Belgian refugees inside the little enclave of what remained of unoccupied Belgium , surrendered . This left a 20 mi ( 32 km ) gap in Gort 's eastern flank between the British and the sea . The British were surprised by the Belgian capitulation , despite King Leopold warning them in advance . As a constitutional monarch , Leopold 's decision to surrender without consulting the Belgian government led to his condemnation by the Belgian and French Prime Ministers , Hubert Pierlot and Paul Reynaud . King George VI sent Gort a telegram that read : `` All your countrymen have been following with pride and admiration the courageous resistance of the British Expeditionary Force during the continuing fighting of the last fortnight . Faced by circumstances outside their control in a position of extreme difficulty , they are displaying a gallantry which has never been surpassed in the annals of the British Army . The hearts of everyone of us at home are with you and your magnificent troops in this hour of peril . '' Gort sent the battle - worn 3rd , 4th and 50th Divisions into the line to fill the space the Belgians had held . Defence of the perimeter ( edit ) British prisoners of war with a Panzer I German tank While they were still moving into position , they ran headlong into the German 256th Division , who were trying to outflank Gort . Armoured cars of the 12th Lancers stopped the Germans at Nieuport itself . A confused battle raged all along the perimeter throughout 28 May . Command and control on the British side disintegrated , and the perimeter was driven slowly inwards toward Dunkirk . Meanwhile , Erwin Rommel had surrounded five divisions of the French First Army near Lille . Although completely cut off and heavily outnumbered , the French fought on for four days under General Molinié in the Siege of Lille ( 1940 ) , thereby keeping seven German divisions from the assault on Dunkirk and saving an estimated 100,000 Allied troops . In recognition of the garrison 's stubborn defence , German general Kurt Waeger granted them the honours of war , saluting the French troops as they marched past in parade formation with rifles shouldered . The defence of the Dunkirk perimeter held throughout 29 -- 30 May , with the Allies falling back by degrees . On 31 May , the Germans nearly broke through at Nieuport . The situation grew so desperate that two British battalion commanders manned a Bren gun , with one colonel firing and the other loading . A few hours later , the 2nd Battalion , Coldstream Guards of the 3rd Division , rushed to reinforce the line near Furnes , where the British troops had been routed . The Guards restored order by shooting some of the fleeing troops and turning others around at bayonet point . The British troops returned to the line and the German assault was beaten back . In the afternoon , the Germans breached the perimeter near the canal at Bulskamp but the boggy ground on the far side of the canal and sporadic fire from the Durham Light Infantry , halted them . As night fell , the Germans massed for another attack at Nieuport . Eighteen RAF bombers found the Germans while they were still assembling and scattered them with an accurate bombing run . Retreat to Dunkirk ( edit ) Also on 31 May , General Von Kuechler assumed command of all the German forces at Dunkirk . His plan was simple : launch an all - out attack across the whole front at 11 : 00 on 1 June . Strangely , Von Kuechler ignored a radio intercept telling him the British were abandoning the eastern end of the line to fall back to Dunkirk itself . The morning of 1 June was clear -- good flying weather , in contrast to the bad weather that had hindered air operations on 30 and 31 May ( there were only two and a half good flying days in the whole operation . ) Although Churchill had promised the French that the British would cover their escape , on the ground it was the French who held the line whilst the last remaining British soldiers were evacuated . Enduring concentrated German artillery fire and Luftwaffe strafing and bombs , the French stood their ground . On 2 June ( the day the last of the British units embarked onto the ships ) , the French began to fall back slowly , and by 3 June the Germans were about two miles ( 3 km ) from Dunkirk . The night of 3 June was the last night of evacuations . At 10 : 20 on 4 June , the Germans hoisted the swastika over the docks from which so many British and French troops had escaped . The desperate resistance of Allied forces , especially the French 12th Motorised Infantry Division from the Fort des Dunes , had bought time for the evacuation of the bulk of the troops . The Wehrmacht captured some 35,000 soldiers , almost all of them French . These men had protected the evacuation until the last moment and were unable to embark . The same fate was reserved for the survivors of the French 12th Motorised Infantry Division ( composed in particular of the French 150th Infantry Regiment ) ; they were taken prisoner on the morning of 4 June on the beach of Malo - les - Bains . The flag of this regiment was burnt so as not to fall into enemy hands . Evacuation ( edit ) Main article : Dunkirk evacuation The War Office made the decision to evacuate British forces on 25 May . In the nine days from 27 May -- 4 June , 338,226 men escaped , including 139,997 French , Polish , and Belgian troops , together with a small number of Dutch soldiers , aboard 861 vessels ( of which 243 were sunk during the operation ) . B.H. Liddell Hart wrote that Fighter Command lost 106 aircraft over Dunkirk and the Luftwaffe lost about 135 , some of which were shot down by the French Navy and the Royal Navy . MacDonald wrote in 1986 that the British losses were 177 aircraft and German losses 240 . The docks at Dunkirk were too badly damaged to be used , but the East and West Moles ( sea walls protecting the harbour entrance ) were intact . Captain William Tennant -- in charge of the evacuation -- decided to use the beaches and the East Mole to land the ships . This highly successful idea hugely increased the number of troops that could be embarked each day and on 31 May , over 68,000 men were embarked . The last of the British Army left on 3 June , and at 10 : 50 , Tennant signalled Ramsay to say `` Operation completed . Returning to Dover '' . Churchill insisted on coming back for the French and the Royal Navy returned on 4 June , to rescue as many as possible of the French rearguard . Over 26,000 French soldiers were evacuated on that last day , but between 30,000 and 40,000 more were left behind and forced to surrender to the Germans . Aftermath ( edit ) Troops evacuated from Dunkirk , Dover , 31 May 1940 Battle of Dunkirk memorial Following the events at Dunkirk , the German forces regrouped before commencing an operation called Fall Rot ( `` Case Red '' ) , a renewed assault southward , starting on 5 June . Although two fresh British divisions had begun moving to France in an attempt to form a Second BEF , the decision was taken on 14 June to withdraw all the remaining British troops ; an evacuation called Operation Ariel . By 25 June , almost 192,000 Allied personnel , 144,000 of them British , had been evacuated through various French ports . Although the French Army fought on , German troops entered Paris on 14 June . The French government was forced to negotiate an armistice at Compiègne on 22 June . The loss of materiel on the beaches was huge . The British Army left enough equipment behind to fit out about eight to ten divisions . Discarded in France were , among other things , huge supplies of ammunition , 880 field guns , 310 guns of large calibre , some 500 anti-aircraft guns , about 850 anti-tank guns , 11,000 machine guns , nearly 700 tanks , 20,000 motorcycles and 45,000 motor cars and lorries . Army equipment available at home was only just sufficient to equip two divisions . The British Army needed months to re-supply properly and some planned introductions of new equipment were halted while industrial resources concentrated on making good the losses . Officers told troops falling back from Dunkirk to burn or otherwise disable their trucks ( so as not to let them benefit the advancing German forces ) . The shortage of army vehicles after Dunkirk was so severe that the Royal Army Service Corps ( RASC ) was reduced to retrieving and refurbishing obsolete buses and coaches from British scrapyards to press them into use as troop transports . Some of these antique workhorses were still in use as late as the North African campaign of 1942 . On 2 June , the Dean of St Paul 's , Walter Matthews , was the first to call the evacuation the `` Miracle of Dunkirk '' . It was remembered that the Archbishop of Canterbury had announced that the Day of National Prayer might well be a turning point , and it was obvious to many that God had answered the nation 's collective prayer with the ' miracle of Dunkirk ' . The evidence of God 's intervention was clear for those who wished to see it ; papers had written of calm seas and the high mist which interfered with the accuracy of German bombers . A marble memorial to the battle stands at Dunkirk . The French inscription is translated as : `` To the glorious memory of the pilots , mariners , and soldiers of the French and Allied armies who sacrificed themselves in the Battle of Dunkirk , May -- June 1940 . '' The missing dead of the BEF are commemorated on the Dunkirk Memorial . `` Dunkirk spirit '' ( edit ) Further information : Little ships of Dunkirk British troops embarking from Dunkirk 's beaches British press later exploited the successful evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 , and particularly the role of the `` Dunkirk little ships '' , very effectively . Many of them were private vessels such as fishing boats and pleasure cruisers , but commercial vessels such as ferries also contributed to the force , including a number from as far away as the Isle of Man and Glasgow . These smaller vessels -- guided by naval craft across the Channel from the Thames Estuary and from Dover -- assisted in the official evacuation . Being able to move closer into the beachfront shallows than larger craft , the `` little ships '' acted as shuttles to and from the larger ships , lifting troops who were queuing in the water , many waiting shoulder - deep in water for hours . The term `` Dunkirk Spirit '' refers to the solidarity of the British people in times of adversity . Dunkirk medal ( edit ) Main article : Dunkirk Medal A commemorative medal was established in 1960 by the French National Association of Veterans of the Fortified Sector of Flanders and Dunkirk on behalf of the town of Dunkirk . The medal was initially awarded only to the French defenders of Dunkirk but in 1970 the qualification was expanded to include British forces who served in the Dunkirk sector and their rescue forces , including the civilians who volunteered to man the `` little ships '' . The design of the bronze medal included the arms of the town of Dunkirk on one side , and `` Dunkerque 1940 '' on the reverse side . See also ( edit ) British Army portal Military history of France portal Military of Germany portal World War II portal 1940 Dunkirk Veterans ' Association British Army during the Second World War Dunkirk ( 1958 film ) Dunkirk ( 2017 film ) Marcus Ervine - Andrews -- who won the Victoria Cross in the battle Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Major General Harold Alexander , commanding I Corps , was one of the last to leave . Just before midnight on 2 June , Ramsay received the signal : `` BEF evacuated '' . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shirer 1960 , Footnote , p. 736 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The War in France and Flanders 1939 -- 1940 ( Chapter XII ) '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holton 2010 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hooton 2010 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 ( 1985 ed . ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Frank 's 2008 , ok . 33 - 39 . Jump up ^ Murray 2002 ( 1985 ed. strategy for defeat ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Frank 's 2008 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 879 . Jump up ^ Butler 2009 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 883 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Mayer 1974 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 877 . ^ Jump up to : Atkin 1990 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bond 1990 , pp. 104 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Lord 1983 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore 2006 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 882 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 174 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 183 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , pp. 186 -- 192 , 215 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2009 , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Professor Duncan . `` Day of National Prayer . '' Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . BBC . Retrieved : 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore 2006 , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Fermer , Douglas ( 2013 ) . Three German Invasions of France : The Summer Campaigns of 1870 , 1914 , and 1940 . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military . p. 208 . ISBN 9781781593547 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Page 180 - Dunkirk , 1940 : a history , Robert Carse , Prentice - Hall , 1970 - Biography & Autobiography - 214 pages Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shirer 1959 , p. 884 . Jump up ^ Lord 1982 , pp. 267 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Butler 2009 , pp. 296 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Postan 1952 , Chapter IV . Jump up ^ Anderson , Professor Duncan . `` Miracle ' at Dunkirk / '' Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , writing BBC . Retrieved : 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Lucy . `` The men who defined the ' Dunkirk spirit ' . '' Archived 24 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . BBC , 14 May 2010 . Retrieved : 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medals : campaigns , descriptions and eligibility '' . www.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Atkin , Ronald . Pillar of Fire : Dunkirk 1940 . Edinburgh : Birlinn Limited , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 078 - 3 . Bond , Brian . Britain , France and Belgium 1939 -- 1940 . London : Brasseys , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037700 - 9 . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . The War in France and Flanders 1939 -- 1940 : Official Campaign History . Uckfield , UK : Naval & Military Press Ltd. , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 056 - 6 . Franks , Norman L.R. Royal Air Force Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War , Volume 1 . Operational Losses : Aircraft and crews , 1939 -- 1941 . London : Midland Publishing Limited , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 286 - 3 Franks , Norman . The Air Battle of Dunkirk ( 2008 ( 1983 ) , William Kimber , London ) ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0349 - 0 * Frieser , Karl - Heinz . The Blitzkrieg Legend : The 1940 Campaign in the West . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 294 - 2 Holmes , Richard , ed . `` France : Fall of '' . The Oxford Companion to Military History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866209 - 2 . Hooton , E.R. Luftwaffe at War ; Blitzkrieg in the West . London : Chevron / Ian Allen , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 272 - 6 . Hooton , E.R. ( 2010 ) , The Luftwaffe : A Study in Air Power , 1933 -- 1945 , London : Classic Publications , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906537 - 18 - 0 Keegan , John . The Second World War . New York : Viking Penguin , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82359 - 7 . Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions That Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 . London : Penguin Books , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101418 - 0 . Kilzer , Louis . Hitler 's Traitor : Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich . New York : Presidio Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 710 - 9 . Liddell Hart , B.H. History of the Second World War . New York : G.P. Putnam , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80912 - 5 . Lord , Walter . The Miracle of Dunkirk . New York : The Viking Press , 1982 / London : Allen Lane , 1983 . Citations from the Wordsworth Military Library reprint of 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 685 - X . MacDonald , John . Great Battles of World War II . Toronto , Canada : Strathearn Books Limited , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 86288 - 116 - 1 . McEwan , Ian . Atonement . London : Jonathan Cape , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06252 - 2 . McGlashan , Kenneth B. with Owen P. Zupp . Down to Earth : A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk , the Battle of Britain , Dieppe , D - Day and Beyond . London : Grub Street Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 904943 - 84 - 5 . Murray , Willamson . Strategy for Defeat : The Luftwaffe 1935 -- 1945 . Princeton , New Jersey : University Press of the Pacific , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 797 - 5 . Murray , Williamson and Allan R. Millett . A War to Be Won : Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00163 - X . Postan Michael M. History of the Second World War : British War Production , London : HMSO , 1952 . Salmaggi , Cesare and Alfredo Pallavisini. 2194 Days of War : An Illustrated Chronology of the Second World War . New York : Gallery Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 8885 - 2 . Sebag_Montefiore , Hugh . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man . London : Penguin Books , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 02437 - 0 . Shirer , William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 70001 - 4 . Smith , Peter C ( 2011 ) . The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka : A Complete History . London : Crecy Publishing Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85979 - 156 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. and S.L. Mayer , eds . A History Of World War Two . London : Octopus Books , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0399 - 1 . Thomas , Nick . RAF Top Gun : Teddy Donaldson CB , DSO , AFC and Bar , Battle of Britain Ace and World Air Speed Record Holder . London : Pen and Sword , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 685 - 0 . Thompson , Major General Julian . Dunkirk : Retreat to Victory . London : Pan Books , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 43796 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. A World at Arms . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44317 - 2 . Wilmot , Chester . The Struggle for Europe . Old Saybrook , Connecticut : Konecky & Konecky , 1952 . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 525 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Dynamo . War Museum of Dunkirk Dunkirk , Operation Dynamo -- A post-blog of the Battle of Britain 1940 Battle of Dunkirk short documentary with footage , from British Pathé Maps of the battle from the BBC Dunkirk 1940 ( museum ) Coordinates : 51 ° 02 ′ 03 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 51.0343 ° N 2.37682 ° E / 51.0343 ; 2.37682 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dunkirk&oldid=853210335 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1940 1940 in France Battle of France History of Nord ( French department ) History of Dunkirk Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom May 1940 events June 1940 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from February 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 04 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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-8164575569053729725 | Garden Party (The Office) | Garden Party ( the Office ) - wikipedia Garden Party ( the Office ) `` Garden Party '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 4 Directed by David Rogers Written by Justin Spitzer Production code 804 Original air date October 13 , 2011 Guest appearance ( s ) Michael Schur as Mose Schrute Stephen Collins as Walter Bernard Dee Wallace as Ellen Bernard Josh Groban as Walter Bernard , Jr . Nick Rutherford as Waiter Episode chronology ← Previous `` Lotto '' Next → `` Spooked '' The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Garden Party '' is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 156th episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 13 , 2011 . It was written by co-executive producer Justin Spitzer and was directed by David Rogers and marks Mindy Kaling 's first credit as executive producer . `` Garden Party '' features a guest appearance from Josh Groban , Dee Wallace and Stephen Collins . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) throws a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress Robert California ( James Spader ) , with his parents and brother in attendance . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) works to make it a classy event . `` Garden Party '' features a substantial appearance by Josh Groban ; Kaling had asked Groban if he could guest star in the series , through Twitter . The episode received mixed reviews from critics , with criticism towards its repetition of plot ideas . According to Nielsen Media Research , `` Garden Party '' drew more than 6 million viewers and received a 3.2 rating / 8 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , staying even with the previous episode , `` Lotto '' . It ranked third in its timeslot , and ranked as the highest - rated NBC series on Thursday . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) decides to throw a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress his parents and Robert California ( James Spader ) , and exhaustively explains party manners to the office workers . Andy is jealous at the amount of attention his younger brother Walter Bernard , Jr . ( Josh Groban ) receives from his father , and thinks that by throwing an elaborate party he can ensure his father 's blessings . At first , the party goes along smoothly . Andy makes a toast to Robert in order to get his fellow employees to toast him , as if to show to his parents and California that he is valued by his employees . His plan backfires , however , and instead more people toast Robert . To get everybody 's mind off of Robert , Andy decides to sing `` More Than Words '' as a duet with his father . This too goes awry as his father corrects his playing and singing , and ultimately decides to sing a duet with Walter Jr. instead of Andy . Upset , Andy takes his guitar and storms off . His father confronts him privately about his outburst , and when Andy admits to trying to win his father 's affection , he reacts with annoyance . This conversation is overheard by the other staff on the baby monitor Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) brought for their daughter , and Pam quickly turns off the monitor to let Andy save face . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) confide to the camera that they now understand why Andy feels he needs to prove himself to everyone . After his family leaves , a dejected Andy , feeling unwanted by his family and co-workers , says goodbye to the office staff as they turn the garden party into a barbecue . Darryl and Oscar , however , convince Andy to stay with a cheeseburger and a beer . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) wants to make the garden party a classy event to expand Schrute Farms ' clientele . He thoroughly reads a book called The Ultimate Guide to Throwing A Garden Party that he bought online , actually written by Jim under the pseudonym `` James Trickington '' . The book gives outlandish advice such as announcing each guest 's name as they arrive in an extremely loud manner , imitating The Last Supper in the middle of a meal , dancing with his party staff , and a fire court dance as the closing ceremonies , all of which Dwight follows to the letter . Also , Pam feuds with co-worker Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) over baby names . Pam and Angela learn they 've both chosen the name Phillip for their soon - to - be-born sons , with Pam naming her child after her deceased grandfather and Angela after her favorite cat . Angela , annoyed that Pam does not relinquish the name , makes a toast to `` my son Phillip '' at the garden party -- only to have Pam make the same toast but describe in great detail how the name honors her grandfather . Angela , unwilling to reveal her feline - centric reasons for the name , grouses to the camera that Pam is always copying her . Meanwhile , Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) keeps hinting how cold she is , hoping Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) will offer his jacket . However , Ryan instantly offers his jacket to Robert , who is not even cold . Gabe Lewis ( Zach Woods ) also offers his , hinting at a rivalry between them in terms of sucking up to Robert , later evidenced in `` Pool Party '' . Dwight 's cousin Mose ( Michael Schur ) has fun being a valet , lining them up to perform a motorcycle stunt . However , he fails to get his motorcycle up the ramp , and instead runs across the cars . Production ( edit ) Josh Groban appeared as Andy 's younger brother , Walter Bernard , Jr . The episode was written by co-executive producer Justin Spitzer , his 10th writing credit for the series . It was directed by series editor David Rogers , his 4th directing credit for the series . Beginning with this episode , Mindy Kaling was promoted to executive producer . Before this , it was speculated that she might not return to the series as a writer . The episode features guest appearance from Stephen Collins , Dee Wallace and Josh Groban as Andy 's father , mother and brother , respectively . Collins and Wallace were reported to appear on the series by Joyce Eng of TV Guide . Josh Groban was later reported to appear on the series the next day . Writer Mindy Kaling had sent Groban a message through Twitter asking if he would want to appear on the series . He responded yes with the filming week of the episode lining up with his Los Angeles concert for his Straight to You Tour . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on October 13 , 2011 , `` Garden Party '' was viewed by an estimated 6.050 million viewers and received a 3.2 rating / 8 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3.2 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 8 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . Although seeing a 3.8 % increase in viewership , the episode matched the 18 -- 49 demo rating from the previous episode , `` Lotto '' . The episode ranked third in its timeslot beating Person of Interest which received a 2.7 rating / 7 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic and The Secret Circle which received a 0.8 rating / 2 % share , but was defeated by Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3.4 rating / 9 % share and The X Factor which received a 3.6 rating / 10 % share . Reviews ( edit ) The episode received mixed reviews from critics . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall stated that the episode `` offered more laughs than some of this season 's other episodes '' . Despite this , he criticized the episode 's main plot with Andy , commenting that `` where giving Michael Scott power made him a funnier character than he would have been were he just another salesman , Andy has somehow become less funny since the promotion '' . Chris Plante of New York called the episode `` funny , weird , touching , and unpredictable . A gem , really '' . National Post writer Barry Hertz compared the episode to `` Booze Cruise '' , `` Beach Games '' and `` The Search '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B - . Several critics praised the return of former Office writer , Michael Schur as Mose Schrute . Barry Hertz said that `` the sight gag of him running atop a field of cars like a watered - down Evel Knievel was enough to give this episode an easy A '' . Despite this , the episode received some negative reviews . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt was more negative towards the episode writing that `` Here , we have a case where an episode could have signaled at least some sense of what else the show might be interested in other than Andy as the well - meaning but hapless boss and Pam and Angela 's dueling pregnancies , and all we got were variations on those storylines with no new angle either narratively '' . He gave the episode a C. IGN writer Cindy White considered the episode superior to previous `` external '' episodes `` Christening '' and `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' , but considered it inferior to the `` Niagara '' and the `` classic '' `` Booze Cruise '' . She criticized the main plot for rehashing previous plot lines and ultimately gave the episode a 7.0 / 10 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eng , Joyce ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Stephen Collins , Dee Wallace to Appear on The Office '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Josh Groban To Play Ed Helms ' Brother On ' The Office ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moaba , Alex ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Mindy Kaling Gets ' Office ' Promotion to Executive Producer '' . Aol TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Is Mindy Kaling Done Writing for ' The Office ' ? '' . Aol TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Josh Groban on his Office role '' . National Post . October 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' X Factor ' Drops , Still Leads Fox Win ; On A Mixed Night Of Advances & Declines '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Review : The Office -- Garden Party : The host with the most '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Recap : Ai n't No Party Like a Garden Party '' . New York . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hertz , Barry ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Recap : The Office , Season 8 , Episode 4 '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Giant ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- Garden Party '' . Television without a Pity . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Garden Party '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Garden Party '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . 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'' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden_Party_(The_Office)&oldid=856885386 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles TV.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays andy bernard's brother on the office | [
"Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) decides to throw a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress his parents and Robert California (James Spader), and exhaustively explains party manners to the office workers. Andy is jealous at the amount of attention his younger brother Walter Bernard, Jr. (Josh Groban) receives from his father, and thinks that by throwing an elaborate party he can ensure his father's blessings. At first, the party goes along smoothly. Andy makes a toast to Robert in order to get his fellow employees to toast him, as if to show to his parents and California that he is valued by his employees. His plan backfires, however, and instead more people toast Robert. To get everybody's mind off of Robert, Andy decides to sing \"More Than Words\" as a duet with his father. This too goes awry as his father corrects his playing and singing, and ultimately decides to sing a duet with Walter Jr. instead of Andy. Upset, Andy takes his guitar and storms off. His father confronts him privately about his outburst, and when Andy admits to trying to win his father's affection, he reacts with annoyance. This conversation is overheard by the other staff on the baby monitor Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) brought for their daughter, and Pam quickly turns off the monitor to let Andy save face. Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) and Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) confide to the camera that they now understand why Andy feels he needs to prove himself to everyone. After his family leaves, a dejected Andy, feeling unwanted by his family and co-workers, says goodbye to the office staff as they turn the garden party into a barbecue. Darryl and Oscar, however, convince Andy to stay with a cheeseburger and a beer.\n"
] | [
"Josh Groban"
] |
-990417574213099992 | The X Factor (UK series 14) | The X Factor ( UK series 14 ) - wikipedia The X Factor ( UK series 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search The X Factor Series 14 Broadcast from 2 September ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) -- 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) Judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Alesha Dixon ( guest ) Presenter ( s ) Dermot O'Leary Co-presenter ( s ) Becca Dudley ( ITV Hub ) Stacey Solomon ( Live final ) George Shelley ( Live final ) Broadcaster ITV ITV Hub ( Xtra Bites ) Finals venue ExCeL London Winner Rak - Su Origin Watford Song `` Dimelo ( featuring Wyclef Jean and Naughty Boy ) '' Mentor Simon Cowell Runner - up Grace Davies Chronology ◀ 2017 ▶ The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The fourteenth series began airing on ITV on 2 September 2017 , presented by Dermot O'Leary . For the first time in seven years , the judging panel will remain the same , with Simon Cowell , Sharon Osbourne , Nicole Scherzinger and Louis Walsh returning . This is the first series not to include companion show The Xtra Factor , after it was cancelled in January 2017 . Its replacement is a programme called Xtra Bites presented by Becca Dudley on the ITV Hub . This is also the first series to be sponsored by Just Eat , with the show having being sponsored by TalkTalk since 2009 , as well as the second time the show has premiered in September , rather than August , since the first series in 2004 . Rak - Su won the competition on 3 December 2017 and they became the second group to win the competition and Simon Cowell became the winning mentor for the fourth time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judges and presenters 2 Selection process 2.1 Auditions 2.1. 1 Mobile auditions 2.1. 2 Judges ' auditions 2.2 Bootcamp 2.3 Six - chair challenge 2.4 Judges ' houses 3 Finalists 4 Live shows 4.1 Musical guests 4.2 Results summary 4.3 Live show details 4.3. 1 Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) 4.3. 2 Week 2 ( 4 / 5 November ) 4.3. 3 Week 3 ( 11 / 12 November ) 4.3. 4 Week 4 ( 18 / 19 November ) 4.3. 5 Week 5 : Semi-final ( 25 / 26 November ) 4.3. 6 Week 6 : Final ( 2 / 3 December ) 5 Winner 's single 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Judges and presenters Series 14 judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger In December 2016 , Louis Walsh confirmed he would continue to judge the series through 2018 , stating he had signed through `` the next two years '' . That same month , both Sharon Osbourne and Nicole Scherzinger cast doubt on their return , with Osbourne citing her dual - work on The Talk , and Scherzinger stating : `` I ca n't confirm that I 'm going to ( be back ) but I think if I did return it would have to be with this panel because I 'm really close with this panel . ( ... ) I 've really enjoyed myself and we 're really close . '' On 13 April 2017 , Cowell announced his intentions to retain the same judging panel for the fourteenth series . In June 2017 , it was announced that the judging panel would remain the same as the previous series . Dermot O'Leary will return for his tenth series as presenter . On 23 June 2017 , it was announced that Britain 's Got Talent judge Alesha Dixon would appear as a guest judge for the first day of Manchester auditions , due to Scherzinger having a `` previous diary commitment '' . Five days later , on 28 June , it was announced that Dixon would once again appear as a guest judge , this time for Osbourne , who was unavailable due to a long - standing back injury . Cowell arrived late to 4 July 2017 , auditions in London , due to an illness . On 29 October 2017 , Dixon reappeared as a guest judge on the Sunday live show , this time filling in for Cowell , who was absent recovering from an injury during the weekend . Selection process On 4 July , it was reported that there will be major changes to the show this year . Auditions are taking place in Thorpe Park , bootcamp will take place in front of an audience and there will be six weeks of live shows instead of the usual ten . Additionally , acts will be sent home on both Saturday and Sunday , as `` tedious '' Saturday nights received lower viewing figures than Sunday . Auditions The minimum age to audition this year was 14 after being reduced down from 16 the previous year . Contestants needed a `` yes '' from at least three of the four judges to progress to Bootcamp . Mobile auditions The mobile auditions began on 11 May 2017 , in Belfast and concluded on 23 May 2017 , in Yeovil . Summary of mobile auditions Location Date ( s ) Venue Belfast 11 May 2017 Victoria Square Shopping Centre Bangor 12 May 2017 Deninol Shopping Centre Southampton 13 May 2017 West Quay Shopping Centre Douglas 14 May 2017 The Strand Shopping Centre Swansea Bambuu Nightclub Blackpool 16 May 2017 Houndshill Shopping Centre Bournemouth Obscura Cafe Bristol Cabot Circus Carlisle 17 May 2017 The Lanes Shopping Centre Brighton Churchill Square Shopping Centre Truro The Boat Newport 19 May 2017 Quay Arts Centre Wigan The Grand Arcade Shopping Centre Plymouth Plymouth Pavilions Margate 20 May 2017 Westwood Cross 21 May 2017 Stoke on Trent 22 May 2017 Victoria Hall Exeter Princesshay Centre Thurrock 23 May 2017 Lakeside Shopping Centre Yeovil Quedam Centre Judges ' auditions The auditions began on 20 June 2017 , in Liverpool and concluded on 10 July 2017 , in Surrey . Summary of judges ' auditions City Date ( s ) Venue Changes to judging line - up Liverpool 20 -- 21 June 2017 Titanic Hotel N / A Manchester 24 June 2017 Old Trafford Cricket Ground Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Nicole Scherzinger ) 25 June 2017 N / A Edinburgh 28 June 2017 Assembly Rooms Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Sharon Osbourne ) London 4 -- 6 July 2017 Tobacco Dock N / A Surrey 9 -- 10 July 2017 Thorpe Park Bootcamp Bootcamp was filmed live at The SSE Arena , Wembley in front of a studio audience . Following the filming of bootcamp and prior to the filming of the six - chair challenge , the judges ' categories were revealed . Cowell was given the Groups , Scherzinger was given the Over 28s , Osbourne was given the Girls and Walsh was given the Boys . There are three different stages to Bootcamp . Six - chair challenge The six - chair challenge took place over the course of two days , from 26 to 28 July 2017 , at The SSE Arena , Wembley . Unlike previous years , where all four judges sat together , each judge was secluded on their own while their respective category performed . The three remaining judges sat together and gave their own critiques of the performance , before allowing the category 's judge to make the final decision . It was broadcast over three episodes ; Osbourne choosing in the first , Cowell and Scherzinger choosing in the second , with later portions of her decisions shown , alongside Walsh 's , in the third . Judges ' houses The judges ' categories were announced in July 2017 , with additional details of the judges ' houses announced in October 2017 . Anthony Russell withdrew after the pre-recorded sections of the show and was replaced by Sam Black who was knocked out of the competition at the Bootcamp stage . Sam Black will be in Walsh 's Boys category . In a statement , Walsh stated , `` Anthony has been fantastic across the series , a great singer and performer who we are really sad to see go . I had to think for a long time who could take the place . Sam had a great reaction from the British public when his Audition aired . So I re-watched it and realised we missed a trick not putting him through at Boot Camp . He has that retro 60s style viewers will love . He 's really likeable and talented and I ca n't wait to hear more . '' At the end of judges ' houses , it was announced that the public could vote for a wildcard from each category bringing the total amount of contestants for the live shows to 16 . Summary of judges ' houses Judge Location Assistants Contestants eliminated Wildcards Cowell Groups Southern France Cheryl Lemonade , New Girl Band Jack and Joel Osbourne Girls San Francisco Jack and Kelly Osbourne Deanna Mussington , Georgina Panton Alisah Bonaobra Scherzinger Over 28s South Africa Stormzy Slavko Kalezić , Berget Lewis Talia Dean Walsh Boys Istanbul Mika Aidan Martin , Jack Mason Leon Mallett Finalists Main article : List of The X Factor finalists ( UK series 14 ) Key : -- Winner -- Runner - up -- Third place Category ( mentor ) Acts Boys ( Walsh ) Sam Black Lloyd Macey Leon Mallett Spencer Sutherland Girls ( Osbourne ) Alisah Bonaobra Grace Davies Holly Tandy Rai - Elle Williams Over 28s ( Scherzinger ) Talia Dean Tracyleanne Jefford Matt Linnen Kevin Davy White Groups ( Cowell ) The Cutkelvins Jack and Joel Rak - Su Sean and Conor Price Live shows The finalists for the live shows were announced during the episode broadcast on 22 October 2017 . However , at the end of the episode , it was announced by Dermot O'Leary that there would be a wildcard vote for each category . The winners of the wildcard vote were revealed on 28 October at the start of the first live show . For the first time since series six , a major overhaul of the set layout was made as live shows debuted in a new filming location , LH2 Studios in London . Numerous other changes were introduced for this series ' live shows . This included contestant and musical guest performances on both Saturday and Sunday shows , and the removal of the sing - offs , deadlocks and judges ' votes on the Sunday show . Each show , two of the categories would sing and immediately after the performances , the public vote would open for a short amount of time . At the end of each show , the contestant with the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition . In addition , the contestant with the highest votes for that night would also be announced . The two acts who won their respective public vote would then sing against each other in a new element of the show called the prize fight . After another public vote , the winner of the prize fight would win a special weekly prize . For the first time ever the live final will broadcast from the Excel Centre , London and not Wembley Arena as part of the show 's drastic changes this series . Musical guests Liam Payne performed on the first live show , while Stormzy performed on the second live show . Tokio Myers performed on the third live show , while Rita Ora performed on the fourth . Harry Styles performed on the fifth live show and Paloma Faith performed on the sixth . Matt Terry performed on the seventh live show and Fergie performed on the eighth . James Arthur performed on the first semi final and Ed Sheeran performed on the second . PrettyMuch and Louis Tomlinson performed on Saturday 's final , while P ! NK , Sam Smith , CNCO and Little Mix performed during the Sunday final . Results Summary Colour key -- Contestant received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated -- Contestant received the most public votes Weekly results per contestant Contestant Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Rak - Su N / A 1st 22.2 % 1st 32.3 % N / A 2nd 25.7 % N / A 1st 36.7 % N / A 1st 26.1 % 1st 27.3 % 1st 41.7 % Winner 51.7 % Grace Davies 1st 21.9 % N / A N / A 2nd 18.5 % N / A 2nd 20.1 % N / A 1st 26.1 % 4th 17.2 % 2nd 26.0 % 2nd 35.4 % Runner - up 40.1 % Kevin Davy White N / A 4th 11.1 % N / A 1st 21.9 % 1st 25.8 % N / A N / A 3rd 21.4 % 2nd 19.5 % 3rd 18.9 % 3rd 22.9 % Eliminated ( week 6 ) Lloyd Macey 3rd 15.0 % N / A 3rd 14.4 % N / A N / A 1st 26.4 % 2nd 22.8 % N / A 3rd 19.2 % 4th 18.2 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) The Cutkelvins N / A 2nd 17.3 % 2nd 15.1 % N / A 4th 13.5 % N / A 3rd 18.9 % N / A 5th 10.1 % 5th 9.6 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Matt Linnen N / A 3rd 11.9 % N / A 5th 13.6 % 3rd 14.1 % N / A N / A 2nd 22.5 % 6th 7.9 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Holly Tandy 2nd 15.9 % N / A N / A 3rd 15.4 % N / A 3rd 19.7 % N / A 4th 16.1 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Rai - Elle Williams 5th 11.5 % N / A N / A 4th 14.3 % N / A 4th 14.4 % N / A 5th 13.9 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Sean and Conor Price N / A 5th 10.6 % 5th 10.6 % N / A 5th 11.2 % N / A 4th 15.4 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Sam Black 7th 8.5 % N / A 4th 12.5 % N / A N / A 5th 11.1 % 5th 6.2 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Alisah Bonaobra 4th 11.8 % N / A N / A 6th 9.5 % N / A 6th 8.3 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Jack and Joel N / A 7th 9.2 % 6th 8.6 % N / A 6th 9.7 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Tracyleanne Jefford N / A 6th 10.3 % N / A 7th 6.8 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Leon Mallett 6th 9.3 % N / A 7th 6.5 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Talia Dean N / A 8th 7.4 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Spencer Sutherland 8th 6.1 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Prize fight Winner Grace Davies 53.5 % to win Kevin Davy White 53.6 % to win Lloyd Macey 64.3 % to win Rak - Su 61.5 % to win No prize fight Runner - up Rak - Su 46.5 % to win Rak - Su 46.4 % to win Kevin Davy White 35.7 % to win Grace Davies 38.5 % to win Eliminated Spencer Sutherland 6.1 % to save Talia Dean 7.4 % to save Leon Mallett 6.5 % to save Tracyleanne Jefford 6.8 % to save Jack and Joel 9.7 % to save Alisah Bonaobra 8.3 % to save Sam Black 6.2 % to save Rai - Elle Williams 13.9 % to save Matt Linnen 7.9 % to save The Cutkelvins 9.6 % to save Kevin Davy White 22.9 % to win Grace Davies 40.1 % to win Sean and Conor Price 15.4 % to save Holly Tandy 16.1 % to save Lloyd Macey 18.2 % to save Reference ( s ) ^ 1 The voting percentages in week 6 for Sunday do not add up to 100 % , owing to the freezing of votes . Kevin Davy White received 8.2 % of the final vote . Live show details Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) Theme : `` Express Yourself '' Prize : Trip to New York , meet and greet with Pink at Madison Square Garden Musical guests : Saturday : Liam Payne ( `` Bedroom Floor '' ) Sunday : Stormzy & Labrinth ( `` Blinded by Your Grace , Pt. 2 '' ) The wildcards were revealed at the start of Saturday 's show . Cowell missed the Saturday and Sunday show , due to recovery from falling down the stairs the morning before . Alesha Dixon filled in as a guest judge on Sunday . Contestants ' performances on the first and second live shows 28 October Act Order Song Result Rai - Elle Williams `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' / `` Lost Ones '' / `` No '' Safe Spencer Sutherland `` Who You Are '' Eliminated Holly Tandy `` Hollow '' Safe Leon Mallett `` Stay '' Safe Alisah Bonaobra 5 `` This Is My Now '' Safe Sam Black 6 `` Faith '' Safe Grace Davies 7 `` Too Young '' ( original song ) Won public vote Lloyd Macey 8 `` City of Stars '' Safe 29 October The Cutkelvins `` What About Us '' Safe Kevin Davy White `` Stay '' Safe Talia Dean `` What Makes You Beautiful '' Eliminated Jack and Joel `` New Rules '' Safe Matt Linnen 5 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Safe Sean and Conor Price 6 `` Strong '' Safe Tracyleanne Jefford 7 `` Written in the Water '' Safe Rak - Su 8 `` Mamacita '' ( original song ) Won public vote Prize fight details Grace Davies `` Too Young '' Winner Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' Runners - up Week 2 ( 4 / 5 November ) Theme : `` Viva Latino '' Prize : Recording session with a Grammy awarded producer Musical guests : Saturday : Tokio Myers ( `` Angel '' ) Sunday : Rita Ora ( `` Anywhere '' ) Contestants ' performances on the third and fourth live shows 4 November Act Order Song Result Jack and Joel `` Havana '' / `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Safe Leon Mallett `` Get Lucky '' Eliminated Sean and Conor Price `` Cheap Thrills '' Safe Lloyd Macey `` Hero '' Safe The Cutkelvins 5 `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' Safe Rak - Su 6 `` Dimelo '' ( original song ) Won public vote Sam Black 7 `` La Bamba '' / `` Twist and Shout '' Safe 5 November Grace Davies `` Ciao Adios '' Safe Tracyleanne Jefford `` Ai n't Your Mama '' Eliminated Rai - Elle Williams `` Bailando '' Safe Holly Tandy `` Despacito '' Safe Kevin Davy White 5 `` Smooth '' Won public vote Alisah Bonaobra 6 `` Let 's Get Loud '' Safe Matt Linnen 7 `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Safe Prize fight details Rak - Su `` Dimelo '' Runners - up Kevin Davy White `` Smooth '' Winner Week 3 ( 11 / 12 November ) Theme : `` George Michael '' Prize : Open for Little Mix at Manchester Arena on 21 November 2017 Musical guests : Saturday : Harry Styles ( `` Kiwi '' ) Sunday : Paloma Faith ( `` Guilty '' ) Contestants ' performances on the fifth and sixth live shows 11 November Act Order Song Result Rak - Su `` Faith '' Safe Matt Linnen `` Careless Whisper '' Safe Jack and Joel `` The Edge of Heaven '' Eliminated The Cutkelvins `` Killer / Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Safe Sean and Conor Price 5 `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' Safe Kevin Davy White 6 `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' Won public vote 12 November Alisah Bonaobra `` Praying for Time '' Eliminated Sam Black `` I 'm Your Man '' Safe Grace Davies `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Safe Rai - Elle Williams `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' Safe Lloyd Macey 5 `` A Different Corner '' Won public vote Holly Tandy 6 `` One More Try '' Safe Prize fight details Kevin Davy White `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' Runner - up Lloyd Macey `` A Different Corner '' Winner Week 4 ( 18 / 19 November ) Theme : `` Crazy in Love '' Prize : Record own song with Ali Tamposi Musical guests : Saturday : Matt Terry ( `` The Thing About Love '' ) Sunday : Fergie ( `` Save It Til Morning '' ) Contestants ' performances on the seventh and eighth live shows 18 November Act Order Song Result Sam Black `` Oops '' Eliminated Sean and Conor Price `` Issues '' Eliminated The Cutkelvins `` Saved Me From Myself '' ( original song ) Safe Lloyd Macey `` From This Moment On '' Safe Rak - Su 5 `` Mona Lisa '' ( original song ) Won public vote 19 November Rai - Elle Williams `` Mr. Big Stuff '' Eliminated Kevin Davy White `` I Will Always Love You '' Safe Matt Linnen `` Fallin ' '' Safe Holly Tandy `` Love Me Harder '' Eliminated Grace Davies 5 `` Hesitate '' ( original song ) Won public vote Prize fight details Rak - Su `` Mona Lisa '' Winner Grace Davies `` Hesitate '' Runner - up Week 5 : semi-final ( 25 / 26 November ) O'Leary confirmed that there would n't be a Prize fight from this week onwards and all the categories would perform on the same night for first time this series . 25 November Theme : `` Cool Britannia '' ; Musical guest : James Arthur ( `` Naked '' ) Contestants ' performances on the ninth live show Act Order Song Result The Cutkelvins `` Nothing Like You '' ( original song ) Safe Matt Linnen `` Gimme Shelter '' Eliminated Grace Davies `` Life on Mars ? '' Safe Rak - Su `` Flowers '' Safe Lloyd Macey 5 `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Safe Kevin Davy White 6 `` Come Together '' Safe 26 November Theme : `` Get Me to the Final '' Musical guest : Ed Sheeran ( `` Perfect '' ) Contestants ' performances on the tenth live show Act Order Song Result Lloyd Macey `` Fix You '' Eliminated Rak - Su `` I 'm Feeling You '' ( original song ) Safe The Cutkelvins `` Show Me Love '' Eliminated Kevin Davy White `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Safe Grace Davies 5 `` Wolves '' ( original song ) Safe Week 6 : final ( 2 / 3 December ) It was revealed on 2 December that the winners ' single this year would be the contestants ' duet . 2 December Theme : `` No theme '' ; `` Celebrity duets / Winner 's single '' Musical guests : Pete Tong & Heritage Orchestra featuring Becky Hill ( `` Sing It Back '' / `` You 've Got the Love '' ) ( with Grace Davies , Rak - Su & Kevin Davy White ) , PrettyMuch ( `` No More '' ) and Louis Tomlinson ( `` Miss You '' ) Contestants ' performances on the eleventh live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Kevin Davy White `` Whole Lotta Love '' `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' ( with Tokio Myers ) Eliminated Grace Davies `` Live and Let Die '' 5 `` Roots '' ( Original song ) ( with Paloma Faith ) Safe Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' ( Original song ) 6 `` Dimelo '' ( Original song ) ( with Naughty Boy & Wyclef Jean ) Safe Kevin Davy White received the fewest public votes and was automatically eliminated . 3 December Theme : `` Song to win '' , `` Song of the Series '' Musical guests : Little Mix & CNCO ( `` Power '' / `` Reggaetón Lento ( Remix ) '' ) , Pink ( `` Beautiful Trauma '' / `` What About Us '' ) , and Sam Smith ( `` One Last Song '' ) Contestants ' performances on the final live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Grace Davies `` Nothing But Words '' ( Original song ) `` Too Young '' ( Original song ) Runner - up Rak - Su `` Touché '' ( Original song ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( Original song ) Winner Winner 's single All proceeds from the winner 's single are in aid of children 's hospice charities , Together for Short Lives and Shooting Star Chase . Simco Limited will donate 100 % of its profits from the sale of each download and in respect of all audio streaming of the single , and the Chancellor has also agreed to donate the VAT , in each case to be shared equally by the charities . This donation will be at least 20p plus VAT for each download sold in the UK . FremantleMedia , ITV and all performers featuring on the single have also agreed to forgo any master royalties due to them in connection with downloads and all audio streaming of the single . Reception Ratings Episode Air date Official rating ( millions ) Official rating ( millions inc . HD ) Official rating ( millions inc . HD & + 1 ) Weekly rank Auditions 1 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 5.76 7.38 7.92 5 Auditions 2 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 5.73 7.46 8.04 Auditions 3 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 5.15 6.60 7.23 11 Auditions 4 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 5.52 7.10 7.57 6 Auditions 5 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 5.78 7.57 7.87 7 Auditions 6 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 5.40 7.07 7.50 10 Auditions 7 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 4.53 5.99 6.48 16 Auditions 8 000000002017 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 5.42 7.09 7.39 8 Bootcamp 1 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 4.92 6.41 6.83 11 Bootcamp 2 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 4.67 6.11 6.34 16 Bootcamp 3 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 4.58 5.83 6.18 16 Six - chair challenge 1 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 5.34 6.97 7.36 9 Six - chair challenge 2 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 5.10 6.67 7.05 9 Six - chair challenge 3 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 4.54 6.27 6.66 15 Judges ' houses 1 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 5.29 6.95 7.25 7 Judges ' houses 2 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 4.42 5.58 6.26 16 Live show 1 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 4.77 6.45 6.63 12 Live show 2 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 3.77 5.27 5.58 15 Live show 3 000000002017 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 4.40 5.83 6.08 14 Live show 4 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 3.37 4.61 5.03 15 Live show 5 000000002017 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 6 000000002017 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 7 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 8 000000002017 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 9 000000002017 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 10 000000002017 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live final 1 000000002017 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December TBA TBA TBA TBA Live final 2 000000002017 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December TBA TBA TBA TBA ^ 1 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 2 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV , ITV HD and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 3 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV , ITV HD , ITV + 1 and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 4 The rank for the combined ITV , ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts , compared with all channels for that week , from Monday to Sunday . References Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 finals will be held at the Excel centre for the first time '' . 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grant Cumberbatch , Aimée ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell will be making no changes to the X Factor judging line - up '' . London Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` X Factor spin - off Xtra Factor axed with no room for presenters Rylan Clark - Neal and Matt Edmondson as ITV focuses on digital strategy '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Just Eat delivers £ 10m The X Factor sponsorship deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` The X Factor is returning to our screens next month '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Louis Walsh WILL return to The X Factor in 2017 '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Baggage , Rachel ; Gordon , Naomi ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne wants X Factor return but has a dilemma ... '' Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Nicole Scherzinger WILL return to The X Factor ... but only with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell CONFIRMS X Factor 2017 panel '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` BGT 's Alesha Dixon is REPLACING Scherzy on X Factor '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne drops out of latest X Factor auditions round '' . Digital Spy . United States : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Borland , Hollie ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell Forced To Miss The X Factor Auditions Thanks To Mystery Illness '' . Heart . United Kingdom : Global . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor planning major changes for its 2017 series '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Niomi ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` The X Factor LOWERS the audition age limit to 14 years old as part of a huge shake following Liam Payne 's enormous success '' . OK ! . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 to hold bootcamp auditions in front of audience at Wembley '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Darvill , Josh ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 judges ' categories REVEALED - spoilers ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's six chair challenge is BACK - get tickets to watch filming ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 spoiler : New twist added to the Six Chair Challenge '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor Judges ' Houses acts revealed as dramatic Six Chair Challenge ends '' . mirror . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat Entertainment ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Stormzy will be at judges ' houses to help out on X Factor '' . Newsbeat . United Kingdom : BBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Cheryl IS returning to The X Factor this year '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Episode 15 '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Meechan , Lauren ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 : Anthony Russell 's replacement REVEALED after shock exit '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Insider ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Black is BACK for Judges ' Houses ! '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Wildcard vote time ! Here 's all the info you need '' . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 28 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's Wildcard acts have been confirmed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor live shows will reveal who has the most votes '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Tasha ( 29 October 2017 ) . `` Grace Davies wins the first X Factor prize fight '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 finals will be held at the Excel centre for the first time '' . Metro. 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Payne and Stormzy to perform on the first X Factor Live Shows ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Myers and Rita Ora to perform this weekend ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Styles and Paloma Faith are ready to perform ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matt Terry and Fergie are ready to perform ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guest Performers : James Arthur and Ed Sheeran are on their way ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ PRETTYMUCH ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` @ PRETTYMUCH : # NoMore featuring our boy @ FrencHMonTanA is coming on friday 🔥 🔥 🔥 🔥 tune in to @ TheXFactor on saturday to see us perform it live for the first time ever ❌ ❌ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : @ Louis Tomlinson ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` @ Louis_Tomlinson : New single ' Miss You ' will be out this Friday with a performance on the @ thexfactor final on the Saturday ! Ca n't wait for this one ! # missyou '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The stars are coming out for The X Factor Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ Little Mix ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` @ LittleMix : We 're sooo excited we can FINALLY reveal that we are performing on @ TheXFactor on next Sunday 's LIVE FINAL with the amazing @ CNCOmusic ! You do n't wan na miss this one ... trust us 😉 we are BUZZING ! ! 🙌 xx the girls xx '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The 2017 voting stats are in ! See who got your votes '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Sutherland is the first Contestant to leave '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talia Dean is the next Contestant to leave the competition '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's time to say goodbye to Leon Mallett '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time to wave goodbye to Tracyleanne Jefford '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We wave goodbye to Jack & Joel '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time for Alisah to wave goodbye to the competition '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double whammy elimination : Goodbye Sam Black and Sean & Conor Price '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double elimination : We wave goodbye to Holly and Rai - Elle '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We wave goodbye to Matt in the Semi-Finals '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double - elimination time in the Semi-Finals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Davy White takes third place in The X Factor Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rak - Su take The X Factor Final 2017 crown ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's singing what this weekend ? We 've got ALL the Contestants ' song choices '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet your 2017 Wildcards ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell ' to miss X Factor 's first live show ' after ' fainting ' at home '' . Sky News . Sky News . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alesha Dixon to return to The X Factor panel tonight ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's what the Contestants are singing for Viva Latino week '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Michael weekend : Song reveal alert ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` You 'll be Crazy in Love with this weekend 's songs ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 semi-final will finally see all the acts go head to head '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Britannia : Song reveals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs to get our Contestants to the Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find out all about The X Factor Winner 's Duet ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What will our Finalists be singing ? '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Tong , Becky Hill and The X Factor Finalists open The X Factor '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tonight 's Final song reveals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Viewing Summary ( see relevant week under ) '' . BARB . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links The X Factor at itv.com The X Factor at stv.tv ( hide ) The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Main series Steve Brookstein Shayne Ward Leona Lewis Leon Jackson Alexandra Burke Joe McElderry Matt Cardle Little Mix James Arthur Sam Bailey Ben Haenow Louisa Johnson Matt Terry Rak - Su Celebrity series Lucy Benjamin Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X_Factor_(UK_series_14)&oldid=816019499 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons 2017 in British music The X Factor ( UK TV series ) The X Factor ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Cite tweet templates with errors Use dmy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is x factor filmed 2017 live shows | [
"For the first time since series six, a major overhaul of the set layout was made as live shows debuted in a new filming location, LH2 Studios in London. Numerous other changes were introduced for this series' live shows. This included contestant and musical guest performances on both Saturday and Sunday shows, and the removal of the sing-offs, deadlocks and judges' votes on the Sunday show. Each show, two of the categories would sing and immediately after the performances, the public vote would open for a short amount of time. At the end of each show, the contestant with the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition. In addition, the contestant with the highest votes for that night would also be announced.[27] The two acts who won their respective public vote would then sing against each other in a new element of the show called the prize fight. After another public vote, the winner of the prize fight would win a special weekly prize.[28] For the first time ever the live final will broadcast from the Excel Centre, London and not Wembley Arena as part of the show's drastic changes this series.[29]"
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"LH2 Studios in London"
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-5341545604421118472 | Institutes of the Christian Religion | Institutes of the Christian Religion - wikipedia Institutes of the Christian Religion Jump to : navigation , search The title page from the 1559 edition of John Calvin 's Institutio Christianae Religionis Institutes of the Christian Religion ( Latin : Institutio Christianae Religionis ) is John Calvin 's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology . Highly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today , it was published in Latin in 1536 ( at the same time as Henry VIII of England 's Dissolution of the Monasteries ) and in his native French language in 1541 , with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 ( Latin ) and in 1560 ( French ) . The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty . It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox , particularly Roman Catholicism , to which Calvin says he had been `` strongly devoted '' before his conversion to Protestantism . The Institutes is a highly regarded secondary reference for the system of doctrine adopted by the Reformed churches , usually called Calvinism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Title 3 Contents 4 Translations 5 Legacy 6 List of editions 6.1 Latin 6.2 French 6.3 German 6.4 Italian 6.5 Spanish 6.6 Czech ( Bohemian ) 6.7 English 6.8 Afrikaans 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Title page of the first edition ( 1536 ) John Calvin was a student of law and then classics at the University of Paris . Around 1533 he became involved in religious controversies and converted to Protestantism , a new Christian reform movement which was persecuted by the Catholic Church in France , forcing him to go into hiding . He moved to Basel , Switzerland , for safety in 1535 , and around this time he must have begun writing a summary of theology which would become the Institutes . His Catholic opponents sought to associate him and his associates ( known as Huguenots in France ) with radical Anabaptists , some of whom had been defeated after a long siege in the Münster Rebellion in June 1535 . He decided to adapt the work he had been writing to the purpose of defending Protestants suffering from persecution from false accusations that they were espousing radical and heretical doctrines . The work , written in Latin , was published in Basel in March 1536 with a preface addressed to King Francis I of France , entreating him to give the Protestants a hearing rather than continue to persecute them . It is six chapters long , covering the basics of Christian faith using the familiar catechetical structure of the Ten Commandments , the Apostles ' Creed , the Lord 's Prayer , and the sacraments , as well as a chapter on Christian liberty and political theology . Soon after publishing it , Calvin began his ministry in Geneva , Switzerland . The Institutes proved instantly popular , with many asking for a revised edition . In 1539 , Calvin published a much larger work , with seventeen chapters of about the same length as the six chapters of the first edition . It includes many references to classical authors and Church fathers , as well as many additional references to the Bible . Calvin 's epistle to the reader indicates that the new work is intended for theological students preparing for ministry . Four chapters were added in a third edition in 1543 , and a 1550 edition was published with only minor changes . The fifth and final edition with which Calvin was involved , and which is used by scholars as the authoritative text , is 80 % larger than the previous edition and was published in Geneva in 1559 . Calvin 's theology did not change substantially throughout his life , and so the Institutes did not undergo changes as far as its substance . Title ( edit ) The Latin word `` institutio '' , translated in the title as `` institutes '' , may also be translated `` instruction '' , as it was in titles of German translations of the work , and was commonly used in the titles of legal works as well as other summary works covering a large body of knowledge . The title of Desiderius Erasmus 's Institutio principis Christiani ( 1516 ) , which Calvin would have been familiar with , is usually translated The Education of a Christian Prince . The form of the short title of the first edition of Calvin 's work , published in 1536 is Christianae religionis institutio . The full title of this edition may be translated The Institute of the Christian Religion , Containing almost the Whole Sum of Piety and Whatever It is Necessary to Know in the Doctrine of Salvation . A Work Very Well Worth Reading by All Persons Zealous for Piety , and Lately Published . A Preface to the Most Christian King of France , in Which this Book is Presented to Him as a Confession of Faith . Author , John Calvin , Of Noyon . Basel , MDXXXVI . In the 1539 edition , the title is Institutio Christianae Religionis , possibly to emphasize the fact that this is a new , considerably expanded work . This is followed by `` at length truly corresponding to its title '' , a play on the grandiosity of the title and an indication that the new work better lives up to the expectation created by such a title . Contents ( edit ) Institutes in its first form was not merely an exposition of Reformation doctrine ; it proved the inspiration to a new form of Christian life for many . It is indebted to Martin Luther in the treatment of faith and sacraments , to Martin Bucer in what is said of divine will and predestination , and to the later scholastics for teaching involving unsuspected implications of freedom in the relation of church and state . The book is prefaced by a letter to Francis I. As this letter shows , Institutes was composed , or at least completed , to meet a present necessity , to correct an aspersion on Calvin 's fellow reformers . The French king , wishing to suppress the Reformation at home , yet unwilling to alienate the reforming princes of Germany , had sought to confound the teachings of the French reformers with the attacks of Anabaptists on civil authority . `` My reasons for publishing the Institutes , '' Calvin wrote in 1557 , `` were first that I might vindicate from unjust affront my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord , and next that some sorrow and anxiety should move foreign people , since the same sufferings threaten many . '' `` The hinges on which our controversy turns , '' says Calvin in his letter to the king , `` are that the Church may exist without any apparent form '' and that its marks are `` pure preaching of the word of God and rightful administration of the sacraments . '' Despite the dependence on earlier writers , Institutes was felt by many to be a new voice , and within a year there was demand for a second edition . This came in 1539 , amplifying especially the treatment of the fall of man , of election , and of reprobation , as well as that of the authority of scripture . It showed also a more conciliatory temper toward Luther in the section on the Lord 's Supper . The opening chapter of the Institutes is perhaps the best known , in which Calvin presents the basic plan of the book . There are two general subjects to be examined : the creator and his creatures . Above all , the book concerns the knowledge of God the Creator , but `` as it is in the creation of man that the divine perfections are best displayed '' , there is also an examination of what can be known about humankind . After all , it is mankind 's knowledge of God and of what He requires of his creatures that is the primary issue of concern for a book of theology . In the first chapter , these two issues are considered together to show what God has to do with mankind ( and other creatures ) and , especially , how knowing God is connected with human knowledge . To pursue an explanation of the relationship between God and man , the edition of 1559 , although Calvin claimed it to be `` almost a new work '' , in fact completely recast the old Institutes into four sections and 80 chapters , on the basis of the Apostles ' Creed , a traditional structure of Christian instruction used in Western Christianity . First , the knowledge of God is considered as knowledge of the Father , the creator , provider , and sustainer . Next , it is examined how the Son reveals the Father , since only God is able to reveal God . The third section of the Institutes describes the work of the Holy Spirit , who raised Christ from the dead , and who comes from the Father and the Son to affect a union in the Church through faith in Jesus Christ , with God , forever . And finally , the fourth section speaks of the Christian church , and how it is to live out the truths of God and Scriptures , particularly through the sacraments . This section also describes the functions and ministries of the church , how civil government relates to religious matters , and includes a lengthy discussion of the deficiencies of the papacy . Translations ( edit ) Title page of the first French edition ( 1541 ) There is some speculation that Calvin may have translated the first edition ( 1536 ) into French soon after its publication , but the earliest edition which has survived is Calvin 's 1541 translation . It was primarily intended for French - speaking Swiss , since very few copies were able to be smuggled into France . Some of these were publicly burned in front of Notre - Dame Cathedral soon after their publication . Calvin published French editions of the Institutes in 1541 , 1545 , 1551 , and 1560 . They follow the expansion and development of the Latin editions , but they are not strictly translations , instead being adapted for use by a lay readership , though retaining the same doctrine . The French translations of Calvin 's Institutes helped to shape the French language for generations , not unlike the influence of the King James Version for the English language . The Institutes were translated into many other European languages . A Spanish translation by Francisco de Enzinas of the 1536 Latin text was published in 1540 , before Calvin even published his first French edition . An Italian translation of Calvin 's French text was made in 1557 . Later translations were of the final 1559 Latin text : Dutch ( 1560 ) , German ( 1572 ) , Spanish ( 1597 ) , Czech ( 1617 ) , Hungarian ( 1624 ) , and Japanese ( 1934 ) . Scholars speculate that the seventeenth - century orientalist Johann Heinrich Hottinger translated it into Arabic , but this has not been confirmed. . A complete translation by HW Simpson of the 1559 Latin text into Afrikaans was published in four volumes between 1984 and 1992 , following an earlier abridged translation by A Duvenhage in 1951 . In English , five complete translations have been published -- four from the Latin and one from the French . The first was made in Calvin 's lifetime ( 1561 ) by Thomas Norton , the son - in - law of the English Reformer Thomas Cranmer . In the nineteenth century there were two translations , one by John Allen ( 1813 ) and one by Henry Beveridge ( 1845 ) . The most recent from Latin is the 1960 edition , translated by Ford Lewis Battles and edited by John T. McNeill , currently considered the most authoritative edition by scholars . Calvin 's first French edition ( 1541 ) has been translated by Elsie Anne McKee ( 2009 ) . Due to the length of the Institutes , several abridged versions have been made . The most recent is by Tony Lane and Hilary Osborne ; the text is their own alteration and abridgment of the Beveridge translation . Legacy ( edit ) The Institutes overshadowed the earlier Protestant theologies such as Melanchthon 's Loci Communes and Zwingli 's Commentary on the True and False Religion . According to historian Philip Schaff , it is a classic of theology at the level of Origen 's On First Principles , Augustine 's The City of God , Thomas Aquinas 's Summa Theologica , and Schleiermacher 's The Christian Faith . List of editions ( edit ) Latin ( edit ) Calvino , Ioanne ( 1536 ) . Christianae religionis institutio , totam fere pietatis summam , & quicquid est in doctrina salutis cognitu necessarium : complectens : omnibus pietatis studiosis lectu dignissimum opus , ac recens editum : Praefatio ad Christianissimum regem Franciae , qua hic ei liber pro confessione fidei offertur ( in Latin ) . Basel : Thomam Platteru & Balthasarem Lasium . -- -- -- ( 1539 ) . Institutio Christianae Religionis Nunc vere demum suo titulo respondens ( in Latin ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Strassburg : Wendelinum Rihelium . -- -- -- ( 1543 ) . Institutio Christianae Religionis Nunc vere demum suo titulo respondens ( in Latin ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Strassburg : Wendelinum Rihelium . -- -- -- ( 1550 ) . Institutio totius christianae religionis , nunc ex postrema authoris recognitione , quibusdam locis auctior , infinitis vero castigatior . Joanne Calvino authore . Additi sunt indices duo locupletissimi ( in Latin ) ( 4th ed . ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1559 ) . Institutio christianae religionis , in libros quatuor nunc primum digesta , certisque distincta capitibus , ad aptissimam methodum : aucta etiam tam magna accessione ut propemodum opus novum haberi possit ( in Latin ) ( 5th ed . ) . Genevae : Robert I. Estienne . French ( edit ) Calvin , Jean ( 1541 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de pieté , et quasi tout ce qui est necessaire a congnoistre en la doctrine de salut ( Institution of the Christian Religion : in which is comprised a summary of piety , and almost all that is necessary to know in the doctrine of salvation ) ( in French ) . Genève : Michel Du Bois . -- -- -- ( 1545 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jehan Calvin , et translatée en francoys par luymesme : en laquelle est comprise une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1551 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jean Calvin , et translatée en françoys par luymesme , et puis de nouveau reveuë et augmentée : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself , and again revised & augmented : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1553 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jean Calvin , et translatée en françoys par luymesme , et encores de nouveau reveuë et augmentée : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself , and yet again revised & augmented : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1554 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jean Calvin , et translatée en françoys par luymesme , et encores de nouveau reveuë et augmentée : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself , and again revised & augmented : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Philbert Hamelin . -- -- -- ( 1560 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne ( Institution of the Christian Religion ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Crespin . German ( edit ) Calvin , Iohann ( 1572 ) ( 1572 ) . Institutio Christianae Religionis , Das ist / Underweisung inn Christlicher Religion . Heydelberg : Johannes Meyer . Unterricht in der christlichen Religion - Institutio Christianae Religionis , Institutes of the Christian Religion based on the last ( 1559 ) edition translated and edited by Otto Weber , edited and reissued by Matthias Freudenberg . 2nd edition , Neukirchener Verlag ( publisher ) located in Neukirchen - Vluyn , Germany , released in 2008 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7887 - 2327 - 9 Italian ( edit ) Calvino , Giovanni ( 1557 ) . Institutione della religion christiana di messer Giovanni Calvino , in volgare italiano tradotta per Giulio Cesare P ( Institutes of the Christian Religion by master John Calvin , translated into vulgar Italian by Giulio Cesare P ) ( in Italian ) . Translated by Giulio Cesare Paschali . Genève : François Jaquy , Antoine Davodeau & Jacques Bourgeois . Spanish ( edit ) Institucion de la religion Cristiana , 1597 , translation by Cipriano de Valera Czech ( Bohemian ) ( edit ) Zpráva a vysvětlení náboženství křesťanského , cca 1615 , translation by Jiří Strejc English ( edit ) Caluin , Iohn ( 1561 ) ( 1559 ) . The Institvtion of Christian Religion , vvrytten in Latine by maister Ihon Caluin , and translated into Englysh according to the authors last edition . Translated by Thomas Norton . London : Reinolde Vvolf & Richarde Harisson . Calvin , John ( 1813 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . 1 . Translated by John Allen . Philadelphia : Presbyterian Board of Publication . -- -- -- ( 1813 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . 2 . Translated by John Allen . Philadelphia : Presbyterian Board of Publication . -- -- -- ( 1845 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion ; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 1 . Translated by Henry Beveridge . Edinburgh : Calvin Translation Society . -- -- -- ( 1845 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion ; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 2 . Translated by Henry Beveridge . Edinburgh : Calvin Translation Society . -- -- -- ( 1845 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion ; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 3 . Translated by Henry Beveridge . Edinburgh : Calvin Translation Society . -- -- -- ( 1960 ) ( 1559 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion : in Two Volumes . Translated by Ford Lewis Battles . Philadelphia : Westminster Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 66422028 - 0 . -- -- -- ( 1959 ) ( 1536 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated by Ford Lewis Battles ( 1536 ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80284167 - 4 . -- -- -- ( 2009 ) ( 1541 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated by Elsie Anne McKee ( 1541 French ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80280774 - 8 . -- -- -- ( 2014 ) ( 1541 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated by Robert White ( 1541 French ed . ) . Carlisle , PA : Banner of Truth . ISBN 9781848714632 . Afrikaans ( edit ) Calvyn , Johannes ( 1984 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 1 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 86990 746 8 . -- -- -- ( 1986 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 2 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 - 86990 - 860 - X . -- -- -- ( 1988 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 3 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 86955 064 0 . -- -- -- ( 1992 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 4 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 - 86955 - 106 - X . See also ( edit ) Calvinism portal John Calvin bibliography References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Calvin '' , 131 Christians everyone should know , Christian History & Biography , Christianity Today Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxx . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxi . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxxii -- xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxiv . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxv . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxvi . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxxvii -- xxxviii . ^ Jump up to : Schaff , Philip . `` Calvin 's Place in History '' . History of the Christian Church . VIII : Modern Christianity . The Swiss Reformation . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxix . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Benjamin Willis Wells ( 1920 ) . `` Institutes of the Christian Religion , The '' . In Rines , George Edwin . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ Gordon 2016 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xl . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xli . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xlii . Jump up ^ `` Die 1559 - Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens deur Johannes Calvyn '' . Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid - Afrika . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gordon , Bruce ( 2016 ) . John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion : A Biography . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 8050 - 8 . McNeill , John T. ( 1960 ) . `` Introduction '' . In McNeill , John T. Institutes of the Christian Religion . 1 . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox . pp. xxix -- lxxi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23911 - 4 . Further Reading ( edit ) Battles , Ford Lewis and John Walchenbach , Analysis of the `` Institutes of the Christian Religion '' of John Calvin ( Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Book House , 1980 ) . Hurley , Michael . `` The Church in Protestant Theology : Some Reflections on the Fourth Book of Calvin 's Institutes '' , in The Meaning of the Church : Papers of the Maynooth Union Summer School , 1965 , ed. by Donal Flanagan ( Dublin , Ire. : Gill and Son , 1966 ) , p. ( 110 ) - 143 . N.B. : The author is Roman Catholic . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Institutes of the Christian Religion . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Institutes of the Christian Religion ( 1845 ) Institutes of the Christian Religion , translated by Henry Beveridge ( 1845 ) , at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Institutes of the Christian Religion public domain audiobook at LibriVox BNF : cb11963198n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion&oldid=803313615 '' Categories : 1536 books 16th - century Christian texts 16th - century Latin books John Calvin Calvinist texts Christian theology books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Encyclopedia Americana Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who had a large influence and ministry in switzerland and wrote institutes of the christian religion | [
"John Calvin was a student of law and then classics at the University of Paris. Around 1533 he became involved in religious controversies and converted to Protestantism, a new Christian reform movement which was persecuted by the Catholic Church in France, forcing him to go into hiding.[2] He moved to Basel, Switzerland, for safety in 1535, and around this time he must have begun writing a summary of theology which would become the Institutes.[3] His Catholic opponents sought to associate him and his associates (known as Huguenots in France) with radical Anabaptists, some of whom had been defeated after a long siege in the Münster Rebellion in June 1535. He decided to adapt the work he had been writing to the purpose of defending Protestants suffering from persecution from false accusations that they were espousing radical and heretical doctrines. The work, written in Latin, was published in Basel in March 1536 with a preface addressed to King Francis I of France, entreating him to give the Protestants a hearing rather than continue to persecute them.[4] It is six chapters long, covering the basics of Christian faith using the familiar catechetical structure of the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the sacraments, as well as a chapter on Christian liberty and political theology. Soon after publishing it, Calvin began his ministry in Geneva, Switzerland.[5]"
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7112831333565860374 | List of Presidents of India | List of presidents of India - Wikipedia List of presidents of India Jump to : navigation , search The Main Gate of Rashtrapati Bhavan , the official residence of the President of India The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India . The President is also the Commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . Although the president is vested such powers by the Constitution of India , the position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister . The post of President is known in Hindi as Rashtrapati , a Sanskrit neologism meaning `` lord of the realm '' . The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses , the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , and also members of the Vidhan Sabha , the state legislative assemblies . Representation of Presidents by party candidacy Independent ( 47 % ) Indian National Congress ( 41 % ) Others ( BJP and janata party ) ( 12 % ) There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950 ( the current tenure is 5 years of an Indian President 's term ) . The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution . Apart from these thirteen , three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Indian Acting President in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain , who died in office . Giri was elected President a few months later . He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president . Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate . The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years , as stated by article 56 , part V , of the constitution of India . In the case where a president 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president , the vice president assumes office . By article 70 of part V , the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible , or in any other unexpected contingency . Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India , is the only person to have held office for two terms . Presidents by state of birth Seven presidents have been members of a political party before being elected . Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress . The Janata Party has had one member , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , who later became president , he was born in Anantapur District ( now Andhra Pradesh ) . Two presidents , Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , have died in office . Their vice-presidents functioned as acting president until a new president was elected . Following Zakir Husain 's death , two acting presidents held office until the new president , V.V. Giri , was elected . Varahagiri Venkata Giri himself , Zakir Husain 's vice president , was the first acting president . When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections , he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting president . The 12th president , Pratibha Patil , is the first woman to serve as President of India , elected in 2007 . The current President is Ram Nath Kovind , elected on 25 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents 2 See also 3 References 3.1 General 3.2 Specific 4 External links Presidents This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election . The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri , Mohammad Hidayatullah , and Basappa Danappa Jatti , who have functioned as acting presidents , are therefore not numbered . The President of India does not represent any political party . The colours used in the table indicate the following : Colour key Acting President of India President was an Independent candidate President was an candidate of Indian National Congress President was an candidate of other parties ( Namely the BJP and the Janata Party ) Other Keys Did not complete their term No Name ( Birth -- Death ) Photograph Elected Took office Left office Vice President Candidate of Notes Rajendra Prasad ( 1884 -- 1963 ) 1952 1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Prasad , from Bihar , was the first President of independent India , and also the longest - serving President , for 12 years . He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement . Prasad was the only president to serve two terms in office . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 Zakir Husain Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University . He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI . He received Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President . He was the first President from South India . Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri Husain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna . He died in office , the first to do so . He was also the shortest - serving President . He was also the first Muslim President . -- Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 -- -- He was elected Vice President of India in 1967 . Following the death of President Zakir Husain , Giri was appointed as Acting President . He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections . -- Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) -- 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 -- -- Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India , and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire . He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India . Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 Gopal Swarup Pathak Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India . He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna , and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) . Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1905 -- 1977 ) 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1974 ) Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president . He died in 1977 before his term of office ended , and was the second Indian president to die in office . He was also president during Emergency . -- Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) -- 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 -- -- Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed 's term of office , and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed 's death . He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore . 6 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1913 -- 1996 ) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Muhammad Hidayatullah ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State . Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh . He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India . 7 Giani Zail Singh ( 1916 -- 1994 ) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 Muhammad Hidayatullah ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1984 -- 1987 ) In March 1972 , Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab , and in 1980 , he became Union Home Minister . He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) from 1983 to 1986 8 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 Shankar Dayal Sharma In 1942 , Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement . After his release , he was elected to independent India 's Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government , where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence . 9 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 Kocheril Raman Narayanan Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh , and the Indian Minister for Communications . He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh , Punjab and Maharashtra . 10 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 Krishan Kant Narayanan served as India 's ambassador to Thailand , Turkey , China and United States of America . He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities . He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University . He was the first Dalit President . 11 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1931 -- 2015 ) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 Krishan Kant ( 2002 ) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kalam was an educationist and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India 's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs . He also received the Bharat Ratna . Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong . 12 Pratibha Patil ( 1934 -- ) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Patil was the first woman to become the President of India . She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan . 13 Pranab Mukherjee ( 1935 -- ) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister , Foreign Minister , Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission . 14 Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 -- ) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent Venkaiah Naidu Kovind was Governor of Bihar from 2015 until 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 until 2006 . He is the second Dalit president after K.R. Narayanan . He originally belongs to BJP and is an active member of RSS since his youth . Timeline See also President of India Vice President of India List of Vice-Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India References General `` Former Presidents '' . President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . `` List of Presidents / Vice Presidents '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' (. doc ) . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India gets first woman president since independence '' . BBC News . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 : India becomes a republic '' . BBC News . 26 January 1950 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NDA vs Oppn : India might to witness tightest presidential poll since 1969 '' . Hindustan times . 26 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harish Khare ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Selecting the next Rashtrapati '' . The Hindu . India . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll '' . Hindustan Times . India . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First female president for India '' . BBC News . 21 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind enters Rashtrapati Bhavan with big win '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Presidents of India since India became republic My India '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad '' . The Hindu . India . 7 May 1952 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day '' . Time . 6 February 1950 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad 's birth anniversary celebrated '' . The Hindu . India . 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr S. Radhakrishnan '' . The Sunday Tribune . 30 January 2000 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zakir Husain , '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 7 leaders who died while in office '' . m.indiatoday.in . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri : Shashi Bhushan '' . The Hindu . India . 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hidayatullah , Shri M '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ramakrishnan , T. ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` The twice Acting - President '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giri , Shri Varahagiri Venkata '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of Indian Presidents '' . Press Information Bureau of the Government of India . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency : The Dark Age of Indian democracy '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jatti , Shri Basappa Danappa '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhargava , G.S. `` Making of the Prez -- Congress chief selects PM as well as President '' . The Tribune . India . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley A. ( 1999 ) . India . University of California Press . p. 217 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazarika , Sanjoy ( 17 July 1987 ) . `` Man in the News ; India 's Mild New President : Ramaswamy Venkataraman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Venkataraman , Shri R . '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna ( 27 December 1999 ) . `` Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away '' . Embassy of India , Washington D.C . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Narayanan , Shri K , R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The BJP 's aim was to get rid of me '' . Confederation of Human Rights Organizations . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Can Ram Nath Kovind , second Dalit President , follow in the footsteps of first Dalit President KR Narayanan ? '' . m.indiatoday.in . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramana , M.V. ; Reddy , C. Rammanohar ( 2002 ) . Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Kavita ; Misra , Padma . Basic Technical Communication . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 4238 - 5 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam was real people 's President ' '' . Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Perappadan , Bindu Shajan ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` The people 's President does it again '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Emily Wax ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Female President Elected in India '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan 's first woman governor '' . Express India . 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab Mukherjee : Biography , Family , Early days in Politics , Criticisms & Awards '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PresidentofIndia '' . presidentofindia.nic.in . Government of India . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External links Official website of the President of India Rediff.com -- Presidents of India The Hindu -- A presidential poll in the coalition age Zee News : Former Presidents Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Lists of Presidents and Vice Presidents of India Presidential lists by order Order of service Age Birth Death Number Living Time in office Presidents ' personal lives College education Place of birth Place of primary affiliation Previous occupation Religious affiliation Presidents ' professional lives Political affiliation Previous experience Inaugurations ( Addresses ) Pardons Vacancies Vice Presidential lists Order of service Time in office Birth Longevity Vacancies Succession Line of succession Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_India&oldid=808138628 '' Categories : Lists of presidents Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the only president of india to have served two terms | [
"There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950 (the current tenure is 5 years of an Indian President's term). The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution.[3] Apart from these thirteen, three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Indian Acting President in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain, who died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president. Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate.[4] The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the constitution of India. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the vice president assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[1] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms.[5]"
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"Rajendra Prasad"
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2992907641490998325 | The Tribute Money (Masaccio) | The Tribute Money ( Masaccio ) - wikipedia The Tribute Money ( Masaccio ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Tribute penny . For the painting by Titian , see The Tribute Money ( Titian ) . The Tribute Money Artist Masaccio Year 1425 Type Fresco 247 cm × 597 cm ( 97.2 in × 235 in ) Location Brancacci Chapel , Florence The Tribute Money is a fresco by the Italian renaissance painter Masaccio , located in the Brancacci Chapel of the basilica of Santa Maria del Carmine , Florence , and completed by his senior collaborator , Masolino . Painted in the 1420s , it is widely considered among Masaccio 's best work , and a vital part of the development of renaissance art . The painting is part of a cycle on the life of Saint Peter , and describes a scene from the Gospel of Matthew , in which Jesus directs Peter to find a coin in the mouth of a fish in order to pay the temple tax . It owes its importance in particular to its revolutionary use of perspective and chiaroscuro . The Tribute Money suffered great damage in the centuries after its creation , until the chapel went through a thorough restoration in the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Brancacci Chapel 2 Subject matter 3 Composition 4 Style 5 Interpretations 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources The Brancacci Chapel ( edit ) Christ with disciples in the painting . The Brancacci Chapel , in the basilica of Santa Maria del Carmine , was founded around 1366 / 7 by Felice Brancacci . The chapel passed to Piero 's nephew , Felice Brancacci , who some time between 1423 and 1425 commissioned the painter Masolino to decorate the walls with a series of frescoes from the life of Saint Peter . Peter was the name - saint of the founder , and the patron saint of the Brancacci family , but the choice also reflected support for the Roman papacy during the Great Schism . At some point Masolino was joined by another artist , the eighteen years younger Masaccio . Masolino eventually left , either for Hungary in 1425 or for Rome in 1427 , leaving the completion of the chapel to Masaccio . In 1427 or 28 , before the chapel was completed , Masaccio joined Masolino in Rome . Only in the 1480s was the work finished , by Filippino Lippi . The Tribute Money , though , is considered Masaccio 's work entirely . Over the centuries the frescoes were greatly altered and damaged . In 1746 the upper levels were painted over by the artist Vincenzo Meucci , covering up most of Masolino 's work . Then , in 1771 , the church was ruined by fire . The Brancacci Chapel , though structurally undamaged by the fire , suffered great damages to its frescoes . It was not until the years 1981 -- 1990 that a full - scale restoration of the chapel was undertaken , restoring the frescoes to approximately their original state . The paintings had suffered some irreparable damage though , particularly the parts that were painted a secco : in The Tribute Money , the leaves on the trees were gone , while Christ 's robe had lost much of its original azure brilliance . Subject matter ( edit ) The scene depicted in The Tribute Money is drawn from Matthew 17 : 24 -- 27 : Peter removing money from a fish 's mouth 24 . And when they were come to Capernaum , they that received tribute money came to Peter , and said , Doth not your master pay tribute ? 25 . He saith , Yes . And when he was come into the house , Jesus prevented him , saying , What thinkest thou , Simon ? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute ? of their own children , or of strangers ? 26 . Peter saith unto him , Of strangers . Jesus saith unto him , Then are the children free . 27 . Notwithstanding , lest we should offend them , go thou to the sea , and cast an hook , and take up the fish that first cometh up ; and when thou hast opened his mouth , thou shalt find a piece of money : that take , and give unto them for me and thee . -- Matthew 17 : 24 -- 27 The story is only found in the Gospel of Matthew , which according to Christian tradition was written by the apostle Matthew , himself a tax collector according to Matthew 9 : 9 -- 13 . The passage has been used as a Christian justification for the legitimacy of secular authority , and is often seen in conjunction with another passage , the `` render unto Caesar ... '' story . In Matthew 22 : 15 -- 22 , a group of Pharisees try to trick Christ into incriminating himself , by asking if it is `` lawful to give tribute unto Caesar , or not . '' Pointing out Caesar 's image on the coin , he replies `` Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar 's ; and unto God the things that are God 's . '' Composition ( edit ) Painting with drawn - in lines showing how the single - point perspective converges on the head of Christ . The painting diverges somewhat from the biblical story , in that the tax collector confronts the whole group of Christ and the disciples , and the entire scene takes place outdoors . The story is told in three parts that do not occur sequentially , but the narrative logic is still maintained , through compositional devises . The central scene is that of the tax collector demanding the tribute . The head of Christ is the vanishing point of the painting , drawing the eyes of the spectator there . Both Christ and Peter then point to the left hand part of the painting , where the next scene takes place in the middle background : Peter taking the money out of the mouth of the fish . The final scene -- where Peter pays the tax collector -- is at the right , set apart by the framework of an architectural structure . This work maintains a heavy importance in the Art History world , as it is widely believed to be the first painting , since the fall of Rome ( ca . 476 AD ) , to use Scientific Linear One Point Perspective , or , all the orthogonals point to one vanishing point , in this case , Christ . Also , it is one of the first paintings that does away with the use of a head - cluster . A technique employed by earlier Proto - Renaissance artists , such as Giotto or Duccio . If you were to walk into the painting , you could walk around Jesus Christ , in the semicircle created , and back out the painting again with ease . Christ and the disciples are placed in a semicircle , reflecting the shape of the chapel 's apse . The tax collector , on the other hand , stands outside the holy space . While the group of holy men are dressed almost entirely in robes of pastel pink and blue , the official wears a shorter tunic of a striking vermilion . The colour adds to the impertinence expressed through his gestures . Another way contrast is achieved is in the way -- both in the central scene and on the right -- the tax collector 's postures are copying almost exactly those of Peter , only seen from the opposite angle . This gives a three - dimensional quality to the figures , allowing the spectator to view them from all sides . Style ( edit ) Peter with the tax collector Masaccio is often compared to contemporaries like Donatello and Brunelleschi as a pioneer of the renaissance , particularly for his use of single - point perspective . One technique that was unique to Masaccio , however , was the use of atmospheric , or aerial perspective . Both the mountains in the background , and the figure of Peter on the left are dimmer and paler than the objects in the foreground , creating an illusion of depth . This technique was known in ancient Rome , but was considered lost until reinvented by Masaccio . Masaccio 's use of light was also revolutionary . While earlier artists like Giotto had applied a flat , neutral light from an unidentifiable source , Masaccio 's light emanated from a specific location outside the picture , casting the figures in light and shadow . This created a chiaroscuro effect , sculpting the bodies into three - dimensional shapes . Masaccio is often justly praised for the variety of his facial depictions . In the case of this painting the accolade is somewhat diminished , however , by the fact that the work was unfinished at the time of his death , and the heads of Jesus and St Peter were painted by his senior collaborator Masolino da Panicale , ( who painted the corresponding perspective work on the other side of the Chapel , `` Healing of the Cripple and Raising of Tabitha '' . Interpretations ( edit ) Detail from the painting showing the use of chiaroscuro . The heads are possibly those of Judas ( 2nd from left ) and Masaccio himself as Thomas ( right ) . Several theories have been proposed as to why this specific subject -- not a very common theme in art history -- was chosen . One suggestion sees the painting as a justification for the so - called catasto of 1427 ; a new form of income tax . This is not a very likely explanation , however , as Brancacci would stand to lose from the new taxation , and would probably rather have been among its opponents . A more probable explanation links the painting to Pope Martin V 's 1423 agreement that the Florentine church be subjected to state tax . The money found in the fish 's mouth can also be seen as an expression of how Florence 's wealth came from the sea . Felice Brancacci , a silk merchant involved in Mediterranean trade , was also a member of the city 's Board of Maritime Consuls . Central to an understanding of the painting , as well as the entire series , is the relationship the Brancaccis and the city of Florence had with the papacy in Rome . Florence was at the time at war with Milan , and needed the support of the Pope . The Brancacci frescos must therefore be seen in the context of a pro-papal policy , and as an attempt to legitimise the Roman see through its association with Saint Peter -- the first bishop of Rome , and first pope . External video Masaccio 's The Tribute Money in the Brancacci Chapel , Smarthistory The Tribute Money In the story , Peter is clearly singled out among the disciples , and his strong connection with Christ can be seen in Christ 's words `` for me and thee '' . Peter appears a majestic and energetic figure when he is with Christ and when he performs his work , in contrast to the diminutive shape on the left . This all points forward to his apostolic role as Christ 's vicar on earth . As such The Tribute Money represents a transitional scene in the chapel ; in doing Christ 's bidding Peter goes from being a disciple to being the master . Only two of the disciples can be identified with any degree of certainty : Peter with his iconographic grey hair and beard , and blue and yellow attire , and John ; the young beardless man standing next to Christ . John 's head is reminiscent of Roman sculptures , and it is reflected in the very similar face of another disciple on the right . The person next to this disciple is assumed to be Judas , whose dark and sinister face mirrors that of the tax collector . It has been speculated -- first by Vasari -- that the face on the far right is a self - portrait of Masaccio himself , as Thomas . See also ( edit ) The Tribute Money ( Titian ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gardner , pp. 599 -- 600 . Jump up ^ Watkins , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Ladis , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Schulman , 6 . Jump up ^ Schulman , pp. 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Watkins , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Schulman , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Schulman , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Paoletti & Radke , pp. 230 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Baldini & Casazza , p. 39 . Jump up ^ See also Mark 12 : 13 -- 17 and Luke 20 : 20 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Ladis , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hartt , Frederick ( 1970 ) . A History of Italian Renaissance Art : Painting , Sculpture , Architecture . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 159 . ISBN . Jump up ^ Watkins , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Masaccio 's The Tribute Money in the Brancacci Chapel '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watkins , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Watkins , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Ladis , p. 28 . Sources ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Tribute Money by Masaccio ( Brancacci Chapel ) . Adams , Laurie ( 2001 ) . Italian Renaissance Art . Oxford : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3690 - 2 . Baldini , U. & O. Casazza ( 1992 ) . The Brancacci Chapel Frescoes . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3120 - 6 . Gardner , Helen ( 1991 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages ( 9th ed . ) . San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 503769 - 2 . Ladis , Andrew ( 1993 ) . The Brancacci Chapel , Florence . New York : George Braziller . ISBN 0 - 8076 - 1311 - 8 . Paoletti , John T. & Gary M. Radke ( 1997 ) . Art in Renaissance Italy . London : L. King . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 094 - 6 . Shulman , Ken ( 1991 ) . Anatomy of a Restoration : The Brancacci Chapel . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1121 - 9 . Watkins , Law Bradley ( 1980 ) . The Brancacci Chapel Frescoes : Meaning and Use . Ann Arbor : University Microfilms International . ( hide ) Masaccio Paintings Brancacci Chapel Crucifixion Desco da parto Expulsion from the Garden of Eden Holy Trinity Madonna and Child Portrait of a Young Man Saint Paul San Giovenale Triptych The Tribute Money Virgin and Child with Saint Anne Related List of major paintings by Masaccio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tribute_Money_(Masaccio)&oldid=815216912 '' Categories : 1420s paintings Paintings by Masaccio Paintings depicting Jesus Paintings depicting St Peter Hidden categories : Pages with missing ISBNs Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 13 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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3353521304940852265 | Department for Transport | Department for Transport - wikipedia Department for Transport This article is about the UK Department for Transport . For equivalent ministries in other countries , see Ministry of Transport . Not to be confused with United States Department of Transportation . Department for Transport Welsh : Adran am Drafnidiaeth Department overview Formed 2002 Jurisdiction United Kingdom Headquarters Great Minster House , Horseferry Road , London , UK Annual budget £ 5.3 billion ( current ) & £ 7.7 billion ( capital ) in 2011 -- 12 Minister responsible The Rt Hon . Chris Grayling MP , Secretary of State for Transport Department executive Bernadette Kelly , Permanent Secretary Child agencies Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ; Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency ; Maritime and Coastguard Agency ; Vehicle Certification Agency Website www.gov.uk/dft United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation European Communities Act 1972 The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet Member of Parliament ( MP ) State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament relating to the EU Statutory Instruments English Grand Committee Scottish Grand Committee Welsh Grand Committee Northern Ireland Grand Committee English law Reserved matters Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Pound Sterling ( show ) Bank of England Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney Deputy Governor of the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee Chief Cashier of the Bank of England Royal Mint Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Legislative consent motions Scotland Government Parliament Act of the Scottish Parliament Scottish statutory instrument Scottish law Wales Government National Assembly Act of the National Assembly for Wales Welsh law Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland law England Governance of England English votes for English laws Greater London Authority Executive Mayor Mayoral cabinet Assembly London Plan Combined authorities Metro mayors Cornwall Council Administrative Geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliamentary constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Crown Dependencies ( show ) Guernsey Alderney Sark Herm Isle of Man Jersey Common Travel Area Overseas Territories ( show ) Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena Ascension Island Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands British Overseas Territories Act 2002 British Overseas Territories citizen Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign policy History Australia -- United Kingdom relations Canada - United Kingdom relations European Union -- United Kingdom relations France -- United Kingdom relations Ireland - United Kingdom relations New Zealand - United Kingdom relations United Kingdom -- United States relations Politics of the European Union The Commonwealth Member states of the Commonwealth United Kingdom and the United Nations United Nations Security Council P5 G7 G20 United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The Department for Transport ( DfT ) is the government department responsible for the English transport network and a limited number of transport matters in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland that have not been devolved . The department is run by the Secretary of State for Transport , currently ( since 14 July 2016 ) Chris Grayling . Contents 1 History 2 Role 3 Ministers 4 2017 Judicial Review 5 Executive agencies 6 Non-departmental public bodies 7 Devolution 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) For List of Ministers , see Secretary of State for Transport . Government control of transport and diverse associated matters has been reorganised a number of times in modern history , being the responsibility of : 1919 -- 1941 : Ministry of Transport 1941 -- 1946 : Ministry of War Transport - after absorption of Ministry of Shipping 1946 -- 1953 : Ministry of Transport 1953 -- 1959 : Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation 1959 -- 1970 : Ministry of Transport 1970 -- 1976 : Department for the Environment 1976 -- 1997 : Department of Transport 1997 -- 2001 : Department for the Environment , Transport and the Regions 2001 -- 2002 : Department for Transport , Local Government and the Regions 2002 -- present : Department for Transport The name `` Ministry of Transport '' lives on in the annual MOT test , a test of vehicle safety , roadworthiness , and exhaust emissions , which most vehicles used on public roads in the UK are required to pass annually once they reach three years old ( four years for vehicles in Northern Ireland ) . The Flag of the old Ministry of Transport . Role ( edit ) The Department for Transport has four strategic objectives : Sustain economic growth and improved productivity through reliable and efficient transport networks ; Improve the environmental performance of transport ; Strengthen the safety and security of transport ; and Enhance access to jobs , services , and social networks , including for the most disadvantaged people . The department `` creates the strategic framework '' for transport services , which are delivered through a wide range of public and private sector bodies including its own executive agencies . Ministers ( edit ) The DfT Ministers are as follows : Minister Rank Portfolio The Rt Hon . Chris Grayling MP Secretary of State Overall responsibility for the department Jo Johnson MP Minister of State Highways England , Modern Transport Bill , maritime ( including Maritime and Coastguard Agency ) , maritime security , freight and logistics , environment and technology , skills and innovation , built environment Jesse Norman MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Buses , cycling , Highways England , light rail , road freight , road safety , environment , transport technology . Baroness Sugg of Coldharbour Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Aviation , international relations and trade , Europe , aviation security , cyber & transport security , London ( including Crossrail & Crossrail 2 ) , corporate & better regulation , all transport parliamentary business in the House of Lords . Nusrat Ghani MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Accessibility across all transport modes , buses and taxis , HS2 , maritime , Maritime and Coastguard Agency , maritime security , skills and apprenticeships , and the Year of Engineering The Permanent Secretary is Bernadette Kelly . 2017 Judicial Review ( edit ) Following a series of strikes , poor performance , removal of access for the disabled and commuter protests relating to Govia Thameslink Railway a group of commuters crowdfunded £ 26,000 to initiate a Judicial Review into the Department for Transport 's management and failure to penalise Govia or remove the management contract . The oral hearing to determine if commuters have standing to bring a Judicial Review is listed for 29 June 2017 at the Royal Court of Justice . Executive agencies ( edit ) Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency ( DVSA ) Maritime and Coastguard Agency ( MCA ) Vehicle Certification Agency ( VCA ) Non-departmental public bodies ( edit ) The DfT sponsors the following public bodies : British Transport Police Authority Northern Lighthouse Board Transport Focus Trinity House Lighthouse Service Civil Aviation Authority Devolution ( edit ) The devolution of transport policy varies around the UK ; most aspects in Great Britain are decided at Westminster . Key reserved transport matters ( i.e. , not devolved ) are as follows : Scotland Reserved matters : Air transport ( Air Passenger Duty will be devolved to Holyrood in due course ) Marine transport This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) Northern Ireland Reserved matters : Civil aviation Navigation ( including merchant shipping ) The department 's devolved counterparts in Northern Ireland are : Department for Regional Development ( general transport policy , ports , roads , and rail ) Department of the Environment ( road safety and the regulation of drivers and vehicles ) Wales Under the Welsh devolution settlement , specific policy areas are transferred to the National Assembly for Wales rather than reserved to Westminster . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Transport portal Julie , a public information film of the department 's `` THINK ! '' campaign Transport Direct Transport Research Laboratory ( formerly known as the Road Research Laboratory , then the Transport and Road Research Laboratory ) ; now a privatised company United Kingdom budget Urban Traffic Management and Control Operator Compliance Support Rail transport in Great Britain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budget 2011 ( PDF ) . London : HM Treasury . 2011 . p. 48 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Transport Departments '' . The National Digital Archive of Datasets . The National Archives . 10 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2005 . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cabinet Office List of Government Departments and Ministers : Department for Transport Jump up ^ `` Her Majesty 's Official Opposition '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rt Hon Chris Grayling MP '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rt Hon John Hayes MP '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Norman '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon '' . gov.uk . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commuter group to meet Department for Transport in court over Southern crisis '' . www.brightonandhoveindependent.co.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Review of the Department for Transport over Southern Rail '' . CrowdJustice . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Scotland Act 1998 , Schedule 5 , Part II Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Act 1998 , Schedule 3 Jump up ^ DRD : About The Department Jump up ^ DoE : About Us Archived 8 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Department for Transport of the United Kingdom Great Minster House 33 Horseferry Road London SW1P 4DR Ministers Secretary of State for Transport Minister of State for Transport 3 Parliamentary Under - Secretaries of State Executive agencies Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Maritime and Coastguard Agency Vehicle Certification Agency Non-departmental public bodies British Transport Police Authority Northern Lighthouse Board Transport Focus Trinity House Lighthouse Service Other Air Accidents Investigation Branch Airports Commission Highways England Marine Accident Investigation Branch Rail Accident Investigation Branch Category Departments of Her Majesty 's Government Ministerial Attorney General 's Office Cabinet Office Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Department for Education Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Department for Exiting the European Union Department for International Development Department for International Trade Department for Transport Department for Work and Pensions Department of Health and Social Care Foreign and Commonwealth Office Her Majesty 's Treasury Home Office Ministry of Defence Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Ministry of Justice Northern Ireland Office Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Office of the Leader of the House of Commons Office of the Leader of the House of Lords Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland Office of the Secretary of State for Wales UK Export Finance Non-ministerial Charity Commission for England and Wales Competition and Markets Authority Crown Prosecution Service Food Standards Agency Forestry Commission Government Actuary 's Department Government Legal Department Her Majesty 's Land Registry Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs National Crime Agency National Savings and Investments Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation Office of Rail and Road Ordnance Survey Serious Fraud Office Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The National Archives UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment Water Services Regulation Authority Category Commons Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 41 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 51.4946 ° N 0.1293 ° W / 51.4946 ; - 0.1293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Transport&oldid=857836850 '' Categories : Ministerial departments of the United Kingdom Government Transport in the United Kingdom Department for Transport 2002 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2018 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Scots 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2018 , at 10 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | department for transport local government and the regions | [] | [] |
-6989777062214957602 | History of Los Angeles | History of Los Angeles - wikipedia History of Los Angeles Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2016 ) Old Los Angeles Legend El Aliso , giant sycamore , historical symbol of Los Angeles . The Covered Bridge ( Macy Street ) Fort Moore The Calaboose ( original adobe jail ) Poundcake Hill Council Chamber Government House , home of the Asamblea when Los Angeles was the seat of government . Clocktower Courthouse , courtroom / theatre was on the upper floor , market was on the ground floor , on top were the clocktower , copper dome , and spire . St. Athanasius ' Episcopal Church , first Protestant church in Los Angeles , on Temple Road ( `` Salvation Alley '' ) . Calle de los Negros Mellus Block , Gen. Kearney 's headquarters Gov. Downey 's house Old stage road , to Cahuenga Valley & the back way to San Fernando . Placita Church Wine Street , ( Calle de las vides ) Main Plaza Water wheel on the Zanja Madre Approximate run of the original Los Angeles River bed , to current USC , through La Cienega ( The Swamp ) of Leimert Park , and out to sea at Ballona Creek and Venice Beach . LP : Lower Plaza ECR : El Camino Real The written history of Los Angeles city and county began with a Colonial Mexican town that was founded by 11 Mexican families which were known as `` Los Pobladores '' that established a settlement in Southern California that changed little in the three decades after 1848 , when California became part of the United States . Much greater changes came from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885 . Emigrants flooded in , especially white Protestants from the Midwest . Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming , oil , tourism , real estate and movies . It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits . Hollywood made the city world - famous , and World War II brought new industry , especially high - tech aircraft construction . Politically the city was moderately conservative , with a weak labor union sector . Since the 1960s growth has slowed -- and traffic delays have become famous . LA was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated . New arrivals , especially from Mexico and Asia , have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s . Old industries have declined , including farming , oil , military and aircraft , but tourism , entertainment and high tech remain strong . Part of a series on the History of California Periods Before 1900 Gold Rush ( 1848 -- 55 ) U.S. Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) Since 1900 Topics Maritime Railroad Highways Slavery Cities Chico Los Angeles Pasadena Piedmont Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Fernando Valley San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara Santa Monica Visalia California portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Spanish era 1769 -- 1821 2.1 Plans for the pueblo 2.2 Pobladores 2.3 Founding 2.4 Early pueblo 3 Mexican Era , 1821 -- 1848 3.1 Secularization of the missions 3.2 May , 1846 4 Transitional era , 1848 -- 1870 4.1 Plight of the Indians 5 Industrial expansion and growth , 1870 -- 1913 5.1 Railroads 5.2 Oil discovery 5.3 Activists on the left 5.4 Class conflict 5.5 Battle of the Los Angeles River 5.6 Water from a distance 6 Boom town , 1913 -- 1941 6.1 Hollywood 6.2 Notable events 6.3 Annexations and consolidations 6.4 Civic corruption and police brutality 6.5 LAX : Los Angeles International Airport 7 World War II , 1941 -- 1945 8 Postwar : Baby boomers 9 1950 -- 2000 9.1 Proposition 14 9.2 Economic and demographic changes 10 Population history 10.1 Growth 10.2 Chinese community 10.3 Koreans 10.4 Japanese 10.5 Other Asians 10.6 African - Americans 10.7 Latinos 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Guides , architecture , geography 13.2 Contemporary issues 13.3 History 13.3. 1 Planning , environment and autos 13.4 Hollywood 13.5 Ethnicity , race and religion 13.6 Collections of primary sources 14 External links Early History ( edit ) By 3000 B.C. the area was occupied by the Hokan - speaking people of the Milling Stone Period who fished , hunted sea mammals , and gathered wild seeds . They were later replaced by migrants -- possibly fleeing drought in the Great Basin -- who spoke a Uto - Aztecan language called Tongva . The Tongva people called the Los Angeles region Yaa in Tongva . By the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 18th century A.D. , there were 250,000 to 300,000 native people in California and 5,000 in the Los Angeles basin . Since contact with Europeans , the people in what became Los Angeles were known as Gabrielinos and Fernandeños , after the missions associated with them . The land occupied and used by the Gabrielinos covered about four thousand square miles . It included the enormous floodplain drained by the Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers and the southern Channel Islands , including the Santa Barbara , San Clemente , Santa Catalina , and San Nicholas Islands . They were part of a sophisticated group of trading partners that included the Chumash to the west , the Cahuilla and Mojave to the east , and the Juaneños and Luiseños to the south . Their trade extended to the Colorado River and included slavery . The lives of the Gabrielinos were governed by a set of religious and cultural practices that included belief in creative supernatural forces . They worshipped a creator god , Chinigchinix , and a female virgin god , Chukit . Their Great Morning Ceremony was based on a belief in the afterlife . In a purification ritual similar to the Eucharist , they drank tolguache , a hallucinogenic made from jimson weed and salt water . Their language was called Kizh or Kij , and they practiced cremation . Generations before the arrival of the Europeans , the Gabrielinos had identified and lived in the best sites for human occupation . The survival and success of Los Angeles would depend greatly on the presence of a nearby and prosperous Gabrielino village called Yaanga . Its residents would provide the colonists with seafood , fish , bowls , pelts , and baskets . For pay , they would dig ditches , haul water , and provide domestic help . They often intermarried with the Mexican colonists . Spanish Era 1769 -- 1821 ( edit ) Main articles : Pueblo de Los Angeles and Los Angeles Pobladores The `` Old Plaza Church '' facing the Plaza , 1869 . The brick reservoir in the middle of the Plaza was the original terminus of the Zanja Madre . In 1542 and 1602 the first Europeans to visit the region were Captain Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and Captain Sebastián Vizcaíno . It would be another 166 years before another European would visit the region . Plans for the pueblo ( edit ) Although Los Angeles was a town that was founded by Mexican families from Sonora , it was the Spanish governor of California who named the settlement . In 1777 governor Felipe de Neve toured Alta California and decided to establish civic pueblos for the support of the military presidios . The new pueblos would reduce the secular power of the missions by reducing the dependency of the military on them . At the same time , they would promote the development of industry and agriculture . Neve identified Santa Barbara , San Jose , and Los Angeles as sites for his new pueblos . His plans for them closely followed a set of Spanish city - planning laws contained in the Laws of the Indies promulgated by King Philip II in 1573 . Those laws were responsible for laying the foundations of the largest cities in the region , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , Tucson , and San Antonio -- as well as Sonoma , Monterey , Santa Fe , San Jose , and Laredo . The Spanish system called for an open central plaza , surrounded by a fortified church , administrative buildings , and streets laid out in a grid , defining rectangles of limited size to be used for farming ( suertes ) and residences ( solares ) . It was in accordance with such precise planning -- specified in the Law of the Indies -- that Governor Neve founded the pueblo of San Jose de Guadalupe , California 's first municipality , on the great plain of Santa Clara on 29 November 1777 . Pobladores ( edit ) The Los Angeles Pobladores ( `` townspeople '' ) is the name given to the 44 original settlers , 22 adults and 22 children from Sonora , who founded the town . In December , 1777 Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa and Commandant General Teodoro de Croix gave approval for the founding of a civic municipality at Los Angeles and a new presidio at Santa Barbara . Croix put the California lieutenant governor Fernando Rivera y Moncada in charge of recruiting colonists for the new settlements . He was originally instructed to recruit 55 soldiers , 22 settlers with families and 1,000 head of livestock that included horses for the military . After an exhausting search that took him to Mazatlán , Rosario , and Durango , Rivera y Moncada only recruited 12 settlers and 45 soldiers . Like the people of most towns in New Spain , they were a mix of Indian and Spanish backgrounds . The Quechan Revolt killed 95 settlers and soldiers , including Rivera y Moncada . In his Reglamento , the newly baptized Indians were no longer to reside in the mission but live in their traditional rancherías ( villages ) . Neve 's new plans for the Indians ' role in his new town drew instant disapproval from the mission priests . Zúñiga 's party arrived at the mission on 18 July 1781 . Because they had arrived with smallpox , they were immediately quarantined a short distance away from the mission . Members of the other party would arrive at different times by August . They made their way to Los Angeles and probably received their land before September . Founding ( edit ) The official date for the founding of the city is September 4 , 1781 . The families had arrived from Mexico earlier in 1781 , in two groups , and some of them had most likely been working on their assigned plots of land since the early summer . The name first given to the settlement is debated . Historian Doyce B. Nunis has said that the Spanish named it `` El Pueblo de la Reyna de los Angeles '' ( `` The Town of the Queen of the Angels '' ) . For proof , he pointed to a map dated 1785 , where that phrase was used . Frank Weber , the diocesan archivist , replied , however , that the name given by the founders was `` El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Porciuncula '' , or `` the town of Our Lady of the Angels of Porciuncula . '' and that the map was in error . Early pueblo ( edit ) The town grew as soldiers and other settlers came into town and stayed . In 1784 a chapel was built on the Plaza . The pobladores were given title to their land two years later . By 1800 , there were 29 buildings that surrounded the Plaza , flat - roofed , one - story adobe buildings with thatched roofs made of tule . By 1821 Los Angeles had grown into a self - sustaining farming community , the largest in Southern California . Each settler received four rectangles of land , suertes , for farming , two irrigated plots and two dry ones . When the settlers arrived , the Los Angeles floodplain was heavily wooded with willows and oaks . The Los Angeles river flowed all year . Wildlife was plentiful , including deer , antelope , and black bears , and even an occasional grizzly bear . There were abundant wetlands and swamps . Steelhead and salmon swam the rivers . The first settlers built a water system consisting of ditches ( zanjas ) leading from the river through the middle of town and into the farmlands . Indians were employed to haul fresh drinking water from a special pool farther upstream . The city was first known as a producer of fine wine grapes . The raising of cattle and the commerce in tallow and hides would come later . Because of the great economic potential for Los Angeles , the demand for Indian labor grew rapidly . Yaanga began attracting Indians from the islands and as far away as San Diego and San Luis Obispo . The village began to look like a refugee camp . Unlike the missions , the pobladores paid Indians for their labor . In exchange for their work as farm workers , vaqueros , ditch diggers , water haulers , and domestic help ; they were paid in clothing and other goods as well as cash and alcohol . The pobladores bartered with them for prized sea - otter and seal pelts , sieves , trays , baskets , mats , and other woven goods . This commerce greatly contributed to the economic success of the town and the attraction of other Indians to the city . During the 1780s , San Gabriel Mission became the object of an Indian revolt . The mission had expropriated all the suitable farming land ; the Indians found themselves abused and forced to work on lands that they once owned . A young Indian healer , Toypurina , began touring the area , preaching against the injustices suffered by her people . She won over four rancherías and led them in an attack on the mission at San Gabriel . The soldiers were able to defend the mission , and arrested 17 , including Toypurina . In 1787 Governor Pedro Fages drew up his `` Instructions for the Corporal Guard of the Pueblo of Los Angeles . '' The Instructions included rules for employing Indians , not using corporal punishment , and protecting the Indian rancherías . As a result , Indians found themselves with more freedom to choose between the benefits of the missions and the pueblo - associated rancherías . In 1795 , Sergeant Pablo Cota led an expedition from the Simi Valley through the Conejo - Calabasas region and into the San Fernando Valley . His party visited the rancho of Francisco Reyes . They found the local Indians hard at work as vaqueros and caring for crops . Padre Vincente de Santa Maria was traveling with the party and made these observations : All of pagandom ( Indians ) is fond of the pueblo of Los Angeles , of the rancho of Reyes , and of the ditches ( water system ) . Here we see nothing but pagans , clad in shoes , with sombreros and blankets , and serving as muleteers to the settlers and rancheros , so that if it were not for the gentiles there would be neither pueblos nor ranches . These pagan Indians care neither for the missions nor for the missionaries . Not only economic ties but also marriage drew many Indians into the life of the pueblo . In 1784 -- only three years after the founding -- the first recorded marriages in Los Angeles took place . The two sons of settler Basilio Rosas , Maximo and José Carlos , married two young Indian women , María Antonia and María Dolores . The construction on the Plaza of La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Los Ángeles took place between 1818 and 1822 , much of it with Indian labor . The new church completed Governor Neve 's planned transition of authority from mission to pueblo . The angelinos would no longer have to make the bumpy 11 - mile ( 18 km ) ride to Sunday Mass at Mission San Gabriel . In 1820 the route of El Camino Viejo was established from Los Angeles , over the mountains to the north and up the west side of the San Joaquin Valley to the east side of San Francisco Bay . Mexican Era , 1821 -- 1848 ( edit ) Mexico 's independence from Spain in 1821 was celebrated with great festivity throughout Alta California . No longer subjects of the king , people were now ciudadanos , citizens with rights under the law . In the plazas of Monterey , Santa Barbara , Los Angeles , and other settlements , people swore allegiance to the new government , the Spanish flag was lowered , and the flag of independent Mexico raised . Independence brought other advantages , including economic growth . There was a corresponding increase in population as more Indians were assimilated and others arrived from America , Europe , and other parts of Mexico . Before 1820 , there were just 650 people in the pueblo . By 1841 , the population nearly tripled to 1,680 . Secularization of the missions ( edit ) During the rest of the 1820s the agriculture and cattle ranching expanded , as did the trade in hides and tallow . The new church was completed , and the political life of the city developed . Los Angeles was separated from Santa Barbara administration . The system of ditches which provided water from the river was rebuilt . Trade and commerce further increased with the secularization of the California missions by the Mexican Congress in 1833 . Extensive mission lands suddenly became available to government officials , ranchers , and land speculators . The governor made more than 800 land grants during this period , including a grant of over 33,000 - acres in 1839 to Francisco Sepúlveda which was later developed as the westside of Los Angeles . Much of this progress , however , bypassed the Indians of the traditional villages who were not assimilated into the mestizo culture . Being regarded as minors who could not think for themselves , they were increasingly marginalized and relieved of their land titles , often by being drawn into debt or alcohol . In 1834 , Governor Pico was married to Maria Ignacio Alvarado in the Plaza church . It was attended by the entire population of the pueblo , 800 people , plus hundreds from elsewhere in Alta California . In 1835 , the Mexican Congress declared Los Angeles a city , making it the official capital of Alta California . It was now the region 's leading city . The same period also saw the arrival of many foreigners from the United States and Europe . They would play a pivotal role in the U.S. takeover . Early California settler John Bidwell included several historical figures in his recollection of people he knew in March , 1845 . It then had probably two hundred and fifty people , of whom I recall Don Abel Stearns , John Temple , Captain Alexander Bell , William Wolfskill , Lemuel Carpenter , David W. Alexander ; also of Mexicans , Pio Pico ( governor ) , Don Juan Bandini , and others . Upon arriving in Los Angeles in 1831 , Jean - Louis Vignes bought 104 acres ( 0.42 km ) of land located between the original Pueblo and the banks of the Los Angeles River . He planted a vineyard and prepared to make wine . He named his property El Aliso after the centuries - old tree found near the entrance . The grapes available at the time , of the Mission variety , were brought to Alta California by the Franciscan Brothers at the end of the 18th century . They grew well and yielded large quantities of wine , but Jean - Louis Vignes was not satisfied with the results . Therefore , he decided to import better vines from Bordeaux : Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc , and Sauvignon blanc . In 1840 , Jean - Louis Vignes made the first recorded shipment of California wine . The Los Angeles market was too small for his production , and he loaded a shipment on the Monsoon , bound for Northern California . By 1842 , he made regular shipments to Santa Barbara , Monterey and San Francisco . By 1849 , El Aliso , was the most extensive vineyard in California . Vignes owned over 40,000 vines and produced 150,000 bottles , or 1,000 barrels , per year . May , 1846 ( edit ) In May , 1846 , the Mexican -- American War broke out . Because of Mexico 's inability to defend its northern territories , California was exposed to invasion . On August 13 , 1846 , Commodore Robert F. Stockton , accompanied by John C. Frémont , seized the town ; Governor Pico had fled to Mexico . After three weeks of occupation , Stockton left , leaving Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie in charge . Subsequent maltreatment by Gillespie and his troops caused a local force of 300 locals to force the Americans to leave , ending the first phase of the Battle of Los Angeles . Further small skirmishes took place . Stockton regrouped in San Diego and marched north with six hundred troops while Frémont marched south from Monterey with 400 troops . After a few skirmishes outside the city , the two forces entered Los Angeles , this time without bloodshed . Andrés Pico was in charge ; he signed the so - called Treaty of Cahuenga ( it was not a treaty ) on 13 January 1847 , ending the California phase of the Mexican -- American War . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on 2 February 1848 , ended the war and ceded California to the U.S. Transitional Era , 1848 -- 1870 ( edit ) Drawing by William Rich Hutton depicting a section of Los Angeles , ca. 1847 -- 49 According to historian Mary P. Ryan , `` The U.S. army swept into California with the surveyor as well as the sword and quickly translated Spanish and Mexican practices into cartographic representations . '' Under colonial law , land held by grantees was not disposable . It reverted to the government . It was determined that under U.S. property law , lands owned by the city were disposable . Also , the diseños ( property sketches ) held by residents did not secure title in an American court . California 's new military governor Bennett C. Riley ruled that land could not be sold that was not on a city map . In 1849 , Lieutenant Edward Ord surveyed Los Angeles to confirm and extend the streets of the city . His survey put the city into the real - estate business , creating its first real - estate boom and filling its treasury . Street names were changed from Spanish to English . Further surveys and street plans replaced the original plan for the pueblo with a new civic center south of the Plaza and a new use of space . The fragmentation of Los Angeles real estate on the Anglo - Mexican axis had begun . Under the Spanish system , the residences of the power - elite clustered around the Plaza in the center of town . In the new American system , the power elite would reside in the outskirts . The emerging minorities , including the Chinese , Italians , French , and Russians , joined with the Mexicans near the Plaza . In 1848 , the gold discovered in Coloma first brought thousands of miners from Sonora in northern Mexico on the way to the gold fields . So many of them settled in the area north of the Plaza that it came to be known as Sonoratown . During the Gold Rush years in northern California , Los Angeles became known as the `` Queen of the Cow Counties '' for its role in supplying beef and other foodstuffs to hungry miners in the north . Among the cow counties , Los Angeles County had the largest herds in the state followed closely by Santa Barbara and Monterey Counties . With the temporary absence of a legal system , the city was quickly submerged in lawlessness . Many of the New York regiment disbanded at the end of the war and charged with maintaining order were thugs and brawlers . They roamed the streets joined by gamblers , outlaws , and prostitutes driven out of San Francisco and mining towns of the north by Vigilance Committees or lynch mobs . Los Angeles came to be known as the `` toughest and most lawless city west of Santa Fe . '' Some of the residents resisted the new Anglo powers by resorting to banditry against the gringos . In 1856 , Juan Flores threatened Southern California with a full - scale revolt . He was hanged in Los Angeles in front of 3,000 spectators . Tiburcio Vasquez , a legend in his own time among the Mexican - born population for his daring feats against the Anglos , was captured in present - day Santa Clarita , California on May 14 , 1874 . He was found guilty of two counts of murder by a San Jose jury in 1874 , and was hanged there in 1875 . Los Angeles had several active `` Vigilance Committees '' during that era . Between 1850 and 1870 , mobs carried out approximately 35 lynchings of Mexicans -- more than four times the number that occurred in San Francisco . Los Angeles was described as `` undoubtedly the toughest town of the entire nation . '' The homicide rate between 1847 and 1870 averaged 158 per 100,000 ( 13 murders per year ) , which was 10 to 20 times the annual murder rates for New York City during the same period . The fear of Mexican violence and the racially motivated violence inflicted on them further marginalized the Mexicans , greatly reducing their economic and political opportunities . John Gately Downey , the seventh Governor of California was sworn into office on January 14 , 1860 , thereby becoming the first Governor from Southern California . Governor Downey was born and raised in Castlesampson , County Roscommon , Ireland , and came to Los Angeles in 1850 . He was responsible for keeping California in the Union during the Civil War . Plight of the Indians ( edit ) In 1836 , the Indian village of Yaanga was relocated near the future corner of Commercial and Alameda Streets . In 1845 , it was relocated again to present - day Boyle Heights . With the coming of the Americans , disease took a great toll among Indians . Between 1848 and 1880 , the total population of Los Angeles went from 75,050 to 12,500 . Self - employed Indians were not allowed to sleep over in the city . They faced increasing competition for jobs as more Mexicans moved into the area and took over the labor force . Those who loitered or were drunk or unemployed were arrested and auctioned off as laborers to those who paid their fines . They were often paid for work with liquor , which only increased their problems . Los Angeles was incorporated as an American city on April 4 , 1850 . Five months later , California was admitted into the Union . Although the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo required the U.S. to grant citizenship to the Indians of former Mexican territories , the U.S. did not get around to doing that for another 80 years . The Constitution of California deprived Indians of any protection under the law , considering them as non-persons . As a result , it was impossible to bring an Anglo to trial for killing an Indian or forcing them off their property . Anglos concluded that the `` quickest and best way to get rid of ( their ) troublesome presence was to kill them off , ( and ) this procedure was adopted as a standard for many years . '' When New England author and Indian - rights activist Helen Hunt Jackson toured the Indian villages of Southern California in 1883 , she was appalled by the racism of the Anglos living there . She wrote that they treated Indians worse than animals , hunted them for sport , robbed them of their farmlands , and brought them to the edge of extermination . While Indians were depicted by whites as lazy and shiftless , she found most of them to be hard - working craftsmen and farmers . Jackson 's tour inspired her to write her 1884 novel , Ramona , which she hoped would give a human face to the atrocities and indignities suffered by the Indians in California . And it did . The novel was enormously successful , inspiring four movies and a yearly pageant in Hemet , California . Many of the Indian villages of Southern California survived because of her efforts , including Morongo , Cahuilla , Soboba , Temecula , Pechanga , and Warner Hot Springs . Remarkably , the Gabrielino Indians , now called Tongva , also survived . in 2006 , the Los Angeles Times reported that there were 2,000 of them still living in Southern California . Some were organizing to protect burial and cultural sites . Others were trying to win federal recognition as a tribe to operate a casino . The city 's first newspaper , Star of Los Angeles , was a bilingual publication which began its run in 1851 . An 1887 aerial photo of Los Angeles , taken from a balloon . Industrial expansion and growth , 1870 -- 1913 ( edit ) In the 1870s , Los Angeles was still little more than a village of 5,000 . By 1900 , there were over 100,000 occupants of the city . Several men actively promoted Los Angeles , working to develop it into a great city and to make themselves rich . Angelenos set out to remake their geography to challenge San Francisco with its port facilities , railway terminal , banks and factories . The Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles was the first incorporated bank in Los Angeles , founded in 1871 by John G. Downey and Isaias W. Hellman . Wealthy easterners who came as tourists recognized the growth opportunities and invested heavily in the region . Much of Los Angeles County was farmland , with an emphasis on cattle , dairy products , vegetables and citrus fruits . After 1945 most of the farmland was converted into housing tracts . Railroads ( edit ) See also : Arcade Depot and River Station ( Los Angeles ) The Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad was the first railroad in Los Angeles , photo ca. 1880 The city 's first railroad , the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad , was inaugurated in October 1869 by John G. Downey and Phineas Banning . It ran 21 miles ( 34 km ) between San Pedro and Los Angeles . The town continued to grow at a moderate pace . Railroads finally arrived to connect with the Central Pacific and San Francisco in 1876 . The impact was small . Much greater was the impact of the Santa Fe system ( through its subsidiary California Southern Railroad ) in 1885 . The Santa Fe and Southern Pacific lines provided direct connections to the East , competed vigorously for business with much lower rates , and stimulated economic growth . Tourists poured in by the thousands every week , and many planned on returning or resettling . The city still lacked a modern harbor . Phineas Banning excavated a channel out of the mud flats of San Pedro Bay leading to Wilmington in 1871 . Banning had already laid track and shipped in locomotives to connect the port to the city . Harrison Gray Otis , founder and owner of the Los Angeles Times , and a number of business colleagues embarked on reshaping southern California by expanding that into a harbor at San Pedro using federal dollars . This put them at loggerheads with Collis P. Huntington , president of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and one of California 's `` Big Four '' investors in the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific . ( The `` Big Four '' are sometimes numbered among the `` robber barons '' of the Gilded Age ) . The line reached Los Angeles in 1876 and Huntington directed it to a port at Santa Monica , where the Long Wharf was built . In April 1872 , John G. Downey went to San Francisco and was successful in representing Los Angeles in discussions with Collis Huntington concerning Los Angeles 's efforts to bring the Southern Pacific Railroad through Los Angeles . Train at the Southern Pacific Railroad 's Arcade Depot station , 1891 In 1876 the Newhall railroad tunnel located 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Los Angeles between the town of San Fernando and Lyons Station Stagecoach Stop ( now Newhall ) was completed , providing the final link from San Francisco to Los Angeles for the railroad . The 6,940 - foot - long railroad tunnel ( 2,115.3 m ) took a year and a half to complete . More than 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction , which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22 , 1875 . Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific 's located tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass . Due to the sandstone composition of the mountain that was saturated with water and oil , frequent cave - ins occurred and the bore had to be constantly shored up by timbers during excavation . The initial location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned due to frequent cave - ins caused by oil - soaked rock . The north end of the tunnel excavation commenced in June 1875 . Water was a constant problem during construction and pumps were utilized to keep the tunnel from flooding . Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14 , 1876 . The bores from each end were only a half inch out of line with dimensions of 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) high , 16.5 feet ( 5.0 m ) wide at the bottom and over 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) at the shoulders . Track was laid in place soon after the tunnel dig was completed and the first train passed through on August 12 , 1876 . On September 4 Charles Crocker notified Southern Pacific that the track had been completed on the route between San Francisco and Los Angeles . The San Pedro forces eventually prevailed ( though it required Banning and Downey to turn their railroad over to the Southern Pacific ) . Work on the San Pedro breakwater began in 1899 and was finished in 1910 . Otis Chandler and his allies secured a change in state law in 1909 that allowed Los Angeles to absorb San Pedro and Wilmington , using a long , narrow corridor of land to connect them with the rest of the city . The debacle of the future Los Angeles harbor was termed the Free Harbor Fight . In 1898 , Henry Huntington and a San Francisco syndicate led by Isaias W. Hellman purchased five trolley lines , consolidated them into the Los Angeles Railway ( the ' yellow cars ' ) and two years later founded the Pacific Electric Railway ( the ' red cars ' ) . Los Angeles Railway served the city and the Pacific Electric Railway served the rest of the county . At its peak , the Pacific Electric was the largest electrically operated interurban railway in the world . Over 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of tracks connected Los Angeles with Hollywood , Pasadena , San Pedro , Venice Beach , Santa Monica , Pomona , San Bernardino , Long Beach , Santa Ana , Huntington Beach , and other points and was recognized as best public transportation system in the world . Oil Discovery ( edit ) Oil wells in 1904 Oil was discovered by Edward L. Doheny in 1892 , near the present location of Dodger Stadium . The Los Angeles City Oil Field was the first of many fields in the basin to be exploited , and in 1900 and 1902 , respectively , the Beverly Hills Oil Field and Salt Lake Oil Field were discovered just a few miles west of the original find . Los Angeles became a center of oil production in the early 20th century , and by 1923 the region was producing one - quarter of the world 's total supply ; it is still a significant producer , with the Wilmington Oil Field having the fourth - largest reserves of any field in California . Activists on the left ( edit ) The immigrants arriving in the city to find jobs sometimes brought the revolutionary zeal and idealism of their homelands . These included anarchists such as Russian Emma Goldman and Ricardo Flores Magón and his brother Enrique of the Partido Liberal Mexicano . They were later joined by the socialist candidate for mayor Job Harriman , Chinese revolutionaries , the novelist Upton Sinclair , `` Wobblies '' ( members of the Industrial Workers of the World , the IWW ) , and Socialist and Communist labor organizers such as the Japanese - American Karl Yoneda and the Russian - born New Yorker Meyer Baylin . The Socialists were the first to set up a soapbox in the Plaza , which would serve as the location of union rallies and protests and riots as the police attempted to break up meetings . Class conflict ( edit ) At the same time that the L.A. Times was whipping up enthusiasm for the expansion of Los Angeles it was also trying to turn it into a union - free or open shop town . Fruit growers and local merchants who had opposed the Pullman strike in 1894 subsequently formed the Merchants and Manufacturers Association ( M & M ) to support the L.A. Times anti-union campaign . The California labor movement , with its strength concentrated in San Francisco , had largely ignored Los Angeles for years . It changed , in 1907 , however , when the American Federation of Labor decided to challenge the open shop of `` Otis Town . '' In 1909 , the city fathers placed a ban on free speech from public streets and private property except for the Plaza . Locals had claimed that it had been an Open Forum forever . The area was of particular concern to the owners of the L.A. Times , Harrison Grey Otis and his son - in - law Harry Chandler . This conflict came to a head with the bombing of the Times in 1910 . Two months later , the Llewellyin Iron Works near the plaza was bombed . A meeting was hastily called of the Chamber of Commerce and Manufacturers Association . The L.A. Times wrote : `` radical and practical matters ( were ) considered , and steps taken for the adaption of such as are adequate to cope with a situation tardily recognized as the gravest that Los Angeles has ever been called upon to face . '' The authorities indicted John and James McNamara , both associated with the Iron Workers Union , for the bombing ; Clarence Darrow , famed Chicago defense lawyer , represented them . At the same time the McNamara brothers were awaiting trial , Los Angeles was preparing for a city election . Job Harriman , running on the socialist ticket , was challenging the establishment 's candidate . Harriman 's campaign , however , was tied to the asserted innocence of the McNamaras . But the defense was in trouble : the prosecution not only had evidence of the McNamaras ' complicity , but had trapped Darrow in a clumsy attempt to bribe one of the jurors . On December 1 , 1911 , four days before the final election , the McNamaras entered a plea of guilty in return for prison terms . Harriman lost badly . On Christmas Day , 1913 , police attempted to break up an IWW rally of 500 taking place in the Plaza . Encountering resistance , the police waded into the crowd attacking them with their clubs . One citizen was killed . In the aftermath , the authorities attempted to impose martial law in the wake of growing protests . Seventy - three people were arrested in connection with the riots . The City Council introduced new measures to control public speaking . The Times scapegoated all foreign elements even calling onlookers and taco vendors as `` cultural subversives . '' The open shop campaign continued from strength to strength , although not without meeting opposition from workers . By 1923 , the Industrial Workers of the World had made considerable progress in organizing the longshoremen in San Pedro and led approximately 3,000 men to walk off the job . With the support of the L.A. Times , a special `` Red Squad '' was formed within the Los Angeles Police Department and arrested so many strikers that the city 's jails were soon filled . Some 1,200 dock workers were corralled in a special stockade in Griffith Park . The L.A. Times wrote approvingly that `` stockades and forced labor were a good remedy for IWW terrorism . '' Public meetings were outlawed in San Pedro , Upton Sinclair was arrested at Liberty Hill in San Pedro for reading the United States Bill of Rights on the private property of a strike supporter ( the arresting officer told him `` we 'll have none of ' that Constitution stuff ' '' ) and blanket arrests were made at union gatherings . The strike ended after members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Legion raided the IWW Hall and attacked the men , women and children meeting there . The strike was defeated . Los Angeles developed another industry in the early 20th century when movie producers from the East Coast relocated there . These new employers were likewise afraid of unions and other social movements : during Upton Sinclair 's campaign for Governor of California under the banner of his `` End Poverty In California '' ( EPIC ) movement , Louis B. Mayer turned MGM 's Culver City studio into the unofficial headquarters of the organized campaign against EPIC . MGM produced fake newsreel interviews with whiskered actors with Russian accents voicing their enthusiasm for EPIC , along with footage focusing on central casting hobos huddled on the borders of California waiting to enter and live off the bounty of its taxpayers once Sinclair was elected . Sinclair lost . Los Angeles also acquired another industry in the years just before World War II : the garment industry . At first devoted to regional merchandise such as sportswear , the industry eventually grew to be the second largest center of garment production in the United States . Unions began to make progress in organizing these workers as the New Deal arrived in the 1930s . An influential strike was the Los Angeles Garment Workers Strike of 1933 , one of the first strikes in which Mexican immigrant workers played a prominent role for union recognition . The unions made even greater gains in the war years , as Los Angeles grew further . Today , the ethnic makeup of the city and the politically progressive views of surrounding West Hollywood and Hollywood have made Los Angeles a strong union town . However , many garment workers in central LA , most of whom are Mexican immigrants , still work in sweat shop conditions . Battle of the Los Angeles River ( edit ) The Los Angeles River flowed clear and fresh all year , supporting 45 Gabrielino villages in the area . The source of the river was the aquifer under the San Fernando Valley , supplied with water from the surrounding mountains . The rising of the underground bedrock at the Glendale Narrows ( near today 's Griffith Park ) squeezed the water to the surface at that point . Then , through much of the year , the river emerged from the valley to flow across the floodplain 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the sea . The area also provided other streams , lakes , and artesian wells . Early settlers were more than a little discouraged by the region 's diverse and unpredictable weather . They watched helplessly as long droughts weakened and starved their livestock , only to be drowned and carried off by ferocious storms . During the years of little rain , people would build too close to the riverbed , only to see their homes and barns later swept out to sea during a flood . The location of the Los Angeles Plaza had to be moved twice because of previously having been built too close to the riverbed . Worse , floods would change the river 's course . When the settlers arrived , the river joined Ballona Creek to discharge in Santa Monica Bay . A fierce storm in 1835 diverted its course to Long Beach , where it stays today . Early citizens could not even maintain a footbridge over the river from one side of the city to the other . After the American takeover , the city council authorized spending of $20,000 for a contractor to build a substantial wooden bridge across the river . The first storm to come along dislodged the bridge , used it as a battering ram to break through the embankment , and scattered its timbers all the way to the sea . Some of the most concentrated rainfall in the history of the United States has occurred in the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles and Orange Counties . On April 5 , 1926 , a rain gauge in the San Gabriels collected one inch in one minute . In January , 1969 , more water fell on the San Gabriels in nine days than New York City sees in a year . In February 1978 , almost a foot of rain fell in 24 hours , and , in one blast , an inch and a half in five minutes . This storm caused massive debris flows throughout the region , one of them unearthing the corpses in the Verdugo Hills Cemetery and depositing them in the town below . Another wiped out the small town of Hidden Springs in a tributary of the Big Tujunga River , killing 13 people . The greatest daily rainfall recorded in California was 26.12 inches on January 23 , 1943 at Hoegees near Mt . Wilson in the San Gabriel Mountains . Fifteen other stations reported over 20 inches in two days from the same storm . Forty - five others reported 70 percent of the average annual rainfall in two days . Quibbling between city and county governments delayed any response to the flooding until a massive storm in 1938 flooded Los Angeles and Orange Counties . The federal government stepped in . To transfer floodwater to the sea as quickly as possible , the Army Corps of Engineers paved the beds of the river and its tributaries . The Corps also built several dams and catchment basins in the canyons along the San Gabriel Mountains to reduce the debris flows . It was an enormous project , taking years to complete . Today , the Los Angeles River functions mainly as a flood control . A drop of rain falling in the San Gabriel Mountains will reach the sea faster than an auto can drive . During today 's rainstorms , the volume of the Los Angeles River at Long Beach can be as large as the Mississippi River at St. Louis . The drilling of wells and pumping of water from the San Fernando Valley aquifer dried up the river by the 1920s . By 1980 , the aquifer was supplying drinking water for 800,000 people . In that year , it was discovered that the aquifer had been contaminated . Many wells were shut down , as the area qualified as a Superfund site Water from a distance ( edit ) For its first 120 years , the Los Angeles River supplied the town with ample water for homes and farms . It was estimated that the annual flow could have support a town of 250,000 people -- if the water had been managed right . But Angelinos were among the most profligate users of water in the world . In the semi-arid climate , they were forever watering their lawns , gardens , orchards , and vineyards . Later on , they would need more to support the growth of commerce and manufacturing . By the beginning of the 20th century , the town realized it would quickly outgrow its river and need new sources of water . Legitimate concerns about water supply were exploited to gain backing for a huge engineering and legal effort to bring more water to the city and allow more development . The city fathers had their eyes on the Owens River , about 250 miles ( 400 km ) northeast of Los Angeles in Inyo County , near the Nevada state line . It was a permanent stream of fresh water fed by the melted snows of the eastern Sierra Nevada . It flowed through the Owens River Valley before emptying into the shallow , saline Owens Lake , where it evaporated . Photograph of Bunker Hill in 1900 , looking north from today 's Pershing Square Sometime between 1899 and 1903 , Harrison Gray Otis and his son - in - law successor , Harry Chandler , engaged in successful efforts at buying up cheap land on the northern outskirts of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley . At the same time , they enlisted the help of William Mulholland , chief engineer of the Los Angeles Water Department ( later the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power or LADWP ) , and J.B. Lippencott , of the United States Reclamation Service . Lippencott performed water surveys in the Owens Valley for the Service while secretly receiving a salary from the City of Los Angeles . He succeeded in persuading Owens Valley farmers and mutual water companies to pool their interests and surrender the water rights to 200,000 acres ( 800 km2 ) of land to Fred Eaton , Lippencott 's agent and a former mayor of Los Angeles . Lippencott then resigned from the Reclamation Service , took a job with the Los Angeles Water Department as assistant to Mulholland , and turned over the Reclamation Service maps , field surveys and stream measurements to the city . Those studies served as the basis for designing the longest aqueduct in the world . By July 1905 , the Times began to warn the voters of Los Angeles that the county would soon dry up unless they voted bonds for building the aqueduct . Artificial drought conditions were created when water was run into the sewers to decrease the supply in the reservoirs and residents were forbidden to water their lawns and gardens . On election day , the people of Los Angeles voted for $22.5 million worth of bonds to build an aqueduct from the Owens River and to defray other expenses of the project . With this money , and with a special Act of Congress allowing cities to own property outside their boundaries , the City acquired the land that Eaton had acquired from the Owens Valley farmers and started to build the aqueduct . On the occasion of the opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct on November 5 , 1913 Mullholland 's entire speech was five words : `` There it is . Take it . '' Boom town , 1913 -- 1941 ( edit ) Wilson Block , Spring & First Streets , 1920 Further information : Los Angeles in the 1920s Hollywood ( edit ) Hollywood has been synonymous worldwide with the film industry for over a hundred years . It was incorporated as the City of Hollywood in 1903 but merged into LA in 1910 . In the 1900s Jewish movie makers from New York found the sunny , temperate weather more suitable for year - round location shooting . It boomed into the cinematic heart of the United States , and has been the home and workplace of actors , directors and singers that range from small and independent to world - famous , leading to the development of related television and music industries . Map of Los Angeles in 1917 Notable events ( edit ) Swimming pool desegregation An end to racial segregation in municipal swimming pools was ordered in summer 1931 by a Superior Court Judge after Ethel Prioleau sued the city , complaining that she as a Negro was not allowed to use the pool in nearby Exposition Park but had to travel 3.6 miles to the designated `` negro swimming pool . '' Summer Olympics Los Angeles hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , which had opened in May , 1923 with a seating capacity of 76,000 , was enlarged to accommodate over 100,000 spectators for Olympic events . It is still in use by the USC Trojans football team . Olympic Boulevard , a major thoroughfare , honors the occasion . Griffith Park Fire A devastating brush fire on October 3 , 1933 , killed 29 and injured another 150 workers who were clearing brush in Griffith Park . Annexations and consolidations ( edit ) The City of Los Angeles mostly remained within its original 28 square - mile ( 73 km2 ) landgrant until the 1890s . The original city limits are visible even today in the layout of streets that changes from a north - south pattern outside of the original land grant to a pattern that is shifted roughly 15 degrees east of the longitude in and closely around the area now known as Downtown . The first large additions to the city were the districts of Highland Park and Garvanza to the north , and the South Los Angeles area . In 1906 , the approval of the Port of Los Angeles and a change in state law allowed the city to annex the Shoestring , or Harbor Gateway , a narrow and crooked strip of land leading from Los Angeles south towards the port . The port cities of San Pedro and Wilmington were added in 1909 and the city of Hollywood was added in 1910 , bringing the city up to 90 square miles ( 233 km2 ) and giving it a vertical `` barbell '' shape . Also added that year was Colegrove , a suburb west northwest of the city near Hollywood ; Cahuenga , a township northwest of the former city limits ; and a part of Los Feliz was annexed to the city . Christmas in Los Angeles , 1928 The opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct provided the city with four times as much water as it required , and the offer of water service became a powerful lure for neighboring communities . The city , saddled with a large bond and excess water , locked in customers through annexation by refusing to supply other communities . Harry Chandler , a major investor in San Fernando Valley real estate , used his Los Angeles Times to promote development near the aqueduct 's outlet . By referendum of the residents , 170 square miles ( 440 km2 ) of the San Fernando Valley , along with the Palms district , were added to the city in 1915 , almost tripling its area , mostly towards the northwest . Over the next seventeen years dozens of additional annexations brought the city 's area to 450 square miles ( 1,165 km2 ) in 1932 . ( Numerous small annexations brought the total area of the city up to 469 square miles ( 1,215 km2 ) as of 2004 . ) Most of the annexed communities were unincorporated towns but ten incorporated cities were consolidated into Los Angeles : Wilmington ( 1909 ) , San Pedro ( 1909 ) , Hollywood ( 1910 ) , Sawtelle ( 1922 ) , Hyde Park ( 1923 ) , Eagle Rock ( 1923 ) , Venice ( 1925 ) , Watts ( 1926 ) , Barnes City ( 1927 ) , and Tujunga ( 1932 ) . Civic corruption and police brutality ( edit ) Walkway and front façade of Los Angeles Public Library 's Central Library , circa 1935 The downtown business interests , always eager to attract business and investment to Los Angeles , were also eager to distance their town from the criminal underworld that defined the stories of Chicago and New York . In spite of their concerns , massive corruption in City Hall and the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) -- and the fight against it -- were dominant themes in the city 's story from early 20th - century to the 1950s . In the 1920s , for example , it was common practice for the city 's mayor , councilmen , and attorneys to take contributions from madams , bootleggers , and gamblers . The top aide of the mayor was involved with a protection racket . Thugs with eastern - Mafia connections were involved in often violent conflicts over bootlegging and horse - racing turf . The mayor 's brother was selling jobs in the LAPD . In 1933 , the new mayor Frank Shaw started giving out contracts without competitive bids and paying city employees to favor crony contractors . The city 's Vice Squad functioned citywide as the enforcer and collector of the city 's organized crime , with revenues going to the pockets of city officials right up to the mayor . In 1937 , the owner of downtown 's Clifton 's Cafeteria , Clifford Clinton led a citizen 's campaign to clean up city hall . He and other reformers served on a Grand Jury investigating the charges of corruption . In a minority report , the reformers wrote : A portion of the underworld profits have been used in financing campaigns ( of ) ... city and county officials in vital positions ... ( While ) the district attorney 's office , sheriff 's office , and Los Angeles Police Department work in complete harmony and never interfere with ... important figures in the underworld . The police Intelligence Squad spied on anyone even suspected of criticizing the police . They included journalist Carey McWilliams , the district attorney , Judge Bowron , and two of the County Supervisors . The persistent courage of Clinton , Superior Court Judge , later Mayor , Fletcher Bowron , and former L.A.P.D. detective Harry Raymond turned the tide . The police became so nervous that the Intelligence Squad blew up Raymond 's car and nearly killed him . The public was so enraged by the bombing that it quickly voted Shaw out of office , one of the first big - city recalls in the country 's history . The head of the intelligence squad was convicted and sentenced to two years to life . Police Chief James Davis and 23 other officers were forced to resign . Fletcher Bowron replaced Shaw as mayor in 1938 to preside over one of the most dynamic periods in the history of the city . His ' Los Angeles Urban Reform Revival would bring major changes to the government of Los Angeles . In 1950 , he appointed William H. Parker as Chief of Police . Parker pushed for more independence from political pressures that would enable him to create a more professionalized police force . The public supported him and voted in charter changes that isolated the police department from the rest of government . Through the 1960s , the LAPD was promoted as one of the most efficient departments in the world . But Parker 's administration would be increasingly charged with police brutality -- resulting from his recruiting of officers from the South with strong anti-black and anti-Mexican attitudes . Reaction to police brutality resulted in the Watts riots of 1965 and again , after the Rodney King beating , in the Los Angeles riots of 1992 . Charges of police brutality dogged the Department through the end of the 20th century . In the late 1990s , as a result of the Rampart scandal involving misconduct of 70 officers , the federal government was forced to intervene and assumed jurisdiction of the Department with a consent decree . Police reform has since been a major issue confronted by L.A. 's recent mayors . Social critic Mike Davis has recently argued that attempts to `` revitalize '' downtown Los Angeles decreases public space and further alienates poor and minority populations . This enforced geographical separation of diverse populations goes back to the city 's earliest days . LAX : Los Angeles International Airport ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles International Airport Mines Field opened as the private airport in 1930 and the city purchased it to be the municipal airfield in 1937 . The name became Los Angeles Airport in 1941 and Los Angeles International Airport in 1949 . In the 1930s the main airline airports were Burbank Airport ( then known as Union Air Terminal , and later Lockheed ) in Burbank and the Grand Central Airport in Glendale . In 1940 the airlines were all at Burbank except for Mexicana 's three departures a week from Glendale ; in late 1946 most airline flights moved to LAX , but Burbank always retained a few . Since then the story of LAX has been relentless expansion and the spinoff of hotels and warehouses nearby . World War II , 1941 -- 1945 ( edit ) Listening post and air raid lights , Pershing Square , 1941 During World War II , Los Angeles grew as a center for production of aircraft , war supplies and ammunitions . Thousands of people , both blacks and whites , from the South and the Midwest migrated to the West to fill factory jobs . Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles , California during World War II . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in Los Angeles . After President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 , which authorized military commanders to exclude `` any or all persons '' from certain areas in the name of national defense , the Western Defense Command began ordering Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to present themselves for `` evacuation '' from the newly created military zones . This included many Los Angeles families . `` Fifty years ago this house at 201 N. Flower St. was offered for rental at $20 a month . Today ( 1946 ) its four apartments are bringing in $70 monthly . -- LA Times , 5 - 7 - 46 This house no longer stands , and is in the approximate location of the Walt Disney Concert Hall . Postwar : baby boomers ( edit ) After the war , hundreds of land developers bought land cheap , subdivided it , built on it , and got rich . Real - estate development replaced oil and agriculture as Southern California 's principal industry . In 1955 , Walt Disney opened the world 's first theme park at Disneyland in Anaheim . In 1958 , Major League Baseball 's Dodgers and Giants left New York City and came to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively . The population of California expanded dramatically , to nearly 20 million by 1970 . This was the coming - of - age of the baby boom . By 1950 , Los Angeles was an industrial and financial giant created by war production and migration . Los Angeles assembled more cars than any city other than Detroit , made more tires than any city but Akron , made more furniture than Grand Rapids , and stitched more clothes than any city except New York . In addition , it was the national capital for the production of motion pictures , Army and Navy training films , radio programs and , within a few years , television shows . Construction boomed as tract houses were built in ever expanding suburban communities financed by the GI Bill for veterans and the Federal Housing Administration . Popular music of the period bore titles such as `` California Girls '' , `` California Dreamin ' '' , `` San Francisco '' , `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose ? '' and `` Hotel California '' . These reflected the Californian promise of easy living in a paradisiacal climate . The surfing culture burgeoned . Los Angeles continued to spread out , particularly with the development of the San Fernando Valley and the building of the freeways launched in the 1940s . When the local street car system went out of business , Los Angeles became a city built around the automobile , with all the social , health and political problems that this dependence produces . The famed urban sprawl of Los Angeles became a notable feature of the town , and the pace of the growth accelerated in the first decades of the 20th century . The San Fernando Valley , sometimes called `` America 's Suburb '' , became a favorite site of developers , and the city began growing past its roots downtown toward the ocean and towards the east . The immense problem with air pollution ( smog ) that had developed by the early 1970s also caused a backlash . With schools being closed routinely in urban areas for `` smog days '' when the ozone levels became too unhealthy and the hills surrounding urban areas seldom visible even within a mile , Californians were ready for changes . Over the next three decades , California enacted some of the strictest anti-smog regulations in the United States and has been a leader in encouraging nonpolluting strategies for various industries , including automobiles . For example , carpool lanes normally allow only vehicles with two / three or more occupants ( whether the base number is two or three depends on what freeway you are on ) , but electric cars can use the lanes with only a single occupant . As a result , smog is significantly reduced from its peak , although local Air Quality Management Districts still monitor the air and generally encourage people to avoid polluting activities on hot days when smog is expected to be at its worst . 1950 -- 2000 ( edit ) The Richfield Tower , an Art Deco landmark of 1929 , was demolished in 1969 . Beginning November 6 , 1961 , Los Angeles suffered three days of destructive bush fires . The Bel - Air -- Brentwood and Santa Ynez fires destroyed 484 expensive homes and 21 other buildings along with 15,810 acres ( 64 km2 ) of brush in the Bel - Air , Brentwood , and Topanga Canyon neighborhoods . Most of the homes destroyed had wooden shake roofs , which not only led to their own loss but also sent firebrands up to three miles ( 5 km ) away . Despite this , few changes were made to the building codes to prevent future losses . The repeal of a law limiting building height and the controversial redevelopment of Bunker Hill , which destroyed a picturesque though decrepit neighborhood , ushered in the construction of a new generation of skyscrapers . Bunker Hill 's 62 - floor First Interstate Building ( later named Aon Center ) was the highest in Los Angeles when it was completed in 1973 . It was surpassed by the Library Tower ( now called the U.S. Bank Tower ) a few blocks to the north in 1990 , a 310 m ( 1,018 ft ) building that is the tallest west of the Mississippi . Outside of Downtown , the Wilshire Corridor is lined with tall buildings , particularly near Westwood . Century City , developed on the former 20th Century Fox back lot , has become another center of high - rise construction on the Westside . During the latter decades of the 20th century , the city saw a massive increase of street gangs . At the same time , crack cocaine became widely available and dominated by gangs in the 1980s . Although gangs were disproportionately confined to lower - income inner - city sections , fear knew no boundaries citywide . Since the early 1990s , the city saw a decrease in crime and gang violence with rising prices in housing , revitalization , urban development , and heavy police vigilance in many parts of the city . With its reputation , it had led to Los Angeles being referred as `` The Gang Capital of America '' . The former Los Angeles County flag , used from 1967 to 2004 . A subway system , developed and built through the 1980s as a major goal of mayor Tom Bradley , stretches from North Hollywood to Union Station and connects to light rail lines that extend to the neighboring cities of Long Beach , Norwalk , and Pasadena , among others . Also , a commuter rail system , Metrolink , has been added that stretches from nearby Ventura and Simi Valley to San Bernardino , Orange County , and Riverside . The funding of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority project is funded by a half cent tax increase added in the mid-1980s , which yields $400 million every month . Although the regional transit system is growing , subway expansion was halted in the 1990s over methane gas concerns , political conflict , and construction and financing problems during Red Line Subway project , which culminated in a massive sinkhole on Hollywood Boulevard . As a result , the original subway plans have been delayed for decades as light rail systems , dedicated busways , and limited - stop `` Rapid '' bus routes have become the preferred means of mass transit in LA 's expanding series of gridlocked , congested corridors . The 1995 murder of Stephanie Kuhen in Los Angeles led to condemnation from President Bill Clinton and a crackdown on Los Angeles - area gangs . Proposition 14 ( edit ) Since its beginning , the city was geographically divided by ethnicity . In the 1920s , Los Angeles was the location of the first restrictive covenants in real estate . By the Second World War , 95 percent of Los Angeles housing was off - limits to blacks and Asians . Minorities who had served in World War II or worked in L.A. 's defense industries returned to face increasing patterns of discrimination in housing . More and more , they found themselves excluded from the suburbs and restricted to housing in East or South Los Angeles , Watts , and Compton . Such real - estate practices severely restricted educational and economic opportunities . Historian Peter Radkowski wrote : By the 1960s , the fair housing conflict of California would evolve into a collision of legislative action , racial backlash , and judicial ruling : the Rumford Act on the floors of the state capitol ; Proposition 14 at the ballot box ; Mulkey v. Reitman before the Supreme Court of California , and Reitman v. Mulkey before the Supreme Court of the United States . These events explicitly shaped a gubernatorial election in California , and arguably set in motion a sea change in political allegiances and presidential elections . In 1955 , William Byron Rumford , the first African - American from Northern California to serve in the California State Legislature , introduced a fair - housing bill . In 1959 , the California Legislature passed the California Fair Employment Practices Act sponsored by Augustus F. Hawkins of Los Angeles . That same year , the state 's Unruh Civil Rights Act addressed fair housing but did not have any teeth . The aggrieved party had to sue to get compensation . In 1963 , California Legislature passed and Governor Pat Brown signed the Rumford Fair Housing Act which outlawed restrictive covenants and the refusal to rent or sell housing on the basis of race , ethnicity , gender , marital status , or physical disability . In reaction to the Rumford Act , a well - funded coalition of realtors and landlords immediately began to campaign for a referendum that would amend the state Constitution to protect property owners ' ability to deny minorities equal access to housing . Known as Proposition 14 , it caused a storm of deep and bitter controversy across the state . Radkowski wrote : The debate over Proposition 14 cultivated a whirlwind of information and misunderstanding , marked by angry exchanges on the merits , and running through the entire debate a plague of bitterness , ill feelings , and slurs . On any given day , the effort to overturn the Rumford Act might involve highbrow jurisprudence , righteous indignation , or racial epithet . In many ways , the Rumford Act played as bawdy and violent as the land and mineral grabs of the original California Gold Rush : Rumford received an invitation to a stag dinner party -- complete with one hour of `` entertainment '' -- that was sponsored by the Associated Home Builders of the Greater East Bay ; while across the state , pamphlets and pickets revealed the ugly fascist undercurrents of support for Proposition 14 . While conservatives such as Cardinal McIntyre of Los Angeles argued that blacks are `` better off in Los Angeles than anywhere else '' , blacks knew that they were kept out of participating in the city 's prosperity . On May 26 , 1963 , Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. told a crowd of 35,000 at Wrigley Field , `` We want to be free whether we 're in Birmingham or in Los Angeles . '' In November , 1964 , California voters passed Proposition 14 by a wide margin . In August , 1965 , the Watts Riots broke out . Lasting six days , it left 32 dead , 1,032 injured , 3,952 arrested , $40 million in damage , and 1,000 buildings damaged or destroyed . According to later reports , the riot was a reaction to a long record of police brutality by the LAPD and other injustices suffered by blacks , including discrimination in jobs , housing , and education . In 1966 , the California State Supreme Court , in Mulkey v. Reitman , ruled that Proposition 14 violated the State Constitution 's provisions for equal protection and due process . In 1967 , in Reitman v. Mulkey , the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court and ruled that Proposition 14 had violated the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution . The federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 also addressed the issue , but made few provisions for enforcement . The U.S. Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms . In 1973 Los Angeles became the first major Western city to elect a black mayor with Tom Bradley . Economic and demographic changes ( edit ) The last of the automobile factories shut down in the 1990s ; the tire factories and steel mills left earlier . Most of the agricultural and dairy operations that were still prospering in the 1950s have moved to outlying counties while the furniture industry has relocated to Mexico and other low - wage nations . Aerospace production has dropped significantly since the end of the Cold War or moved to states with better tax conditions , and movie producers sometimes find cheaper places to produce films , television programs and commercials . However , the film , television and music industries are still based in LA , which is home to large numbers of well - paid stars , executives and technicians . Many studios still operate in Los Angeles , such as CBS Television City at the corner of Fairfax Avenue and Beverly Boulevard and 20th Century Fox in Century City . The manufacture of clothing began on a large scale in the early 20th century . The fashion industry emerged in the 1920s with an emphasis on sportswear and leisure clothing , and expanded after 1945 to second place behind New York . Toyota opened its first overseas office in Hollywood in 1957 , and sold 257 cars in the U.S. It moved operations to Torrance in 1982 , because of easy access to port facilities and the LAX airport . In 2013 it sold 2.2 million vehicles in the U.S. In 2014 it announced it would move 3000 of its employees to Plano , Texas , near Dallas , to be closer to its American factories . The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach make up the nation 's largest harbor complex , handling 44 % of all goods imported by cargo container into the United States . In 2007 , the equivalent of 7.85 million 40 - foot shipping containers poured through the ports , with most then moving along the region 's highways to massive rail yards and warehouses before heading to the nation 's interior . International trade has generated hundreds of thousands of jobs in Southern California . Moving goods is now one of the largest industries in the region , one that helps provide low - cost imports to consumers across the country . The ports are among the region 's most valuable economic engines . The overall metropolitan LA economy was healthy and in just one five year boom period ( 1985 to 1990 ) attracted 400,000 working immigrants ( mostly from Asia and Mexico ) and about 575,000 workers from elsewhere in the U.S. The jobs they were offered depended largely on their educational qualifications . Half of the immigrants from abroad owed their employment to the immigrant economy with Asian entrepreneurs employing Latino workers . Large - scale economic changes have brought major social changes with them . While unemployment dropped in Los Angeles in the 1990s , the newly created jobs tended to be low - wage jobs filled by recent immigrants ; the number of poor families increased from 36 % to 43 % of the population of Los Angeles County during this time . At the same time , the number of immigrants from Mexico , Central America and Latin America has made Los Angeles a `` majority minority '' city that will soon be majority Latino . The unemployment rate dropped from 6.9 % to 6.8 % in 2002 , jumped during the recession of 2008 , and hovered around 11 - 12 % in 2011 . The desire for residential housing in the downtown area has led to gentrification . Historic commercial buildings have been renovated as condos ( while maintaining the original outside design ) , and many new apartment and condominium towers and complexes are being built . Since the 1980s , there 's been an increasing gap between the rich and the poor , making Los Angeles one of the most socioeconomically divided city in the United States . By the end of the 20th century , some of the annexed areas began to feel cut off from the political process of the megalopolis , leading to a particularly strong secession movement in the San Fernando Valley and weaker ones in San Pedro and Hollywood . The referendums to split the city were rejected by voters in November 2002 . Many communities in Los Angeles have changed their ethnic character over this period of time . For many decades , the population was predominantly white and mostly American - born until the late 20th Century . South L.A. was mostly white until the 1950s , but then became predominantly black until the 1990s , and is now mainly Latino . While the Latino community within the City of Los Angeles was once centered on the Eastside , it now extends throughout the city . The San Fernando Valley , which represented a bastion of white flight in the 1960s and provided the votes that allowed Sam Yorty to defeat the first election run by Tom Bradley , is now as ethnically diverse as the rest of the city on the other side of the Hollywood Hills . Population History ( edit ) Growth ( edit ) The population of Los Angeles reached more than 100,000 with the 1900 census ( Los Angeles Evening Express , October 1 , 1900 ) , more than a million in 1930 , more than two million in 1960 , and more than 3 million in 1990 . Huge crowds surround the All Night And Day Bank on the corner of Spring Street and Sixth Street , April , 1910 Year Population Growth 1790 131 -- 1800 315 184 1810 365 50 1820 650 285 1830 1,300 650 1840 2,240 940 1850 -- -- 1860 4,385 -- 1870 5,730 1,345 1880 11,200 5,470 1890 50,400 39,200 1900 102,500 52,100 1910 319,200 216,700 1920 576,700 257,500 1930 1,238,048 661,348 1940 1,504,277 266,229 1950 1,970,358 466,081 1960 2,479,015 508,657 1970 2,816,061 337,046 1980 2,966,850 150,789 3,485,398 518,548 2000 3,694,820 209,422 3,792,621 97,801 2016 4,030,904 237,983 Sources : Historical Census Populations of Counties and Incorporated Cities in California , 1850 -- 2010 ; Historical Resident Population of Los Angeles during the Spanish & Mexican Period , 1781 to 1840 Chinese community ( edit ) Main article : History of the Chinese Americans in Los Angeles The first Chinese arrived in Los Angeles in 1850 . The great majority came from Guangdong Province in southeastern China , seeking a fortune in Gum Saan ( `` Gold Mountain '' ) , the Chinese name for America . Henry Huntington came to value their expertise as engineers . He later said he would not have been able to build his portion of the transcontinental railroad without them . After the transcontinental railroad was completed , most took their earnings and returned to China , where they could find a wife and own a little land . Others moved to Chinatowns in the cities . By 1870 there were 178 Chinese in LA ; 80 % were adult men . Most worked as launderers , cooks and fruit and vegetable growers and sellers . Labor unions blamed Chinese for lowering the wages and living standards of Anglo workers , and for being ruled by violent secret societies known as `` tongs . '' The newspapers of both Los Angeles and San Francisco were filled with anti-Chinese propaganda . The thriving Chinatown , on the eastern edge of the Plaza , was the site of terrible violence on October 24 , 1871 . A gunfight between rival tongs resulted in the accidental death of a white man . This enraged the bystanders , and a mob of about 500 Anglos and Latinos descended on Chinatown . They randomly lynched 19 Chinese men and boys , only one of whom may have been involved in the original killing . Homes and businesses were looted . Only ten rioters were tried . Eight were convicted of manslaughter , but their convictions were overturned the following year on a legal technicality . This Chinese Massacre of 1871 was the first time that Los Angeles was reported on the front pages of newspapers all over the world , even crowding out reports of the Great Chicago Fire , which had taken place two weeks earlier . While the Los Angeles Star went so far to call the massacre `` a glorious victory '' , others fretted about the city 's racist and violent image . With the coming economic opportunities of the railroads , city fathers set themselves to wipe out mob violence . Their efforts , however , led to more restrictive measures against the Chinese . In 1878 -- 79 , the City Council passed several measures adversely affecting Chinese vegetable merchants . The merchants went on strike . Los Angeles went without vegetables for several weeks , finally bringing the city to the bargaining table . Historian William Estrada wrote : `` This little - known event may have helped the Chinese to better understand their role in the community as well as the power of organization as a means for community self - defense . The strike was a sign that Los Angeles was undergoing dramatic social , economic , and technological change and that the Chinese were a part of that change . '' Koreans ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles and Korean American Since 1965 when the immigration laws were liberalized , Los Angeles has emerged as a major center of the Korean American community . Its `` Koreatown '' is often seen as the `` overseas Korean capital . '' Many have been entrepreneurs , opening shops and small factories . Koreatown experienced rapid transition in the 1990s , with heavy investment by Korean banks and corporations , and the arrival of tens of thousands of Koreans , as well as even larger numbers of Hispanic workers . Many entrepreneurs opened small businesses , and were hard hit by the 1992 Los Angeles riots . More recently , L.A. 's Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting and an increased crime rate , prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area . After the riots many relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area . According to Park ( 1998 ) the violence against Korean Americans in 1992 stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean Americans , but it also split them into two main camps . The `` liberals '' sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating . The `` conservatives , '' emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party . The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities , specifically blacks and Hispanics . Abelmann and Lie , ( 1997 ) report that the most profound result was the politicization of Korean Americans , all across the U.S. The younger generation especially realized they had been too uninvolved in American politics , and the riot shifted their political attention from South Korea to conditions in the United States . Japanese ( edit ) Main article : History of the Japanese in Los Angeles The labor vacuum created by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was filled by Japanese workers and , by 1910 , the settlement known as `` Little Tokyo '' had risen next to Chinatown . As of December 1941 there were 37,000 ethnic Japanese in Los Angeles County . Most of the adults lacked United States citizenship . It was disrupted in 1942 with all the residents moved to relocation camps inland in the Japanese American internment . Other Asians ( edit ) During the years between the two world wars , Los Angeles ' Asian American community also included small clusters of Korean Americans and Filipinos , the latter filling the void which followed the exclusion of the Japanese in 1924 . Since World War II , immigration from Asia and the Pacific has increased dramatically . The influx of immigrants from the Philippines , Korea , Taiwan , the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia has led to the development of identifiable enclaves such as Koreatown in the central city and Samoans in Wilmington and a Thai neighborhood in Hollywood . African - Americans ( edit ) Los Angeles was founded by settlers who were predominantly of African descent , and the city had 2,100 Black Americans in 1900 . By 1920 this grew to approximately 15,000 . In 1910 , the city had the highest percentage of black home ownership in the nation , with more than 36 percent of the city 's African - American residents owning their own homes . Black leader W.E.B. Du Bois described L.A. in 1913 as a `` wonderful place '' since they were less subjected to racial discrimination due to their population being small and the ongoing tensions between Anglos and Mexicans . That changed in the 1920s when restrictive covenants that enforced segregation became widespread . Blacks were mostly confined along the South Central corridor , Watts , and small enclaves in Venice and Pacoima , which received far fewer services than other areas of the city . After World War II , the city 's black population grew from 63,774 in 1940 to 170,000 a decade later as many continued to flee from the South for better opportunities . By 1960 , Los Angeles had the fifth largest black population in the United States , larger than any city in the South . Still , they remained in segregated enclaves . The Supreme Court banned the legal enforcement of race - oriented restrictive covenants in the Shelley v. Kraemer case ( 1948 ) , yet black homeownership declined severely during this period . Decades of police mistreatment and other racial injustices eventually lead to the Watts riots of 1965 , after a minor traffic incident resulted in four days of rioting . Thirty - four people were killed and 1,034 injured at a cost of $40 million in property damage and looting . So many businesses burned on 103rd Street that it became known as `` Charcoal Alley . '' The City strove to improve social services for the black community , but with many of the high - paying industrial jobs gone black unemployment remained high . The growth of street gangs and drugs in minority communities exacerbated the problems . By 1990 , the LAPD , which had followed a para-militaristic model since Chief Parker 's regime in the 1950s , became more alienated from minority communities following accusations of racial profiling . In 1992 , a jury in suburban Simi Valley acquitted white Los Angeles police officers involved in the beating of a black motorist , Rodney King , the year before . After four days of rioting , more than fifty deaths , and billions of dollars of property losses , mostly in the Central City , the National Guard and the police finally regained control . Since the 1980s , more middle - class black families have left the central core of Los Angeles to settle in other California municipalities or out of state . In 1970 , blacks made up 18 percent of the city 's population . That percentage has dropped to 10 percent in 2010 as many continue to leave to settle elsewhere . Los Angeles still has the largest black population of any city in the Western United States . Latinos ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles and History of the Central Americans in Los Angeles The anti-union , open - shop heritage of the Chandlers and the Los Angeles Times continued to assure Los Angeles of a steady supply of cheap labor from Mexico and Central America throughout the 20th century . This was met by the increasing opposition of anti-immigration forces throughout the country . A steady migration of Mexicans to California from 1910 to 1930 expanded the Mexican and Latino population in Los Angeles to 97,116 or 7.8 % . In 1930 , a large repatriation of 400 -- 500,000 Mexican immigrants and their children began after the onset of the Depression , massive unemployment , encouragement by the government of Mexico , the threat of deportation and welfare agencies willing to pay for the tickets of those leaving ( some 2 million European immigrants left as well ) . At the same time , the city celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1931 with a grand `` fiesta de Los Angeles '' featuring a blond `` reina '' in historic ranchera costume . By 1940 the Latino population dropped to 7.1 % , but remained at slightly over 100,000 . During World War II , hostility toward Mexican - Americans took a different form , as local newspapers portrayed Chicano youths , who sometimes called themselves `` pachucos '' , as barely civilized gangsters . Anglo servicemen attacked young Chicanos dressed in the pachuco uniform of the day : long coats with wide shoulders and pleated , high - waisted , pegged pants , or zoot suits . In 1943 , twenty - two young Chicanos were convicted of a murder of another youth at a party held at a swimming hole southeast of Los Angeles known as the `` sleepy lagoon '' on a warm night in August 1942 ; they were eventually freed after an appeal that demonstrated both their innocence and the racism of the judge conducting the trial . Today , the event is known as the Zoot Suit Riots . In the 1960s and 1970s , Chicanos and / or Mexican - Americans in Los Angeles organized protests and demonstrations calling for their civil rights and promoted self - empowerment in the Chicano Movement . In the 1990s , redistricting led to the election of Latino members of the City Council and the first Latino members of theLos Angeles County Board of Supervisors since its inception . In 1994 , California Voters passed Proposition 187 , which denied undocumented immigrants and their families in California welfare , health benefits , and education . With the growth of the Latino community , primarily immigration from Mexico , but also from Central America and South America , it is now the largest ethnic bloc in Los Angeles . By 1998 , Latinos outnumbered Anglos in the city by over a million and account for 50 percent of the County 's population . City Council member Antonio Villaraigosa was elected mayor in 2005 , the first Latino elected to that office since the 1872 . In 2006 anti-immigration forces supported the federal Border Protection , Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 ( H.R. 4437 ) . The act would make `` unlawful presence '' an `` aggravated felony . '' On 25 March , a million Latinos staged La Gran Marcha on City Hall to protest the bill . It was the largest demonstration in California history . Similar protests in other cities across the country made this a turning point in the debate on immigration reform . See also ( edit ) Los Angeles portal American urban history List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles Timeline of Los Angeles Paris Inn souvenir , circa 1947 . A well - known LA night club from 1924 to 1950 ; popular guests included Charlie Chaplin and Clara Bow . Other articles which contain relevant history sections . History of Southern California freeways Los Angeles Times History of the Los Angeles Police Department Los Angeles Fire Department History History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915 Port of Los Angeles History of Santa Monica History of Glendale History of Beverly Hills History of Long Beach Articles on specific events in Los Angeles history Battle of Los Angeles California Water Wars Los Angeles mayoral election , 2005 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Munro , Pamela , et al. Yaara ' Shiraaw'ax ' Eyooshiraaw'a . Now You 're Speaking Our Language : Gabrielino / Tongva / Fernandeño . Lulu.com : 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McCawley , William . 1996 . The First Angelinos : The Indians of Los Angeles . Banning , California : Malki Museum Press and Ballena Press Cooperative . pp. 2 -- 7 Jump up ^ Smith , Gerald A. and James Clifford . 1965 . Indian Slave Trade Along the Mojave Trail . San Bernardino California : San Bernardino County Museum . Jump up ^ Johnson , Bernice Eastman . 1962 . California 's Gabrielino Indians . Highland Park , California : Southwest Museum Papers . Jump up ^ Bosca , Gerónimo . `` Chinigchinish : An Historical Account of the Origins , Customs , and Traditions of the Indians of Alta California '' , in Life in California , trans . Alfred Robinson . Santa Barbara : Peregrine . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce . 1991 . The Gabrielino . Los Osos , California : Sand River Press . ^ Jump up to : Kealhofer , 1991 . Cultural Interaction During the Spanish Colonial Period . Ph. D. dissertation , University of Pennsylvania , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Estrada , William David . 2008 . The Los Angeles Plaza : Sacred and Contested Space . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . Jump up ^ Low , Setha M. 2000 . On the Plaza : The Politics of Public Space and Culture . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilberto R. 1988 . Let There Be Towns : Spanish Municipal Origins in the American Southwest , 1610 -- 1810 . College Station , Texas : A&M University Press . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe. 1886 . History of California . 7 volumes . San Francisco : History Company . ^ Jump up to : Kelsey , Harry . 1976 . `` A New Look at the Founding of Los Angeles . '' Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly . 55 : 4 , Winter . pp. 326 -- 339 . ^ Jump up to : Ríos - Bustamante , Antonio . Mexican Los Ángeles : A Narrative and Pictoral History , Nuestra Historia Series , Monograph No. 1 . ( Encino : Floricanto Press , 1992 ) , 50 -- 53 . OCLC 228665328 . Jump up ^ Bob Pool , `` City of Angels ' First Name Still Bedevils Historians . 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Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Foucrier , Annick . Op . Cit . Page 53 Jump up ^ McGroarty , John Steven . History of Los Angeles County . The American Historical Society . Chicago and New York 1923 . Page 31 Jump up ^ Ryan , Mary P. 2006 . `` A Durable Center of Urban Space : The Los Angeles Plaza . '' Urban History , 33 , part 3 , December , p. 464 Jump up ^ `` Robinson , William Wilcox. 1966 . Maps of Los Angeles ; From Ord 's Survey of 1849 to the Boom of the Eighties . Los Angeles : Dawson 's Book Shop . Jump up ^ Robert Glass Cleland , A History of California : The American Period , The Macmillan company , 1922 . Chapter XXI Jump up ^ Robinson , William Wilcox. 1981 . Los Angeles from the Days of the Pueblo : A Brief History and Guide to the Plaza Area . San Francisco : California Historical Society . Jump up ^ Charles Dwight Willard , The Herald 's History of Los Angeles City ( Los Angeles : Kingsley - Barnes & Neuner Co. , 1901 ) , 280 . Jump up ^ Eric Monkkonen , `` Western Homicide : The Case of Los Angeles , 1830 -- 1870 '' , Pacific Historical Review , 74 ( Nov. 2005 ) , 609 . Jump up ^ Villa , Raúl Romero. 2002 . Barrio Logos : Place and Space in Urban Chicano Culture and Literature . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press Jump up ^ Robinson , William Wilcox. 1952 . The Indians of Los Angeles : Story of a Liquidation of a People . Los Angeles : Glen Dawson Press . Jump up ^ Cook , Sherburne F. 1971 . `` The Aboriginal Population of Upper California . '' In The California Indians : A Sourcebook . ed . R.F. Heizer and M.A. Whipple , 2nd ed . Berkeley : University of California Press Jump up ^ Mathes , Valerie Sherer. 1997 . Helen Hunt Jackson and Her Indian Reform Legacy . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jessica . 2006 . `` Battle over a Casino Divides Gabrielino Indians . '' Los Angeles Times , November 26 . Jump up ^ Guinn , James Miller ( 1915 ) . A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs : Also Containing Biographies of Well Known Citizens of the Past and Present ( Public domain ed . ) . Historic Record Company . p. 407 . Jump up ^ Timothy Tzeng , `` Eastern Promises : The Role of Eastern Capital in the Development of Los Angeles , 1900 - 1920 , '' California History ( 2011 ) 88 # 2 pp 32 - 53 . Jump up ^ Jess Gilbert and Kevin Wehr , `` Dairy Industrialization in the First Place : Urbanization , Immigration , and Political Economy in Los Angeles County , 1920 - 1970 , '' Rural Sociology ( 2003 ) 68 # 4 pp 467 - 49 Jump up ^ Nathan Masters ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lost Train Depots of Los Angeles '' . Socal Focus . KCET . Retrieved July 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gregory Lee Thompson ( 1993 ) . The Passenger Train in the Motor Age : California 's Rail and Bus Industries , 1910 - 1941 . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Marie . `` A Golden Spike : The Beginning '' . SCV History . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Queenan , Charles F. ( May 10 , 1992 ) . `` ' Great Free Harbor Fight ' : At Stake Was the Port Site for the Growing City of L.A. '' Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Oil and Gas Statistics : 2007 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Conservation . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamite Bomb Fails to Cripple Llewellyn Plant , '' Los Angeles Times , December 26 , 1910 , page I - 1 Library card required . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times . 1913 . `` Rioters Must Face the Law . '' December 28 . Jump up ^ Vicki L. Ruiz and Virginia Sánchez Korrol , eds. ( 2006 ) . Latinas in the United States : A Historical Encyclopedia . Indiana University Press . pp. 408 -- 10 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McPhee , John . 1989 . `` Los Angeles Against the Mountains . '' In The Control of Nature . New York : Farrar Straus Giroux . Jump up ^ Goodridge , James D. 1982 . Historic Rainstorms in California : A Study of 1,000 - year Rainfalls . Sacramento : State of California Department of Natural Resources . Jump up ^ Gregory Paul Williams , The Story of Hollywood : An Illustrated History . ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` City Swimming Pools Opened to All Races '' , Los Angeles Times , June 26 , 1931 , page A1 Jump up ^ Municipal Secession Fiscal Analysis Scoping Study www.valleyvote.net , Annexation and Detachment Map ( PDF ) lacity.org . Jump up ^ Rayner , Richard . 2009 . A Bright and Guilty Place : Murder , Corruption , and L.A. 's Scandalous Coming of Age . New York : Doubleday ^ Jump up to : Domanick , Joe : 1998 . `` Public Corruption , L.A. - Style : Where Have the Notorious Gone ? '' Los Angeles Times , January 25 , M - 6 . ( Online access ) Jump up ^ Sitton , Tom . 2005 . Los Angeles Transformed : Fletcher Bowron 's Urban Reform Revival , 1938 -- 1953 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press Jump up ^ Davis , M. 1999 . `` Fortress Los Angeles : The militarization of public space . '' In M. Sorkin ed. , Variations on a theme park : The new American city and the end of public space . pp. 154 -- 180 . New York : Hill and Wang. Online Jump up ^ William A. Schoneberger , Ethel Pattison , and Lee Nichols , Los Angeles International Airport ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Child killing sparks action against Los Angeles gangs . '' The Christian Science Monitor . September 25 , 1995 . Volume 87 , Issue 210 . Page 4 . Jump up ^ Pelisek , Christine . `` Avenues of Death . '' LA Weekly . July 14 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Radkowski , Peter P.F. III . 2006 . `` Managing the Invisible Hand of the California Housing Market , 1942 -- 1967 . '' Accessed online 11.14. 09 : http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/radkowski_paper.pdf Jump up ^ Jeffries , Vincent & Ransford , H. Edward . 1969 . `` Interracial Social Contact and Middle - Class White Reaction to the Watts Riot '' . Social Problems 16.3 , : 312 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1964 Jump up ^ Bauman , Robert . 2007 . `` The Black Power and Chicano Movements in the Poverty Wars in Los Angeles '' , Journal of Urban History , vol 33 no. 2 , pp. 277 -- 295 Jump up ^ Bauman , Robert . 2008 . From Watts to East L.A. : Race and the War on Poverty in Los Angeles ' . ' Norman . Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Sides , Josh . 2003 . L.A. City Limits : African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Sarah Williams and Elizabeth Currid - Halkett , `` The Emergence of Los Angeles as a Fashion Hub : A Comparative Spatial Analysis of the New York and Los Angeles Fashion Industries , '' Urban Studies ( 2011 ) 48 # 14 pp 3043 - 3066 . Jump up ^ Fujita , Akiko ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota built Torrance into the second - largest home of Japanese Americans . Now , it 's leaving '' . The World . Public Radio International . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Toyota to uproot from California , move to ' macho ' Texas '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Ellis and Richard Wright , `` The Industrial Division of Labor Among Immigrants and Internal Migrants to the Los Angeles Economy , '' International Migration Review ( 1999 ) 33 # 1 pp 26 - 54 . Jump up ^ Ivan Light et al. `` Immigrant Incorporation in the Garment Industry of Los Angeles , '' International Migration Review ( 1999 ) 33 # 1 pp 5 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gibbs Smith , 2006 . Picturing Los Angeles , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58685 - 733 - 2 Jump up ^ California -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 ^ Jump up to : John Buntin , L.A. Noir , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35207 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.laalmanac.com/population/po24la_zip.htm ^ Jump up to : Mason , William Marvin . 1967 . `` The Chinese in Los Angeles . '' The Museum Alliance Quarterly , Fall . pp. 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Scott Zesch , `` Chinese Los Angeles in 1870 -- 1871 : The Makings of a Massacre '' , Southern California Quarterly , 90 ( Summer 2008 ) : 109 -- 158 ; William R. Locklear , `` The Celestials and the Angels : A Study of the Anti-Chinese Movement in Los Angeles to 1882 '' , The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly , 42 ( March 1960 ) , 239 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Ivan Light and Edna Bonacich . Immigrant Entrepreneurs : Koreans in Los Angeles , 1965 - 1982 ' ' ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Laux , H.C. ; Theme , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Koreans in Greater Los Angeles : socioeconomic polarization , ethnic attachment , and residential patterns '' . In Li , W. From urban enclave to ethnic suburb : New Asian communities in Pacific Rim countries . Honolulu : U of Hawaii Press . pp. 95 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2911 - 5 . Jump up ^ Youngmin Lee ; Kyonghwan Park ( 2008 ) . Negotiating hybridity : transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown , Los Angeles . Journal of Cultural Geography. 25 . pp. 245 -- 262 . doi : 10.1080 / 08873630802433822 . Jump up ^ Abelmann , Nancy ; Lie , John ( 1997 ) . Blue dreams : Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 07705 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Zahniser ( 2012 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Koreatown residents sue L.A. over redistricting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Koreatown Crime '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Park , Edward J.W. ( 1998 ) . `` Competing visions : Political formation of Korean Americans in Los Angeles , 1992 - 1997 '' . Amerasia Journal . 24 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Abelmann , Nancy ; Lie , John ( 1997 ) . Blue dreams : Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . pp. 184 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 07705 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Modell , The economics and politics of racial accommodation : The Japanese of Los Angeles , 1900 - 1942 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Hayden , Dolores . `` Landscapes of loss and remembrance : the case of little Tokyo in Los Angeles . '' Studies In The Social And Cultural History Of Modern Warfare 5 ( 1999 ) : 142 - 160 . Jump up ^ Roger Waldinger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr , eds . Ethnic Los Angeles ( 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , William . 2007 The Gangs of Los Angeles . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 44357 - 4 ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ George J. Sánchez , Becoming Mexican American : Ethnicity , Culture , and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles , 1900 - 1945 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ see `` Unwanted Mexican Americans '' by Abraham Hoffman Jump up ^ Eduardo Obregón Pagán , `` Los Angeles geopolitics and the zoot suit riot , 1943 , '' Social Science History ( 2000 ) 24 # 1 pp : 223 - 256 . Jump up ^ James H. Johnson Jr , Walter C. Farrell Jr , and Chandra Guinn . `` Immigration reform and the browning of America : Tensions , conflicts and community instability in metropolitan Los Angeles , '' International Migration Review ( 1997 ) 31 # 4 pp : 1055 - 1095 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ MecoyBeeLosAngelesBureau , Laura ( 2005 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Leading the way Villaraigosa becomes first Latino mayor of Los Angeles since 1872 '' . The Sacramento Bee . pp. A. 3 . ISSN 0890 - 5738 . Jump up ^ Paris Inn history This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Los Angeles '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 12 -- 14 . Spanish and Mexican history Source : University of Southern California Project : Los Angeles : Past , Present , and Future , 1996 . Adopted by the El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument . Bibliography ( edit ) Some of the best history appears in the appropriate chapters of the multivolume history of California by Kevin Starr , including Americans and the California Dream , 1850 -- 1915 ( 1973 ) , focuses on novelists ; Inventing the Dream : California through the Progressive Era ( 1986 ) ; Material Dreams : Southern California through the 1920s ( 1991 ) . Guides , architecture , geography ( edit ) Herman , Robert D. Downtown Los Angeles : A Walking Guide ( 2004 ) 270 pages Fodor . Los Angeles : plus Disneyland & Orange County ed. by Maria Teresa Burwell , ( 2007 ) 368 pages excerpt and text search Mahle , Karin , and Martin Nicholas Kunz . Los Angeles : Architecture & Design ( 2004 ) 191pp Nelson , Howard J. The Los Angeles Metropolis. ( 1983 ) . 344 pp. geography Pitt , Leonard and Dale Pitt . Los Angeles A to Z : An Encyclopedia of the City and County . ( 1997 ) . 605 pp. short articles by experts excerpts and text search Contemporary issues ( edit ) Abu - Lughod , Janet L. New York , Chicago , Los Angeles : America 's Global Cities ( 1999 ) online edition Dear , Michael J. , H. Eric Schockman , and Greg Hise , eds . Rethinking Los Angeles ( 1996 ) interprets LA in terms of `` postmodern urbanism '' model . It consists of several fundamental characteristics : a global - local connection ; a ubiquitous social polarization ; and a reterritorialization of the urban process in which hinterland organizes the center ( in direct contradiction to the Chicago School model of cities ) . The resultant urbanism is distinguished by a centerless urban form termed `` keno capitalism . '' Fine , David . Imagining Los Angeles : A City in Fiction. ( 2000 ) . 293 pp . Flanigan , James . Smile Southern California , You 're the Center of the Universe : The Economy and People of a Global Region ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Fulton , William . The Reluctant Metropolis : The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles . ( 1997 ) . 395 pp . Gottlieb , Robert . Reinventing Los Angeles : Nature and Community in the Global City ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Scott , Allen J. and Soja , Edward W. , eds . The City : Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century . ( 1996 ) . 483 pp . History ( edit ) Abu - Lughod , Janet L. New York , Chicago , Los Angeles : America 's Global Cities ( U of Minnesota Press , 1999 ) , Compares the three cities in terms of geography , economics and race from 1800 to 1990 Bills , Emily , `` Connecting Lines : L.A. 's Telephone History and the Binding of the Region '' , Southern California Quarterly , 91 ( Spring 2009 ) , 27 -- 67 . Bollens , John C. and Geyer , Grant B. Yorty : Politics of a Constant Candidate. ( 1973 ) . 245 pp. Mayor 1961 -- 73 Brook , Vincent . Land of Smoke and Mirrors : A Cultural History of Los Angeles ( Rutgers University Press ; 2013 ) 301 pages Fogelson , Robert M. The Fragmented Metropolis : Los Angeles , 1850 -- 1930 ( 1967 ) , focus on planning , infrastructure , water , and business Friedricks , William . Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California ( 1992 ) , on Henry Edwards Huntington ( 1850 -- 1927 ) , railroad executive and collector , who helped build LA and Southern California through the Southern Pacific railroad and also trolleys . Garcia , Matt . A World of Its Own : Race , Labor , and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles , 1900 -- 1970 . ( 2001 ) . 330 pp . Hart , Jack R . The Information Empire : The Rise of the Los Angeles Times and The Times Mirror Corporation . ( 1981 ) . 410 pp . Jaher , Frederic Cople . The Urban Establishment : Upper Strata in Boston , New York , Charleston , Chicago , and Los Angeles . ( 1982 ) . 777 pp . Klein , Norman M. and Schiesl , Martin J. , eds . 20th Century Los Angeles : Power , Promotion , and Social Conflict. ( 1990 ) . 240 pp . Laslett , John H.M. Sunshine Was Never Enough : Los Angeles Workers , 1880 -- 2010 ( 2012 ) Lavender , David . Los Angeles , Two Hundred Years . ( 1980 ) . 240 pp. heavily illustrated popular history Leader , Leonard . Los Angeles and the Great Depression . ( 1991 ) . 344 pp . McNamara , Kevin R. , ed . The Cambridge companion to the literature of Los Angeles ( Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) Mullins , William H. The Depression and the Urban West Coast , 1929 -- 1933 : Los Angeles , San Francisco , Seattle , and Portland . ( 1991 ) . 176 pp . Nicolaides , Becky M. My Blue Heaven : Life and Politics in the Working - Class Suburbs of Los Angeles , 1920 -- 1965 . ( 2002 ) . 412 pp . O'Flaherty , Joseph S. An End and a Beginning : The South Coast and Los Angeles , 1850 -- 1887 . ( 1972 ) . 222 pp . O'Flaherty , Joseph S. Those Powerful Years : The South Coast and Los Angeles , 1887 -- 1917 ( 1978 ) . 356 pp . Payne , J. Gregory and Ratzan , Scott C. Tom Bradley : The Impossible Dream. ( 1986 ) . 368 pp. , mayor 1973 to 1993 and a leading African American Raftery , Judith Rosenberg . Land of Fair Promise : Politics and Reform in Los Angeles Schools , 1885 -- 1941 . ( 1992 ) . 284 pp . Rolle , Andrew . Los Angeles : From Pueblo to City of the Future . ( 2d . ed. 1995 ) . 226 pp. ; the only historical survey by a scholar Sitton , Tom and Deverell , William , eds . Metropolis in the Making : Los Angeles in the 1920s . ( 2001 ) . 371 pp . Verge , Arthur C. Paradise Transformed : Los Angeles during the Second World War . ( 1993 ) . 177 pp . Verge , Arthur C. `` The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles '' Pacific Historical Review 1994 63 ( 3 ) : 289 - 314 . 0030 -- 8684 in JSTOR Planning , environment and autos ( edit ) Bottles , Scott L. Los Angeles and the Automobile : The Making of the Modern City . ( 1987 ) . 302 pp . Davis , Margaret Leslie . Rivers in the Desert : William Mulholland and the Inventing of Los Angeles . ( 1993 ) . 303 pp . Davis , Mike . City of Quartz : Excavating the Future in Los Angeles . ( 1990 ) . 462 pp Desfor , Gene , and Roger Keil . Nature And The City : Making Environmental Policy In Toronto And Los Angeles ( 2004 ) 290pp Deverell , William , and Greg Hise . Land of Sunshine : An Environmental History of Metropolitan Los Angeles ( 2006 ) 350 pages excerpt and text search Dewey , Scott Hamilton . Do n't Breathe the Air : Air Pollution and U.S. Environmental Politics , 1945 -- 1970 . ( 2000 ) . 321pp. , focuses on LA smog Hise , Greg . Magnetic Los Angeles : Planning the Twentieth - Century Metropolis. ( 1997 ) . 294 pp . Jacobs , Chip , and William Kelly . Smogtown : The Lung - Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles ( 2008 ) Keane , James Thomas . Fritz B. Burns and the Development of Los Angeles : The Biography of a Community Developer and Philanthropist. ( 2001 ) . 287 pp . Longstreth , Richard . The Drive - In , the Supermarket , and the Transformation of Commercial Space in Los Angeles , 1914 -- 1941 . ( 1999 ) . 248 pp . Longstreth , Richard . City Center to Regional Mall : Architecture , the Automobile , and Retailing in Los Angeles , 1920 -- 1950 . ( 1997 ) . 504 pp . Mulholland , Catherine . William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles . ( 2000 ) . 411 pp. online edition Post , Robert C. Street Railways and the Growth of Los Angeles ( 1989 ) . 170pp . Rajan , Sudhir Chella . The Enigma of Automobility : Democratic Politics and Pollution Control . ( 1996 ) . 202 pp ( 3 ) . Sloane , David C. Planning Los Angeles ( 2012 ) Hollywood ( edit ) Hollywood sign Balio , Tino . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . ( 1993 ) . 483 pp . May , Lary . The Big Tomorrow : Hollywood and the Politics of the American Way ( 2000 ) Schatz , Thomas . The Genius of the System : Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era . ( 1988 ) . 492 pp . * Smith , Catherine Parsons . Making Music in Los Angeles : Transforming the Popular . University of California Press , 2007 . ( A social history covering c. 1887 -- 1940 ) Vaughn , Stephen . Ronald Reagan in Hollywood : Movies and Politics . ( 1994 ) . 359 pp . Wells , Walter . Tycoons and Locusts : A Regional Look at Hollywood Fiction of the 1930s ( 1973 ) online edition Ethnicity , Race and religion ( edit ) Abelmann , Nancy and Lie , John . Blue Dreams : Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. ( 1995 ) . 272 pp . Acuña , Rodolfo F. Anything but Mexican : Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles . ( 1996 ) . 328 pp . Allen , James P. and Turner , Eugene . The Ethnic Quilt : Population Diversity in Southern California . ( 1997 ) . 282 pp . Arnold , Bruce Makoto . `` Pacific Childhood Dreams and Desires in the Rafu : Multiple Transnational Modernisms and the Los Angeles Nisei , 1918 - 1942 '' . Bedolla , Lisa García . Fluid borders : Latino power , identity , and politics in Los Angeles ( 2005 ) 278 pages ; excerpt and text search Cannon , Lou . Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. ( 1997 ) . 698 pp. online edition Degraaf , Lawrence B . `` The City of Black Angels : Emergence of the Los Angeles Ghetto , 1890 -- 1930 '' . Pacific Historical Review 1970 39 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 352 . in JSTOR Engh , Michael E. `` ' A Multiplicity and Diversity of Faiths ' : Religion 's Impact on Los Angeles and the Urban West , 1890 -- 1940 '' , Western Historical Quarterly 1997 28 ( 4 ) : 462 -- 492 . 0043 - 3810 in JSTOR Engh , Michael E. Frontier Faiths : Church , Temple , and Synagogue in Los Angeles , 1846 -- 1888 . ( 1992 ) . 267 pp . Greenwood , Roberta S. , ed . Down by the Station : Los Angeles Chinatown , 1880 -- 1933 . ( 1996 ) . 207 pp . Griswold del Castillo , Richard . The Los Angeles Barrio , 1850 -- 1890 : A Social History . ( 1979 ) . 217 pp . Gutierrez , Ramon A. , and Patricia Zavella , eds . Mexicans in California : Transformations and Challenges essays by leading scholars ( 2009 ) Hamilton , Nora and Chinchilla , Norma Stoltz . Seeking Community in a Global City : Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles . ( 2001 ) . 296 pp . Hayashi , Brian Masaru . `` For the Sake of Our Japanese Brethren '' : Assimilation , Nationalism , and Protestantism among the Japanese of Los Angeles , 1895 -- 1942 ( 1995 ) . 217 pp . Horne , Gerald . Fire This Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s . ( 1995 ) . 424 pp . Keil , Roger . Los Angeles : Globalization , Urbanization , and Social Struggles. ( 1998 ) . 295 pp . Leclerc , Gustavo ; Villa , Raúl ; and Dear , Michael , eds . Urban Latino Cultures : La Vida Latina en L.A. ( 1999 ) . 214 pp . Loza , Steven . Barrio Rhythm : Mexican American Music in Los Angeles . ( 1993 ) . 320 pp . Min , Pyong Gap . Caught in the Middle : Korean Communities in New York and Los Angeles . ( 1996 ) . 260 pp . Modell , John . The Economics and Politics of Racial Accommodation : The Japanese of Los Angeles , 1900 -- 1942 . ( 1977 ) . 201 pp . Monroy , Douglas . Rebirth : Mexican Los Angeles from the Great Migration to the Great Depression . ( 1999 ) . 322 pp . Moore , Deborah Dash . To the Golden Cities : Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. ( 1994 ) . 358 pp . Oberschall , Anthony . `` The Los Angeles Riot of August 1965 '' , Social Problems , Vol. 15 , No. 3 ( Winter , 1968 ) , pp. 322 -- 341 in JSTOR , black riots in Watts Ong , Paul , ed . The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. ( 1994 ) . 330 pp . Ríos - Bustamante , Antonio and Castillo , Pedro . An Illustrated History of Mexican Los Angeles , 1781 -- 1985 . ( 1986 ) . 196 pp . Saito , Leland T. Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb. ( 1998 ) . 250 pp . Sánchez , George J. Becoming Mexican American : Ethnicity , Culture , and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles , 1900 -- 1945 . ( 1993 ) . 367 pp. online edition Sides , Josh . L.A. City Limits : African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present ( 2003 ) online edition Valle , Victor M. and Torres , Rodolfo D. Latino Metropolis. ( 2000 ) . 249 pp . Waldinger , Roger and Bozorgmehr , Mehdi , eds . Ethnic Los Angeles . ( 1996 ) . 497 pp. studies by sociologists Weber , Francis J. Magnificat : The Life and Times of Timothy Cardinal Manning. ( 1999 ) . 729 pp . The Catholic archbishop from 1970 to 1985 . Weber , Francis J. His Eminence of Los Angeles : James Francis Cardinal McIntyre. ( 1997 ) . 707 pp. Catholic archbishop from 1948 to 1970 . Weber , Francis J. Century of Fulfillment : The Roman Catholic Church in Southern California , 1840 -- 1947 . ( 1990 ) . 536 pp . Collections of primary sources ( edit ) Caughey , John and LaRee Caughey , eds . Los Angeles : Biography of a City . ( 1976 ) . 510 pp. short excerpts from primary and secondary sources Diehl , Digby , ed . Front Page : 100 Years of the Los Angeles Times , 1881 -- 1981 . ( 1981 ) . 287 pp . Rodríguez , Luis . Always Running : La Vida Loca : Gang Days in L.A. ( 1993 ) ; autobiographical novel online edition Violence in the City -- An End or a Beginning ? , A Report by the Governor 's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots , 1965 Official Report online , report on 1965 black riot in Watts ; called the `` McCone Report '' after its chairman External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Los Angeles . Los Angeles in the 1900s , a collection of newspaper articles and illustrations from 1900 through 1909 Historical archives of the Los Angeles Fire Department LA as Subject ( KCET.org ) 1947 project about a range of Los Angeles history City streets that existed in 1903 -- 4 but may exist no longer Changing Times : Los Angeles in Photographs , UCLA Library Digital Collections City of Los Angeles Topics History Timeline Transportation Culture Landmarks Historic sites Skyscrapers Demographics Crime Sports Media Music Notable people Lists Government Flag Mayors City Council ( President ) Other elected officials Airport DWP Fire Department Police Public schools Libraries Port Transportation LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire History of California Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican -- American War Californio California Republic United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Highways Maritime Missions Ranchos Slavery Railroads Etymology By region San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Los_Angeles&oldid=830709725 '' Categories : History of Los Angeles Histories of cities in California Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles that may be too long from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 13 : 59 . 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3841593379156049307 | Detection limit | Detection limit - wikipedia Detection limit Jump to : navigation , search `` LOQ '' redirects here . For the company listed as LOQ on the London Stock Exchange , see Lo - Q. For the airport in Botswana with IATA code LOQ , see Lobatse Airport . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in Capability of Detection . The specific problem is : Disputed definitions and terminology . WikiProject Capability of Detection may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In analytical chemistry , the detection limit , lower limit of detection , or LOD ( limit of detection ) , is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance ( a blank value ) with a stated confidence level ( generally 99 % ) . The detection limit is estimated from the mean of the blank , the standard deviation of the blank and some confidence factor . Another consideration that affects the detection limit is the accuracy of the model used to predict concentration from the raw analytical signal . There are a number of different `` detection limits '' that are commonly used . These include the instrument detection limit ( IDL ) , the method detection limit ( MDL ) , the practical quantification limit ( PQL ) , and the limit of quantification ( LOQ ) . Even when the same terminology is used , there can be differences in the LOD according to nuances of what definition is used and what type of noise contributes to the measurement and calibration . The figure below illustrates the relationship between the blank , the limit of detection ( LOD ) , and the limit of quantification ( LOQ ) by showing the probability density function for normally distributed measurements at the blank , at the LOD defined as 3 * standard deviation of the blank , and at the LOQ defined as 10 * standard deviation of the blank . For a signal at the LOD , the alpha error ( probability of false positive ) is small ( 1 % ) . However , the beta error ( probability of a false negative ) is 50 % for a sample that has a concentration at the LOD ( red line ) . This means a sample could contain an impurity at the LOD , but there is a 50 % chance that a measurement would give a result less than the LOD . At the LOQ ( blue line ) , there is minimal chance of a false negative . Illustration of the concept of detection limit and quantitation limit by showing the theoretical normal distributions associated with blank , detection limit , and quantification limit level samples . Contents ( hide ) 1 Instrument detection limit 2 Method detection limit 3 Limit of quantification 4 References 5 External links Instrument detection limit ( edit ) Most analytical instruments produce a signal even when a blank ( matrix without analyte ) is analyzed . This signal is referred to as the noise level . The IDL is the analyte concentration that is required to produce a signal greater than three times the standard deviation of the noise level . This may be practically measured by analyzing 8 or more standards at the estimated IDL then calculating the standard deviation from the measured concentrations of those standards . The detection limit ( according to IUPAC ) is the smallest concentration or absolute amount of analyte that has a signal significantly larger than the signal arising from a reagent blank . Mathematically , the analyte 's signal at the detection limit ( Sdl ) is given by : S d l = S r e a g + 3 σ r e a g ( \ displaystyle S_ ( dl ) = S_ ( reag ) + 3 \ sigma _ ( reag ) ) . where Sreag is the signal for a reagent blank , σreag is the known standard deviation for the reagent blank 's signal . Other approaches for defining the detection limit have also been developed . In atomic absorption spectrometry usually the detection limit is determined for a certain element by analyzing a diluted solution of this element and recording the corresponding absorbances . The experiment is repeated for 10 times . The 3σ of the recorded absorbance signal can be considered as the detection limit for the specific element under the experimental conditions used -- wavelength , type of flame , instrument . Method detection limit ( edit ) Oftentimes there is more to the analytical method than just performing a reaction or submitting it to direct analysis . For example , it might be necessary to heat a sample that is to be analyzed for a particular metal with the addition of acid first ( this is called digestion ) . The sample may also be diluted or concentrated prior to analysis on an instrument . Additional steps in an analysis add additional opportunities for error . Since detection limits are defined in terms of error , this will naturally increase the measured detection limit . This detection limit ( with all steps of the analysis included ) is called the MDL . The practical method for determining the MDL is to analyze 7 samples of concentration near the expected limit of detection . The standard deviation is then determined . The one - sided t - distribution is determined and multiplied versus the determined standard deviation . For seven samples ( with six degrees of freedom ) the t value for a 99 % confidence level is 3.14 . Rather than performing the complete analysis of seven identical samples , if the Instrument Detection Limit is known , the MDL may be estimated by multiplying the Instrument Detection Limit or Lower Level of Detection by the dilution prior to analyzing the sample solution on the instrument . This estimation , however , ignores any uncertainty that arises from performing the sample preparation and will therefore probably underestimate the true MDL . Limit of quantification ( edit ) The LOQ is the limit at which the difference between two distinct values can be reasonably discerned . The LOQ may be drastically different between laboratories so another detection limit is commonly used that is referred to as the Practical Quantification Limit ( PQL ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` detection limit '' . Jump up ^ MacDougall , Daniel ; Crummett , Warren B. ; et al. ( 1980 ) , `` Guidelines for Data Acquisition and Data Quality Evaluation in Environmental Chemistry '' , Analytical Chemistry , 52 : 2242 -- 49 , doi : 10.1021 / ac50064a004 Jump up ^ Long , Gary L. ; Winefordner , J.D. ( 1983 ) , `` Limit of detection : a closer look at the IUPAC definition '' , Anal . Chem. , 55 ( 7 ) : 712A -- 724A , doi : 10.1021 / ac00258a724 External links ( edit ) Interactive Java applet to illustrate some basic ideas of the limit of detection problem Downloads of articles ( a.o. harmonization of concepts by ISO and IUPAC ) and an extensive list of references ( hide ) Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid - state chemistry Spectroscopy Surface science Thermochemistry Organic Biochemistry Bioorganic chemistry Biophysical chemistry Chemical biology Clinical chemistry Fullerene chemistry Medicinal chemistry Neurochemistry Pharmacy Physical organic chemistry Polymer chemistry Inorganic Bioinorganic chemistry Cluster chemistry Coordination chemistry Materials science Organometallic chemistry Others Actinide chemistry Analytical chemistry Astrochemistry Chemistry education Clay chemistry Click chemistry Computational chemistry Cosmochemistry Environmental chemistry Food chemistry Forensic chemistry Green chemistry Post-mortem chemistry Supramolecular chemistry Theoretical chemistry Wet chemistry Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detection_limit&oldid=823221651 '' Categories : Analytical chemistry Measurement Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from January 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles needing expert attention from January 2016 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 23 : 40 . 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-5986841031097418701 | Powers of the President of the United States | Powers of the president of the United States - wikipedia Powers of the president of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States has numerous powers , including those explicitly granted by Article II of the United States Constitution . The Constitution explicitly assigned the president the power to sign or veto legislation , command the armed forces , ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet , convene or adjourn Congress , grant reprieves and pardons , and receive ambassadors . The president may make treaties which need to be ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate . In the condition of a Senate recess , the president may make a temporary appointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Executive powers 2 Powers related to legislation 3 Powers of appointment 4 Executive clemency 5 Foreign affairs 6 Emergency powers 7 Executive privilege 8 Constraints on presidential power 9 See also 10 References Executive powers ( edit ) Within the executive branch itself , the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government . The president can issue rules , regulations , and instructions called executive orders , which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress . Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation . The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 put additional responsibilities on the presidency for the preparation of the United States federal budget , although Congress was required to approve it . The act required the Office of Management and Budget to assist the president with the preparation of the budget . Previous presidents had the privilege of impounding funds as they saw fit , however the United States Supreme Court revoked the privilege in 1998 as a violation of the Presentment Clause . The power was available to all presidents and was regarded as a power inherent to the office . The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed in response to large - scale power exercises by President Nixon . The act also created the Congressional Budget Office as a legislative counterpoint to the Office of Management and Budget . The president , as the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces , may also call into federal service individual state units of the National Guard . In times of war or national emergency , the Congress may grant the president broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States , but these powers were not expressly granted by the United States Constitution . During the Vietnam War , in 1973 , Congress expeditiously passed the War Powers Act and severely limited the ability of the President to conduct warfare without Congressional approval . Congress was constitutionally provided the power to declare the war , but if the president needed to send the troops to other countries for emergency reasons , approved statutes required the notification of Congress within forty - eight hours . For any time beyond sixty days , further congressional approval was required . Powers related to legislation ( edit ) The president has several options when presented with a bill from Congress . If the president agrees with the bill , he can sign it into law within ten days of receipt . If the president opposes the bill , he can veto it and return the bill to Congress with a veto message suggesting changes unless the Congress is out of session then the president may rely on a pocket veto . Presidents are required to approve all of a bill or none of it ; selective vetoes have been prohibited . In 1996 , Congress gave President Bill Clinton a line - item veto over parts of a bill that required spending federal funds . The Supreme Court , in Clinton v. New York City , found Clinton 's veto of pork - barrel appropriations for New York City to be unconstitutional because only a constitutional amendment could give the president line - item veto power . When a bill is presented for signature , the president may also issue a signing statement with expressions of their opinion on the constitutionality of a bill 's provisions . The president may even declare them unenforceable but the Supreme Court has yet to address this issue . Congress may override vetoes with a two - thirds vote in both the House and the Senate . The process has traditionally been difficult and relatively rare . The threat of a presidential veto has usually provided sufficient pressure for Congress to modify a bill so the President would be willing to sign it . Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch . The president may personally propose legislation in annual and special messages to Congress including the annual State of the Union address and joint sessions of Congress . If Congress has adjourned without acting on proposals , the president may call a special session of the Congress . Beyond these official powers , the U.S. president , as a leader of his political party and the United States government , holds great sway over public opinion whereby they may influence legislation . To improve the working relationship with Congress , presidents in recent years have set up an Office of Legislative Affairs . Presidential aides have kept abreast of all important legislative activities . Powers of appointment ( edit ) The President of the United States has several different appointment powers . Before taking office , the president - elect must appoint more than 6,000 new federal positions . The appointments range from top officials at U.S. government agencies , to the White House Staff , and members of the United States diplomatic corps . Many , but not all , of these positions at the highest levels are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The president also nominates persons to fill federal judicial vacancies , including federal judges , such as members of the United States Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court . These nominations require Senate confirmation , and this can provide a major stumbling block for presidents who wish to shape the federal judiciary in a particular ideological stance . As head of the executive branch , the president appoints the top officials for all federal agencies . These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than seven thousand appointive positions in the government . Many of these appointments are made by the president . In the case of ten agencies , the president is free to appoint a new agency head . For example , it is not unusual for the CIA 's Director or NASA 's Administrator to be changed by the president . Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms . For example , governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence . The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government - owned corporations such as Amtrak . The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session . In the past , presidents could appoint members of the United States civil service . This use of the spoils system allowed presidents to reward political supporters with jobs . Following the assassination of President James Garfield by Charles J. Guiteau , a disgruntled office seeker , Congress instituted a merit - based civil service in which positions are filled on a nonpartisan basis . The Office of Personnel Management now oversees the staffing of 2.8 million federal jobs in the federal bureaucracy . The president must also appoint his staff of aides , advisers , and assistants . These individuals are political appointments and are not subject to review by the Senate . All members of the staff serve `` at the pleasure of the President '' . Since 1995 , the president has been required to submit an annual report to Congress listing the name and salary of every employee of the White House Office . The 2011 report listed 454 employees . Executive clemency ( edit ) See also : List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States Article II of the United States Constitution gives the president the power of clemency . The two most commonly used clemency powers are those of pardon and commutation . A pardon is an official forgiveness for an acknowledged crime . Once a pardon is issued , all punishment for the crime is waived . The person accepting the pardon must , however , acknowledge that the crime did take place . The president can only grant pardons for federal offences . The president maintains the Office of the Pardon Attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice to review all requests for pardons . The president can also commute a sentence which , in effect , changes the punishment to time served . While the guilty party may be released from custody or not have to serve out a prison term , all other punishments still apply . Most pardons are issued as oversight of the judicial branch , especially in cases where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines are considered too severe . This power can check the legislative and judicial branches by altering punishment for crimes . Presidents can issue blanket amnesty to forgive entire groups of people . For example , President Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers who had fled to Canada . Presidents can also issue temporary suspensions of prosecution or punishment in the form of respites . This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution . Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated . President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis `` Scooter '' Libby . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Under the Constitution , the president is the federal official that is primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations . The president appoints ambassadors , ministers , and consuls ( subject to confirmation by the Senate ) and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials . With the Secretary of State , the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments . On occasion , the president may personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation . For example , President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II ; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiate treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also negotiate executive agreements with foreign powers that are not subject to Senate confirmation . Emergency powers ( edit ) The Constitution does not expressly grant the president additional powers in times of national emergency . However , many scholars think that the Framers implied these powers because the structural design of the Executive Branch enables it to act faster than the Legislative Branch . Because the Constitution remains silent on the issue , the courts can not grant the Executive Branch these powers when it tries to wield them . The courts will only recognize a right of the Executive Branch to use emergency powers if Congress has granted such powers to the president . A claim of emergency powers was at the center of President Abraham Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus without Congressional approval in 1861 . Lincoln claimed that the rebellion created an emergency that permitted him the extraordinary power of unilaterally suspending the writ . With Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as judge , the Federal District Court of Maryland struck down the suspension in Ex Parte Merryman , although Lincoln ignored the order . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt similarly invoked emergency powers when he issued an order directing that all Japanese Americans residing on the West Coast be placed into internment camps during World War II . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld this order in Korematsu v. United States . Harry Truman declared the use of emergency powers when he nationalized private steel mills that failed to produce steel because of a labor strike in 1952 . With the Korean War ongoing , Truman asserted that he could not wage war successfully if the economy failed to provide him with the material resources necessary to keep the troops well - equipped . The U.S. Supreme Court , however , refused to accept that argument in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , voting 6 - 3 that neither Commander in Chief powers nor any claimed emergency powers gave the president the authority to unilaterally seize private property without Congressional legislation . Executive privilege ( edit ) Executive privilege gives the president the ability to withhold information from the public , Congress , and the courts in national security and diplomatic affairs . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , Washington 's action created the precedent for privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed audio tapes to a special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon that privilege was not absolute . The Court reasoned that the judiciary 's interest in the `` fair administration of criminal justice '' outweighed President Nixon 's interest in keeping the evidence secret . Later President Bill Clinton lost in federal court when he tried to assert privilege in the Lewinsky affair . The Supreme Court affirmed this in Clinton v. Jones , which denied the use of privilege in cases of civil suits . Constraints on presidential power ( edit ) Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities , coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene , political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president 's powers . Some have even spoken of `` the imperial presidency '' , referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term . President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a `` bully pulpit '' from which to raise issues nationally , for when a president raises an issue , it inevitably becomes subject to public debate . A president 's power and influence may be limited , but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and , furthermore , is one of the most famous and influential of all Americans . Though constrained by various other laws passed by Congress , the president 's executive branch conducts most foreign policy , and their power to order and direct troops as commander - in - chief is quite significant ( the exact limits of what a president 's military powers without Congressional authorization are open to debate ) . The Separation of Powers devised by the founding fathers was designed to do one primary thing : to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist . Based on their experience , the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power . The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as `` checks and balances '' . For example , the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries , but these appointments must be approved by the Senate . The president can veto bills , or deny them . If he does that , the bill is sent back to Congress . See also ( edit ) Madisonian Model National Emergencies Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Power '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution '' . United States Senate . September 17 , 1787 . To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water Jump up ^ Dewar , Hellen ; Biskupic , Joan ( 1998 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Court Strikes Down Line - Item Veto '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Michael ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Bush 's Tactic of Refusing Laws Is Probed '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Powers '' . www.let.rug.nl . University of Groningen . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://nationalparalegal.edu/conlawcrimproc_public/federalism/presidentialpowers.asp Jump up ^ Fairlie , John . `` The Administrative Powers of the President '' . Michigan Law Review . Vol. 2 , No. 3 : pp. 190 -- 210 . JSTOR 1273781 -- via JSTOR . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Annotated Constitution Article II '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Norm . `` How the Assassination of James A. Garfield Haunts VA Reform '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/senate-nominations.html Serving at the Pleasure of the President : The Nomination Papers of the United States Senate , 1789 -- 1946 Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11183.html Executive Order 11183 -- Establishing the President 's Commission on White House Fellowships Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . 2011 Annual Report to Congress on White House Staff Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov/pardon/pardon_instructions.htm Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Executive Clemency PARDON Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Costly , Andrew . `` Foreign Policy - Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . www.crf-usa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Marc . `` Recognition '' . historycentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty vs. Executive Agreement '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Louis , Fisher ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President . University Press of Kansas . pp. 249 -- 272 . ISBN 0700615342 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( 2001 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Lincoln 's Crackdown '' . Slate . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Konkoly , Toni . `` The Supreme Court . Law , Power & Personality . Famous Dissents . Korematsu v. United States ( 1944 ) PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Jon ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Executive Orders Are Normal ; Trump 's Are Only Appalling Because of What They Say '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 343 U.S. 579 ( 1952 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN Landmark Cases Youngstown V Sawyer '' . landmarkcases.c-span.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Nixon '' . Oyez . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Decision United States v. Nixon '' . landmarkcases.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Immunity From Judicial Direction '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States&oldid=814910988 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the president's appointment power come from | [
"The Constitution explicitly assigned the president the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet, convene or adjourn Congress, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors. The president may make treaties which need to be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. In the condition of a Senate recess, the president may make a temporary appointment."
] | [
"The Constitution"
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-9209048941377186988 | The Time Travelers (How I Met Your Mother) | The Time Travelers ( how I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia The Time Travelers ( how I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` The Time Travelers '' How I Met Your Mother -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Time Travelers '' How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 20 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas Original air date March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Jayma Mays ( Coat - Check Girl ) Joe Nieves ( Carl the Bartender ) Lyndsy Fonseca ( Ted 's Daughter ) David Henrie ( Ted 's Son ) Lou Ferrigno Jr ( Louis ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Fortress '' Next → `` Romeward Bound '' `` The Time Travelers '' is the 20th episode of the eighth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 180th episode overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Critical reception 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At MacLaren 's , Ted passes up Barney 's invitation to watch Robots Versus Wrestlers : Legends because he has to prepare for class . Barney claims he will regret this in 20 years , and Ted is then shocked when likenesses of Barney and Ted from 20 years in the future appear and try to convince him . A Ted from 20 hours in the future warns present Ted that he will enjoy the event at the expense of a massive hangover and a sprained wrist . Present Ted is convinced about going , but a Barney from 20 minutes in the future holds back the group long enough to see a woman enter the bar ; the coat - check girl , whom Ted had not seen for seven years . Ted prepares to talk to her , but is stopped by her future versions -- one who grew sick of Ted and a version very much obsessed with him . They inform Ted the relationship is doomed , mainly due to his previous failed relationships , and Ted lets the woman walk out of the bar . Meanwhile , Marshall brags about a fancy cocktail drink he had invented called the Minnesota Tidal Wave , and attempts to order one at the bar . He is shocked when Carl the Bartender calls it The Robin Scherbatsky ; it is named in her honor because she had ordered it several times . Marshall is annoyed and challenges Robin to a dance - off , but Lily forbids it . Marshall attempts to get back at Robin by writing her name and phone number in a men 's bathroom stall , but Robin promptly goes in to erase it . She then heads into the girls ' bathroom , implying she has written Marshall 's number in there . Nervous about entering the ladies ' room , Marshall eventually goes in to find a long message by Robin stating the adverse treatment she endured from her father -- but it 's a prank to force Marshall to hide in a stall when a woman enters . Marshall attempts to leave , scaring women from the bathroom out and humiliating himself . Lily lets Marshall and Robin dance off . Ted returns to Barney , who reveals that the entire cocktail story happened five years ago , and Ted is sitting in the bar alone ; his friends were too busy to go to Robots Vs. Wrestlers , and Ted is preparing to head to the event alone ( echoing `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' , in which Barney is upset because he feels the group is growing apart ) . Future Ted states if he could relive the events of that night , he would have instead visited his apartment , his friends , and most importantly , the mother ( who was living several blocks away at the time ) . Future Ted imagines himself running through the streets before knocking on the mother 's apartment door . Ted introduces himself , telling her how much he loves her , that they will meet in 45 days , and he would give anything to spend that extra time with her . The episode concludes with Ted , Barney , and the future versions of themselves singing an a cappella version of Billy Joel 's `` The Longest Time '' . Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+ . TV.com 's Bill Kuchman praised Bob Saget 's narration and added that the episode 's climax stands up there with some of the show 's finest moments . Max Nicholson of IGN said the episode was very bizarre but had a grounded storyline . He noted that the time - traveler plot device may have been lifted off Felicity , and in the end he gave the episode an 8.7 out of 10 . Kevin Olsta of Starpulse said Bays and Thomas did well with writing the episode . Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly said the episode tackled time travel for the first time since the season 5 episode `` The Window '' , but it can be one of the show 's best . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Time Travelers '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Kuchman . `` How I Met Your Mother `` The Time Travelers '' Review : T - Minus 45 Days `` . TV.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Max Nicholson ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Time Travelers '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kevin Olsta ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Recap : ' The Time Travelers ' Gives Us Some Great Moments '' . StarPulse . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandra Gonzalez ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Exclusive photo from ' The Time Travelers ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` The Time Travelers '' on IMDb ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Season 8 `` Farhampton '' `` The Pre-Nup '' `` Nannies '' `` Who Wants to Be a Godparent ? '' `` The Autumn of Break - Ups '' `` Splitsville '' `` The Stamp Tramp '' `` Twelve Horny Women '' `` Lobster Crawl '' `` The Over-Correction '' `` The Final Page '' `` Band or DJ ? '' `` Ring Up ! '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Bad Crazy '' `` The Ashtray '' `` Weekend at Barney 's '' `` The Fortress '' `` The Time Travelers '' `` Romeward Bound '' `` The Bro Mitzvah '' `` Something Old '' `` Something New '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Time_Travelers_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=829041590 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 08 : 08 . 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-8252715744572610095 | List of songs recorded by Panic! at the Disco | List of songs recorded by Panic ! At the Disco - wikipedia List of songs recorded by Panic ! At the Disco Jump to : navigation , search The rock band Panic ! at the Disco have released five albums , two live albums , and two compilation albums . 21 singles have currently been released . Songs ( edit ) Key Indicates song released as a single Indicates song unreleased Title Length Release Year Notes ( All the Boys ) ! `` All the Boys '' 3 : 12 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Bonus song from Target edition of Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Featured in Nicotine - EP Always ) ! `` Always '' 2 : 34 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Back Around ! `` Back Around '' 3 : 26 2013 Unreleased song from Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! era . Clips can be found online Behind the Sea ! `` Behind the Sea `` 3 : 33 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Alternate version featured on the deluxe version of Pretty . Odd . Alternate version featured on deluxe version of ... Live in Chicago Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Bittersweet ! `` Bittersweet '' 3 : 34 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Bonus track on iTunes preorder edition of Vices & Virtues Bohemian Rhapsody ! `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' 6 : 02 Suicide Squad ( soundtrack ) ! Suicide Squad ( soundtrack ) 2014 Cover of song by Queen Studio recording featured in the soundtrack for Suicide Squad Boss DJ ! `` Boss DJ '' 2 : 59 2009 Live cover of song by Sublime Build God , Then We 'll Talk ! `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' 3 : 40 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Also featured on Introducing ... Panic at the Disco Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog But It 's Better If You Do ! `` But It 's Better If You Do '' 3 : 26 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Also featured on Introducing ... Panic at the Disco Live version featured on Live Session EP Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog C'Mon ! `` C'Mon '' 3 : 34 C'Mon ( feat . fun . ) - EP 2011 Featuring fun . Camisado ! `` Camisado '' 3 : 11 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 * Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Originally called `` Relax Relapse '' Ca n't Fight Against the Youth ! `` Ca n't Fight Against the Youth '' 3 : 13 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Bonus song from Target edition of Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Featured in Nicotine - EP Carry On Wayward Son ! `` Carry On Wayward Son '' 5 : 37 2011 Live cover of song by Kansas Casual Affair ! `` Casual Affair '' 3 : 40 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Crazy = Genius ! `` Crazy = Genius '' 3 : 18 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 28 at US Rock Death of a Bachelor ! `` Death of a Bachelor '' 3 : 24 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 92 at US and # 11 at US Rock Do You Know What I 'm Seeing ? ! `` Do You Know What I 'm Seeing ? '' 4 : 14 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Do n't Stop Believin ' ! `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 2 : 33 2009 Live cover of song by Journey Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time ! `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' 3 : 33 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 10 at US Rock Eleanor Rigby ! `` Eleanor Rigby '' 2 : 13 2015 Live cover of song by The Beatles Emperor 's New Clothes ! `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' 2 : 39 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2015 Far Too Young to Die ! `` Far Too Young to Die '' 3 : 17 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Folkin ' Around ! `` Folkin ' Around '' 1 : 55 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 * Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago From a Mountain in the Middle of the Cabins ! `` From a Mountain in the Middle of the Cabins '' 3 : 02 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Girl That You Love ! `` Girl That You Love '' 3 : 09 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Girls / Girls / Boys ! `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' 3 : 26 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Golden Days ! `` Golden Days '' 4 : 14 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 34 at US Rock Hallelujah ! `` Hallelujah '' 3 : 01 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2015 House of Memories ! `` House of Memories '' 3 : 29 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 27 at US Rock Hurricane ! `` Hurricane '' 4 : 25 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 I Constantly Thank God for Esteban ! `` I Constantly Thank God for Esteban '' 3 : 30 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 * Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago I Have Friends in Holy Spaces ! `` I Have Friends in Holy Spaces '' 1 : 56 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 I Wanna Be Free ! `` I Wanna Be Free '' 2 : 45 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Bonus track on deluxe edition of Vices & Virtues I Write Sins Not Tragedies ! `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 3 : 06 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Also featured on Introducing ... Panic at the Disco Live version featured on Japanese version of A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Live version featured on Live Session EP Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog Impossible Year ! `` Impossible Year '' 3 : 23 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 35 at US Rock It 's Almost Halloween ! `` It 's Almost Halloween '' 3 : 55 2008 It 's True Love ! `` It 's True Love '' 2007 Unreleased demo played live Kaleidoscope Eyes ! `` Kaleidoscope Eyes '' 3 : 20 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Bonus track on ShockHound edition of Vices & Virtues LA Devotee ! `` LA Devotee '' 3 : 29 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 15 at US Rock Let 's Kill Tonight ! `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' 3 : 34 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Originally called `` Kill Tonight '' London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines ! `` London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines '' 3 : 23 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Lullaby ! `` Lullaby '' 2 : 03 2009 Demo written for Pete Wentz 's son Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off ! `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' 3 : 20 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Live version featured on Live Session EP Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog Mad as Rabbits ! `` Mad as Rabbits '' 3 : 48 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Also featured on Introducing ... Panic at the Disco Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog Maneater ! `` Maneater '' 2 : 59 2007 Live cover of song by Nelly Furtado Memories ) ! `` Memories '' 3 : 26 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Mercenary ! `` Mercenary '' 2 : 41 Batman : Arkham City -- The Album ! Batman : Arkham City -- The Album 2011 Miss Jackson ! `` Miss Jackson ( feat . Lolo ) '' 4 : 19 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Featuring Lolo Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks ! `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' 3 : 52 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Originally called `` Nails for Breakfast and Tacks for Snacks '' Nearly Witches ( Ever Since We Met ... ) ! `` Nearly Witches ( Ever Since We Met ... ) '' 4 : 16 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Featuring Les Plastiscines Original demo featured on Welcome to the New Administration Originally called `` Nearly Witches '' New Perspective ! `` New Perspective '' 3 : 47 Jennifer 's Body soundtrack ! Jennifer 's Body ( soundtrack ) 2009 Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog Far Too Young to Die ! `` Nicotine '' 3 : 06 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Released an EP Night Birds ! `` Night Birds '' 2016 Unreleased song from Death of a Bachelor Nine in the Afternoon ! `` Nine in the Afternoon '' 3 : 11 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog Northern Downpour ! `` Northern Downpour '' 4 : 07 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog Oh Glory ! `` Oh Glory '' 3 : 03 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Bonus track on deluxe edition of Vices & Virtues Pas de Cheval ! `` Pas de Cheval `` 2 : 39 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Pas de Cheval ! `` Pas de Cheval `` 2 : 39 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) ! `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' 3 : 37 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Originally called `` Ready to Go '' Sarah Smiles ) ! `` Sarah Smiles '' 3 : 33 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 She Had the World ! `` She Had the World `` 3 : 47 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Alternate version featured on the deluxe version of ... Live in Chicago She 's a Handsome Woman ! `` She 's a Handsome Woman `` 3 : 12 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Also featured on Introducing ... Panic at the Disco Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Skid Row ! `` Skid Row '' 4 : 26 Cover of song from the film The Little Shop of Horrors Stall Me ! `` Stall Me '' 3 : 10 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Bonus track on deluxe edition of Vices & Virtues That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) ! `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' 3 : 15 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog The Ballad of Mona Lisa ! `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' 3 : 49 Vices & Virtues ! `` Vices & Virtues '' 2011 Originally called `` Mona Lisa '' Video featured on Panic ! at the Disco Video Catalog The Calendar ) ! `` The Calendar '' 4 : 43 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 The End of All Things ! `` The End of All Things '' 3 : 30 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 The Good , the Bad , and the Dirty ! `` The Good , the Bad , and the Dirty '' 2 : 52 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2016 Charted # 29 at US Rock The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage ! `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' 2 : 57 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago The Piano Knows Something I Do n't Know ! `` The Piano Knows Something I Do n't Know `` 3 : 43 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Alternate version featured on deluxe version of ... Live in Chicago The Weight ! `` The Weight '' 3 : 17 2008 Cover of song by The Band There 's a Good Reason These Tables Are Numbered Honey , You Just Have n't Thought Of It Yet ! `` There 's a Good Reason These Tables Are Numbered Honey , You Just Have n't Thought Of It Yet '' 3 : 16 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 * Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago This is Gospel ! `` This is Gospel '' 3 : 07 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 This is Halloween ! `` This is Halloween '' 3 : 36 The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) ! The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) 2006 Cover of song from the film The Nightmare Before Christmas * Featured in the 2006 reissue of the soundtrack Three Little Birds ! `` Three Little Birds '' 2 : 50 2009 Cover of song by Bob Marley Time to Dance ! `` Time to Dance '' 4 : 09 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . ! A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out 2005 * Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago Originally called `` It 's Time to Dance ( ' Cause Boys Will Be Boys ) '' Trade Mistakes ) ! `` Trade Mistakes '' 3 : 36 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Turn Off the Lights ) ! `` Turn Off the Lights '' 3 : 36 Vices & Virtues ! Vices & Virtues 2011 Bonus track on deluxe edition of Vices & Virtues Unchained Melody ! `` Unchained Melody '' 2008 Live cover of song by The Righteous Brothers Valerie ! `` Valerie '' 3 : 28 2009 Cover of song by The Zutons Vegas Lights ! `` Vegas Lights '' 3 : 40 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ! Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! 2013 Victorious ! `` Victorious '' 2 : 59 Death of a Bachelor ! Death of a Bachelor 2015 We 're So Starving ! `` We 're So Starving '' 1 : 21 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago When the Day Met the Night ! `` When the Day Met the Night '' 4 : 53 Pretty . Odd . ! Pretty . Odd . 2008 Live version featured on ... Live in Chicago White Christmas ! `` White Christmas '' 1 : 32 2008 Cover of song by Bing Crosby Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Live albums Live in Chicago Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' Other songs `` New Perspective '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Weezer & Panic ! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Panic!_at_the_Disco&oldid=804552226 '' Categories : Lists of songs by American recording artists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 19 : 09 . About Wikipedia | panic at the disco song that starts with y | [] | [] |
973563450647068899 | Shinnecock Hills Golf Club | Shinnecock Hills golf Club - wikipedia Shinnecock Hills golf Club Shinnecock Hills G.C. Clubhouse at the 2018 U.S. Open Club information Show map of the US Show map of New York Show all Coordinates 40 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 72 ° 26 ′ 24 '' W / 40.894 ° N 72.440 ° W / 40.894 ; - 72.440 Coordinates : 40 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 72 ° 26 ′ 24 '' W / 40.894 ° N 72.440 ° W / 40.894 ; - 72.440 Location Southampton , New York , U.S. Elevation 20 -- 90 feet ( 6 -- 27 m ) Established 1891 ; 127 years ago ( 1891 ) Type Private Equity Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted U.S. Open ( 5 ) , Walker Cup , U.S. Amateur , U.S. Women 's Amateur Designed by William Flynn ( 1931 ) C.B. MacDonald ( 1901 ) Willie Dunn ( 1894 ) Willie Davis ( 1891 ) Par 70 Length 6,940 yards ( 6,346 m ) ( red ) 7,440 yards ( 6,800 m ) ( 2018 U.S. Open ) Course rating 74.4 Slope rating 140 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club U.S. National Register of Historic Places Nearest city Southampton , New York Area 259 acres ( 105 ha ) Built 1892 Architect McKim , Mead & White ; et al . Architectural style Bungalow / American Craftsman NRHP reference # 00001211 Added to NRHP September 29 , 2000 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is a links - style golf club located in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island , New York , situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Shinnecock Hills claims to be the oldest formal organized golf club in the United States ( 1891 ) , to have the oldest golf clubhouse in the U.S. ( 1892 ) , and to have been the first to admit women , which it did from the start . Shinnecock Hills is a founding member of the United States Golf Association . It has hosted several important events , notably five U.S. Opens , and is scheduled to host a sixth in 2026 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . It is routinely ranked as one of the top golf courses in the United States . Contents 1 History 2 Notable events hosted 3 Scorecard 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The club traces its roots to an 1889 -- 1890 trip by William K. Vanderbilt , Edward Meade , and Duncan Cryder , to Biarritz in southern France where they encountered champion golfer Willie Dunn , from Scotland , who was building a golf course at the resort . Back in the United States , Meade and Cryder scouted for a place for a golf course near New York City . Meade , known for his cowboy - ish antics trading commodities , was convinced that upstate New York would be the ideal location , but Cryder preferred a parcel of land in Yonkers . Ultimately , they chose the sandhills adjoining the Long Island Rail Road just east of the Shinnecock Canal . The 80 - acre ( 32 ha ) parcel was purchased for $2,500 and 44 original members signed up for $100 each . Willie Davis , the club professional from the Royal Montreal Club , designed a 12 - hole course that opened in late summer 1891 . Members of Shinnecock Indian Nation helped build the course , which is on land they have laid claim to and which remains in litigation . Stanford White designed the 1892 clubhouse , said to be the oldest golf clubhouse in the United States . A nine - hole ladies - only course was designed and built at Shinnecock Hills in 1893 . In 1894 , Dunn arrived and added six more holes bringing the total to 18 . That same year Dunn won the tournament which was an inaugural attempt to establish a national championship at Newport , Rhode Island , but this victory was not recognized as official . Later in 1894 , Shinnecock Hills was one of five founding clubs of the United States Golf Association , established in New York City . The new USGA held the first U.S. Open in 1895 in Newport , Rhode Island . In 1896 the then -- 5,000 yd ( 4,570 m ) Shinnecock hosted the second U.S. Open . Many players broke 80 in the 36 - hole event , which led to demands to increase the course 's difficulty . Participating in the 1896 Open was black professional player John Shippen , believed by many historians to have been the first USA - born golf professional . The popular ladies ' course was abandoned in 1901 to allow for a lengthening and redesign by Charles B. Macdonald and Seth Raynor , retaining five of Dunn 's original holes . William Flynn extensively redesigned the course in 1931 into a 6,740 - yard ( 6,163 m ) configuration . Flynn 's design retains five of the holes by Macdonald and Raynor , and the green of a sixth hole designed by those two . Prior to the 2004 U.S. Open , the course was extended to a length of 6,996 yards ( 6,397 m ) by the addition of extra tees . Shinnecock Hills was ranked second in Golf Digest 's 100 Greatest Courses Ranking for 2007 , 2008 , and third in 2009 . Its routing was retained , and several new tees were added , in preparation for the 2018 U.S. Open ; the course was extended to 7,440 yards , retaining its par of 70 . The design modifications were performed by Ben Crenshaw and Bill Coore . The club also maintains a nine - hole secondary course . Notable events hosted ( edit ) The Stanford White designed clubhouse , as viewed from the 16th hole . Year Event Winner Total To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 U.S. Open ( 5 ) Brooks Koepka 281 + 1 1 stroke Tommy Fleetwood 2,160,000 U.S. Open ( 4 ) Retief Goosen 276 − 4 2 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,125,000 1995 U.S. Open ( 3 ) Corey Pavin 280 2 strokes Greg Norman 350,000 1986 U.S. Open ( 2 ) Raymond Floyd 279 − 1 2 strokes Chip Beck Lanny Wadkins 115,000 1977 Walker Cup United States 24 matches 16 to 8 Great Britain & Ireland -- 1900 U.S. Women 's Amateur Frances Griscom match play 6 & 5 Margaret Curtis -- 1896 U.S. Open James Foulis 152 -- 3 strokes Horace Rawlins 150 1896 U.S. Amateur H.J. Whigham match play 8 & 7 Joseph G. Thorp -- A sixth U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills is scheduled for 2026 Scorecard ( edit ) Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total 2018 U.S. Open 74.7 / 140 399 252 500 475 589 491 189 439 485 3819 415 159 469 374 519 409 616 175 485 3621 7440 Par 5 35 5 35 70 Red 74.4 / 140 391 221 456 409 529 456 184 361 411 3418 412 158 469 372 447 408 542 169 426 3403 6821 Green 72.3 / 134 380 193 422 373 487 415 173 319 373 3135 402 150 427 354 436 357 464 149 374 3113 6248 Blue 70.3 / 129 White 72.5 / 131 366 146 395 303 413 368 133 281 307 2712 337 121 396 325 361 288 406 140 289 2663 5375 Sources : See also ( edit ) National Golf Links of America ( located immediately north of the course across Sebonac Road ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coure ratings '' . Shinnecock Hills golf Club . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Course Rating and Slope Database TM - Shinnecock Hills Golf Club '' . USGA . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Grimsley , Will ( June 12 , 1986 ) . `` U.S. Open course was once closed to the pros '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . p . C1 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Alison Cornish ( n.d. ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : Shinnecock Hills Golf Club '' . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . See also : `` Accompanying seven photos '' . and : `` Additional documentation '' . Jump up ^ ( https://www.golfdigest.com/story/shinnecock-hills-golf-club `` Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Southampton , N.Y. / 7,450 yards , Par 70 / Points : 69.2301 '' ) Golf Digest . January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Atlas of Golf : The Greatest Courses and How They Are Played by N. Hamlyn , Herbert Warren Wind , Charles Price , Peter Thomson , Mark Rowlinson - Octopus Publishing Group -- 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61375 - 6 Jump up ^ World Atlas of Golf , 1988 edition ^ Jump up to : http://www.golf.com/golf/courses_travel/coursefinder/course/0,28290,1443177,00.html Jump up ^ Golf Digest , U.S. Open preview , June 2018 Jump up ^ `` Course Ratings '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Satellite Images and Photos of Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Golf Club Atlas : Guide to Shinnecock Hills course A True Golfer 's Dream U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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"Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is a links-style golf club located in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island, New York, situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.[4]\n"
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"in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island, New York, situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean"
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3386035819800742 | Tim McGraw | Tim McGraw - wikipedia Tim McGraw This article is about the country music singer . For the Taylor Swift song , see Tim McGraw ( song ) . Tim McGraw McGraw in 2015 Samuel Timothy McGraw ( 1967 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1967 ( age 51 ) Delhi , Louisiana , U.S. Occupation Singer actor Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Faith Hill ( m . 1996 ) Children Musical career Genres Country Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 1990 -- present Labels Curb Big Machine Arista Nashville Associated acts Faith Hill The Dancehall Doctors Byron Gallimore Taylor Swift Website timmcgraw.com Samuel Timothy `` Tim '' McGraw ( born May 1 , 1967 ) is an American country singer and actor . McGraw began singing in a neotraditional country style , but starting with 1997 's Everywhere , he developed a more crossover - friendly , country pop sound , making him one of the first male Country singers of his generation to crossover to Pop . McGraw has released fifteen studio albums ( eleven for Curb Records , three for Big Machine Records and one for Arista Nashville ) . 10 of those albums have reached number 1 on the Top Country Albums charts , with his 1994 breakthrough album Not a Moment Too Soon being the top country album of 1994 . All of these albums have produced 65 singles , 25 of which have reached number 1 on the Hot Country Songs or Country Airplay charts . Three of these singles -- `` It 's Your Love '' , `` Just to See You Smile '' , and `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- were the top country songs of 1997 , 1998 , and 2004 according to Billboard Year - End . He has also won three Grammy Awards , 14 Academy of Country Music awards , 11 Country Music Association ( CMA ) awards , 10 American Music Awards , and three People 's Choice Awards . His Soul2Soul II Tour with Faith Hill is one of the highest grossing tours in country music history , and one of the top 5 among all genres of music . He has sold more than 75 million records worldwide , making him one of the best - selling music artists of all time . McGraw has ventured into acting , with supporting roles in The Blind Side ( with Sandra Bullock ) , Friday Night Lights , The Kingdom , Tomorrowland , and Four Christmases ( with Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon ) , and The Shack , and lead roles in Flicka ( 2006 ) and Country Strong ( 2010 ) . He was a minority owner of the Arena Football League 's Nashville Kats . In acknowledgement of his grandfather 's Italian heritage , McGraw was honored by the National Italian American Foundation ( NIAF ) in 2004 , receiving the NIAF Special Achievement Award in Music during the Foundation 's 29th Anniversary Gala . He has been married to singer Faith Hill since 1996 , and is a son of baseball player Tug McGraw . Contents 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 1990s 2.1. 1 Tim McGraw 2.1. 2 Not a Moment Too Soon 2.1. 3 All I Want 2.1. 4 Everywhere 2.1. 5 A Place in the Sun 2.2 2000s 2.2. 1 Greatest Hits 2.2. 2 Set This Circus Down 2.2. 3 Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors 2.2. 4 Live Like You Were Dying 2.2. 5 Let It Go 2.2. 6 Southern Voice 2.3 2010s 2.3. 1 Emotional Traffic and Curb Records lawsuit 2.3. 2 Two Lanes of Freedom 2.3. 3 Love Story and Sundown Heaven Town 2.3. 4 Damn Country Music 2.3. 5 The Rest of Our Life 3 Producer 4 Acting career 5 Charitable efforts 6 Politics 7 Personal life 8 Discography 8.1 Studio albums 9 Tours 10 Filmography 10.1 Film 10.2 Television 11 Awards 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early Life ( edit ) Samuel Timothy McGraw was born in Delhi , Louisiana , the only child of Elizabeth `` Betty '' Ann D'Agostino , a waitress from Jacksonville , Florida , and Frank Edwin `` Tug '' McGraw Jr. , a pitcher for the minor league Jacksonville Suns and future star pitcher for the New York Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies . McGraw is of Italian and Irish descent on his mother 's side , and of Scots - Irish , English , Scottish , Swiss , Dutch , Czech , and German descent on his father 's side . In 1966 , McGraw 's mother lived in the same apartment building as his father , who was playing baseball for Jacksonville , while D'Agostino was a student at Terry Parker High School . When McGraw 's teenage mother became pregnant , his grandparents sent D'Agostino to Louisiana to live with relatives . Through his father , McGraw has two half - brothers , Mark and Matthew , and a half - sister named Cari . Start , Louisiana , welcome sign notes that McGraw once resided there . Raised in the Louisiana towns of Start and Richland Parish , McGraw grew up believing his stepfather , Horace Smith , was his father and until he met his biological father , McGraw 's last name was Smith . At age 11 , McGraw discovered his birth certificate while searching in his mother 's closet to look for a picture for a school project . Following the discovery , McGraw learned from his mother who his biological father was and she took him to meet the elder McGraw for the first time . Tug McGraw denied the parentage for seven years until McGraw was 18 years old . After that time , the two formed a relationship and remained close until the former baseball star 's death in 2004 . As a child , McGraw played competitive sports , including baseball , even before the knowledge of who his father was and his professional baseball career . McGraw was also a member of the FFA in high school . Following high school graduation , he attended Northeast Louisiana University on a baseball scholarship and pledged as a member of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity . A knee injury sustained while playing baseball for the college prevented him from pursuing a professional career in sports . During college , McGraw learned to play guitar , and would frequently perform and sing for money . He has claimed his roommates often hid the guitar because he was so bad . McGraw followed his mother when she returned to Jacksonville , Florida in 1987 . After the move , he attended Florida Community College at Jacksonville for one term , and occasionally sat in with local bands . In 1989 , on the day his hero Keith Whitley died , McGraw dropped out of college to head to Nashville and pursue a musical career . Music career ( edit ) 1990s ( edit ) Tim McGraw ( edit ) Tim McGraw 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame McGraw came to the attention of Curb Records in 1990 . After cutting a demo single , McGraw gave a copy to his father . A man who was friends with Curb Records executives heard the demo while driving with Tug one day and recommended that Curb contact the young singer . Several weeks later , he was able to play his tape for Curb executives , after which they signed him to a recording contract . McGraw 's first single , `` What Room Was the Holiday In '' , was released on March 29 , 1991 , and did not enter the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart upon its release . In a 2001 retrospective on McGraw 's career in Billboard , a former program director for Nashville station WSM - FM said that he added the song to the station 's playlist because it showed `` undeniable promise '' , while another former program director at WXTU in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania recalled that McGraw 's debut single was `` terrible '' but that he booked the singer to make an appearance at the station due to his father 's fame . Three more singles were released from Tim McGraw : `` Welcome to the Club '' , `` Memory Lane '' , and `` Two Steppin ' Mind '' . None made country Top 40 and the album itself did not chart . Both `` Memory Lane '' and `` Tears in the Rain '' , another cut from the album , were co-written by Joe Diffie . `` Memory Lane '' had originally appeared on Keith Palmer 's self - titled 1991 debut album . Not a Moment Too Soon ( edit ) McGraw 's second album , entitled Not a Moment Too Soon , was much more successful than his self - titled debut , and it was the best - selling country album of 1994 . Its first single , `` Indian Outlaw '' , resulted in some considerable controversy , as critics argued that it presented Native Americans in a patronizing way . Some radio stations even chose not to play it . However , the controversy helped spur sales , and the song became McGraw 's first Top 10 hit on the U.S. country charts after getting as high as number 8 . The song also peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's second single , `` Do n't Take the Girl '' , became McGraw 's first number one on the U.S. country charts , in addition to peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song also `` helped cement his image as a ruggedly good - looking guy with a sensitive side . '' By year 's end , the third single from the album , `` Down on the Farm '' peaked at number 2 ; after that , the album 's fourth single , also its title track , became the singer 's second number one hit in early - 1995 . The fifth and final single `` Refried Dreams '' reached number 5 . The album sold over 6 million copies , topping the Billboard 200 and Top Country Album charts . On the strength of this success , McGraw won Academy of Country Music awards for Album of the Year and Top New Male Vocalist in 1994 . Billboard named Not a Moment Too Soon as the top country album of 1994 on Billboard Year - End . All I Want ( edit ) McGraw 's third studio album , All I Want , was released in 1995 . Just like its predecessor , this album also debuted at No. 1 on the country charts . The album even sold over 2 million copies in the United States and reached the Top 5 on the Billboard 200 . The album 's first single , `` I Like It , I Love It '' , became McGraw 's third number one on the American country charts and it also peaked at number 25 to the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's next two singles , `` Ca n't Be Really Gone '' and `` All I Want Is a Life '' ( its partial title - track ) both made the top 5 at numbers 2 and 5 , respectively . The fourth single , `` She Never Lets It Go to Her Heart '' , gave McGraw his fourth number one on the U.S. country charts in 1996 . Finishing off the singles was `` Maybe We Should Just Sleep on It '' , which peaked at number 4 . In 1996 , McGraw headlined the most successful country tour of the year , The Spontaneous Combustion Tour , with Faith Hill as his supporting act . Hill broke off her engagement to her former producer Scott Hendricks so that she and McGraw could start dating each other ; they then married on October 6 , 1996 . The couple have since had three daughters : Gracie Katherine ( born May 1997 ) , Maggie Elizabeth ( born August 1998 ) , and Audrey Caroline ( born December 2001 ) . Gracie appears on `` Here Tonight '' , the first track on McGraw 's 2015 album Damn Country Music . Everywhere ( edit ) The singer 's fourth album , 1997 's Everywhere was released in 1997 . It topped the country charts as well , and reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 4 million copies . The album spawned six singles . Four of those singles - `` It 's Your Love '' ( a duet with Faith Hill , the title track , `` Where the Green Grass Grows '' , and `` Just to See You Smile '' - reached number one on the country charts . The Country Music Association awarded Everywhere its Album of the Year award for 1997 . At the 40th Grammy Awards , `` It 's Your Love '' received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Country Collaboration With Vocals and Best Country Song . Both `` It 's Your Love '' and `` Just to See You Smile '' were the number one country songs of 1997 and 1998 according to Billboard Year - End charts ; `` Just to See You Smile '' also set a record for the longest run on the country charts at the time , at 42 weeks . The album 's other two singles , `` One of These Days '' and `` For a Little While '' both peaked at number 2 . A Place in the Sun ( edit ) McGraw 's fifth album , A Place in the Sun , continued his streak in 1999 , debuting atop both the US country and pop album charts and selling 3 million copies . Over 251,000 of those copies were sold during its first week , making this the singer 's first number 1 opener on the Billboard 200 . It produced another four number one hits on the U.S. country charts with `` Please Remember Me '' , `` Something Like That '' , `` My Best Friend '' , and `` My Next Thirty Years '' . `` Some Things Never Change '' peaked at number 7 on the charts . McGraw also contributed a song for the Grammy - winning tribute album to Bob Wills entitled Ride With Bob . A cover of `` Milk Cow Blues '' , this song was recorded as a duet with Asleep at the Wheel , whom he had met while performing together at the George Strait Country Music Festival . McGraw recorded two more duets with his wife in the late - 1990s , both of which appeared on her albums . `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' , from her multi-platinum - certified 1998 album Faith , reached the Top 5 of the US country charts . Her follow - up album , 1999 's Breathe , featured `` Let 's Make Love '' , which won a Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Collaboration in 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) McGraw performing for the United States Air Force in 2003 Greatest Hits ( edit ) In 2000 , McGraw released his first Greatest Hits album , which topped the country albums charts for nine weeks and sold nearly 6 million copies , making this one of the biggest - selling albums in the modern country market . In the latter half of the year , he and Hill went out on the Soul2Soul Tour , playing to sellout crowds in 64 venues , including Madison Square Garden . The tour was one of the top tours of any genre in the U.S. It was also the leading country tour of 2000 . While in Buffalo , New York , McGraw and Kenny Chesney became involved in a scuffle with police officers after Chesney attempted to ride a police horse . McGraw came to Chesney 's aid after police officers nearby believed the horse was being stolen and tried to arrest him . The two were arrested and charged with assault , but were later cleared . During a concert with the George Strait Country Music Festival several weeks later , Hill , dressed as a police officer , made an unscheduled appearance at the end of McGraw 's set and led him off the stage . Set this Circus Down ( edit ) McGraw 's sixth studio album , Set This Circus Down , was released in April 2001 . It even spawned four number one hits on the country charts as well , this time with `` Grown Men Do n't Cry '' , `` Angry All the Time '' ( with Faith Hill ) , `` The Cowboy in Me '' , and `` Unbroken '' . The singer provided harmony vocals for Jo Dee Messina 's song `` Bring On the Rain '' , which he also produced . That song topped the country charts . Hungry for more of his music , fans downloaded a version of his performance of the song `` Things Change '' from his appearance at the Country Music Association Awards Show . The song was played extensively on radio , becoming the first country song to appear on the charts from a fully downloaded version . Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors ( edit ) In 2002 , McGraw bucked country music traditions by recording his seventh studio album Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors with his tour band The Dancehall Doctors . Unlike rock music -- where it is commonplace for touring bands to provide the music on albums recorded by the artist they support , country albums are typically recorded with session musicians . McGraw chose to use his own touring band , in order to recognize their part in his success , and to capture some of the feel of a real band . All of the Dancehall Doctors have worked with McGraw since at least 1996 . Their lineup includes : Darran Smith -- lead guitar , acoustic guitar Bob Minner -- rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , banjo , mandolin Denny Hemingson -- steel guitar , electric , baritone , and slide guitars , dobro John Marcus -- bass guitar Dean Brown -- fiddle , mandolin Jeff McMahon -- piano , organ , synthesizer , keyboards Billy Mason -- drums David Dunkley -- percussion The album debuted at No. 2 on the country albums charts , Its fourth and fifth singles `` Real Good Man '' and `` Watch the Wind Blow By '' both climbed to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . `` She 's My Kind of Rain '' peaked at No. 2 in 2003 , and `` Red Rag Top '' reached number 5 . The album also features a cover of Elton John 's early - 1970s classic `` Tiny Dancer '' , as well as duets with Kim Carnes on `` Comfort Me '' ( a response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks ) and Don Henley and Timothy B. Schmit of the Eagles on `` Illegal '' . `` She 's My Kind of Rain '' also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Vocal Performance - Male at the 46th Grammy Awards . Live Like You were Dying ( edit ) His eighth album , 2004 's Live Like You Were Dying , continued the singer 's record of commercial success . The album 's first single and its title track was dedicated to his father Tug McGraw , who died of a brain tumor earlier in the year , was an ode to living life fully and in the moment . The second single `` Back When '' was a paean to an easy nostalgia . `` Live Like You Were Dying '' spent seven non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 on Billboard and went on to become the top country song of 2004 on the Billboard Year - End charts . It also became one of the most awarded records by winning ACM Single and Song of the Year , CMA Single and Song of the Year , and a Grammy . `` Back When '' went to number one on the country charts as well . The album produced three more singles with `` Drugs or Jesus '' , `` Do You Want Fries with That '' , and `` My Old Friend '' . `` Drugs or Jesus '' became McGraw 's first single since 1993 to not ever reach within the Top 10 on the U.S. country charts , while `` Do You Want Fries with That '' and `` My Old Friend '' peaked at numbers 5 and 6 , respectively . In late 2004 , his unlikely duet with hip hop artist Nelly on `` Over and Over became a crossover hit , spending 10 weeks atop the top 40 chart . `` Over and Over '' brought McGraw a success he had never previously experienced on contemporary hit radio or R&B radio , and brought both artists success neither had previously experienced in the hot adult contemporary market . The song also spent a week at the top of the charts in the United Kingdom , becoming McGraw 's first hit single in Britain and Nelly 's third number one hit in the country after `` Dilemma '' and `` My Place '' . `` Over and Over '' also reached the top of the charts in Australia , New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland , and the top 10 in Austria , Canada , Denmark , Germany , Romania and Switzerland . Throughout the 2005 NFL season , McGraw sang an alternate version of `` I Like It , I Love It '' every week during the season . The alternate lyrics , which changed each week , would make reference to plays during Sunday 's games , and the song would be played alongside video highlights during halftime on Monday Night Football . Later in the year , McGraw became a minority owner of the Arena Football League 's Nashville Kats when majority owner Bud Adams ( owner of the NFL 's Tennessee Titans ) was awarded the expansion franchise . Let It Go ( edit ) McGraw performing during the Soul2Soul Tour , July 2006 photo by T. Scott / Sisters Photography In April 2006 , McGraw and Hill began their 73 - concert 55 - city Soul2Soul II Tour , again to strong commercial acceptance . The tour grossed roughly $89 million and sold approximately 1.1 million tickets , making it the top grossing tour in the history of country music . It was also named `` Major Tour of the Year '' by the prestigious Pollstar Magazine , beating out such heavyweights as Madonna and the Rolling Stones . In a special gesture , the couple donated all of the profits from their performance in New Orleans to Hurricane Katrina relief . McGraw , along with Kenny Chesney , contributed to a version of Tracy Lawrence 's song `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' , which can be found on Lawrence 's album For the Love . Although the official single version features only Lawrence 's vocals , many stations have opted to play the version with McGraw and Chesney instead . McGraw released his eleventh studio album , Let It Go , on March 27 , 2007 . The album 's first single , `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' , peaked at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart . This marked McGraw 's first No. 1 single since `` Back When '' in late - 2004 . The album debuted at No. 1 on both the Billboard 200 and Top Country Album charts , marking his fourth No. 1 album on the 200 charts and his ninth overall . His daughters can be heard singing the chorus during the last few seconds of the song on the video . During the Academy of Country Music awards show on May 21 , 2007 , McGraw performed a song titled `` If You 're Reading This '' , which he co-wrote with The Warren Brothers . Several radio stations began to play the live recording of the song ; as a result , it entered the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at No. 35 . McGraw also produced the debut album of country music duo Halfway to Hazard . The duo 's first single , `` Daisy '' , peaked at No. 39 on the country charts in the summer of 2007 . In the summer of 2007 , McGraw and Hill toured together once again in the Soul2Soul 2007 tour . In the January 18 , 2008 edition of the USA Today newspaper , McGraw was stated to be featured on the Def Leppard album Songs from the Sparkle Lounge , having also co-written the first single , `` Nine Lives '' , with Def Leppard band members Joe Elliott , Phil Collen , and Rick Savage . The unusual pairing goes back to 2006 when McGraw joined Def Leppard onstage for the song `` Pour Some Sugar On Me '' , and then collaborated on the song `` Nine Lives '' afterward . The album was released on April 25 , 2008 . At the 2007 50th Annual Grammy Awards , McGraw received 5 nominations including Best Country Album ( for Let It Go , Best Country Song ( both for `` If You 're Reading This '' and `` I Need You '' ) , Best Country Collaboration with Vocals ( with `` I Need You '' ) , and Best Male Country Vocal Performance ( with `` If You 're Reading This '' ) . In May 2008 , he hit the road with the Live Your Voice tour . The mainly - outdoor arena concert tour was his first solo outing in nearly three years . Also in May 2008 , he debuted a new song off of his follow - up to Let It Go at the Stagecoach Music Festival in Indio , California . In July 2008 , the album 's sixth single and its title track , `` Let It Go '' , was released to country radio . Following that , a seventh single , `` Nothin ' to Die For '' , entered the Country charts at No. 57 in late December . McGraw released his third greatest - hits package , Greatest Hits 3 on October 7 , 2008 . The album features 12 tracks . McGraw was set to debut a new song on the 2009 ACM Awards , but then cancelled his performance ; he was replaced by Blake Shelton , who sang `` She Would n't Be Gone '' . Southern Voice ( edit ) Tim McGraw with Faith Hill at the 2009 American Music Awards McGraw 's twelfth studio album , Southern Voice , was released October 20 , 2009 , and led by the single `` It 's A Business Doing Pleasure With You '' , which was shipped to radio outlets in late June 2009 . Southern Voice was argued to be McGraw 's last album for Curb Records , following the dispute over releasing his third Greatest Hits collection back in October 2008 without his permission . McGraw did not approve of the release . On November 30 , 2010 , Curb Records released his fourth greatest hits compilation , Number One Hits . 2010s ( edit ) Emotional Traffic and Curb Records lawsuit ( edit ) On January 2 , 2011 , McGraw announced plans for his Emotional Traffic Tour featuring opening acts Luke Bryan and The Band Perry . Sirius XM announced on March 30 , 2011 that they would be launching Tim McGraw radio , a commercial - free music channel devoted to McGraw 's music , and featuring an in depth interview with McGraw as well . As of fall 2010 , McGraw had finished work on the album Emotional Traffic , his last album with Curb Records . On May 13 , 2011 , Curb Records filed a breach - of - contract suit against McGraw . The label alleged that McGraw recorded tracks for his Emotional Traffic album too early prior to its delivery to the label . Several days later , McGraw filed a counter suit against the label seeking advance payment and recording - fund reimbursement , unspecified damages , and a jury trial . A trial was scheduled to begin in July 2012 . In November 2011 , a judge granted McGraw permission to record music for another label , ending his relationship with Curb Records that began in 1990 . A few hours after the ruling , Curb released `` Better Than I Used to Be '' , the second single from Emotional Traffic . The album was released on January 24 , 2012 . Two Lanes of Freedom ( edit ) In December 2011 , McGraw released his first Christmas single , `` Christmas All Over the World '' , on his own label StyleSonic Records . On May 21 , 2012 , however , he signed with Big Machine Records . McGraw 's debut album for Big Machine , entitled Two Lanes of Freedom , was released on February 5 , 2013 . It debuted at number 2 on the charts by selling 108,000 copies . The album includes the singles `` Truck Yeah '' , `` One of Those Nights '' , `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( a duet with Taylor Swift which also features Keith Urban on lead guitar ) , and `` Southern Girl '' . McGraw performed at the C2C : Country to Country festival in London on March 16 , 2013 . Love Story and Sundown Heaven Town ( edit ) McGraw released a single titled `` Lookin ' for That Girl '' in January 2014 as the lead - off single to his second album for Big Machine . It was followed immediately by the announcement of the Sundown Heaven Town Tour . The album , titled Sundown Heaven Town , was released on September 16 , 2014 . Four months into its run , `` Lookin ' for That Girl '' was withdrawn as a single and replaced with `` Meanwhile Back at Mama 's '' , which features backing vocals from Hill . `` Shotgun Rider '' became the album 's third single and a number 1 Country Airplay hit by the end of 2014 . Following it was `` Diamond Rings and Old Barstools '' , a duet with Catherine Dunn . McGraw 's eighth greatest hits album , Love Story , is a compilation of his twelve biggest love songs and two previously unreleased recordings . It was released exclusively through Walmart on February 4 , 2014 , by Curb Records . Damn Country Music ( edit ) On August 10 , 2015 , McGraw released a new single to digital retailers , titled `` Top of the World '' , which was later released to radio on August 17 , 2015 as the lead single to his third studio album for Big Machine Records . On September 17 , McGraw announced that the album was titled Damn Country Music , with a release date scheduled for November 6 . The album 's second single , `` Humble and Kind '' , released to country radio on February 1 , 2016 and went on to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country charts . McGraw was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on `` Forever Country '' , a mash - up track of Take Me Home , Country Roads , On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards . The album 's third single , `` How I 'll Always Be '' released to country radio on July 11 , 2016 . It reached at number 3 on the Country Airplay in February 2017 . The Rest of our Life ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , during a show at the Ryman Auditorium , McGraw and Hill announced that they would be going back on the road together again on the Soul2Soul World Tour . The tour began on April 7 , 2017 , in New Orleans and will continue into 2018 , incorporating the C2C : Country to Country festival held in the UK throughout March 2018 . Prior to the commencement of the tour it was reported that McGraw , alongside Hill , had signed a new deal with Sony Music Nashville . The signing also indicated the release of a duet album between the couple , and that multiple solo recordings would be produced . The new record label signing also preceded the release of `` Speak to a Girl '' , the lead single from the duet album , The Rest of Our Life , which was released on November 17 , 2017 . The release of the album coincided with the opening of an exhibit at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum titled Mississippi Woman , Louisiana Man , which celebrates the careers of both McGraw and Hill . Producer ( edit ) McGraw has occasionally served as a record producer in collaboration with Byron Gallimore , who has co-produced all of his albums . The two co-produced Jo Dee Messina 's self - titled debut , as well as her next two albums , I 'm Alright and Burn . McGraw and Gallimore also produced the only album released by The Clark Family Experience in 2000 , and Halfway to Hazard 's 2007 self - titled debut album . Acting career ( edit ) McGraw 's first acting appearance came in a 1997 episode of The Jeff Foxworthy Show , where he played Foxworthy 's rival . In 2004 , McGraw played a sheriff in Rick Schroder 's independent release Black Cloud . Later in the same year , McGraw received critical acclaim as the overbearing father of a running back in the major studio Texas high school football drama Friday Night Lights . The Dallas Observer said the role was `` played with unexpected ferocity by country singer Tim McGraw '' . The movie went on to gross over $60 million worldwide at the box office , and sold millions in the DVD market . Most recently , it was named one of the Top 50 High School Movies of All Time ( No. 37 ) by Entertainment Weekly . McGraw 's first lead role was in the 2006 film Flicka , which was released in theaters October 20 , 2006 . In the remake of the classic book My Friend Flicka , McGraw played the father , Rob , costarring with Alison Lohman and Maria Bello . The family - friendly movie debuted in the top 10 list and has grossed over $25 million at the box office . McGraw again achieved critical acclaim for his acting . Shortly before Flicka opened , McGraw received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . His star is located at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard near stars honoring Julie Andrews , William Shatner , and the late Greta Garbo . One of his Flicka co-stars , Alison Lohman , attended the ceremony that included comments from Billy Bob Thornton , McGraw 's co-star in the film Friday Night Lights . In addition to acting in Flicka , McGraw served as executive producer of the soundtrack album , which was released by his record label , StyleSonic Records , in association with Curb Records and Fox 2000 films . It featured the closing credit song `` My Little Girl '' , one of the first two songs that McGraw recorded that he also co-wrote ( the other being `` I 've Got Friends That Do '' , both of which were included on Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ) . The song was nominated by the Broadcast Film Critics for `` Best Song '' in a film , and the movie was nominated in the category `` Best Family Film ( Live Action ) '' . The movie proved to be another success in the DVD market , and has sold over a million copies , debuting at No. 3 on the DVD sales chart . McGraw also had a small part in the Michael Mann -- produced 2007 film The Kingdom , reuniting him with Friday Night Lights director Peter Berg . McGraw played a bitter , angered widower whose wife was killed in the terrorist attack that is the centerpiece of the movie . On November 22 , 2008 , McGraw made his first appearance on Saturday Night Live . He also played `` Dallas McVie '' in Four Christmases . McGraw appeared in the 2009 film The Blind Side as Sean Tuohy , husband of Sandra Bullock 's character , Leigh Anne Tuohy . The Blind Side is based on the true story of Michael Oher , a homeless African - American youngster from a broken home , taken in and adopted by the Tuohys , a well - to - do white family who help him fulfill his potential . For her performance Bullock won the Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role . He is among the stars of Dirty Girl , a film that premiered on September 12 , 2010 , at the Toronto Film Festival , along with Juno Temple , Milla Jovovich , William H. Macy and Dwight Yoakam . Also in 2010 , McGraw starred in Country Strong as James Canter , the husband and manager of the fictional country singer Kelly Canter ( portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow ) . In addition to his appearance in the film , McGraw 's song `` Me and Tennessee '' , a duet with Paltrow , was played during the closing credits . In 2015 , McGraw appeared in Tomorrowland as Eddie Newton , Casey 's father ( Casey Newton - a main character played by Britt Robertson ) and NASA engineer Charitable efforts ( edit ) In 1994 , when McGraw first reached fame , he established the annual Swampstock event . It began as a charity softball game to raise money for hometown little league programs ; the event now includes a celebrity softball game and a multi-artist concert that attracts over 11,000 fans per year . The combined events have funded new Little League parks and equipment , and have established college scholarship funds for students in the northeast Louisiana area . From 1996 to 1999 , McGraw hosted an annual New Year 's Eve concert in Nashville with special guests including Jeff Foxworthy , the Dixie Chicks , and Martina McBride . The 1997 show raised over $100,000 for the Country Music Foundation Hall of Fame and Museum . Beginning in 1999 , McGraw would pick select cities on each tour , and the night before he was scheduled to perform , would choose a local club and host a quickly - organized show . This tour - within - a-tour became known as `` The Bread and Water Tour '' , and all proceeds from the show would go to a charity from that community . McGraw designed a charity T - shirt sold through Angelwear to benefit MusiCares . MusiCares supports musicians in times of need . His charity focus particularly on health issues . The Tim McGraw Foundation raises funds to enhance the quality of life of children and adults with brain tumors . He supports the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center , the David Foster Foundation , which helps families of children in need of organ transplants , and Musicians on Call , which brings music to hospital patients ' bedsides . He also performs during dinners and auctions to benefit children with disabilities . Hill and McGraw gave the Navy - Marine Corps Relief Society $375,000 ( the entire gate receipts from one of their concerts ) to assist the families of 17 sailors following the terrorist attack on USS Cole , the guided missile destroyer that suffered significant damage in the Gulf of Aden , Yemen on October 12 , 2000 . In the days immediately following Hurricane Katrina , McGraw and his wife , who was raised in Mississippi , joined groups taking supplies to Gulfport , Mississippi . The two also hosted several charity concerts to benefit those who were displaced by the storm . Later in the year , the couple established the Neighbor 's Keeper Foundation , which provides funding for community charities to assist with basic humanitarian services , in the event of a natural disaster , or for desperate personal circumstances . McGraw is also a member of the American Red Cross National Celebrity Cabinet , to which various celebrities donate their time , skills , and fame , to help the Red Cross highlight important initiatives and response efforts . McGraw has helped out with charity events held by Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brett Favre . The Brett Favre Fourward Foundation has featured McGraw ( and at other times Faith Hill ) performing concerts during dinners and auctions that benefit children with disabilities in Wisconsin and Mississippi . One instance is recorded on Favre 's official website . On July 12 , 2007 , it was made public that McGraw and his wife Faith Hill , while in Grand Rapids , Michigan for a performance , donated $5,000 to Kailey Kozminski , 3 - year - old daughter of Officer Robert Kozminski , a Grand Rapids police officer who was killed on July 8 , 2007 , while responding to a domestic disturbance . In June 2010 , McGraw and his wife Faith Hill organized Nashville Rising , a benefit concert aimed to raise $2 million for The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee in response to the flood in early May that killed 22 people and caused $2 billion in damage . Politics ( edit ) Tim McGraw poses for a sailor at Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida on May 5 , 2010 , before performing at the Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass military appreciation day . in a 2006 interview with Esquire magazine , McGraw , a Democrat , stated he would like to run for public office , possibly for United States Senate or Governor of Tennessee , his home state . In the same interview , he praised former President Bill Clinton . In a 2008 interview with People magazine , McGraw referred to himself as a `` Blue Dog Democrat '' and stated his and his family 's support for Barack Obama . Personal Life ( edit ) McGraw is married to singer Faith Hill . Together , they have three daughters : Gracie Katherine ( b . 1997 ) , Maggie Elizabeth ( b . 1998 ) , and Audrey Caroline ( b . 2001 ) . McGraw holds a private pilot license and owns a single - engine Cirrus SR22 . In 2015 , Forbes estimated McGraw 's annual income at $38 million . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Tim McGraw discography Studio albums ( edit ) Tim McGraw ( 1993 ) Not a Moment Too Soon ( 1994 ) All I Want ( 1995 ) Everywhere ( 1997 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1999 ) Set This Circus Down ( 2001 ) Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors ( 2002 ) Live Like You Were Dying ( 2004 ) Let It Go ( 2007 ) Southern Voice ( 2009 ) Emotional Traffic ( 2012 ) Two Lanes of Freedom ( 2013 ) Sundown Heaven Town ( 2014 ) Damn Country Music ( 2015 ) The Rest of Our Life ( with Faith Hill ) ( 2017 ) Tours ( edit ) Headlining The Spontaneous Combustion Tour ( 1996 ) Everywhere Tour ( 1997 ) The Bread and Water Tour ( 1999 ) Set This Circus Down Tour ( 2001 ) Live Like You Were Dying Tour ( 2004 ) Live Your Voice Tour ( 2008 ) Southern Voice Tour ( 2010 ) Two Lanes of Freedom Tour ( 2013 ) Sundown Heaven Town Tour ( 2014 ) Shotgun Rider Tour ( 2015 ) Co-headlining Soul2Soul Tour ( 2000 ) ( with Faith Hill ) Soul2Soul II Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( with Faith Hill ) Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Australia 2012 Tour ( 2012 ) Brothers of the Sun Tour ( 2012 ) ( with Kenny Chesney ) Soul2Soul World Tour ( with Faith Hill ) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Black Cloud Sheriff Cliff Powers Friday Night Lights Charles Billingsley Nominated -- MTV Movie Award -- Best Male Breakthrough Performance 2006 Flicka Rob McLaughlin Nominated -- Critics Choice Award for Best Song : `` My Little Girl '' 2007 The Kingdom Aaron Jackson 2008 Four Christmases Dallas McVie 2009 The Blind Side Sean Tuohy Dirty Girl Danny Briggs Country Strong James Canter 2015 Tomorrowland Eddie Newton 2016 The Shack Willie Television ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 The Jeff Foxworthy Show Lionel Episode : `` Feud for Thought '' 2000 Sesame Street Himself Episode : `` 3919 '' 2008 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Tim McGraw / Ludacris & T - Pain '' 2011 Who Do You Think You Are ? ( U.S. TV series ) Himself Episode : `` Tim McGraw '' 2013 Cake Boss Himself Episode : `` A Cowboy In Hoboken '' 2015 Repeat After Me Himself Episode : `` 1x4 '' 2016 The Voice Season 11 Key Advisor Awards ( edit ) Year Awards Award Country Music Television Male Video Artist of the Year Academy of Country Music Album of the Year -- Not a Moment Too Soon Academy of Country Music Top New Male Vocalist Billboard Awards Top New Country Artist Billboard Magazine Top New Country Album -- Not a Moment Too Soon 1995 American Music Awards Favorite Country New Artist 1997 Billboard Magazine Single of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Country Music Television Video of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Country Music Television Male Artist of the Year Playgirl Magazine Top Ten , Sexiest Men of the Year CMA Vocal Event -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) 1998 Billboard Awards Country Single of the Year -- `` Just to See You Smile '' CMA Album of the Year -- Everywhere Academy of Country Music Single of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Academy of Country Music Song of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Academy of Country Music Video of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Academy of Country Music Top Vocal Event -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) 1999 Academy of Country Music Male Vocalist Academy of Country Music Vocal Collaboration -- `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' ( with Faith Hill ) CMA Male Vocalist CMA Album of the Year -- A Place in the Sun 2000 CMA Male Vocalist National Fatherhood Initiative Father of the Year Academy of Country Music Male Vocalist Billboard Awards Male Artist of the Year American Music Awards Favorite Male Country Artist Grammy Awards Best Country Collaboration with Vocals -- `` Let 's Make Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) CMA Entertainer of the Year Billboard Awards Country Artist Billboard Awards Male Country Artist Billboard Awards Country Albums Artist Billboard Awards Country Single Artist Billboard Awards Country Album -- Greatest Hits 2002 American Music Awards Best Country Album -- Set This Circus Down American Music Awards Favorite Male Country Artist 2003 American Music Awards ( January ) Favorite Country Male Artist Radio Music Awards ( January ) Country Male Artist American Music Awards ( November ) Favorite Country Male Artist People 's Choice Awards Favorite Country Male Artist Radio Music Awards Country Male Artist CMA Single of the Year -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' 2005 American Music Awards Album of the Year -- Live Like You Were Dying American Music Awards Best Male Country Artist Academy of Country Music Song of the Year -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' Academy of Country Music Single of the Year -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' People 's Choice Awards Favorite Country Male Artist Grammy Award Best Male Country Vocal Performance -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' Country Music Television Most Inspiring Video -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' 2006 People 's Choice Awards Top Male Performer Grammy Award Best Country Collaboration with Vocals -- `` Like We Never Loved At All '' ( with Faith Hill ) 2012 CMA Musical Event of the Year -- `` Feel Like a Rock Star '' ( with Kenny Chesney ) 2013 British Country Music Association International Song of the Year - `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( with Taylor Swift and Keith Urban ) 2014 People 's Choice Awards Country Music Icon 2016 CMT Music Awards Video Of The Year - `` Humble and Kind '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw '' . Curb Records . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Marty ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Concert Scene : McGraw and Hill bring star power to Hershey '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marra , Amber ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Country superstar McGraw learns of his Belle Grove roots '' . The Northern Virginia Daily . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interviews with Joe Biden , Chuck Hagel , Tim McGraw '' . Larry King Live : CNN . December 10 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim 's mom survives , has a new dream '' . The Florida Times - Union . Jacksonville. April 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( January 6 , 2004 ) . `` Tug McGraw , 59 , Is Dead ; Star With Mets and Phillies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Tim McGraw biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's different about Pike ? '' . Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity , Kappa Psi Chapter . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History & Records : All - Time Roster '' . 2013 ULM Baseball Guide . ULM Warhawks Athletics . pp. 74 -- 76 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jessen , Wade ( 6 October 2001 ) . `` A Record - Breaking Career '' . Billboard : 28 , 34 . Jump up ^ `` At 39 , Tim McGraw looking beyond music '' . Today . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ; Thom Jurek . `` Tim McGraw - Tim McGraw '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Keith Palmer ( CD insert ) . Keith Palmer . Epic Records . 1991 . 48611 . ^ Jump up to : Gerome , John ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` Growing Strong -- McGraw 's reach encompasses country music , more '' . San Angelo Standard Times . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw Album & Song Chart History - Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Controversy : Episode `` Indian Outlaw '' `` . Country Music Television . 2003 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw Biography '' . CMT . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Albums - Top Country Albums '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Faith Hill '' . InternationalSpeakers.Com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 40th Annual Grammy Award Nominations '' . DigitalHit.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors -- Bio '' . Liner notes for album Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors : Curb Records . 2001 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Harriet ( March 14 , 2001 ) . `` The singers , the deputies , and a horse '' . CourtTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` The Clinton of Country '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( December 4 , 2003 ) . `` Grammylicious '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 12 , 2004 ) . `` ' Dying ' for a deal '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nelly 's ' Over & Over ' Jumps To No. 1 ! '' . SixShot . November 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Austin ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` Pigskin Poet '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw owner of Arena Football Team '' . USAToday . November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim , Faith set tour mark '' . Country Standard Time . September 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill concert to benefit Katrina relief '' . Country Standard Time . May 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Go - Tim McGraw -- Billboard.com '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw 's Special Tribute '' . Gactv.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw 's `` If You 're Reading This '' Is In High Demand -- Engine 145 `` . Engine145.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination 's For 50th Annual Grammy Awards '' . eonline.com. 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` First new music in over two years on horizon for McGraw '' . Country On Demand . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray . `` Touring Over a New Leaf : With New Managers and Ambitious Concert Plans , Tim McGraw Is n't Resting on His Laurels '' . Billboard - The International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment Sep 19 2009 : 20 - 3 . ProQuest . Web . 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Announces 2011 ' Emotional Traffic ' Tour Launching This Spring With Special Guests Luke Bryan And The Band Perry '' . Tim McGraw.com . January 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tim to Headline Special Concert for SiriusXM , Launch ' Tim Mcgraw Radio ' Channel & Air Concerts From 2011 Tour '' . Tim McGraw.com . March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Laments Label 's Hold on Upcoming Album '' . The Boot. 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curb Records Files Breach - of - Contract Suit Against Tim McGraw '' . Billboard . May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Files Counter Suit Against Curb Records '' . Billboard . May 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw wins legal battle with Curb '' . The Tennessean . Nashville . November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court Says Tim McGraw Is Free to Record and Shop for Another Label '' . CMT . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Tim McGraw Single Released by Curb '' . CMT . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw 's ' Emotional Traffic ' Finally Has Release Date '' . TheBoot.com . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Signs With Big Machine '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Geller , Wendy ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tim McGraw Announces Title , Release Date For New Album ; Performing New Single At CMA Awards '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THEY HEART JOSH ! ! '' . HITS Daily Double . February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw , Carrie Underwood Set to Headline London 's First - Ever Country to Country Music Festival '' . Taste of Country . 10 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Announces 2014 Tour : Sundown Heaven Town ! '' . CountryMusicNewsBlog . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tim McGraw Announces ' Sundown Heaven Town ' Album '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Love Story -- Tim McGraw '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Announces New Album ' Damn Country Music ' '' . Billboard . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` 30 Country Music Stars Join Forces for Historic CMA Music Video '' . ABC News . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Announce 2017 Soul2Soul World Tour '' . Taste of Country . Taste of Country Network . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Sign Record Deals with Sony Music Entertainment '' . Sounds Like Nashville . 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Sign With Sony Music Entertainment : Exclusive '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Announce Joint Single , Album '' . Sounds Like Nashville . 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Tim . `` Excited to announce our new album and new single , The Rest Of Our Life . Thanx for being a part of our journey ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2017 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dillon , Charlotte . `` Jo Dee Messina '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilonsky , Robert ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Hell of a Catch '' . The Dallas Observer . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Joshua L. ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Hollywood via Nashville '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flicka '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( October 17 , 2006 ) . `` Flicka '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` McGraw alone ca n't rein in unruly ' Flicka ' '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Receiving Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . CMT . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Briefly : Tim McGraw , Master P , Silkk the Shocker , Pete Doherty '' . LiveDaily . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Country Strong Hits Hollywood '' . Us99country.radio.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awareness '' . TimMcGraw.Com. 2007 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Tim . `` Tim McGraw Charity Work , Events , and Causes '' . Look to The Stars . Jump up ^ Gordon , Dan ; Buck Wolf ( March 8 , 2006 ) . `` Faith Hill , Tim McGraw Blast ' Humiliating ' Katrina Cleanup '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross National Celebrity Cabinet Members '' . The American Red Cross . 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's golf tourney a success for QB , charity '' . Official Website of Brett Favre . April 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ John Bumgardner , Jessica Puchala ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` Country Music Couple Donates $5,000 to Kozminski Fund '' . Grand Rapids Police Officer Robert Kozminski . Jump up ^ `` Country , Rock Stars Join For ' Nashville Rising ' Benefit '' . Billboard. 2009 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw likes the sound of Gov. McGraw '' . Associated Press . 13 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Country singer Tim McGraw says he wants to run for office someday in his adopted home state of Tennessee -- perhaps for governor or U.S. senator -- and he 's getting encouragement from a fellow Democrat , former President Clinton . Jump up ^ `` Gov Tim McGraw ? '' . antiMusic. 3 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Country star Tim McGraw is considering following in the footsteps of actor Arnold Schwarzenegger by running for governor in his native Tennessee . The Democrat is weighing up plans to succeed Democrat Governor Phil Bredesen when his second term finishes in 2010 . And his wife Faith Hill is thrilled by the idea of becoming a first lady . Jump up ^ Eileen Finan ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Tim McGraw : The Two Sides of Tim '' . People . Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . It 's innate in me to be a blue - dog Democrat . I 'm not saying I 'm right or wrong , but that 's what I am . My wife and I and our family will do everything we can to support Obama . I like his ideas , I like his energy , and I like the statement he would make for our country to the world . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Biography '' . Bio . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bob Paxman ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Tim McGraw Talks to `` Town Hall '' Fans `` . Country Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cirrus Owner : Tim McGraw '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw '' . Forbes . 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Awards '' . Curb Records . 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Jim ; Sparrow , Susan . Faith Hill & Tim McGraw : Soul 2 Soul . Quarry Music Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 55082 - 293 - 4 Gray , Scott . Perfect Harmony : the Faith Hill & Tim McGraw Story . 1st ed . Ballantine Books , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43412 - 9 McGraw , Tim . Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors : This is Ours . Atria Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 6706 - X Nichols , Tim , and Craig Wiseman . Live Like You Were Dying . Rutledge Hill P , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0212 - 6 Trimble , Betty `` McMom '' . A Mother 's Story . D'Agostino / Dahlhauser / Ditmore Pub , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 886371 - 32 - 6 External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tim McGraw . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tim McGraw Official website Tim McGraw at AllMusic Tim McGraw at Country Music Television Tim McGraw on IMDb Tim McGraw Discography Studio albums Tim McGraw Not a Moment Too Soon All I Want Everywhere A Place in the Sun Set This Circus Down Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors Live Like You Were Dying Let It Go Southern Voice Emotional Traffic Two Lanes of Freedom Sundown Heaven Town Damn Country Music The Rest of Our Life Compilations Greatest Hits Reflected : Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Greatest Hits : Limited Edition Greatest Hits 3 Number One Hits Tim McGraw & Friends Tours Soul2Soul Soul2Soul II Tour Brothers of the Sun Tour Sundown Heaven Town Tour Soul2Soul The World Tour 2017 Related articles Faith Hill Tug McGraw Byron Gallimore `` Tim McGraw '' ( song ) CMA Entertainer of the Year 1960s Jack Greene ( 1967 ) Glen Campbell ( 1968 ) Johnny Cash ( 1969 ) 1970s Merle Haggard ( 1970 ) Charley Pride ( 1971 ) Loretta Lynn ( 1972 ) Roy Clark ( 1973 ) Charlie Rich ( 1974 ) John Denver ( 1975 ) Mel Tillis ( 1976 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1977 ) Dolly Parton ( 1978 ) Willie Nelson ( 1979 ) 1980s Barbara Mandrell ( 1980 ) Barbara Mandrell ( 1981 ) Alabama ( 1982 ) Alabama ( 1983 ) Alabama ( 1984 ) Ricky Skaggs ( 1985 ) Reba McEntire ( 1986 ) Hank Williams Jr. ( 1987 ) Hank Williams Jr. ( 1988 ) George Strait ( 1989 ) 1990s George Strait ( 1990 ) Garth Brooks ( 1991 ) Garth Brooks ( 1992 ) Vince Gill ( 1993 ) Vince Gill ( 1994 ) Alan Jackson ( 1995 ) Brooks & Dunn ( 1996 ) Garth Brooks ( 1997 ) Garth Brooks ( 1998 ) Shania Twain ( 1999 ) 2000s Dixie Chicks ( 2000 ) Tim McGraw ( 2001 ) Alan Jackson ( 2002 ) Alan Jackson ( 2003 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2004 ) Keith Urban ( 2005 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2006 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2007 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2008 ) Taylor Swift ( 2009 ) 2010s Brad Paisley ( 2010 ) Taylor Swift ( 2011 ) Blake Shelton ( 2012 ) George Strait ( 2013 ) Luke Bryan ( 2014 ) Luke Bryan ( 2015 ) Garth Brooks ( 2016 ) Garth Brooks ( 2017 ) CMA Male Vocalist of the Year 1960s Jack Greene ( 1967 ) Glen Campbell ( 1968 ) Johnny Cash ( 1969 ) 1970s Merle Haggard ( 1970 ) Charley Pride ( 1971 ) Charley Pride ( 1972 ) Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1974 ) Waylon Jennings ( 1975 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1976 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1977 ) Don Williams ( 1978 ) Kenny Rogers ( 1979 ) 1980s George Jones ( 1980 ) George Jones ( 1981 ) Ricky Skaggs ( 1982 ) Lee Greenwood ( 1983 ) Lee Greenwood ( 1984 ) George Strait ( 1985 ) George Strait ( 1986 ) Randy Travis ( 1987 ) Randy Travis ( 1988 ) Ricky Van Shelton ( 1989 ) 1990s Clint Black ( 1990 ) Vince Gill ( 1991 ) Vince Gill ( 1992 ) Vince Gill ( 1993 ) Vince Gill ( 1994 ) Vince Gill ( 1995 ) George Strait ( 1996 ) George Strait ( 1997 ) George Strait ( 1998 ) Tim McGraw ( 1999 ) 2000s Tim McGraw ( 2000 ) Toby Keith ( 2001 ) Alan Jackson ( 2002 ) Alan Jackson ( 2003 ) Keith Urban ( 2004 ) Keith Urban ( 2005 ) Keith Urban ( 2006 ) Brad Paisley ( 2007 ) Brad Paisley ( 2008 ) Brad Paisley ( 2009 ) 2010s Blake Shelton ( 2010 ) Blake Shelton ( 2011 ) Blake Shelton ( 2012 ) Blake Shelton ( 2013 ) Blake Shelton ( 2014 ) Chris Stapleton ( 2015 ) Chris Stapleton ( 2016 ) Chris Stapleton ( 2017 ) BNF : cb13966212c ( data ) GND : 134884825 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 5681 LCCN : no96003972 MusicBrainz : 7e5cfc9a - 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3589581730344027211 | 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony | 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( March 2018 ) 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony Date 25 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) Time 20 : 00 - 22 : 05 KST ( UTC + 9 ) Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Filmed by SBS and OBS Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics took place at Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , on 25 February 2018 at 20 : 00 KST ( UTC + 9 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 1.1 Opening 1.2 Parade of Nations 1.3 Concert section 2 Handover of the Olympic flag 3 Beijing 2022 performance 4 Games declared closed 5 Dignitaries in attendance 6 Anthems 7 References Ceremony ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) South Korean singer Jang Sa - ik performed Aegukga with children from Gangwon Province . South Korean guitarist Yang Tae - Hwan performed `` Winter '' of Vivaldi 's Four Seasons . South Korean post-rock band Jambinai performed `` Time of Extinction '' including many geomungo players . Parade of nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers The flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium . The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file , ordered by ganada order of the Korean alphabet , and behind them marched all the athletes , without any distinction or grouping by nationality . Marching alongside the athletes were Soohorang , the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic mascot , and Hodori , mascot of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . Concert section ( edit ) South Korean singer and rapper CL , leader of disbanded South Korean girl group 2NE1 ( 2009 - 2016 ) , performed `` The Baddest Female '' and world hit `` I Am the Best '' . South Korean - Chinese boy group EXO performed `` Growl '' and `` Power '' . Dutch DJ Martin Garrix headlined the afterparty segment performing `` Forever '' , `` Together '' , `` Animals '' , `` Like I Do '' , and `` Pizza '' . Handover of the Olympic flag ( edit ) First , the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played . The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed , by the mayor of Pyeongchang County , Shim Jae - kook , to IOC President , Thomas Bach , who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing , Chen Jining . This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China , and the playing of its anthem . The flag will be raised again in Tokyo , Japan , for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020 . Beijing 2022 performance ( edit ) Beijing , the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games , presented a special performance See you in Beijing in 2022 directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou , who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies . The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon , as pandas and dragons are national icons for China . The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games . China 's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people . Games declared closed ( edit ) IOC President Thomas Bach formally closed the games , calling them ' The Games of New Horizons . ' Soon after , the cauldron was extinguished . Dignitaries in attendance ( edit ) South Korea - President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae - in , First Lady of the Republic of Korea Kim Jung - sook North Korea - Supreme People 's Assembly Presidium member Kim Yong - chol United States - First Daughter and Senior Advisor to the President Ivanka Trump China - Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China Liu Yandong Anthems ( edit ) Jang Sa - ik and a choir of local schoolchildren - National Anthem of South Korea London Symphony Orchestra - National Anthem of Greece Oh Yeon - joon - Olympic Hymn ( English version ) A choir of singers from the 56 ethnic groups of China - National Anthem of the People 's Republic of China References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pyeongchang 2018 Closing Ceremony Not LIVE on 19 February 2020 Jump up ^ http://loudwire.com/13-year-old-guitar-prodigy-winter-olympics-closing-ceremony/ ^ Jump up to : Kornhaber , Spencer . `` A Rock Star Is Born at the Olympics Closing Ceremony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Tamar ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) . `` K - Pop Stars CL & EXO Impress at Winter Olympics Closing Ceremony '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` In just over 24 hours # EXO will perform in the # ClosingCeremony # PyeongChang2018 @ weareoneEXO # 엑소 # Suho # Olympicspic.twitter.com/GfHxE1Xdte '' . Twitter . 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.livetracklist.com/martin-garrix-winter-olympics-pyeongchang-2018-closing-ceremony/ Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : North Korea 's General Kim Yong - chol to attend '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Betsy Klein , . `` Ivanka Trump is South Korea - bound for Olympics closing ceremony '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kim , Christine ; Rampton , Roberta ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Seoul pushes for U.S. - Korea talks , Trump says ' We 'll see ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . ( hide ) Olympic Games ceremonies Opening ceremonies Summer 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Winter 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Closing ceremonies Summer 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Winter 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony&oldid=841996520 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics Ceremonies in South Korea Olympics closing ceremonies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français 한국어 日本 語 ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is singing at the olympics closing ceremony | [] | [] |
-6323137713840225213 | Google Street View | Google Street View - wikipedia Google Street View Jump to : navigation , search Google Street View A road junction in Manchester , England , showing nine different angles Initial release May 25 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Stable release Release 227 ( see list ) / November 3 , 2017 ; 8 days ago ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Available in Multiple languages Website Google Street View Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides panoramic views from positions along many streets in the world . It was launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States , and has since expanded to include cities and rural areas worldwide . Streets with Street View imagery available are shown as blue lines on Google Maps . Google Street View displays panoramas of stitched images . Most photography is done by car , but some is done by trekker , tricycle , walking , boat , snowmobile , and underwater apparatus . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and features 2 Implementation 3 Data capturing equipment 4 Pegman 5 Privacy concerns 6 Third - party use of images 7 Coverage 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History and features Street View had its inception in 2001 with The Stanford CityBlock Project , a Google - sponsored Stanford University research project . The project ended in June 2006 , and its technology was folded into StreetView . 2007 : Launched on May 25 in the United States using Immersive Media technology . 2008 : In May Google announces that it was testing face - blurring technology on its photos of the busy streets of Manhattan . The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google 's image database for faces and blurs them . Street View integrated into Google Earth 4.3 , the Maps application on the Apple iPhone , and the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition . In November , the drag and drop Pegman icon is introduced as the primary user interface element for connecting from Maps 's 2D view into Street View 's 3D view . When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available , Street View opens and takes over the whole map window . 2009 : Introduction of full - screen option . Smart Navigation introduced allowing users to navigate around the panoramas by double - clicking with their cursor on any place or object they want to see . 2010 : Indoor views of businesses available . Google invites users to contribute panoramas of their own using gadgets with Android 4.2 . Google highlights user - contributed panoramas with blue circle icons on Maps . The company also created a website to highlight places in the world where one can find them . 2013 : Business interior views are shown as small orange circles . Businesses such as shops , cafés and other premises can pay a photographer to take panoramic images of the interior of their premises which are then included in Street View . Google sets up program to let third parties borrow the Street View Trekker ( a backpack mounted camera ) and contribute imagery to Google Maps . 2014 : Street - level imagery from the past can now be seen , if available for a given street view . 2015 : A partnership was announced between Street View and the environmental monitoring company Aclima . Cars began carrying sensors to detect pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide , ozone , and particulate matter . In October , support for Google Cardboard was announced allowing users to explore street view in 360 degree virtual reality . 2017 : Imagery inside the International Space Station is added to Street View . 2017 : Starting in August , Google allows users to create their own street view - like blue paths , for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another . 2017 : On September 5 , Google announced that they are improving the quality of the street view panoramic photo revamping its mapping vehicles with all - new high resolution camera systems and AI to capture even better imagery . The new Google cars have been seen in various American cities since March 2017 as well as in Japan since August. . The first images taken with the new generation of cameras were available online on September 13 . 2017 : Since October , Google allows users to capture Street View imagery using Insta360 Pro , this because several years from now , Google Street View could be available in all countries of the world . Implementation Street View is available as a component of Google Maps , as a web application , and as a mobile application for Android and iOS . Originally , Google Maps used Adobe Flash for Street View . Google overhauled Google Maps in 2013 . The newer version uses JavaScript extensively and provides a JavaScript application programming interface . At the time of their release , the new Google Maps and Street View are measured slower than the old version in various setups . A user can switch to the old version of Google Maps , which is especially useful when Google Maps is more sluggish than usual . Data Capturing equipment The Google street View car in Japan A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on the Google campus in Mountain View , California in October 2010 A Google car captures itself in a street mirror in Nagiso , Nagano , Japan Cameras : Street View imagery has come from several generations of camera systems from Immersive Media ( 1 ) , Point Grey Research ( now FLIR Systems ) ( 2 ) and developed in - house . The cameras contain no mechanical parts , including the shutter , instead using CMOS sensors and an electronic rolling shutter . Widely deployed versions are : R2 : the earliest after Immersive Media , photos were captured with a ring of eight 11 - megapixel CCD sensors with commercial photographic wide - angle lenses , cameras with the same specs as those used for the Google Books project . Ladybug2 cameras ( resolution 1024 x 768 pixels ) by Point Grey Research . R5 : uses a ring of eight 5 - megapixel CMOS cameras by Elphel with custom low - flare lenses , plus a camera with fisheye lens on top to capture upper levels of buildings . R7 : is the first completely in - house built camera , it uses 15 of the same sensors and lenses as R5 , but no fish - eye . 2017 : uses 8 20MP cameras . Includes two facing left and right to read street signs and business names . Positioning : recorded photographs must be associated with accurate positioning . This is done via a Global Positioning System , wheel speed sensor , and inertial navigation sensor data . Laser range scanners from Sick AG for the measuring of up to 50 meters 180 ° in the front of the vehicle . These are used for recording the actual dimensions of the space being photographed . LIDAR scanners from Velodyne were added in the 2017 update . Mounted at 45 ° to capture 3D depth information , and used for additional positional information . Vehicles : data recording equipment is usually mounted on the roof of a car . A Trike ( tricycle ) was developed to record pedestrian routes including Stonehenge , and other UNESCO World Heritage sites . In 2010 a snowmobile - based system captured the 2010 Winter Olympics sites . Trolleys have been used to shoot the insides of museums , and in Venice the narrow roads were photographed with backpack - mounted cameras , and canals were photographed from boats . A portable back - pack Google Trekker is used in outdoor terrain . For instance , the six main paths up Snowdon were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015 . Pegman As noted above , the drag - and - drop Pegman icon is the primary user interface element used by Google to connect Maps to Street View . His name comes from his resemblance to a clothespeg . When not in use , Pegman sits atop the Google Maps zoom controls . Occasionally Pegman `` dresses up '' for special events or is joined by peg friends in Google Maps . When dragged into Street View near Area 51 , he becomes a flying saucer . When viewing older views , the Pegman in the minimap changes to Doc Brown from Back to the Future . Pegman has occasionally appeared as a costumed character at Google events , such as the launch of Street View in France in 2008 . Privacy concerns A Street View car parked at a Subaru Service Center in Jersey City , New Jersey Main article : Google Street View privacy concerns Google Street View will blur houses for any user who makes a request , in addition to the automatic blurring of faces and licence plates . Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street View , pointing to views found to show men leaving strip clubs , protesters at an abortion clinic , sunbathers in bikinis , and people engaging in activities visible from public property in which they do not wish to be seen publicly . Another concern is the height of the cameras , and in at least two countries , Japan and Switzerland , Google has had to lower the height of its cameras so as to not peer over fences and hedges . The service also allows users themselves to flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to review and remove . Police Scotland received an apology for wasting police time in 2014 from a local business owner in Edinburgh who in 2012 had staged a fake murder for the Google camera car by lying in the road `` while his colleague stood over him with a pickaxe handle '' . In May 2010 , it was revealed that Google had collected and stored payload data from unencrypted Wi - Fi connections as part of Street View . German authorities are considering legal action while the Foreign Minister said `` I will do all I can to prevent it . '' Australian police have also been ordered to investigate . The concerns have led to Google not providing or suspending the service in countries around the world . Austria : Google Street View was banned in Austria because Google was found to collect Wifi data unauthorized in 2010 . After the ban was lifted rules were set up for how Street View can operate legally in Austria . Google has yet to resume service . Officially it welcomed the new guidelines but has ruled out operating under them . As of 2016 Google Street View is still unavailable . Australia : In 2010 , Google Street View ceased operations in Australia , following months of investigations from Australian authorities . However , this cessation has since ended , with Google announcing plans to continue production on May 4 , 2011 and subsequently releasing updated Street View imagery for Australian towns and cities on July 27 , 2011 . Germany : In 2011 , after having put online the pictures of the 20 largest cities , Google stopped taking Street View images in Germany . India : In 2011 , Google stopped taking street images in India , after receiving a letter from police authorities in Bangalore . Canada : Street View cars had been spotted as early as September 2007 , in Montréal , though service for Canada was delayed while attempting to settle with the Canadian government over its privacy laws . Privacy and town beauty concerns were dealt with and Street View is available in Montréal and other Canadian cities ( as of 2016 ) . Third - party use of images Fine - art photographers have selected images for use in their own work . Although the images may be pixelated , the colours muddy , and the perspective warped , the photographs have been published in book form and exhibited in art galleries , such as the work of Jon Rafman at the Saatchi Gallery , London . In his personal appreciation of Street View material , Rafman sees images which evoke the `` gritty urban life '' depicted in American street photography and the images commissioned by the Farm Security Administration . He also invokes the `` decisive moment '' esthetic of Henri Cartier - Bresson `` as if I were a photojournalist responding instantaneously to an emerging event '' . Michael Wolf won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 World Press Photo competition for some of his work using Google Street View . Mishka Henner was short - listed for the 2013 Deutsche Börse Photography Prize in November 2012 for his series ' No Man 's Land ' , which depicts sex workers at rural roadside locations . Swedish programmer Anton Wallén developed a game called GeoGuessr , which places players into a Google Street View and has them guess its location . Coverage Countries and dependencies with mostly full coverage Countries and dependencies with partial coverage Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned ( official ) Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned ( unofficial ) Countries and dependencies with views of selected businesses and / or tourist attractions only Countries and dependencies with views of private businesses only Countries and dependencies with no current or planned coverage Main article : Coverage of Google Street View In June 2012 , Google announced that it has captured 20 petabytes of data for Street View , comprising photos taken along 5 million miles of roads , covering 39 countries and about 3,000 cities . Coverage includes much of North and South America , from Cambridge Bay , Nunavut to Half Moon Island in the South Shetland Islands . Maps also include panoramic views taken under water such as in West Nusa Tenggara underwater coral , in the Grand Canyon , inside museums , and Liwa Desert in United Arab Emirates which are viewed from camelback . In a ten - day trek with Apa Sherpa , Google documented Khumbu , Nepal with its Mount Everest , Sherpa communities , monasteries and schools . Google also added landmarks in Egypt , including the Pyramids of Giza , Cairo Citadel , Saqqara , Monastery of Saint Mina , and the Citadel of Qaitbay in the 9 September 2014 release . Many places still have limited or no coverage , including : The Caribbean except Puerto Rico , limited coverage in the United States Virgin Islands , and some touristic places in Martinique : Boucle d'Absalon , Habitation Clément and the south - western coast of Sainte - Anne Central America except Guatemala French Guiana , Guyana , Paraguay , Suriname and Venezuela in South America Africa except Botswana , Ghana , Lesotho , Nigeria , Réunion , Senegal , South Africa , Swaziland , Tunisia , Uganda and some city views in Madagascar Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Moldova and much of Germany in Europe Asia except Bangladesh , Bhutan , Cambodia , Hong Kong , Japan , Macau , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , South Korea , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Thailand , much of Indonesia , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Mongolia and Russia The Middle East except Israel , Turkey and the United Arab Emirates The South Pacific , except American Samoa , Australia , New Zealand and Pitcairn Islands ( Pitcairn and Henderson Island ) Gallery Street View camera showcased on campus Google Street View camera mounted on a `` trike '' , on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View , California The cameras of this Google Street View car are mounted on the roof rack . The power and data cables are fed into the car through the right rear passenger window . Google Trike in Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , August 2012 Chevrolet Captiva Street View in Patagonia , Argentina , February 2014 See also List of street view services Aspen Movie Map ( oldest project of this type ) Route inspection problem ( algorithmic problem related to the planning of Street View car routes ) Historypin : a user - generated archive of historical photos , videos , audio recordings and personal recollections . VR photography References Jump up ^ `` The Stanford CityBlock Project : multi-perspective panoramas of city blocks '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frome , Andrea . `` Google 's LatLong Blog '' . Google-latlong.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CNet article `` Google begins blurring faces in Street View '' `` . News.cnet.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PC World article `` Google Street View Gets Smart Navigation '' `` . Pcworld.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An easier way to find panoramic interior imagery in Google Maps '' . Google-latlong.blogspot.co.il. 2012 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contribuiți -- Street View -- Hărţi Google '' . Google . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Google Street View gets peek inside Sheffield university buildings Technology guardian.co.uk '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Treks '' . Google . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google introduces ' time machine ' feature in Street View '' . The Guardian . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gershgorn , Dave ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Google Will Start Mapping Pollution The Same Way They Map Streets '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Napier ( 12 Oct 2015 ) . `` Google Street View adds virtual reality support '' . NextWeb . Jump up ^ https://www.wired.com/story/googles-new-street-view-cameras-will-help-algorithms-index-the-real-world/ Jump up ^ https://thenextweb.com/google/2017/09/06/google-is-improving-street-view-with-better-cameras-and-ai/#.tnw_XDs2K22W Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/05/googles-street-view-cameras-get-a-high-res-update-focused-on-ai/ Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BYE-3xXAKX5/?taken-at=347101374 Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BRt9bUblkec/?tagged=googlecar Jump up ^ https://goo.gl/maps/2Beij3eFcz42 Jump up ^ https://www.engadget.com/2017/10/03/google-insta360-pro-street-view/ Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/02/google-to-let-anyone-add-to-street-view-starting-with-insta360s-pro-camera/ Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/10/2/16403320/google-street-view-diy-insta360-camera Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/2017/10/03/insta360-pro-camera-street-view-ready-google/ Jump up ^ http://www.androidpolice.com/2017/10/03/insta360-pro-3500-street-view-auto-ready-camera-youve-always-wanted/ Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` Where the Streets All Have Google 's Name '' . The Guardian.com ( US ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Street View Service '' . Google Developers . 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ The new Street View on Google Maps is very slow ( Google Maps Help Forum , 26 February 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tired of new , slow Google Maps ? This is how you can switch to the old version ! ( Geoawesomeness , June 12 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Switch back to the classic version of Maps '' . Google . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Switching Back to the Old Google Maps ( Netvantage Marketing , 2 January 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Google Street View : Capturing the world at street level '' . Computer . 43 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 38 . June 2010 . doi : 10.1109 / mc. 2010.170 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Charlie . `` Google Streetview Cars Rocking Ladybug2 Spherical Camera '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog '' . Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog . 2007 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ GoogleTechTalks ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) , PhotoTechEDU Day 25 : Open - source - based high - resolution ... , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 ^ Jump up to : Amadeo , Ron ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` Google 's Street View cars are now giant , mobile 3D scanners '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Mark . `` Google Street View -- Soon in 3D ? '' . Educating Silicon . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Street View takes Venice by foot '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Crump , Eryl ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` Take a tour of Snowdonia - with Google Street View '' . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mansion Map : a guide to rich people 's houses , until Google blurs them out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Calum ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Google 's Street View site raises alarm over privacy '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wenkart , Michael ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) . You are the target ! : Or do you believe your government is always watching the others ? . BoD -- Books on Demand . p. 171 . ISBN 9783735793553 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kevin ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View '' . New York Times . New York , NY . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( June 3 , 2007 ) . `` Google 's street - level maps raising privacy concerns '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Garage owner fakes Google ' murder ' in Edinburgh street '' . BBC News . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google admits it sniffed out people 's data '' . TechEye . May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google accused of criminal intent over StreetView data '' . BBC Online . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.kleinezeitung.at/lebensart/multimedia/4180750/Datenschutz_Kein-Google-Street-View-fur-Osterreich Jump up ^ `` Google street view cars no longer operational in Australia -- Computer world.com -- November 9 , 2010 '' . Computer world.com . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eustace , Alan . `` Privacy Impact Assessment for Street View in Australia '' . Google Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Foster , Andrew . `` Updates to Street View in Australia '' . Google Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alas , There Will Be No More Google Street View in Germany '' . Techland.time.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India IT hub orders Google to suspend Street View service -- International Business Times '' . Hken.ibtimes.com . June 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Doug ( 2010 ) . A New American Picture . Köln : White Press . OCLC 727797183 . Jump up ^ `` The street views Google was n't expecting you to see -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . London . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jon Rafman , The Nine Eyes of Google Street View , Introduction , Jean Boîte Editions , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 36568 - 001 - 1 . Jump up ^ Laurent , Olivier ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` World Press Photo : Is Google Street View Photojournalism ? '' . British Journal of Photography . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Börse Photography Prize '' Archived June 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 15 March 2013 Jump up ^ Hartnett , Kevin ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` If dropped randomly on earth , would you know where you were ? '' . The Boston Globe . Boston . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farber , Dan . `` Google takes Street View off - road with backpack rig '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Google Street View hits Antarctic '' . BBC . October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adi Kurniawan ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Pakai Unta , Google Petakan Padang Pasir '' . Jump up ^ Apa Sherpa . `` Growing up in the shadow of Everest '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Street View . Official website Map of Google Street View coverage Google Maps Related products Google Maps mobile app Map Maker Waze Art Project Latitude ( discontinued ) Views and mapping sites Aerial View Earth Mars Moon Sky Street View Traffic Street View Coverage Africa Antarctica Asia Israel Europe North America Canada United States Oceania South America Argentina Chile Colombia Uruguay Privacy concerns Competing products Other BlooSee Historypin Mapillary Google Overview Alphabet Inc . 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-7805863924161074274 | Brain Damage (song) | Brain Damage ( song ) - wikipedia Brain Damage ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Pink Floyd song . For the Eminem song , see The Slim Shady LP . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Brain Damage '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album The Dark Side of the Moon Published World Copyrights Ltd Recorded January 1973 , Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Psychedelic rock , art rock Length 3 : 48 Label Harvest , EMI ( UK ) Harvest , Capitol ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Roger Waters Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd `` Brain Damage '' is the ninth track from English rock band Pink Floyd 's 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon . It was sung on record by Roger Waters ( with harmonies by David Gilmour ) , who would continue to sing it on his solo tours . Gilmour sang the lead vocal when Pink Floyd performed it live on their 1994 tour ( as can be heard on Pulse ) . The band originally called this track `` Lunatic '' during live performances and recording sessions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Themes 3 Versions 4 Personnel 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Composition ( edit ) When the band reconvened after the American leg of the Meddle tour , Roger Waters brought with him a prototype version of `` Brain Damage '' along with other songs such as `` Money '' . He had been playing the song during the recording of the Meddle album in 1971 , when it was called `` The Dark Side of the Moon '' . Eventually this title would be used for the album itself . The song seemed to be partially inspired by their former band member Syd Barrett who had endured a mental breakdown . After road testing , the new suite entitled `` A Piece for Assorted Lunatics '' , the song was recorded in October along with `` Any Colour You Like '' . The piece represents Waters ' association with acoustic - tinged ballads , and along with `` If '' and `` Grantchester Meadows '' , `` Brain Damage '' uses a simple melody and delivery . David Gilmour actively encouraged Waters to sing the song , even though at this time he was n't particularly confident about his vocal abilities . The song is somewhat slow , with a guitar arpeggio pattern similar to the Beatles ' `` Dear Prudence '' . It is in the key of D major and features a recurring lyrical pattern and chorus . Themes ( edit ) Roger Waters has stated that the insanity - themed lyrics are based on former Floyd frontman Syd Barrett 's mental instability , with the line `` I 'll see you on the dark side of the moon '' indicating that he felt related to him in terms of mental idiosyncrasies . The line `` And if the band you 're in starts playing different tunes ... '' references Barrett 's behaviour near the end of his tenure with the band ; because of his mental problems , there were more than a few occasions where Barrett would play a different song than the rest of the band in the middle of a concert . The song has a rather famous opening line , `` The lunatic is on the grass ... '' , whereby Waters is referring to areas of turf which display signs saying `` Please keep off the grass '' with the exaggerated implication that disobeying such signs might indicate insanity . The lyrics ' tongue - in - cheek nature is further emphasised by Waters ' assertion in the 2003 documentary Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon that not letting people on such beautiful grass was the real insanity . Waters said that the particular patch of grass he had in mind when writing the song was to the rear of King 's College , Cambridge . The German literary scholar and media theorist Friedrich Kittler attaches great relevance to the song , referring to its lyrics as well as to its technological arrangement . For him , the three verses stage the ( sound ) technological evolution from mono to stereo , culminating in total , `` maddening '' surround sound . In a 2008 paper in Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges Fusar - Poli and Madini suggest that the song includes avant - garde techniques and philosophical lyrics can be approached and analysed from a psychological perspective . The line `` Got to keep the loonies on the path '' references the attempt to maintain order and establish sanity . The detached description of a lobotomy is demonstrated in line `` You raise the blade , you make the change . You re-arrange me ' till I 'm sane '' . The line `` I 'll see you on the dark side of the moon '' , which became a famous metaphor of human irrationality , expresses that madness that is always present but invisible , waiting to be exposed . In Sigmund Freud 's terms it would be the unconscious . Versions ( edit ) Some releases of Dark Side of the Moon , for example TC - SHVL. 804 ( cassette , New Zealand release ) and Q4SHVL 804 ( quad LP , UK release ) have a different mix of `` Brain Damage '' . During the closing instrumental , beginning at about 3 : 02 , after the second chorus and leading into the final track , `` Eclipse '' , only Peter Watts ' `` lunatic laughing '' is heard , repeatedly , unlike other versions which have the speech sample `` I ca n't think of anything to say '' , then Peter Watts ' laugh and another sample `` I think it 's nice ( ha ha ha ) '' . Personnel ( edit ) Roger Waters -- bass guitar , lead vocals , tape effects David Gilmour -- electric guitars , harmony vocals Richard Wright -- Hammond organ , VCS3 synthesizer Nick Mason -- drums , tubular bells , tape effects with : Lesley Duncan -- backing vocals Doris Troy -- backing vocals Barry St. John -- backing vocals Liza Strike -- backing vocals The uncredited manic laughter is that of Pink Floyd 's then - road manager , Peter Watts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some CD pressings merge `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2004 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 7th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . p. 1177 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 551 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Kittler : `` Der Gott der Ohren '' , in : id . Draculas Vermächtnis , Reclam Verlag , Leipzig 1993 , p. 130 - 148 . Jump up ^ Fusar - Poli , P. ; Madini , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Medicine and the arts . Brain Damage by Pink Floyd ( 1973 ) '' . Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 8 ( 83 ) : 742 -- 743 . Jump up ^ Mabbett , Andy ( 2010 ) . Pink Floyd -- The Music and the Mystery . London : Omnibus , . pp. 160p . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84938 - 370 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Manning , Toby . The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 575 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dark Side of the Moon ( hide ) The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain_Damage_(song)&oldid=806425570 '' Categories : 1973 songs Pink Floyd songs Songs written by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Songs in memory of Syd Barrett Songs about diseases and disorders Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 31 . 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-8871812328235023363 | List of Star Wars planets and moons | List of Star Wars planets and moons - wikipedia List of Star Wars planets and moons Jump to : navigation , search Remains of the film set for the Lars Homestead on the Planet Tatooine at Chott el - Jerid , Tunisia ( pictured in 2010 ) The fictional universe of the Star Wars franchise features multiple planets and moons . While only the feature films and selected other works are considered canon to the franchise since the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , some canon planets were first named or explored in works from the non-canon Star Wars expanded universe , now rebranded Star Wars Legends . In the theatrical Star Wars films , many settings for scenes set on these planets and moons were filmed at real - world locations on Earth . For example , the resort city of Canto Bight located on the planet of Cantonica seen in The Last Jedi , was filmed in Dubrovnik , Croatia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Canon 2 Star Wars Legends 3 Similarities to real world planets 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Canon ( edit ) The following list names prominent planets and moons from the Star Wars films or other canon media . Name First appearance Year Media Fictional description Ref . Abafar Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2012 TV series A desert planet located in the Outer Rim with a completely white surface . Known as The Void , the planet is barely populated but is home to massive amounts of rhydonium , a scarce and volatile fuel . Ahch - To Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 Film Oceanic planet on which Luke Skywalker has been hiding for six years , and the location of the first Jedi Temple and the Tree Library of sacred Jedi texts . Akiva Star Wars : Aftermath 2015 Book Jungle planet and home of Norra and Temmin Wexley , and a primary setting in Aftermath . Alderaan Star Wars 1977 Film Forests , mountains ; home planet of Princess Leia and the House of Organa . Destroyed by the first Death Star as punishment for involvement in the Rebel Alliance and also as a demonstration of power . Ando Star Wars Rebels : Head to Head 2014 Book A water - covered planet located in the Outer Rim , it is home to the amphibious Aqualish species and endures great turmoil during the Separatist Crisis . Anoat Empire Strikes Back , The The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film ( mentioned ) Polluted ; A nearly inhospitable planet used by the Empire . Star Wars Legends : Star Wars : Dark Forces 1995 Video game Atollon Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series Desert covered planet , site of Phoenix Squadron Rebel base . Home of the spider - like hexapods known as the Krykna , and the powerful force - wielder Bendu . Batuu Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue 2017 Theme parks A remote frontier outpost and old trading port Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge 2019 Bespin Empire Strikes Back , The The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film A gas planet with a thin layer of habitable atmosphere where Cloud City was located . The planet 's gas layers were a source of rare tibanna gas which was harvested and refined at mining complexes like Cloud City . Cantonica Star Wars : The Last Jedi 2017 Film An arid planet where the resort city of Canto Bight , home of the Canto Casino and Racetrack , is located . Cato Neimoidia Star Wars Legends : Darth Maul : Saboteur 2001 Short story The site of battles throughout the Clone Wars , notable for its `` Bridge Cities '' . Also the site of Plo Koon 's death during the Great Jedi Purge . Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Chandrila Star Wars Legends : The Truce at Bakura 1994 Book Homeworld of Mon Mothma , it serves as the first capital of the New Republic . Star Wars : Aftermath 2015 Book Christophsis The Clone Wars 2008 Film During the Clone Wars , the Battle of Christophsis occurs here , serving as an introduction to Ahsoka Tano . Concord Dawn Star Wars Legends : The Last One Standing : The Tale of Boba Fett Short story Home planet of Jango Fett . Habitable planet that is surrounded by a large amount of debris from many vicious wars . Formerly controlled by the Mandalorians . Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series Corellia Star Wars 1977 Film ( mentioned ) Homeworld of Han Solo . An industrial planet with a strong culture of training pilots . Star Wars Legends : The Corellian Trilogy 1995 Book Coruscant Star Wars Legends : Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Cosmopolitan urban world consisting of one planet - wide city . Governmental center of the Galactic Republic and later the Galactic Empire . Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 1999 Film Crait Leia , Princess of Alderaan 2017 Book Small mineral planet located in a remote section of the galaxy . Covered with a layer of white salt over its red - colored soil , the planet once hosted a Rebel Alliance outpost during their early rebellion against the tyrannical Galactic Empire . D'Qar Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 Film Site of a Resistance operations base led by General Leia Organa . Dagobah Empire Strikes Back , The The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film Swamp planet and Yoda 's residence after the fall of the Jedi . Dantooine Star Wars 1977 Film ( mentioned ) Rural planet and the former site of a Rebel base . Star Wars Legends : Jedi Search 1994 Book Dathomir Star Wars Legends : The Courtship of Princess Leia 1994 Book Han Solo wins the planet in a card game and lures Princess Leia there to stop her from marrying someone else , and Luke Skywalker discovers that the infamous Nightsisters live there . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Homeworld of the Force - sensitive Nightsisters , including Asajj Ventress . Darth Maul 's training ground . Devaron Star Wars Legends : Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina 1995 Book Forest planet with an ancient Jedi Temple . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2009 TV series Eadu Rogue One 2016 Film Rocky , mountainous planet beset by constant severe storms . Home to an Imperial weapons research facility . Its appearance was partly inspired by the fictitious planet LV - 426 from the Alien franchise . Endor Return of the Jedi Film Forest moon that the second Death Star orbits . Inhabited by Ewoks . The location of the battle between the Rebel Alliance and the Empire leading to the destruction of the second Death Star . Felucia Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Jungle planet teeming with plants but little animal life . Aayla Secura is assassinated here during the Jedi Purge . Florrum The Clone Wars 2009 TV series Sulfurous desert planet . Hondo Ohnaka is the leader of a pirate gang based on the planet . Fondor Star Wars Battlefront II 2017 Video game Imperial manufacturing center with large shipyards . Geonosis Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones 2002 Film Rocky desert planet where battle droids are manufactured , and the site of the opening battle of the Clone Wars . All life on the planet is presumed destroyed by the Empire in Star Wars Rebels . Close to Tatooine . Hosnian Prime Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 Film Urban planet and capital of the New Republic . Destroyed by the First Order 's Starkiller Base . Hoth Empire Strikes Back , The The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film Desolate ice planet and base for the Rebel Alliance . Iego Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 1999 Film ( mentioned ) A planet located on the fringes of the Outer Rim , its desert surface is covered with basaltic spires and canyons which are home to reeska , large carnivorous plants whose roots are used to create the only known cure for the deadly Blue Shadow virus , and are inhabited by flying four - winged xandu . Iego is surrounded by a 1000 moons and at least one of these , named Millius Prime , is home to a race called the Angels . Ilum Star Wars Legends : Path to Truth 2001 Book Remote ice planet where the crystals that focus lightsabers are mined . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2012 TV series Iridonia Star Wars Legends : Star Wars Episode I Journal : Darth Maul 2000 Book Rumored birthplace of Darth Maul . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series ( mentioned ) Jakku Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 Film Desert planet . Site of a `` graveyard '' of ships damaged during the Battle of Jakku , the final battle between the New Republic and the Galactic Empire . Jedha Rogue One 2016 Film Cold desert moon , and a sacred place for believers in The Force . A source of kyber crystals , which are used to power lightsabers and the Death Star 's primary weapon . It is also the first location on which the Death Star 's destructive capability is tested . Kamino Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones 2002 Film Ocean planet where cloning technology is developed and the Clone Army is created and trained . Kashyyyk Star Wars Holiday Special 1978 TV film Forest planet and home of the Wookiees . Also the site of one of the final battles of the Clone Wars . Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Kessel Star Wars 1977 Film ( mentioned ) A mining planet which has been fought over by crime lords for its valuable Spice . Star Wars Legends : Jedi Search 1994 Book Kuat Wedge 's Gamble Book Industrial planet home to Kuat Drive Yards , the manufacturer of Star Destroyers . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2009 TV series ( mentioned ) Lah'mu Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel 2016 Book A remote planet with black sands , where Jyn Erso and her parents go into hiding . Rogue One 2016 Film Lira San Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series The original homeworld of the Lasat , according to Zeb Orrelios , member of the Spectres . Lothal Star Wars Rebels 2014 TV series Remote farm planet and birthplace of Ezra Bridger . Tarkin 2014 Book Lotho Minor Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series A planetary junkyard and hiding place of Darth Maul after his presumed death . Malachor Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series Desolate Sith temple world and site of two major battles thousands of year apart : one involving the Scourge of Malachor , the other between Darth Maul , several Rebels , Darth Vader , and several Inquisitors . Malastare Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 1999 Film ( mentioned ) Swamp planet where podracing is popular . Birthplace of Sebulba . Star Wars : The Clone Wars TV series Mandalore Star Wars Legends : Marvel Star Wars 1982 Comics Formerly habitable planet and the subject of legends due to its history of Mandalorian warriors . Star Wars : The Clone Wars TV series Maridun Star Wars Legends : Star Wars : Empire Comics Grassy planet remaining undiscovered until the Clone Wars . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2009 TV series Mon Cala Star Wars Legends : Dark Empire 1991 Comics Ocean planet , home to the Mon Calamari and Quarren species . Also known as Mon Calamari , or Dac . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Moraband Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2014 TV series Home planet of ancient Sith lords . Known as Korriban in Legends . Mortis Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Planet with a wall surrounding it , home to the three omnipotent Force wielders known only in the Jedi Archives as the Mortis Gods . Mustafar Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Volcanic planet , former stronghold of the Confederacy and the location of the first showdown between Darth Vader and Obi - Wan Kenobi . Known location of Darth Vader 's personal sanctuary . Mygeeto Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Cold , urban planet where Ki Adi Mundi is killed . Naboo Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 1999 Film Home planet of the Gungans , including Jar - Jar Binks , and various humans , who comprise a civilization called the Naboo , which include Padmé Amidala and Emperor Palpatine . Nal Hutta Star Wars Legends : Dark Empire 1991 Comics Home planet of Jabba and other Hutts . Close to the urban moon of Nar Shaddaa . Star Wars : The Clone Wars TV series Onderon Star Wars Legends : Tales of the Jedi 1994 Comics Jungle planet where Anakin Skywalker leads a revolt against its monarchy ; birthplace of Saw Gerrera . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2012 TV series Ord Mantell Empire Strikes Back , The The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film ( mentioned ) A planet where Han Solo tells of having a run - in with a bounty hunter . Star Wars Legends : The Bounty Hunter of Ord Mantell 1981 Comics Polis Massa Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Outer Rim planetoid within an asteroid field of the same name ; birthplace of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa . Pillio Star Wars Battlefront II 2017 Video game Uncolonized aquatic planet with over 3 million species , and the location of one of Palpatine 's observatories . Rishi Star Wars Legends : Dark Force Rising 1992 Book Tropical planet used by the Republic to monitor the nearby cloning facility on Kamino . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2008 TV series Rodia Star Wars Legends : Shadows of the Empire Book Home planet of the Rodians , including Greedo . A remote swampy , jungle planet , it was represented by Onaconda Farr in the Galactic Senate during the Clone Wars . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2008 TV series Ruusan Star Wars Legends : Star Wars Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II 1997 Video game Barren planet housing the Valley of the Jedi . Site of a great battle between the Sith and the Jedi . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2008 TV series Ryloth Star Wars Legends : Tales from Jabba 's Palace 1995 Book Dry , hot home planet of the Twi'leks , including Hera Syndulla . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2009 TV series Saleucami Star Wars : The Clone Wars TV Series Primary terrain deserts and swamps . Home of the Clone Trooper deserter Cut Lawquane . Scarif Rogue One 2016 Film Oceanic `` paradise world '' with tropical islands . Location of a high security Imperial database . Shili Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2012 TV series Home planet of the Togruta , including Jedi Council member Shaak Ti and Ahsoka Tano . Starkiller Base Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 Film Snowy planet of forested mountains converted by the First Order into a super weapon . Destroyed by the Resistance . Subterrel Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones 2002 Film ( mentioned ) Mining planet mentioned by Dexter Jettster who spent time prospecting there . Located near Kamino , beyond the Outer Rim . Sullust Return of the Jedi Film ( mentioned ) A volcanic planet whose atmosphere was highly toxic forcing the native Sullustans to build technologically advanced subterranean cities . It was the base of Imperial factories and the SoroSuub corporation employed roughly half the population . Star Wars : Battlefront 2015 Video game Takodana Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 Film Forest planet and site of Maz Kanata 's castle . Neutral territory between First Order and Resistance . Tatooine Star Wars 1977 Film Desert planet and childhood home of Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) and Luke Skywalker . Location of Jabba 's palace . Toydaria Star Wars : The Clone Wars TV series Home planet of Watto and other Toydarians . Close to Nal Hutta . Trandosha Star Wars Legends : The Mandalorian Armor 1998 Book ( mentioned ) Homeworld of the Trandoshan hunters . Close to Kashyyyk . Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Umbara Star Wars : The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Planet with a thick , foggy atmosphere . Home to the Umbarans . Utapau Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Remote planet , covered in deep sinkholes and home to the Utai and Pau'ans . Site of General Grievous ' defeat and a separatist base during the Clone Wars . Vardos Star Wars Battlefront II 2017 Video game Imperial stronghold and home to Iden and Garrick Versio . One of the first targets of Operation Cinder . Wobani Rogue One 2016 Film A desolate wasteland and the site of an Imperial penal labor colony . Yavin Star Wars 1977 Film Gas planet with several moons , including Yavin 4 . Yavin 4 Star Wars 1977 Film Forest moon and base for the Rebel Alliance . Star Wars Legends ( edit ) These are planets with multiple appearances in the Star Wars Expanded Universe , now rebranded as Star Wars Legends . The accompanying works were declared non-canon by Lucasfilm in April 2014 , following its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in October 2012 . Name First appearance Year Media Fictional description Ref . Abregado - rae Heir to the Empire 1991 Book The base of operations for the smuggler Talon Karrde . Alzoc III The Truce at Bakura 1993 Book ( mentioned ) Snowy moon of Alzoc containing slave labor camps run by the Empire . Star Wars : Empire At War 2007 Video game Ambria Tales of the Jedi 1991 Comics The site of an ancient battle between Jedi and Sith . Anoth Dark Apprentice 1994 Book Rocky planet used to conceal the newly born Solo children . Arkania Tales of the Jedi 1994 Comics Gem mining planet with humanoid inhabitants . Bakura The Truce at Bakura 1993 Book Peaceful planet which issues a distress call when invaded by the Ssi - ruuk . Bonadan Han Solo 's Revenge 1979 Book Corporate sector planet which lures a young Han Solo into a trap . Borleias Rogue Squadron Book Planet used as a stepping - stone for the New Republic to retake Coruscant . Byss Dark Empire 1991 Comics Planet chosen as the base of operations for a clone of Emperor Palpatine . Located very close to the center of the galaxy . It is destroyed by the Dark Empire 's weapon , the Galaxy Gun . Carida Jedi Search 1994 Book Planet destroyed by the vengeful ex-Jedi Kyp Durron . Da Soocha V Dark Empire 1991 Comics Moon in Hutt space housing a provisional Rebel base under siege from the Palpatine clone . Capital of the New Republic between the Dark Empire recapture of Coruscant and its destruction . It is destroyed by the Galaxy Gun . Drall Ambush at Corellia 1995 Book A planet in the Corellian system whose inhabitants , the Drall , try to keep a low profile . Dromund Kaas Star Wars Jedi Knight : Mysteries of the Sith 1998 Video game A planet of the Sith Empire , having fallen to the Republic at one point . Dxun Tales of the Jedi 1993 Comics Largest of the four moons of Onderon . Covered in dense jungles teeming with predatory animals . The location of Mandalore the Indomitable 's death near the end of the Great Sith War . Hapes The Courtship of Princess Leia 1994 Book Planet whose prince tries to marry Princess Leia . Honoghr Dark Force Rising 1992 Book Planet whose warrior race is recruited by Grand Admiral Thrawn . Ithor Children of the Jedi 1995 Book Forest planet inhabited by pacifists who run a tourism industry . J 't ' p'tan Before the Storm Book A planet where Luke Skywalker tries to learn the identity of his mother . Khomm Darksaber 1995 Book Planet home to an insular society of clones . Korriban Tales of the Jedi 1994 Comics A planet used by generations of Sith lords . Known as Moraband in canon works . Kothlis Shadows of the Empire Book Bothan colony with a facility housing the second Death Star 's plans . Lwhekk The Truce at Bakura 1993 Book ( mentioned ) Home planet of the Ssi - ruuk military society . Star Wars : Empire At War 2007 Video game Muunilinst Star Wars : Clone Wars 2003 TV series Capital of the Intergalacting Banking Clan and homeworld of the Muun race , which includes Separatist leader San Hill and Sith Lord Darth Plagueis . Myrkr Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Treacherous swamp planet used by Talon Karrde and Mara Jade . N'zoth Before the Storm Book Desert planet home to a violent and genocidal species . Nkllon Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Barren planet , home to a mining venture by Lando Calrissian . Ralltiir Star Wars ( radio ) 1981 Radio drama Core world and galactic trading centre , occupied by Imperial forces under Lord Tion . Rattatak Star Wars : Clone Wars 2003 TV series Outer Rim planet and former home to Asajj Ventress . Homeworld of the white - skinned Rattataki . Ruled by various warlords . Sacorria Ambush at Corellia 1995 Book Planet near Corellia which attempts a coup against the New Republic . Selonia Assault at Selonia Book Ocean planet and the original home of many who reside on Sacorria . Thyferra The Bacta War 1997 Book Rainforest planet controlled by the Bacta Cartel . Toprawa Star Wars ( radio ) 1981 Radio drama Imperial security facility and source of the first Death Star plans ( supplanted by Scarif in Rogue One ) . Vortex Dark Apprentice 1994 Book A planet disrupted by an accidental crash of Admiral Ackbar 's ship . Wayland Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Planet where Grand Admiral Thrawn gains access to one of Palpatine 's stockpiles . Zonama Sekot Rogue Planet 2000 Book A living , sentient world capable of traveling through space ; source of the fastest ships in the galaxy . It is the seed of Yuuzhan'Tar . the Yuuzhan Vong homeworld . Similarities to real world planets ( edit ) ESO artist 's impression of OGLE - 2005 - BLG - 390Lb , an exoplanet compared to the ice planet Hoth See also : Physics and Star Wars The discovery of exoplanets in the real - world universe gained pace in the early 21st century . In 2015 , the US space agency NASA published an article which stated that many of the newly discovered astronomical bodies possessed scientifically confirmed properties that are similar to planets in the fictional Star Wars universe . Kepler - 452b , a rocky super-Earth - type planet , is said to be similar to the Star Wars planet Coruscant . Likewise , the planets Kepler - 16b and Kepler - 453b , planets discovered orbitting binary stars probably resemble the desert world Tatooine ; the hot , molten worlds of Kepler - 10b and Kepler - 78b are comparable to the volcanic planet Mustafar ; OGLE - 2005 - BLG - 390Lb , a cold , remote exoplanet , is like the ice planet Hoth ; and Kepler - 22b , thought by scientists to be an ocean planet , is compared to the planet Kamino . There are also similarities to Alderaan ( Princess Leia 's home planet ) and Endor ( the Ewoks ' forested exomoon ) in the real - world universe , according to NASA . See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal List of Star Wars filming locations Planets in science fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tour The Last Jedi Filming Locations in Croatia Croatia Times '' . Croatia Times . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Filoni , Dave , director . Star Wars : The Clone Wars . Lucasfilm , 2008 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : De Semlyen , Phil ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Empire reveals names of new Star Wars planets '' . Empire . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Joining Tatooine , Endor , Naboo and the already - revealed desert planet of Jakku are Takodana , D'Qar and Hosnian Prime . Jump up ^ Wallace p. 66 Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars recap : Here come the Nightsisters ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace p. 70 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Maul '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walters , Samuel ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) . `` 2.02 -- Cargo of Doom -- Clone Wars Review '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` See the New Star Wars Planet That Was Directly Inspired by Ridley Scott 's Alien '' . Fandango . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavelos , Jeanne ( 2007 ) . The Science of Star Wars : An Astrophysicist 's Independent Examination of Space Travel , Aliens , Planets , and Robots as Portrayed in the Star Wars Films and Books . Macmillan . pp. 29 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 7176 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Luceno p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Fondor '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Max ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` 49 Things The Star Wars Prequels Did Absolutely Right '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 ... they also brought in a supercluster 's worth of new planets , including Coruscant , Naboo , Kamino , Geonosis , Utapau , Mustafar , Kashyyyk and plenty of others in Episode III . Jump up ^ Hidalgo 2015 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Iego '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- `` The Gathering '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- `` Witches of the Mist '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hidalgo 2015 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One director reveals new details on Force - sacred world Jedha '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chris ( 2015 ) . How Star Wars Conquered the Universe : The Past , Present , and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise . Basic Books . pp. 222 -- 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04989 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wallace p. 108 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 116 Jump up ^ Newbold , Mark ( 13 December 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- these are the new worlds you need to know about '' . Metro . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lira San '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : Ralph McQuarrie legacy on view in animated series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . The heroes of Rebels hail from a backwoods planet called Lothal , which bears a close resemblance to McQuarrie 's vision of Alderaan . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - `` Brothers '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson , James ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels is secretly making the Old Republic canon '' . Nerd Union . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walters , Samuel ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) . `` 2.18 -- The Zillo Beast -- Clone Wars Review '' . Dauntless Media . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2010 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars recap : White lies , black markets '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Walters , Samuel ( 2009 - 01 - 17 ) . `` 1.13 -- Jedi Crash -- Clone Wars Review '' . Dauntless Media . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Check out the season premiere 's underwater action '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hide , Viral ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Officially the name of the Sith homeworld is Moraband '' . Star Wars News Net . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2011 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars recap : Liam Neeson strikes back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` The Worlds of Star Wars '' . National Geographic . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Blauvelt , Christian ( November 13 , 2010 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars recap : Some like it Hutt '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brogan , Jacob ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Han Solo Shot First '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- `` A War on Two Fronts '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` 46 Rogue One Easter Eggs : How Many of These Did You Catch ? '' . / Film . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Polis Massa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Become the Hero in Star Wars Battlefront II , Launching Across the Galaxy Today '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pillio '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skye , Lillian ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Clone Wars Review : `` Order 66 '' Arc `` . Star Wars Underworld . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - ' Bombad Jedi ' Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weller , Scott ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) . `` ' The Clone Wars ' Season One . Aficionado 's Top 5 Episodes Number 4 . Duel of the Droids '' . Star Wars Aficionado . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - ' Jedi Crash ' Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saleucami '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration 2016 : New Rogue One Planet , Scarif Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fessler , Mike ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Verse 's Review : The Clone Wars 5.6 The Gathering '' . Versifier Unleashed . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Nine Star Wars Characters Who Deserve Their Own Movie '' . Crave Online . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Battlefront has 12 multiplayer maps including the planet Sullust '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Even with the Icelandic footage , it was more work creating the in - game environment for Sullust than for other planets , like Tatooine , Hoth , and Endor , all of which had real - world counterparts seen in the films . Jump up ^ Hidalgo 2015 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' recap : It 's 1999 all over again ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2011 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars season finale recap : I am Wookiee , hear me roar ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jason ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` This week in The Clone Wars : The shadow planet of Umbara '' . Wired . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vardos '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Leaked Rogue One soundtrack listing reveals the plot '' . Inverse . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace p. 2 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 10 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 12 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 18 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 26 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 30 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 46 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 48 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 52 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 54 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 68 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 74 Jump up ^ Malin , Ryan ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Video Game Review : Star Wars : Jedi Knight : Mysteries of the Sith '' . Mynock Manor . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Essential Atlas Online Companion '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Wallace p. 164 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 166 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 182 Jump up ^ Koch , Cameron ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Before ' Rogue One , ' This Was The Star Wars Story About How The Death Star Plans Were Stolen '' . Tech Times . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace p. 190 Jump up ^ Wallace p. 192 Jump up ^ Hansen , John ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Star Wars flashback : ' The Final Prophecy ' ( 2003 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Pat ; Clavin , Whitney ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Meanwhile , in a galaxy not so far , far away ... '' NASA . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2015 ) . Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The Visual Dictionary . New York , N.Y. : DK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4654 - 3816 - 4 . Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : The Last Jedi : The Visual Dictionary . New York , N.Y. : DK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4654 - 5551 - 2 . Luceno , James ( 2005 ) . Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary . New York , N.Y. : DK . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 . Wallace , Daniel ( 1998 ) . Star Wars : The Essential Guide to Planets and Moons . Del Rey . ISBN 0345420683 . External links ( edit ) Galaxy Building , from Alderaan to Utapau at StarWars.com ( official ) Star Wars Canon : Just How Realistic Are the Single - Biome Planets ? at The Escapist List of planets on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Interactive map of Star Wars galaxy Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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-7801006452522163620 | 1981 European Cup Final | 1981 European Cup final - wikipedia 1981 European Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 1981 European Cup Final Match programme cover Event 1980 -- 81 European Cup Liverpool Real Madrid 0 Date 27 May 1981 Venue Parc des Princes , Paris Referee Károly Palotai ( Hungary ) Attendance 48,360 ← 1980 1982 → The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes , Paris , France . It was the final match of the 1980 -- 81 season of Europe 's premier cup competition , the European Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their third final , after two appearances in 1977 and 1978 . Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final , they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice . Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . Matches were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . All but one of Liverpool 's ties were comfortable victories , they beat Bayern Munich on the away goals rule , while they won all their other ties by at least five goals . Real Madrid 's matches ranged from close affairs to comfortable victories . In the first round they beat Limerick 7 -- 2 on aggregate , but their final two ties were won by at least two goals . Watched by a crowd of 48,360 , the first half was goalless . Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Alan Kennedy scored . They held this lead to win the match 1 -- 0 , securing Liverpool 's third European Cup and a fifth consecutive victory by an English team . Liverpool manager Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the competition three times . The two teams would meet once again in the 2018 Champions League Final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Liverpool 1.2 Real Madrid 2 Match 2.1 Background 2.2 Summary 2.3 Details 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Route to the final ( edit ) Main article : 1980 -- 81 European Cup Liverpool ( edit ) Round Opponents First leg Second leg Aggregate score 1st Oulun Palloseura 1 -- 1 ( a ) 10 -- 1 ( h ) 11 -- 2 2nd Aberdeen 1 -- 0 ( a ) 4 -- 0 ( h ) 5 -- 0 Quarter - finals CSKA Sofia 5 -- 1 ( h ) 1 -- 0 ( a ) 6 -- 1 Semi-finals Bayern Munich 0 -- 0 ( h ) 1 -- 1 ( a ) 1 -- 1 Liverpool gained entry to the competition by winning the 1979 -- 80 Football League , entering as English champions . Their opponents in the first round were Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura . The first leg in Finland at the Raatti Stadion was drawn 1 -- 1 . The second leg at Liverpool 's home ground Anfield resulted in a comprehensive 10 -- 1 victory for Liverpool . Two of their players , Graeme Souness and Terry McDermott , scored a hat - trick . Liverpool won the tie 11 -- 2 on aggregate . In the second round Liverpool were drawn against Scottish champions Aberdeen , managed by Alex Ferguson . The first leg was at Aberdeen 's home ground , Pittodrie , a McDermott goal in the fifth minute ensured a 1 -- 0 victory for Liverpool . The second leg at Anfield was won 4 -- 0 by Liverpool , thus they won the tie 5 -- 0 on aggregate . Liverpool 's opponents in the quarter - finals were Bulgarian champions CSKA Sofia . The first leg was held in England , another hat - trick from Souness and goals from McDermott and Sammy Lee gave Liverpool a 5 -- 1 victory . They won the second leg at the Vasil Levski National Stadium 1 -- 0 to progress to the semi-finals courtesy of a 6 -- 1 aggregate victory . They faced German champions Bayern Munich in the semi-finals . The first leg in England ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . Liverpool needed to score in the second leg to advance to the final . Their cause was not helped when striker Kenny Dalglish had to be replaced in the early minutes of the match by the inexperienced Howard Gayle . However , Gayle rose to the occasion , unsettling the Bayern defence with his attacking threat . With seven minutes of normal time left , Ray Kennedy scored to give Liverpool a 1 -- 0 lead . Bayern responded soon afterwards when Karl - Heinz Rummenigge scored , however they needed to score another goal due to the away goals rule . They were unable to do so and Liverpool progressed to their third final in five seasons . Real Madrid ( edit ) Round Opponents First leg Second leg Aggregate score 1st Limerick 2 -- 1 ( a ) 5 -- 1 ( h ) 7 -- 2 2nd Honvéd 1 -- 0 ( h ) 2 -- 0 ( a ) 3 -- 0 Quarter - finals Spartak Moscow 0 -- 0 ( a ) 2 -- 0 ( h ) 2 -- 0 Semi-finals Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( h ) 0 -- 1 ( a ) 2 -- 1 Real Madrid gained entry to the competition as Spanish champions , after they won the 1979 -- 80 La Liga . Their opponents in the first round were Irish champions Limerick . Limerick took the lead in the first leg at Lansdowne Road , but Real scored twice to win the first leg 2 -- 1 . The second leg at Real 's home ground , the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , ended in a 5 -- 1 victory for Real , they won the tie 7 -- 2 on aggregate . Their opponents in the second round were Hungarian champions Honvéd . A goal from Santillana ensured Real won the first leg 1 -- 0 in Spain . Two goals from Laurie Cunningham and Francisco García Hernández secured a 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg at Honvéd 's home ground the Bozsik Stadion , thus , winning the tie 3 -- 0 on aggregate . In the quarter - finals Real faced Soviet champions Spartak Moscow . A 0 -- 0 at the Dynamo Lenin Stadium in the Soviet Union left the tie finely balanced heading into the second leg in Spain . Two goals from Isidro in the second half secured a 2 -- 0 victory in the match and over aggregate . Real 's opponents in the semi-finals were Italian champions Internazionale . Real won the first leg 2 -- 0 in Spain after goals from Santillana and Juanito . Internazionale needed to score twice to force the tie into extra-time , however they were only able to score once . They won the second leg 1 -- 0 , but Real won the tie 2 -- 1 on aggregate to progress to their ninth final . Match ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Parc des Princes , which was hosting the final for the third time . Liverpool were appearing in their third European Cup Final . They had won their two previous appearances in 1977 and 1978 . Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final , they had won the competition six times , including a record five successive victories from 1956 to 1960 . Their sixth victory was in 1966 , while their two losses were in 1962 and 1964 . Liverpool had finished fifth during the 1980 -- 81 Football League , thus they needed to win the final to ensure that they would compete in the European Cup the following season . Despite this , Liverpool had won the Football League Cup for the first time earlier in the season , defeating West Ham United 2 -- 1 in a replay after the final finished 1 -- 1 . Real Madrid had finished second in the 1980 -- 81 La Liga , they had qualified for the UEFA Cup as a result , but victory would enable them to compete in the European Cup the following season . Both sides had injury concerns before the match . Liverpool had doubts over a number of players . Kenny Dalglish had not trained for several weeks , while Alan Kennedy had been sidelined for six weeks with a broken wrist . Real had concerns over striker Laurie Cunningham who had been sidelined since November . Summary ( edit ) Liverpool controlled the opening passages of the game . Their first goalscoring chance came in the 11th minute when Alan Kennedy 's 30 yard shot was saved by Real goalkeeper Agustín Rodríguez . Further chances were created , but neither Terry McDermott or Dalglish were able to score . Real started to exert more of an influence after this , midfielder Juanito started to cause Liverpool problems with his passing . One pass found José Antonio Camacho who beat Liverpool defender Alan Hansen but put his shot wide of the Liverpool goal . Despite their scoring opportunity , one problem Real had was to get the best out of their winger Cunningham . Not fully fit , he was tightly marked and made little impact in the match . Liverpool had a chance to take the lead before half - time . Phil Neal advanced down the right hand side of the pitch and found Dalglish who passed to Graeme Souness , who ran late through the Real defence . His subsequent shot was not held by Agustín Rodríguez , but Souness was unable to get to the rebounded ball . Real had the first chance of the second half . Liverpool 's defence had stopped as they thought Cunningham was offside , however he was not and Camacho advanced towards Ray Clemence in the Liverpool goal . Clemence came off his line and ran towards the Real midfielder , Camacho attempted to lob the ball over the keeper , but his shot went over the goal . The tactical approaches of the two sides were cancelling each other out . Real 's slow pace interspersed with high speed bursts , while Liverpool preferred a more deliberate approach , keeping possession and making use of their wingers . Their various forms of marking also negated each other , Real man marked Liverpool 's best players such as Dalglish and Souness , while Liverpool were content for the nearest defender to mark the man on the ball . Despite the tactical battle Liverpool were able to score in the 81st minute . A throw - in from Ray Kennedy found Alan Kennedy , whose run up the left hand side of the pitch caught Real off - guard . Kennedy went past Real defender Rafael García Cortés into the Real box , his subsequent shot beat the Real goalkeeper to give Liverpool the lead . Soon afterwards Liverpool replaced Dalglish with midfielder Jimmy Case in an attempt to see out the match . Although Liverpool had chances to extend their lead as Real went all out to score , Real keeper Agustín Rodríguez made a number of saves to keep his team in the game . The score remained 1 -- 0 and Liverpool won their third European Cup , the first British club to do so . Liverpool 's victory meant that Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the European Cup three times . Details ( edit ) 27 May 1981 20 : 15 CEST Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid A. Kennedy 82 ' Report Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 48,360 Referee : Károly Palotai ( Hungary ) Liverpool Real Madrid GK Ray Clemence RB Phil Neal LB Alan Kennedy CB Phil Thompson ( c ) LM 5 Ray Kennedy 29 ' CB 6 Alan Hansen CF 7 Kenny Dalglish 85 ' RM 8 Sammy Lee CF 9 David Johnson CM 10 Terry McDermott CM 11 Graeme Souness Substitutes : MF 12 Jimmy Case 85 ' GK 13 Steve Ogrizovic DF 14 Colin Irwin DF 15 Richard Money FW 16 Howard Gayle Manager : Bob Paisley GK Agustín Rodríguez DF Rafael García Cortés 87 ' DF José Antonio Camacho MF Uli Stielike 59 ' DF 5 Andrés Sabido MF 6 Vicente del Bosque FW 7 Juanito MF 8 Ángel de Los Santos FW 9 Santillana ( c ) DF 10 Antonio García Navajas FW 11 Laurie Cunningham Substitutes : GK Miguel Ángel González DF Isidoro San José MF Isidro MF García Hernández MF 16 Francisco Pineda 87 ' Manager : Vujadin Boškov Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly ( 1988 , p. 136 ) Jump up ^ Ponting ( 1992 , p. 152 ) ^ Jump up to : Ponting ( 1992 , p. 149 ) Jump up ^ Ponting ( 1992 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Ponting ( 1992 , p. 148 ) Jump up ^ Hilton , Nick ( 22 April 1981 ) . `` Decimated Liverpool dig deep to score famous win '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Limerick 's ' Real ' cup magic '' . Limerick Reader. 21 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zea , Antonio ; Haisma , Marcel ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` Champions ' Cup 1980 -- 81 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 1988 , p. 149 ) Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Shea , Julian ( 10 May 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Tejedor Carnicero , José Vicente ( 27 June 2007 ) . `` Spain 1980 / 81 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton , Nick ( 27 May 1981 ) . `` Liverpool 1 Real Madrid 0 '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lacey , David ( 27 May 1981 ) . `` Liverpool keep it in the family '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 / 81 : Paisley in a class of his own '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid '' . LFC History . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . References ( edit ) Ponting , Ivan ; Hale , Steve ( 1992 ) . Liverpool In Europe . London : Guinness Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 569 - 7 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . London : Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . External links ( edit ) 1980 -- 81 season at UEFA website European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy 1980 -- 81 in European football ( UEFA ) `` 1979 -- 80 1981 -- 82 '' Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark ' 80 ' 81 England Faroe Islands ' 80 ' 81 Finland ' 80 ' 81 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 80 ' 81 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 80 ' 81 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union ' 80 ' 81 Spain Sweden ' 80 ' 81 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands ' 80 ' 81 Finland ' 80 ' 81 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 80 ' 81 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 80 ' 81 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup ( Final ) Cup Winners ' Cup ( Final ) UEFA Cup ( Final ) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Liverpool F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1914 1950 1965 1971 1977 1986 1988 1989 1992 2001 2006 2012 League Cup Finals 1978 1981 1982 1984 1995 2001 2003 2005 2012 2016 FA Community Shield 1922 1964 1965 1966 1971 1976 1977 1979 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 2001 2002 2006 UEFA Champions League Finals 1977 1978 1981 1984 1985 2005 2007 2018 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1966 UEFA Europa League Finals 1973 1976 2001 2016 UEFA Super Cup 1977 1978 1981 1984 2001 2005 Intercontinental Cup 1978 1981 1984 FIFA Club World Championship Final 2005 Notable league matches Liverpool 0 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1989 ) Liverpool 9 -- 0 Crystal Palace ( 1989 ) Liverpool 4 -- 3 Newcastle ( 1996 ) Other matches Ajax 5 -- 1 Liverpool ( 1966 ) 1983 -- 84 European Cup semi-final 1986 English Super Cup Final Football League 100th Championship Challenge ( 1999 ) Real Madrid C.F. matches Copa del Rey Finals 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1916 1917 1918 1924 1929 1930 1933 1934 1936 1940 1943 1946 1947 1958 1960 1961 1962 1968 1970 1979 1980 1982 1989 1990 1992 1993 2002 2011 2013 2014 Copa de la Liga Finals 1985 Supercopa de España 1982 1988 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2003 2007 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 UEFA Champions League Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1962 1964 1966 1981 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 2018 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1971 UEFA Cup Finals 1985 1986 UEFA Super Cup 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 2018 Intercontinental Cup 1960 1966 1998 2000 2002 FIFA Club World Cup Finals 2014 2016 2017 Other matches El Clásico Madrid Derby Copa Iberoamericana ( 1994 ) Alcorconazo ( 2009 ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981_European_Cup_Final&oldid=843082457 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals Liverpool F.C. matches Real Madrid C.F. matches 1980 -- 81 in European football 1981 in French sport International club association football competitions hosted by Paris 1980 -- 81 in Spanish football 1980 -- 81 in English football 1981 in Paris May 1981 sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Dansk فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 19 : 14 . 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"The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes, Paris, France. It was the final match of the 1980–81 season of Europe's premier cup competition, the European Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their third final, after two appearances in 1977 and 1978. Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final, they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice."
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"Real Madrid"
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-6733243672670507202 | List of Mrs. Brown's Boys characters | List of Mrs. Brown 's Boys characters - wikipedia List of Mrs. Brown 's Boys characters Jump to : navigation , search Mrs. Brown 's Boys is a BBC Scotland in partnership with BocPix and RTÉ sitcom , written by and starring Brendan O'Carroll . Originally a radio series starting in 1992 , the series became more and more popular , which led to the television series debut on January 1 , 2011 . There was another DVD series which was not shown on television , prior to the current television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brown Family 1.1 Agnes Brown 1.2 Grandad 1.3 Mark Brown 1.4 Rory Brown 1.5 Cathy Brown 1.6 Dermot Brown 1.7 Trevor Brown 1.8 Betty Brown 1.9 Bono Brown 1.10 Maria Brown 1.11 Dino Doyle 1.12 Unseen TV characters 1.12. 1 Redser Brown 1.12. 2 Terry Brown 1.13 Book characters 1.13. 1 Frankie Brown 1.13. 2 Simon Brown 2 McGoogan Family 2.1 Winnie McGoogan 2.2 Jacko McGoogan 2.3 Sharon McGoogan 3 Cathy 's boyfriends 3.1 Mick O'Leary 3.2 Professor Thomas Clowne 3.3 Gaston 4 Others 4.1 Buster Brady 4.2 Hilary Nicholson 4.3 Father Damien 4.4 Father Quinn 4.5 Father McBride 4.6 Mr. Foley 5 References Brown family ( edit ) Agnes Brown ( edit ) Agnes Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Brendan O'Carroll Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Housewife Market Stallholder ( show ) Family Family Dolly ( sister ) Spouse Redser Brown ( 1959 -- 1990 ) Children Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Cathy Brown Simon Brown Frankie Brown Other relatives Frances ( aunt ) Minnie ( aunt ) Niamh ( aunt ) Bono Brown ( grandson ) John Brown ( grandson ) George Brown ( grandson ) Ringo Brown ( grandson ) Main article : Agnes Brown Agnes Loretta Brown is the protagonist in the BBC comedy series Mrs. Brown 's Boys and the host of the 2017 BBC entertainment show All Round to Mrs Brown 's . Grandad ( edit ) Grandad Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Dermot O'Neill Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Retired ( show ) Family Sons Redser Brown Terry Brown Grandsons Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Granddaughters Cathy Brown Harold Brown , better known as Grandad is the father of the late Redser and father - in - law to Agnes . Grandad is fairly fit for his age , being able to walk without a stick and is seen very nearly running in one episode . He gets on well with the family ; however , with Agnes , this is a different matter altogether . The two have a deep rivalry , and are sometimes quite horrible to each other , examples of which include : Agnes forcing Grandad to sing a Western song and hitting him with a tray , Grandad trapping Agnes behind the Christmas tree , Agnes trying to get rid of Grandad for two weeks and Grandad referring to her as `` The Twat '' . Despite their animosity to each other , Agnes and Grandad have been shown to genuinely care for each other , even if they conceal it very well . On Valentine 's Day , Grandad gave flowers to Agnes and admitted that he thought his son was foolish for taking Agnes for granted . On another occasion , when Grandad was to go to the hospital for tests , Grandad admitted to Agnes that he was afraid , prompting Agnes to give him a pep talk to boost his spirits . When the Brown children were growing up , Grandad played a small role in their lives . He would take them on a walk to the betting shop where he would spend the day . He still looks out for the children , but not as much . Bono enjoys playing ( or in his view , tormenting ) with him . Grandad has long white hair and is most often found in his armchair , sleeping . In World War Two , he was part of the bomb squad . His wife 's name has not been mentioned . Mark Brown ( edit ) Mark Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Pat ' Pepsi ' Shields Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Carpenter ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Sisters Cathy Brown Wife Betty Brown ( 2004 -- ) Sons Bono Brown Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Mark Brown is the eldest Brown child , husband to Betty and father to Bono . Mark became head of the family aged twenty - six , when his father suddenly died . He is the quietest too , often coaxed into things by his wife . He was born on his parents ' wedding day ; Agnes 's waters broke just after the couple said ' I do ' . He was offered a promotion at work , but turned it down . The subsequent result was that Betty kicked him out and he turned up at his mother 's house , depressed and tired . He turned down the job because , despite attending school for eight years and not missing a single day , he did not learn to read or write . Agnes , feeling guilty , blamed herself until Cathy pointed out that if in eight years he failed to learn , it was the teachers fault . The problem is resolved when Betty says that she is determined to teach him . Later on , there was no work going in the carpenter world , and Mark was made redundant . He and Betty had no other choice than to up sticks to Australia . Mark was reluctant to tell his mother , but Betty forced him to . Although putting on a brave face , it mortified Agnes , who sat silent for the rest of the day . The visas for the three came through , and Agnes found it even harder . However , Betty asked Cathy to print something at work for her . Cathy did so and soon , Mark found himself with more work than he could handle . The sheets that were photocopied turned out to be leaflets , which Betty posted through letterboxes . The family did n't emigrate to Australia , and the couple let their son Bono - Agnes 's favourite relative - break the good news . Mark and Betty are much more well - off than the other family members . Rory Brown ( edit ) Rory Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Rory Cowan ( 2001 -- 2017 ) Pat `` Pepsi '' Shields ( 2017 tour ) Damien McKiernan ( 2017 -- ) Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Hairdresser ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Mark Brown Dermot Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Sisters Cathy Brown Husband Dino Doyle ( 2013 -- ) Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Rory Brown is the third son of the Brown family . Rory Brown is the only homosexual in the family , a fact acknowledged by all of his family members except his mother , who seemed completely oblivious to the fact until she realises this with Cathy 's intervention in `` Mammy of the Groom '' . Rory is not married , up until the end of Season 3 , when he gets married to fellow hairdresser Dino Doyle , in a private ceremony . His sexuality is hinted at in `` Mammy 's Secret '' when Rory tries to tell Agnes in Foley 's ; however , he is unable to do so . It is also hinted at later on in that episode when Agnes is having a discussion with Cathy and she says that Rory wants to tell her something , but is afraid that it will hurt her . This is also hinted at even more when the family is discussing who is coming to Dermot and Maria 's wedding , when Rory said that he wo n't be bringing a girl . Rory was also apparently caught wearing his sister 's communion dress when he was about 10 . Agnes is the only character not to know about his homosexuality up until `` Mammy of the Groom '' where she describes it as an illness . Until then , she was completely unaware of this and even Agnes ' best friend , Winnie McGoogan , knew that Rory was homosexual . Rory is one of two of Agnes 's children to wear glasses , the other being Trevor . Rory Cowan quit the role in July 2017 after 26 years of playing the character both on screen and in theatre , stating that he had not been happy for two years , although he did not state the reason behind it . It was announced that the character would be replaced and would be revealed on the 2017 Christmas Day special . During the 2017 live tour for the November - December shows the role was played by other cast member Pat `` Pepsi '' Shields . Damien McKiernan was revealed to be the new Rory and made his first appearance during the 2017 Christmas Day special . Cathy Brown ( edit ) Cathy Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Jennifer Gibney Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Psychologist ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Husband Unnamed ( separated ) Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Catherine `` Cathy '' Brown is Agnes ' only daughter in the Brown family . She is a lonely middle - aged woman who is on the look - out for a man , but is put off by her mother and what her mother usually has to say about her boyfriends . In series one , it is revealed that Cathy has already been married once in a London register office , and the man she married was beating her - she is not divorced as of Series 1 . Her past romances include : Teddy Brannigan , the local bad boy ; Professor Thomas Clowne , her psychology teacher , and Mick , who is a police officer . It was revealed by Maria Brown that Mick was already married . It was revealed later in the series the Mick divorced his last wife . They then get back together . Cathy claims that he 's more sensitive . Later in the series , when Cathy is expecting a surprise romance holiday to Venice , Mick States that he is going to Cork for work . Cathy is automatically suspicious and decides to take walk by the airport . When she discovers Mick is there with a young woman , she decides to `` tip customs off that they are drug smugglers . '' In the New Years of 2015 , Cathy leaves for a fertility clinic in London in the hope of becoming pregnant . Cathy is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life wife , Jennifer Gibney Dermot Brown ( edit ) Dermot Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Clyde Carroll ( Original Series ) Paddy Houlihan ( BBC Series ) Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Promoter ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Mark Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Sisters Cathy Brown Wife Maria Nicholson ( 2011 - ) Sons John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews Bono Brown Dermot Brown is the fourth child in the family , and the child that causes his mother the most worry . In his early life , he attended a private school recommended by a judge , and it is there that he met his lifelong friend Buster Brady . He later met and proposed to Maria Nicholson , and the two married . Dermot gained a job as a promoter , a job which involves walking around the streets in various large and embarrassing costumes . Dermot and Maria had triplet sons , named after The Beatles : John , George and Ringo . Maria was initially against Dermot naming the children ( `` Your family does n't have a great track record with names ; you have a nephew named after a dog biscuit ! '' ) , but was soon swayed by his mostly normal names . The two love each other deeply , but Maria despises Buster , who regularly turns up with a criminal scam and tries to get Dermot involved . Dermot is portrayed by Clyde Carroll in the original series and Paddy Houlihan ( who originally played Trevor in the original series and a real - life friend of Danny O'Carroll ) in the BBC series . Trevor Brown ( edit ) Trevor Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Paddy Houlihan ( Original Series ) Martin Delany ( BBC Series ) Duration 1999 -- First appearance 1999 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Missionary ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Sisters Cathy Brown Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Trevor Brown is the youngest of the Brown children . Trevor is probably the kindest of the family , and the one his mother likes best . He was very nearly not home for one Christmas , much to Agnes 's dismay ( everyone else knew ) . However , in the middle of the party , Trevor walks through the door and Agnes bursts into tears , overjoyed . When he leaves for the missions in Series Two , he tells his mother that he does n't want a big fuss like last time , his exact words being `` no cake , no decorations , no brass band and please , Mammy , no tears '' . Agnes disobeys him and orders everything . Another Christmas time , Agnes is reading the letters her children sent to Father Christmas , and reads Trevor 's . Trevor asks for his presents to be given to a poor boy with no toys . Trevor has since appeared sporadically throughout the series . He appears for his brother Rory 's wedding , and has a minor role in the movie , but is never a major character and all his traveling conflicts with his work on the missions . It was Father Quinn who helped Trevor get to the missions . He seems quite friendly with Quinn 's replacement , Father Damian . When Agnes is trying to work out which of her children is gay , she rules out Trevor as he has taken a vow of celibacy . Trevor is portrayed by Paddy Houlihan ( who plays Dermot in the BBC series ) in the original series and O'Carroll's real - life son - in - law , Martin Delany , and is the real - life husband of Fiona O'Carroll ( Maria Brown ) in the BBC series . Martin is also one of the producers of the series , working for O'Carroll's own production company BOC - PIX . Betty Brown ( edit ) Betty Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Amanda Woods Duration 2011 -- First appearance 8 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 28 February 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Housewife ( show ) Family Husband Mark Brown Sons Bono Brown Elizabeth `` Betty '' Brown is Mark 's wife and the mother of Bono . Betty and Agnes have a love / hate relationship . Agnes likes her , but early on thinks that she is not good enough for Mark and is always willing to make a sly dig towards her . Betty has dyed blonde hair . Betty spends her nights down at Foley 's with Cathy , Maria , Agnes and Winnie . She does not like snakes . When Mark , Betty and Bono were thinking of moving to Australia , Betty was keener to move than her husband and child . She had already started packing before the visas arrived ! However , upon seeing how much it would destroy Agnes if they did move , Betty wrote out some leaflets and asked Cathy to photocopy them at her workplace . Her idea worked , and soon Mark had more work than he could handle . Agnes and Betty have been on a better relationship since then . However much Agnes and Betty may dislike each other , they have bonded on one occasion . When Hilary Nicholson starts slagging off the Brown family , Betty stood up to her and told her that the Browns would be a better family than the Nicholsons any day . Betty is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life daughter - in - law , Amanda Woods , and is the real - life wife of Danny O'Carroll ( Buster Brady ) and mother of Jamie O'Carroll ( Bono Brown ) . Bono Brown ( edit ) Bono Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Jamie O'Carroll Duration 2011 -- First appearance 29 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 21 March 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Schoolboy ( show ) Family Father Mark Brown Mother Betty Brown Grandfathers Redser Brown Grandmothers Agnes Brown Uncles Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Aunts Cathy Brown First cousins John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Other relatives Harold Brown ( great - grandfather ) Dolly ( great - aunt ) Bono Brown is the only son of Mark and Betty and first grandchild to Agnes . He was named after Bono , the lead singer of the Irish rock band U2 . Bono appears sporadically throughout the show . He is often babysat by Agnes , much to her delight , and he enjoys playing games with ( or taunting ) Grandad . He loves his Granny and tells her everything , which sometimes drops other family members into trouble . In the 2018 New Year special CSI : Mammy , it is revealed that Bono is 12 years old . Bono is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life grandson , Jamie O'Carroll , and is the real - life son of Amanda Woods ( Betty Brown ) and Danny O'Carroll ( Buster Brady ) . Maria Brown ( edit ) Maria Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Fiona O'Carroll Duration 2011 -- First appearance 1 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 21 February 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse ( show ) Family Father Johnathan Nicholson Mother Hilary Nicholson Husband Dermot Brown ( 2011 - ) Sons John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Grandfathers John Sheridan Aunts Mary Sheridan First cousins Bethany Thomas Clowne Other relatives James Nicholson Maria Brown ( née Nicholson ) is the wife of Dermot and the mother of the Brown triplets , John , George and Ringo ( named after John Lennon , George Harrison and Ringo Starr respectively ) . Maria comes from a wealthy family ; her father , Johnathan , is a solicitor . Her mother Hilary is a snob , and dislikes Agnes intensely . Maria loves the family though , and she and Dermot live with Agnes until they find a place of their own . Maria was more desperate to find a house than Dermot was , as she did not enjoy the cramped atmosphere . She once stated that she wanted a divorce though this was most likely a lie so she could get out of telling Agnes that Rory and Dino got married in a private ceremony . A nurse by profession , Maria spends her nights at Foley 's with Agnes , Winnie , Cathy and Betty . She is not often seen with the triplets , so it is presumed that either Hilary or a paid babysitter watches them in the day . Although several members of Maria 's family have been mentioned throughout the series , none have actually appeared on - screen with the exception of her mother . Other family members include her cousin , Bethany who , upon hearing that she was marrying Dermot , said `` you are n't marrying that scumbag , are you ? '' , and was bridesmaid at the wedding . Thomas Clowne , who is Cathy 's former boyfriend , is also a cousin of Maria as mentioned in the original series and live tour . Maria is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life daughter , Fiona O'Carroll , and is the real - life wife of Martin Delany ( Trevor Brown ) . Dino Doyle ( edit ) Dino Doyle Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Gary Hollywood Duration 2002 -- First appearance 2002 ( Ireland ) 14 March 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Hairdresser ( show ) Family Husband Rory Brown ( 2013 -- ) Dino Doyle is the husband and fellow hairdresser of Rory Brown and the son - in - law of Agnes . He is from Scotland . Played by Gary Hollywood Dino and Rory work alongside each other at the Wash and Blow hair dressers . Both are later promoted to co-managers of the salon . Dino was first introduced in The Last Wedding Part 1 . Dino was in fact a chef before a hair dresser which is why Rory recommended him in the first place . Agnes does n't like Dino very much as , when he offered to use her new toilet to try and impress Hilary Nicholson , she saw that he was wearing a certain type of underwear ( suspenders ) that females wear . She then tells Rory that she thinks he is a `` transtesticle '' ( transvestite ) . Unseen tv characters ( edit ) Redser Brown ( edit ) Redser Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Unseen First appearance 1990s Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Deceased , but mentioned regularly Profile Occupation Kitchen porter ( show ) Family Father Harold Brown Brothers Terry Brown Wife Agnes Brown ( 1973 -- 1990 ) Sons Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Daughters Cathy Brown Grandsons Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Nicholas `` Redser '' Brown is the late husband of Agnes Brown and the father of the Brown children . Redser and Agnes met at a birthday party , held for Sadie Brady . Redser was vomiting at the time ; he said `` give me a pint of anything '' and they gave him windolene . Agnes claims he died young leaving her with young kids . But he is also mentioned to have bought the family 's dog , Spartacus ( roughly 1996 ) . Although it 's never explicitly explained how he died , Agnes once joked that his last words were `` Oh fuck it 's a bus ! '' He is also known to have been fond of drink and both his legs had been amputated on separate occasions . His full name was given as Nicholas in the movie Agnes Browne . Terry Brown ( edit ) Terry Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Unseen First appearance 2011 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll ( show ) Family Father Harold Brown Brothers Redser Brown Nephews Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Simon Brown ( debatable ) Nieces Cathy Brown Other relatives Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Terry Brown is the brother of Redser and paternal uncle to the Brown children . In Series One , Cathy receives a call which she thinks is a heavy breather . She tells him to get lost , but Agnes races through saying `` No , wait ! It might be your Uncle Terry , his asthma 's very bad ! '' . As Agnes only has the one sibling , Dolly , it is assumed that Terry is Redser 's brother and Grandad 's other child . Book characters ( edit ) Frankie Brown ( edit ) Frankie Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Unseen First appearance 1990s Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Deceased ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Simon Brown ( debatable ) Sisters Cathy Brown Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Francis `` Frankie '' Brown was ( originally ) the second child in the Brown family . Frankie was the problem child ; he was always getting into fights and bunking off school . However , at the end of the book The Chisellers , Frankie was gone and had taken everything , including Mark 's new businessman 's outfit ; the family agreed to never speak of him again . In an epilogue of the same book , Frankie was found dead . A young police constable walking his beat accidentally discovered the body of Frankie Brown beneath sheets of newspaper in an alley at the edge of Chelsea , on a freezing November night . The young man 's body lay frozen in a foetal position . An autopsy would later reveal a number of facts : for instance that Frankie had died of hypothermia , that he was a long - time drug abuser , and that he had probably not eaten for at least three days . However , there was one secret the autopsy could not extract . For the last eight years of his life , Francis Brown had lived under the name of Ben Daly . Before burning the dead man 's clothes , an assistant of the coroner 's office went through the pockets in search of anything that might be valuable . They were empty but for a dirty , crumpled envelope upon which was written ' Dublin Papers ' . Frankie has not appeared in the BBC series , but could be the unseen sixth child that is mentioned in the show . Simon Brown ( edit ) Simon Brown Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Danny O'Carroll First appearance 1990s Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Profile Occupation Senior Porter ( show ) Family Father Redser Brown Mother Agnes Brown Brothers Mark Brown Dermot Brown Rory Brown Trevor Brown Frankie Brown ( debatable ) Sisters Cathy Brown Grandfathers Harold Brown Uncles Terry Brown Aunts Dolly Nephews Bono Brown John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Simon Brown is ( originally ) the fifth son of the Brown family . And is the son Agnes is referring to when she says she had twins . As well as appearing in the books , Simon appeared in the original television series in Dat place next to England ... He works as a hospital porter and appears at Dermot and Maria 's wedding . He speaks with a stutter and has a hearing aid in his right ear . In the books , he is the twin brother of Dermot . Agnes brown mentions her `` water '' s '' broke '' in S1E5 Simon has not appeared in the BBC series , but could be the unseen sixth child that is mentioned in the show . However , he was originally portrayed by Danny O'Carroll ( now Buster Brady ) , and would have to be recast . McGoogan family ( edit ) Winnie McGoogan ( edit ) Winnie McGoogan Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Eilish O'Carroll Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Housewife ( show ) Family Husband Jacko McGoogan Daughters Sharon McGoogan Winifred `` Winnie '' McGoogan is the dim - witted best friend of Agnes Brown . Winnie lives next door to the Brown family , and is Agnes 's lifelong friend . The two of them frequently have tea together at the Brown home , or drinks at Foley 's , discussing their families and their shortcomings . Winnie is constantly made fun of or fooled by Agnes ; however , she remains oblivious and Agnes does in fact deeply care for her . When Winnie and her family inherit a house , Agnes is sad and asks Winnie not to move ; she agrees . Winnie often takes things such as jokes too seriously , leading to hilarious double - entendres . She once asked Mr. Foley for a quickie - she had misread the menu which said quiche . Winnie is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life sister , Eilish O'Carroll . Jacko McGoogan ( edit ) Jacko McGoogan Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Unseen Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Mentioned regularly Profile Occupation Unemployed ( show ) Family Brothers Willie McGoogan Wife Winnie McGoogan Daughters Sharon McGoogan Jacko McGoogan is the constantly hospitalized husband of Winnie , and the father of Sharon McGoogan . Jacko is an unseen character , but he has a brother who dies , making him the last of the McGoogan 's , and he inherits the family home from him . Winnie thinks that is ideal ; the house is right next door to the hospital . However , the two do not move after Agnes asks for them not to . He is an almost permanent fixture at the hospital , as he is severely accident - prone . According to Agnes , he has a huge penis . Sharon McGoogan ( edit ) Sharon McGoogan Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Fiona Gibney Duration 1992 -- First appearance 1992 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Barmaid ( show ) Family Father Jacko McGoogan Mother Winnie McGoogan Uncles Willie McGoogan Sharon McGoogan is the daughter of Jacko and Winnie McGoogan . Sharon , a barmaid at Foley 's Pub , is a very loud woman who likes to shout . Her loud voice has caught the attention of many people when silence is needed or when she wants to talk . She is desperate for a boyfriend ; one Valentine 's Day , she held up a paper bag in Foley 's and shouted that whoever guessed right would be able to have sex with her . When one man shouted that it was a giraffe , Sharon shrugged and said that it was close enough . The man sat down , not as eager . Agnes hints that Sharon has had many affairs with married men . She speaks four languages . Sharon is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life sister - in - law , Fiona Gibney , and is the real - life sister of Jennifer Gibney ( Cathy Brown ) . Fiona is also one of the producers of the series , working for O'Carroll's own production company BOC - PIX . Cathy 's boyfriends ( edit ) Mick O'Leary ( edit ) Mick O'Leary Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Mark Dymond Duration 2011 -- 2013 First appearance 15 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 7 March 2011 ( UK ) Last appearance 30 December 2013 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Policeman ( show ) Family Father Mr O'Leary Mother Mrs O'Leary Detective Michael `` Mick '' O'Leary is the former boyfriend of Cathy Brown . Mick first appears in the episode Mammy 's Merchandise in Series 1 and appeared in the first two episodes of Series 2 until the episode `` Mammy 's Coming ! '' when Maria Brown reveals that he is married , Cathy breaks up with him and Agnes tells him to ' Fuck Off ' . He is not seen again until Series 3 in the episode Mammy ? when he returns on Cathy 's doorstep and explains that he was divorced but Cathy and Agnes never gave him the chance to explain . The pair reunite but it does n't last long as in the New Years ' episode `` Who 's A Pretty Mammy ? '' , Mick says he has to go on a job with work . This makes Cathy suspicious and she learns that he is seeing another woman . It is revealed that Cathy tipped them off at Customs as drug smugglers to get back at Mick . Professor Thomas Clowne ( edit ) Professor Thomas Clowne Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Mike Pyatt Duration 2012 -- 2013 First appearance 14 January 2012 ( Ireland ) 16 January 2012 ( UK ) Last appearance 5 January 2013 ( Ireland ) 7 January 2013 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Psychology professor ( show ) Family Uncles Johnathan Nicholson Aunts Hilary Nicholson Mary Sheridan First cousins Maria Brown Bethany Other relatives John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown John Sheridan James Nicholson Professor Thomas Clowne is the former boyfriend of Cathy Brown . According to Cathy , his surname is pronounced `` Cloon '' but Agnes insists on pronouncing it `` Clown '' , suffice to say she does n't like him . Thomas first appears in the episode `` iMammy ( Batteries Not Included ) '' in Series 2 and appeared in two episodes of Series 2 ( `` SuperMammy '' and `` Mammy 's Going '' ) he is keen to interview Agnes for a book but she ends up making him talk about his mother not liking him . His last appearance is in Series 3 in the episode `` Mammy 's Inflation '' , where he asks Cathy to look after his dog for a year whilst he went to a university in America . As Cathy was expecting a marriage proposal she is angry that he wants her to mind his dog and leaves him . Thomas is also a cousin of Maria as mentioned in the original series and live tour . Gaston ( edit ) Gaston Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Robbie Telfer Duration 2017 Appears on 1 January 2017 ( Ireland ) ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Former ; guest Profile Occupation Businessman Gaston ( or Crouton , as Agnes calls him ) is a former boyfriend of Cathy , he is French , very antisocial , and extremely dominant of Cathy . One good example of this is when he was calling Sharon `` Servant Woman '' and barking orders at Cathy constantly . Sharon stated that his personality had nothing to do with him being French as she has met many nice Frenchmen before . Agnes describes him as having `` the personality of a speed bump '' . He calls Cathy ' Kitty ' every time he addresses her , which annoys Agnes ; it annoys her even more when he announces to Cathy that her family is disgraceful and that he will not put up with their camaraderie anymore , and even more so when he says that Agnes is `` lower class than an Olive Farmer 's Concubine '' . This prompts Agnes to headbutt him , which annoys him to the point where he calls her `` a camel 's scrotum '' , which prompts Cathy to kick him in the groin area and dump him . Others ( edit ) Buster Brady ( edit ) Buster Brady Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Danny O'Carroll Duration 2011 -- First appearance 15 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 7 March 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Career criminal ( show ) Family Father Unnamed father Other relatives Sadie Brady ( possible relative ) Buster Brady is the breakout character in Mrs. Brown and Dermot 's criminal best friend . Buster almost never budges from his regular outfit , consisting of a baseball cap , a jacket ( he wears three or four different jackets ) , tracksuit bottoms , and white trainers , exceptions including when he wore his Best Man 's suit for Dermot and Maria 's wedding , although he was still wearing his cap and trainers , and when he played the angel in the Nativity in The Virgin Mammy for which he wore a white cap . Buster 's jacket and trousers both have security tags attached , implying they are stolen , and he almost never wears his cap backwards , except only briefly in series 3 episode 6 `` Mammy Swings ! '' when he tried to get a sneak peek at Agnes 's new kitchen . He also occasionally wears costumes , similar to what Dermot wears , when he helps him at work . Buster often comes up with scams and wheezes to earn money or to gain something for his own benefit , often roping Dermot in as an accomplice . He is very much disliked by Mrs Brown who sees him as a bad influence on Dermot ; however she occasionally warms to him , such as when she lets him stay for a family Christmas dinner as he had no close family of his own to spend it with , and again at New Year . She also recognises that he is genuinely Dermot 's friend and cares about Dermot . Agnes states this when Maria will not allow him to be Dermot 's best man . Buster is somewhat unintelligent , and frequently says stupid or irritating things with little regard for how others will react . However , he has on several occasions displayed a certain amount of cunning ; for example , when he and Dermot were competing for a contract against another promotion company , Buster sabotaged their rivals by stealing their boxes of flyers and replacing them with Dermot and Buster 's flyers , ultimately resulting in Dermot and Buster being awarded the contract . It is unknown if Buster is related to Sadie Brady , at whose party Agnes and Redser met . In `` Mammy 's Widow Memories '' , Buster says that his birth year is 1988 which would make him either 28 or 29 . Buster is portrayed by O'Carroll's real - life son , Danny O'Carroll , and is the real - life husband of Amanda Woods ( Betty Brown ) and father of Jamie O'Carroll ( Bono Brown ) . Hilary Nicholson ( edit ) Hilary Nicholson Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Sorcha Cusack ( 2011 ) Susie Blake ( 2012 -- ) Duration 2002 -- First appearance 2002 ( Ireland ) 28 February 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Housewife Secretary of the School Board ( show ) Family Father John Sheridan Sisters Mary Sheridan Husband Sinbad Nicholson ( original series ) Johnathan Nicholson Daughters Maria Brown Grandsons John Brown George Brown Ringo Brown Nephews Thomas Clowne Nieces Bethany Hilary Nicholson ( née Sheridan ) is the snobbish mother of Maria and the maternal grandmother of the Brown triplets . Despite her rich background , her great - grandfather made a living by pushing a cart of dead dogs around the streets . Bar Dermot , Hilary looks down on the Brown family at first but is gradually getting used to them and their surroundings . She is very protective of her daughter , and when planning Dermot and Maria 's wedding , thinks of relocating the ceremony to Italy . However , she changes her mind when Agnes reminds her that her father , John , was the vicar at St. Jarleth 's Church - and he has n't been seen since the money from the collection disappeared . Hilary may seem snobbish and acts like she could n't care less , but deep down she can be kind and caring . Father Damien ( edit ) Father Damien Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Conor Moloney Duration 2012 -- First appearance 24 December 2012 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Priest Father Damien is the current priest of the local parish in Finglas . Father Damien is first seen when Hillary introduces him to Agnes after he comes to Finglas to replace Father Quinn . He is strong to protest against Agnes ' play version of the Nativity . However , he gives in and gets permission from the Bishop once Agnes gets him to make amends with his own mother over the phone . He baptizes the Brown triplets and later visits Agnes , but accidentally causes her to act - up after he accidentally says one of the hypnosis words that turns her into a stripper ( as the hypnotist at the baptism party did n't completely remove the hypnosis from her ) . When Rory and Dino are getting married , he tells Agnes ( despite her protests ) that he can not bless them as the Church is against same - sex marriage . But he later shows up at the Brown house to celebrate their marriage as he personally is happy to celebrate all forms of love . Father Quinn ( edit ) Father Quinn Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Gary Lilburn Duration 2011 -- 2013 First appearance 22 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 14 March 2011 ( UK ) Last appearance 28 January 2013 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Priest Father Quinn is the former priest of the local parish in Finglas . Father Quinn is first seen when Agnes and Winnie crash the funeral party of Paddy Murphy , believing that it 's where Maria 's hen party is . He comforts Murphy 's widow as Agnes and Winnie leave embarrassed . He begins to lose faith and turns to alcohol when a group of Mormons begin converting locals . In 2012 , he leaves Finglas to go to rehab , at which point , Father Damien replaces him . After returning from rehab , he is quick to drink again after having seen Agnes again , who offers him a bottle , together with an incident involving Dermot 's mobile phone , which she believes is stolen and hiding it in her bloomers ; unfortunately , Buster rings it , causing Agnes to go crazy . He leaves the series and returns to rehab , where he is presumed to be currently . Father McBride ( edit ) Father McBride Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Jimmy Gibney First appearance 30th December 2013 ( Ireland ) 1st January 2014 ( UK ) Last appearance Mrs. Brown 's Boys D'Movie , 2014 Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Former ; guest Profile Occupation Priest Father McBride is a priest who appeared in the 2013 New Year Special , `` Who 's a Pretty Mammy ? '' He encourages Agnes to take care of Lulu , a pet parrot that belonged to the late Mary Sheridan , sister to Hillary Nicholson and aunt to Maria . Later , he comes to blows with Agnes over the issue of whether Bono will be attending the notorious local school , St Stephen 's . Mark and Betty want Bono to go to school outside the parish , and Agnes , fearful of Bono getting bullied if he goes to St Stephen 's , agrees with them , but Father McBride refuses to sign the form to allow it to happen , saying that too many good children are leaving the parish . However , Lulu quickly makes him change his mind , after she says `` Is it a bird ? Is it a plane ? Or is it Father McBride ? '' , `` Who 's for a ride on Father McBride ? '' and `` Ooh , that 's a big one ! '' . Fearful of his reputation , Father McBride asks to take care of Lulu . Agnes agrees , but only if he will sign the form ; he reluctantly agrees . Father McBride reappears in the movie , officiating at the funeral for Mary Moccasin . Mr. Foley ( edit ) Mr. Foley Mrs. Brown 's Boys character Portrayed by Eamonn Hunt ( 1999 ) Smug Roberts ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Mike Nolan ( 2013 -- ) Duration 1999 -- First appearance 1 January 2011 ( Ireland ) 21 February 2011 ( UK ) Introduced by Brendan O'Carroll Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Pub Landlord ( show ) Family Sons Josh Foley Oliver Foley Daughters Nicole Foley Mr. Foley is the landlord of Foley 's Pub . Mr. Foley appears mostly in unspeaking roles behind the bar , but has spoken occasionally . During a conversation with Agnes , he mentions his three children Nicole , Josh and Oliver . Besides this , little is known about his private life . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Brown 's A-Y of Everything Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/brendan-ocarroll-announces-rory-cowans-mrs-browns-boys-replacement-35930519.html ^ Jump up to : Brocklehurst , Steven ( 23 December 2012 ) . `` BBC News -- Mrs Brown 's Boys -- ' We are not the Waltons ' '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Jaine Sykes . `` Comedy Blog : Mrs. Brown 's Boys returns for a second series ! '' . BBC . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Simon ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Mrs Brown 's Boys D'Movie : Meet the O'Carroll family - video '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mammy 's Tickled Pink Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mrs._Brown%27s_Boys_characters&oldid=840081042 '' Categories : Mrs. Brown 's Boys Fictional families Fictional characters introduced in 1992 Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays maria's mother in mrs brown | [] | [] |
-1847559884074356228 | List of Masters Tournament champions | List of Masters tournament champions - wikipedia List of Masters tournament champions Jump to : navigation , search Jack Nicklaus , six - time Masters champion in 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1972 , 1975 , and 1986 , which is a record , and he is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title . He is also one of five champions to win wire - to - wire , in 1972 . The Masters Tournament is a golf competition that was established in 1934 , with Horton Smith winning the inaugural tournament . The Masters is the first of four major championships to be played each year , with the final round of the Masters always being scheduled for the second Sunday in April . The Masters is the only one of the four majors to use the same course every year ; the Augusta National Golf Club . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , the Open Championship ( British Open ) , and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to the Players Championship for the five years following their victory . The champion also receives the `` Green Jacket '' , the first one being won by Sam Snead in 1949 . The champion takes the jacket home for a year and returns it thereafter . A multiple - time champion will only have one jacket unless his size changes dramatically . Jack Nicklaus holds the record for the most Masters victories , winning the tournament six times during his career . Nicklaus is also the oldest winner of the Masters : he was 46 years 82 days old when he won in 1986 . Nicklaus , Nick Faldo , and Tiger Woods co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with two . Woods was the youngest winner of the Masters , 21 years 104 days old when he won in 1997 . Woods also set the record for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 , 18 below par ( - 18 ) in 1997 . The latter was equaled by Jordan Spieth in 2015 . The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) was originally set by Sam Snead in 1954 , it was equalled by Jack Burke Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Five golfers have won the Masters wire - to - wire ; Craig Wood in 1941 , Arnold Palmer in 1960 , Nicklaus in 1972 , Raymond Floyd in 1976 , and Jordan Spieth in 2015 . Other players have led wire - to - wire if ties after a round are included , most recently Trevor Immelman in the 2008 Masters Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions 1.1 By year 1.2 Multiple champions 1.3 By nationality 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Champions ( edit ) By year ( edit ) Arnold Palmer , four - time Masters Champion 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , and 1964 . He is one of five champions to win wire - to - wire with his victory in 1960 . Tiger Woods , four - time Masters Champion in 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , and 2005 , and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title Sam Snead , three - time Masters Champion in 1949 , 1952 , 1954 Gary Player , three - time Masters Champion in 1961 , 1974 , and 1978 Nick Faldo , three - time Masters Champion in 1989 , 1990 , and 1996 , and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title Phil Mickelson , three - time Masters Champion in 2004 , 2006 , and 2010 Key Tournament won in a playoff Masters Tournament champions Year Country Champion Total score To Par 1934 USA ! United States Smith , Horton Horton Smith 284 004 ! − 4 1935 USA ! United States Sarazen , Gene Gene Sarazen 282 006 ! − 6 1936 USA ! United States Smith , Horton Horton Smith 285 003 ! − 3 1937 USA ! United States Nelson , Byron Byron Nelson 283 005 ! − 5 1938 USA ! United States Picard , Henry Henry Picard 285 003 ! − 3 1939 USA ! United States Guldahl , Ralph Ralph Guldahl 279 009 ! − 9 1940 USA ! United States Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 280 008 ! − 8 1941 USA ! United States Wood , Craig Craig Wood 280 008 ! − 8 1942 USA ! United States Nelson , Byron Byron Nelson 280 008 ! − 8 1943 & -- None & -- & -- 1944 & -- None & -- & -- 1945 & -- None & -- & -- 1946 USA ! United States Keiser , Herman Herman Keiser 282 006 ! − 6 1947 USA ! United States Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 281 007 ! − 7 1948 USA ! United States Harmon , Claude Claude Harmon 279 009 ! − 9 1949 USA ! United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead 282 006 ! − 6 1950 USA ! United States Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 283 005 ! − 5 1951 USA ! United States Hogan , Ben Ben Hogan 280 008 ! − 8 1952 USA ! United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead 286 002 ! − 2 1953 USA ! United States Hogan , Ben Ben Hogan 274 014 ! − 14 1954 USA ! United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead 289 + 1 1955 USA ! United States Middlecoff , Cary Cary Middlecoff 279 009 ! − 9 1956 USA ! United States Burke Jr. , Jack Jack Burke Jr . 289 + 1 1957 USA ! United States Ford , Doug Doug Ford 283 005 ! − 5 1958 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 284 004 ! − 4 1959 USA ! United States Wall Jr. , Art Art Wall Jr . 284 004 ! − 4 1960 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 282 006 ! − 6 1961 RSA ! South Africa Player , Gary Gary Player 280 008 ! − 8 1962 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 280 008 ! − 8 1963 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 286 002 ! − 2 1964 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 276 012 ! − 12 1965 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 271 017 ! − 17 1966 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 288 0 ! E 1967 USA ! United States Brewer , Gay Gay Brewer 280 008 ! − 8 1968 USA ! United States Goalby , Bob Bob Goalby 277 011 ! − 11 1969 USA ! United States Archer , George George Archer 281 007 ! − 7 1970 USA ! United States Casper , Billy Billy Casper 279 009 ! − 9 1971 USA ! United States Coody , Charles Charles Coody 279 009 ! − 9 1972 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 286 002 ! − 2 1973 USA ! United States Aaron , Tommy Tommy Aaron 283 005 ! − 5 RSA ! South Africa Player , Gary Gary Player 278 010 ! − 10 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 276 012 ! − 12 1976 USA ! United States Floyd , Raymond Raymond Floyd 271 017 ! − 17 1977 USA ! United States Watson , Tom Tom Watson 276 012 ! − 12 1978 RSA ! South Africa Player , Gary Gary Player 277 011 ! − 11 1979 USA ! United States Zoeller , Fuzzy Fuzzy Zoeller 280 008 ! − 8 1980 ESP ! Spain Ballesteros , Seve Seve Ballesteros 275 013 ! − 13 1981 USA ! United States Watson , Tom Tom Watson 280 008 ! − 8 1982 USA ! United States Stadler , Craig Craig Stadler 284 004 ! − 4 ESP ! Spain Ballesteros , Seve Seve Ballesteros 280 008 ! − 8 1984 USA ! United States Crenshaw , Ben Ben Crenshaw 277 011 ! − 11 1985 GER ! West Germany Langer , Bernhard Bernhard Langer 282 006 ! − 6 1986 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 279 009 ! − 9 USA ! United States Mize , Larry Larry Mize 285 003 ! − 3 1988 SCO ! Scotland Lyle , Sandy Sandy Lyle 281 007 ! − 7 1989 ENG ! England Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo 283 005 ! − 5 1990 ENG ! England Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo 278 010 ! − 10 1991 WAL ! Wales Woosnam , Ian Ian Woosnam 277 011 ! − 11 1992 USA ! United States Couples , Fred Fred Couples 275 013 ! − 13 1993 GER ! Germany Langer , Bernhard Bernhard Langer 277 011 ! − 11 1994 ESP ! Spain Olazábal , José María José María Olazábal 279 009 ! − 9 1995 USA ! United States Crenshaw , Ben Ben Crenshaw 274 014 ! − 14 ENG ! England Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo 276 012 ! − 12 1997 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 270 018 ! − 18 1998 USA ! United States O'Meara , Mark Mark O'Meara 279 009 ! − 9 1999 USA ! Spain Olazábal , José María José María Olazábal 280 008 ! − 8 2000 FIJ ! Fiji Singh , Vijay Vijay Singh 278 010 ! − 10 2001 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 272 016 ! − 16 2002 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 276 012 ! − 12 2003 CAN ! Canada Weir , Mike Mike Weir 281 007 ! − 7 USA ! United States Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson 279 009 ! − 9 2005 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 276 012 ! − 12 2006 USA ! United States Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson 281 007 ! − 7 2007 USA ! United States Johnson , Zach Zach Johnson 289 + 1 2008 RSA ! South Africa Immelman , Trevor Trevor Immelman 280 008 ! − 8 2009 ARG ! Argentina Cabrera , Ángel Ángel Cabrera 276 012 ! − 12 USA ! United States Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson 272 016 ! − 16 2011 RSA ! South Africa Schwartzel , Charl Charl Schwartzel 274 014 ! − 14 2012 USA ! United States Watson , Bubba Bubba Watson 278 010 ! − 10 2013 AUS ! Australia Scott , Adam Adam Scott 279 009 ! − 9 2014 USA ! United States Watson , Bubba Bubba Watson 280 008 ! − 8 2015 USA ! United States Spieth , Jordan Jordan Spieth 270 018 ! − 18 2016 ENG ! England Willett , Danny Danny Willett 283 005 ! − 5 2017 SPA ! Spain García , Sergio Sergio García 279 009 ! − 9 2018 ! United States Reed , Patrick Patrick Reed 273 015 ! − 15 Multiple champions ( edit ) Masters Tournament multiple champions Golfer Total Years Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus ( USA ) 6 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1972 , 1975 , 1986 Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer ( USA ) 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods ( USA ) 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret ( USA ) 1940 , 1947 , 1950 Snead , Sam Sam Snead ( USA ) 1949 , 1952 , 1954 Player , Gary Gary Player ( RSA ) 1961 , 1974 , 1978 Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo ( ENG ) 1989 , 1990 , 1996 Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson ( USA ) 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Smith , Horton Horton Smith ( USA ) 1934 , 1936 Nelson , Byron Byron Nelson ( USA ) 1937 , 1942 Hogan , Ben Ben Hogan ( USA ) 1951 , 1953 Watson , Tom Tom Watson ( USA ) 1977 , 1981 Ballesteros , Seve Seve Ballesteros ( ESP ) 1980 , 1983 Langer , Bernhard Bernhard Langer ( GER ) 1985 , 1993 Crenshaw , Ben Ben Crenshaw ( USA ) 1984 , 1995 Olazábal , José María José María Olazábal ( ESP ) 1994 , 1999 Watson , Bubba Bubba Watson ( USA ) 2012 , 2014 By nationality ( edit ) Masters Tournament champions by nationality Nationality Wins Winners United States 60 37 Spain 5 South Africa 5 England Germany Scotland Wales Fiji Canada Argentina Australia Notes ( edit ) Par is a predetermined number of strokes that a golfer should require to complete a hole , a round ( the sum of the total pars of the played holes ) , or a tournament ( the sum of the total pars of each round ) . E stands for even , which means the tournament was completed in the predetermined number of strokes . The 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 Masters Tournaments were not held because of World War II . Gene Sarazen won in a playoff against Craig Wood . Byron Nelson won in a playoff against Ben Hogan . Sam Snead won in a playoff against Ben Hogan . Arnold Palmer won in a playoff against Dow Finsterwald and Gary Player . Jack Nicklaus won in a playoff against Gay Brewer and Tommy Jacobs . Billy Casper won in a playoff against Gene Littler . Fuzzy Zoeller won in a playoff against Ed Sneed and Tom Watson . Craig Stadler won in a playoff against Dan Pohl . Larry Mize won in a playoff against Seve Ballesteros and Greg Norman . Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Scott Hoch . Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Raymond Floyd . Mike Weir won in a playoff against Len Mattiace . Tiger Woods won in a playoff against Chris DiMarco . Ángel Cabrera won in a playoff against Chad Campbell and Kenny Perry . Bubba Watson won in a playoff against Louis Oosthuizen . Adam Scott won in a playoff against Ángel Cabrera . Sergio García won in a playoff against Justin Rose . References ( edit ) General `` Masters Champions '' . Masters . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Significant Dates '' . Masters . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Special Sunday '' . Augusta. April 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta 's Special Aura '' . BBC Sport. April 5 , 2002 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters '' . Your Golf Travel . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Masters : Did You Know ? '' . BBC Sport. April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved March 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions '' . Masters . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics '' . Masters . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters records '' . Masters . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring '' . BBC Sport . September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Masters website Augusta website Major champions Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Grand Slam ( golf ) Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Masters_Tournament_champions&oldid=842330048 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Winners of men 's major golf championships Lists of male golfers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using div col with small parameter Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the master golf tournament this year | [
"\nMasters Tournament champions\n\nYear\nCountry\nChampion\nTotal score\nTo Par[9][a]\n\n\n1934\nUSA ! United States\nSmith, HortonHorton Smith\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1935\nUSA ! United States\nSarazen, GeneGene Sarazen[c]\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1936\nUSA ! United States\nSmith, HortonHorton Smith\n285\n003 !−3\n\n\n1937\nUSA ! United States\nNelson, ByronByron Nelson\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1938\nUSA ! United States\nPicard, HenryHenry Picard\n285\n003 !−3\n\n\n1939\nUSA ! United States\nGuldahl, RalphRalph Guldahl\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1940\nUSA ! United States\nDemaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1941\nUSA ! United States\nWood, CraigCraig Wood\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1942\nUSA ! United States\nNelson, ByronByron Nelson[d]\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1943\n&\n—\n\nNone[b]\n&\n—\n\n&\n—\n\n\n\n1944\n&\n—\n\nNone\n&\n—\n\n&\n—\n\n\n\n1945\n&\n—\n\nNone\n&\n—\n\n&\n—\n\n\n\n1946\nUSA ! United States\nKeiser, HermanHerman Keiser\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1947\nUSA ! United States\nDemaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n1948\nUSA ! United States\nHarmon, ClaudeClaude Harmon\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1949\nUSA ! United States\nSnead, SamSam Snead\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1950\nUSA ! United States\nDemaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1951\nUSA ! United States\nHogan, BenBen Hogan\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1952\nUSA ! United States\nSnead, SamSam Snead\n286\n002 !−2\n\n\n1953\nUSA ! United States\nHogan, BenBen Hogan\n274\n014 !−14\n\n\n1954\nUSA ! United States\nSnead, SamSam Snead[e]\n289\n+1\n\n\n1955\nUSA ! United States\nMiddlecoff, CaryCary Middlecoff\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1956\nUSA ! United States\nBurke Jr., JackJack Burke Jr.\n289\n+1\n\n\n1957\nUSA ! United States\nFord, DougDoug Ford\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1958\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1959\nUSA ! United States\nWall Jr., ArtArt Wall Jr.\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1960\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1961\nRSA ! South Africa\nPlayer, GaryGary Player\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1962\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer[f]\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1963\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n286\n002 !−2\n\n\n1964\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1965\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n271\n017 !−17\n\n\n1966\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus[g]\n288\n0 !E\n\n\n1967\nUSA ! United States\nBrewer, GayGay Brewer\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1968\nUSA ! United States\nGoalby, BobBob Goalby\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1969\nUSA ! United States\nArcher, GeorgeGeorge Archer\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n1970\nUSA ! United States\nCasper, BillyBilly Casper[h]\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1971\nUSA ! United States\nCoody, CharlesCharles Coody\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1972\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n286\n002 !−2\n\n\n1973\nUSA ! United States\nAaron, TommyTommy Aaron\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1974\nRSA ! South Africa\nPlayer, GaryGary Player\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n1975\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1976\nUSA ! United States\nFloyd, RaymondRaymond Floyd\n271\n017 !−17\n\n\n1977\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, TomTom Watson\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1978\nRSA ! South Africa\nPlayer, GaryGary Player\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1979\nUSA ! United States\nZoeller, FuzzyFuzzy Zoeller[i]\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1980\nESP ! Spain\nBallesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros\n275\n013 !−13\n\n\n1981\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, TomTom Watson\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1982\nUSA ! United States\nStadler, CraigCraig Stadler[j]\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1983\nESP ! Spain\nBallesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1984\nUSA ! United States\nCrenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1985\nGER ! West Germany\nLanger, BernhardBernhard Langer\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1986\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1987\nUSA ! United States\nMize, LarryLarry Mize[k]\n285\n003 !−3\n\n\n1988\nSCO ! Scotland\nLyle, SandySandy Lyle\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n1989\nENG ! England\nFaldo, NickNick Faldo[l]\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1990\nENG ! England\nFaldo, NickNick Faldo[m]\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n1991\nWAL ! Wales\nWoosnam, IanIan Woosnam\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1992\nUSA ! United States\nCouples, FredFred Couples\n275\n013 !−13\n\n\n1993\nGER ! Germany\nLanger, BernhardBernhard Langer\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1994\nESP ! Spain\nOlazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1995\nUSA ! United States\nCrenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw\n274\n014 !−14\n\n\n1996\nENG ! England\nFaldo, NickNick Faldo\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1997\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n270\n018 !−18\n\n\n1998\nUSA ! United States\nO'Meara, MarkMark O'Meara\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1999\nUSA ! Spain\nOlazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n2000\nFIJ ! Fiji\nSingh, VijayVijay Singh\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n2001\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n272\n016 !−16\n\n\n2002\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n2003\nCAN ! Canada\nWeir, MikeMike Weir[n]\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n2004\nUSA ! United States\nMickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n2005\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods[o]\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n2006\nUSA ! United States\nMickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n2007\nUSA ! United States\nJohnson, ZachZach Johnson\n289\n+1\n\n\n2008\nRSA ! South Africa\nImmelman, TrevorTrevor Immelman\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n2009\nARG ! Argentina\nCabrera, ÁngelÁngel Cabrera[p]\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n2010\nUSA ! United States\nMickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson\n272\n016 !−16\n\n\n2011\nRSA ! South Africa\nSchwartzel, CharlCharl Schwartzel\n274\n014 !−14\n\n\n2012\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, BubbaBubba Watson[q]\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n2013\nAUS ! Australia\nScott, AdamAdam Scott[r]\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n2014\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, BubbaBubba Watson\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n2015\nUSA ! United States\nSpieth, JordanJordan Spieth\n270\n018 !−18\n\n\n2016\nENG ! England\nWillett, DannyDanny Willett\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n2017\nSPA ! Spain\nGarcía, SergioSergio García[s]\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n2018\n! United States\nReed, PatrickPatrick Reed\n273\n015 !−15\n\n"
] | [
"Patrick Reed"
] |
2004710472553275905 | Playful Kiss | Playful Kiss - wikipedia Playful Kiss Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Korean television series . For the Japanese manga , see Itazura na Kiss . For the Taiwanese television series , see It Started with a Kiss ( TV series ) . For the Taiwanese television series sequel , see They Kiss Again ( TV series ) . Playful Kiss Promotional poster for Playful Kiss Also known as Mischievous Kiss Naughty Kiss Genre Romance Comedy Based on Itazura na Kiss by Tada Kaoru Written by Go Eun - nim Directed by Hwang In - roi Kim Do - hyung Starring Jung So - min Kim Hyun - joong Lee Tae - sung Lee Si - young Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 16 7 ( YouTube Special Edition ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Han Hee Producer ( s ) Song Byung - joon Release Original network Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation Original release September 1 ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) -- October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) Chronology Related shows It Started with a Kiss Miss in Kiss Mischievous Kiss : Love in Tokyo Kiss Me ( Thailand ) ( 2015 ) External links Website www.imbc.com/broad/tv/drama/kiss/ Korean name Hangul 장난 스런 키스 Revised Romanization Jangnanseureon Kiseu McCune -- Reischauer Changnansŭrŏn K'isŭ This article contains Korean text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Hangul and Hanja . Playful Kiss ( Hangul : 장난 스런 키스 ; RR : Jangnanseureon Kiseu ; ( also known as Mischievous Kiss or Naughty Kiss ) is a 2010 South Korean romantic - comedy television series , starring Jung So - min and Kim Hyun - joong . It aired on MBC from September 1 to October 21 , 2010 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 for 16 episodes . It is based on the Japanese manga Itazura Na Kiss written by Tada Kaoru . The Korean series is the third television adaptation of the manga following the Taiwanese It Started with a Kiss in 2005 , and its sequel They Kiss Again in 2007 . Though Playful Kiss received low ratings in South Korea in the five to seven percent range , it was sold to 12 countries in Asia for approximately US $3,400,000 and developed a strong cult following , having been streamed 70 million times on Viki and earning US $400,000 in ad revenue through online streaming . Due to its international popularity , a short special edition was aired on YouTube after the series finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Awards and nominations 4 Soundtrack 5 Epilogue 6 Theatrical version 7 International broadcast 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A ditsy and unpopular Oh Ha - Ni ( Jung So - Min ) is in love with her opposite , Baek Seung - Jo ( Kim Hyun - Joong ) who is a smart and popular boy . Tension rises when Oh Ha - Ni writes and delivers her love letter to Baek Seung - Jo to which he gives back , graded . Embarrassed and heart - broken , Oh Ha - Ni goes home only to have her house collapse in on her , her father and her three friends . As fate would have it , Oh Ha - Ni and her father -- Oh Ki - Dong ( Kang Nam - Gil ) end up being invited to live with Baek Seung - Jo and his family . Oh Ha - Ni , who is still devoted to Baek Seung - Jo works hard to try and impress Seung - Jo . And it works . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Kim Hyun - joong as Baek Seung - jo Baek Seung - jo is the smartest and the most handsome guy in the school . He is rumored to have an IQ of 200 , but has a cold attitude . When he rejected Ha - ni 's love letter , he claimed that he hates stupid girls . When Ha - ni and her father move in with his family , he still continues his cold attitude towards her but slowly falls for her . This is shown when he secretly kissed Ha - ni in the pension while she was sleeping . He later marries Ha - ni , then decides to be a doctor instead of inheriting his father 's gaming company . Jung So - min as Oh Ha - ni Oh Ha - ni is a not so bright girl and is the bottom of her class . She has a crush on Baek Seung - jo , the smartest and most handsome boy in the whole school . One day , Ha - ni decided to write a love letter for Seung - jo but Seung - jo rejected her by correcting the grammar in her letter . Fate happens when an earthquake strikes Ha - ni 's newly built home and they are invited to his father 's friend house , who turns out to be Seung - jo 's house . Ha - ni developed her relationship with Seung - jo as he slowly falls for her . She later marries Seung - jo and decides to be nurse to be fit as Seung Jo 's wife . Lee Tae - sung as Bong Joon - gu Bong Joon - gu has been in - love with Oh Ha - ni since his first year of High School , he is in - love with Ha - ni so much that he follows her everywhere and did n't give up on her until Seung - jo says that he 's marrying Ha - ni . He later meets a girl named Chris who has a crush on him , they started to date as shown in the ending of the series . Lee Si - young as Yoon Hae - ra She is considered as Baek Seung - jo 's female equivalent by many . She is smart , good - looking and good at tennis like Seung - jo . She takes an interest on him when they went on college , but decides to give up when Seung - jo and Ha - ni got married . She later shows interest for Kwang Kyung - soo , the tennis club 's vice-president . Supporting characters ( edit ) Baek and Oh families Jung Hye - young as Hwang Geum - hee , Seung - jo 's mother Oh Kyung - soo as Baek Soo - chang , Seung jo 's father Choi Won - hong as Baek Eun - jo , Seung - jo 's brother Kang Nam - gil as Oh Ki - dong , Ha - ni 's father Tennis club Choi Sung - gook as Kwang Kyung - soo Yoon Bo - hyun as Tennis team captain Extended cast Hong Yoon - hwa as Jung Joo - ri , Ha - ni 's best friend . Yoon Seung - ah as Dokgo Min - ah , Ha - ni 's best friend . Choi Sung - joon as Kim Gi - tae . Jang Ah - young as Hong Jang - mi . Bye Bye Sea as Bong Joon - gu 's followers . Hwang Hyo - eun as Song Kang - yi , Ha - ni 's homeroom teacher . Song Yong - shik as Song Ji - oh . Moon Hoe - won as Head Teacher Hwang . Abigail Alderete as Chris . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area 2010 September 1 3.5 % 3.8 % 3.6 % 4.2 % 2010 September 2 3.6 % 4.5 % 3.7 % 4.6 % 2010 September 8 3.2 % 3.6 % 3.5 % 3.9 % 2010 September 9 3.2 % 4.2 % 3.4 % 4.4 % 5 2010 September 15 3.4 % 3.9 % 3.0 % 3.5 % 6 2010 September 16 3.0 % 4.1 % 2.8 % 3.9 % 7 2010 September 22 5.8 % 7.0 % 6.3 % 7.5 % 8 2010 September 23 6.0 % 6.4 % 5.8 % 6.2 % 9 2010 September 29 4.0 % 4.8 % 4.5 % 5.3 % 10 2010 September 30 8.2 % 8.8 % 7.5 % 8.1 % 11 2010 October 6 5.4 % 6.1 % 5.6 % 6.3 % 12 2010 October 7 4.9 % 5.8 % 5.7 % 6.6 % 13 2010 October 13 5.9 % 6.1 % 6.0 % 6.2 % 14 2010 October 14 6.4 % 8.3 % 5.6 % 7.5 % 15 2010 October 20 6.0 % 7.0 % 6.1 % 7.1 % 16 2010 October 21 6.0 % 7.0 % 5.9 % 6.9 % Average 4.9 % 5.7 % 4.9 % 5.7 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Korean Culture and Entertainment Awards Best New Actress for TV Jung So - min Won MBC Drama Awards Popularity Award Kim Hyun - joong Won Best New Actor Lee Tae - sung Won Best New Actress Jung So - min Nominated Excellence Award , Actor Kim Hyun - joong Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) ( show ) Playful Kiss OST Part 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Will You Kiss Me ( 키스 해 줄래 ) '' ( G.NA ) 2 . `` Will You Kiss Me ( 키스 해 줄래 ) ( Inst . ) '' ( G.NA ) ( show ) Playful Kiss OST Part 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` One More Time '' ( Kim Hyun - joong ) 2 . `` One More Time ( Inst . ) '' ( Kim Hyun - joong ) ( show ) Playful Kiss OST Part 3 No . Title Length 1 . `` Saying I Love You ( 사랑한다 말 할까 ) '' ( Soyou ( SISTAR ) ) 2 . `` Saying I Love You ( 사랑한다 말 할까 ) ( Inst . ) '' ( Soyou ( SISTAR ) ) ( show ) Playful Kiss OST No . Title Length 1 . `` Kiss Kiss Kiss '' ( Pink ToniQ ) 2 . `` One More Time '' ( Kim Hyun - joong ) 3 . `` Will You Kiss Me ( 키스 해 줄래 ) '' ( G.NA ) 4 . `` I Called You ( 널 부른다 ) '' ( RUN ) 5 . `` Try Again '' ( Pink ToniQ ) 6 . `` Talking to Yourself ( 혼잣말 ) '' ( Lee Tae - sung ) 7 . `` Saying I Love You ( 사랑한다 말 할까 ) '' ( Soyou ( SISTAR ) ) 8 . `` Overture for Mischievous Kiss ( 장난 스런 키스 ) '' ( Various Artists ) 9 . `` I Love You ( Main Theme ) '' ( Various Artists ) 10 . `` Confession ( 고백 ) '' ( Various Artists ) 11 . `` Oh ! Chef '' ( Various Artists ) 12 . `` Run , Run , Run '' ( Various Artists ) 13 . `` Marriage '' ( Various Artists ) 14 . `` Love Theme '' ( Various Artists ) 15 . `` With Friends '' ( Various Artists ) 16 . `` Love Waltz '' ( Various Artists ) 17 . `` Campus Life '' ( Various Artists ) 18 . `` Love and Sorrow '' ( Various Artists ) 19 . `` Shadow ( 그림자 ) '' ( Various Artists ) 20 . `` Miss More ( 그리워 할수록 ) '' ( Various Artists ) 21 . `` Excitement ( 설레임 ) '' ( Various Artists ) ( show ) Playful Kiss OST Special Edition Part 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Palpitations ( 두근 두근 ) '' ( Park Boram , Kim So - jung , & Lee Bo - ram ) 2 . `` Palpitations ( 두근 두근 ) ( Inst . ) '' ( Park Boram , Kim So - jung , & Lee Bo - ram ) ( show ) Playful Kiss OST Special Edition Part 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Have I Told You ( 말한 적 있나요 ) '' ( Howl ) Epilogue ( edit ) To show Ha - ni and Seung - jo 's married life , Playful Kiss : Special Edition was released on YouTube beginning November 2 , 2010 . The seven 10 - minute webisodes were subtitled in English , Japanese , Chinese , and Spanish , among others . The online series was popular , with the first episode initially receiving over 1,000,000 hits in the first two days , and over 19,000,000 hits ( and counting ) for the entire 7 episodes . Kim Hyun - joong was later interviewed by Anna Coren on CNN 's TalkAsia in which he discussed the significance of YouTube in spreading awareness about Korean culture . Theatrical version ( edit ) On October 19 , 2012 it was announced that the drama would be edited down into a film version . This theatrical edition was released exclusively in Japan on a limited run to selected theaters in Tokyo and Osaka in December 2012 . It was screened with the original Korean dialogue with subtitles in Japanese . Afterwards , a DVD of the theatrical edition was also released in Japan . International broadcast ( edit ) In Taiwan , it aired on Joong - cheon TV beginning December 2010 , where it was the highest - rated program in its timeslot . In Singapore , it aired on StarHub TV Channel 825 on Saturdays at 10 : 30 p.m. beginning April 16 , 2011 . In Japan , it first aired in December 2010 on Korean cable channel Mnet Japan , followed by reruns in May 2011 on Fuji TV 's Hallyuα channel and Japanese cable channel DATV . Kim Hyun - joong and Jung So - min held a promotional event on May 3 , 2011 which was attended by 6,000 fans ; part of the proceeds were donated to victims of the March 11 earthquake . In the Philippines , it aired on GMA Network in an afternoon timeslot on Mondays through Fridays from May 30 to July 15 , 2011 . In the Philippines , it aired on RED by HBO begins January 30 , 2016 every Saturday at 10 : 00pm to 11 : 00pm In the Middle East , it aired on MBC 4 dubbed as al koubla al mo'zia , beginning January 19 , 2014 from Sundays to Thursdays at 4 : 00 p.m. , with reruns at 11 : 00 p.m. In India , it aired on Puthuyugam TV on Mondays to Fridays at 7 : 30 p.m dubbed in the Tamil language during the K - series TV block . In Indonesia , it aired on RTV on Mondays to Fridays at 2 : 00 p.m. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kang , Myoung - seok ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` TV series Naughty Kiss press conference - Part 1 '' . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kang , Myoung - seok ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` TV series Naughty Kiss press conference - Part 2 '' . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oh , Jean ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` Kim Hyun - joong eager to prove worth as actor '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Han , Sang - hee ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Will Naughty Kiss create magic ? '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jessica ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Kim Hyun - joong series Naughty Kiss sold to 12 countries '' . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hong , Lucia ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Korean drama Naughty Kiss sold to 11 Asian countries '' . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , David ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` How Korean TV drama Playful Kiss flopped locally but hit globally '' . GigaOM . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hong , Lucia ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` YouTube version of Kim Hyun - joong Naughty Kiss a big hit '' . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jessica ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` YouTube version of Naughty Kiss to air starting Nov '' . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jessica ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Kim Hyun - joong to show `` deeper affection '' to Jung So - min `` . 10Asia . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` American audiences : I want my international TV '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naughty Kiss report on CNN '' . Hancinema . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNN to hold exclusive interview with Kim Hyun Joong on the success of Playful Kiss '' . Allkpop . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://navicon.jp/news/16186/ Jump up ^ http://datv.jp/shopping/user_data/packages/default/itakissdvd.html Jump up ^ `` Kim Hyun - joong appeals to Asia '' . Hancinema . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More K entertainment on StarHub TV '' . Seoul Rhythms. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Hyun - joong Naughty Kiss to air in Japan starting Dec '' . 10Asia . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://datv.jp/p000223/ Jump up ^ Kim , Heidi ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kim Hyun - joong participates in Naughty Kiss event in Japan '' . 10Asia . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Heidi ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Kim Hyun - joong meet with fans in Japan for Naughty Kiss '' . 10Asia . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube sensation Playful Kiss comes to TV on GMA - 7 '' . GMA News Online . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Playful Kiss airs on GMA '' . The Philippine Star . June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deen , Catherine ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Playful Kiss to air on local TV '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afternoon Koreanovela , Playful Kiss ends this Friday '' . GMA News Online . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deen , Catherine ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fueling your Playful Kiss addiction '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Playful Kiss official MBC website ( in Korean ) Playful Kiss 's channel on YouTube Playful Kiss at HanCinema Playful Kiss on IMDb Itazura na Kiss by Kaoru Tada Anime List of Itazura na Kiss episodes TV dramas It Started with a Kiss ( Taiwan , 2005 -- 2006 ) They Kiss Again ( Taiwan , 2007 -- 2008 ) Playful Kiss ( South Korea , 2010 ) Mischievous Kiss : Love in Tokyo ( Japan , 2013 ) MBC 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Eyes of Dawn Did We Really Love ? Goodbye My Love Into the Sunlight 2000 - 2004 All About Eve Mr. Duke Secret Delicious Proposal Hotelier Four Sisters Ruler of Your Own World Trio First Love of a Royal Prince Ireland 2005 - 2009 Sad Love Story Super Rookie My Lovely Sam Soon Autumn Shower Princess Hours Dr. Kkang One Fine Day Over the Rainbow What 's Up Fox 90 Days , Time to Love Prince Hours Thank You Merry Mary Time Between Dog and Wolf The Legend New Heart Who Are You ? Spotlight Beethoven Virus The Return of Iljimae Cinderella Man Triple Soul Hero 2010 - 2014 The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry Personal Taste Road No. 1 Playful Kiss Home Sweet Home My Princess Royal Family The Greatest Love Heartstrings Ca n't Lose Me Too , Flower ! Moon Embracing the Sun The King 2 Hearts I Do , I Do Arang and the Magistrate Missing You 7th Grade Civil Servant When a Man Falls in Love The Queen 's Classroom Two Weeks Medical Top Team Miss Korea Cunning Single Lady A New Leaf Fated to Love You My Spring Days Mr. Back 2015 - 2019 Kill Me , Heal Me Angry Mom Warm and Cozy Scholar Who Walks the Night She Was Pretty Sweet , Savage Family One More Happy Ending Goodbye Mr. Black Lucky Romance Shopaholic Louis Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok - joo Missing 9 Radiant Office The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Man Who Dies to Live Hospital Ship I 'm Not a Robot Goddess of the Court Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playful_Kiss&oldid=807890900 '' Categories : Korean - language television programs 2010s South Korean television series Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas 2010 South Korean television series debuts 2010 South Korean television series endings South Korean television dramas based on manga South Korean romantic comedy television series South Korean teen dramas Itazura na Kiss Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu Português Simple English Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 17 : 51 . 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