Datasets:

lighteval
/

natural_questions_helm

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (2)

train · 307k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 116	document stringlengths 629 523k	question stringlengths 15 100	long_answers sequence	short_answers sequence
1230012921065616223	A Modest Proposal	A Modest Proposal - wikipedia A Modest Proposal Jump to : navigation , search A Modest Proposal Author Jonathan Swift Genre Satirical essay Publication date 1729 A Modest Proposal For preventing the Children of Poor People From being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country , and For making them Beneficial to the Publick , commonly referred to as A Modest Proposal , is a Juvenalian satirical essay written and published anonymously by Jonathan Swift in 1729 . The essay suggests that the impoverished Irish might ease their economic troubles by selling their children as food for rich gentlemen and ladies . This satirical hyperbole mocked heartless attitudes towards the poor , as well as British policy toward the Irish in general . The primary target of Swift 's satire was the rationalism of modern economics , and the growth of rationalistic modes of thinking in modern life at the expense of more traditional human values . In English writing , the phrase `` a modest proposal '' is now conventionally an allusion to this style of straight - faced satire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Population solutions 3 Rhetoric 4 Influences 4.1 Tertullian 's Apology 4.2 Defoe 's The Generous Projector 4.3 Mandeville 's Modest Defence of Publick Stews 4.4 John Locke 's First Treatise of Government 5 Economic themes 5.1 `` People are the riches of a nation '' 6 The public 's reaction 7 Modern usage 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This essay is widely held to be one of the greatest examples of sustained irony in the history of the English language . Much of its shock value derives from the fact that the first portion of the essay describes the plight of starving beggars in Ireland , so that the reader is unprepared for the surprise of Swift 's solution when he states : `` A young healthy child well nursed , is , at a year old , a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food , whether stewed , roasted , baked , or boiled ; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee , or a ragout . '' Swift goes to great lengths to support his argument , including a list of possible preparation styles for the children , and calculations showing the financial benefits of his suggestion . He uses methods of argument throughout his essay which lampoon the then - influential William Petty and the social engineering popular among followers of Francis Bacon . These lampoons include appealing to the authority of `` a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London '' and `` the famous Psalmanazar , a native of the island Formosa '' ( who had already confessed to not being from Formosa in 1706 ) . In the tradition of Roman satire , Swift introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by paralipsis : Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients : Of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound : Of using neither clothes , nor household furniture , except what is of our own growth and manufacture : Of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury : Of curing the expensiveness of pride , vanity , idleness , and gaming in our women : Of introducing a vein of parsimony , prudence and temperance : Of learning to love our country , wherein we differ even from Laplanders , and the inhabitants of Topinamboo : Of quitting our animosities and factions , nor acting any longer like the Jews , who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken : Of being a little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing : Of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants . Lastly , of putting a spirit of honesty , industry , and skill into our shop - keepers , who , if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods , would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price , the measure , and the goodness , nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing , though often and earnestly invited to it . Therefore I repeat , let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients , ' till he hath at least some glympse of hope , that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice . Population solutions ( edit ) George Wittkowsky argued that Swift 's main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland , but rather the can - do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills . Swift was especially attacking projects that tried to fix population and labour issues with a simple cure - all solution . A memorable example of these sorts of schemes `` involved the idea of running the poor through a joint - stock company '' . In response , Swift 's Modest Proposal was `` a burlesque of projects concerning the poor '' that were in vogue during the early 18th century . A Modest Proposal also targets the calculating way people perceived the poor in designing their projects . The pamphlet targets reformers who `` regard people as commodities '' . In the piece , Swift adopts the `` technique of a political arithmetician '' to show the utter ridiculousness of trying to prove any proposal with dispassionate statistics . Critics differ about Swift 's intentions in using this faux - mathematical philosophy . Edmund Wilson argues that statistically `` the logic of the ' Modest proposal ' can be compared with defence of crime ( arrogated to Marx ) in which he argues that crime takes care of the superfluous population '' . Wittkowsky counters that Swift 's satiric use of statistical analysis is an effort to enhance his satire that `` springs from a spirit of bitter mockery , not from the delight in calculations for their own sake '' . Rhetoric ( edit ) Charles K. Smith argues that Swift 's rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish . Swift 's specific strategy is twofold , using a `` trap '' to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who , in the span of one sentence , `` details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty '' but feels emotion solely for members of his own class . Swift 's use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator 's cool approach towards them create `` two opposing points of view '' that `` alienate the reader , perhaps unconsciously , from a narrator who can view with ' melancholy ' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us , rhetorically , to see in a much less detached way . '' Swift has his proposer further degrade the Irish by using language ordinarily reserved for animals . Lewis argues that the speaker uses `` the vocabulary of animal husbandry '' to describe the Irish . Once the children have been commodified , Swift 's rhetoric can easily turn `` people into animals , then meat , and from meat , logically , into tonnage worth a price per pound '' . Swift uses the proposer 's serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal . In making his argument , the speaker uses the conventional , textbook - approved order of argument from Swift 's time ( which was derived from the Latin rhetorician Quintilian ) . The contrast between the `` careful control against the almost inconceivable perversion of his scheme '' and `` the ridiculousness of the proposal '' create a situation in which the reader has `` to consider just what perverted values and assumptions would allow such a diligent , thoughtful , and conventional man to propose so perverse a plan '' . Influences ( edit ) Scholars have speculated about which earlier works Swift may have had in mind when he wrote A Modest Proposal . Tertullian 's Apology ( edit ) James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian 's Apology : a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity . James William Johnson believes that Swift saw major similarities between the two situations . Johnson notes Swift 's obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology . In structure , Johnson points out the same central theme , that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument , that `` human depravity is such that men will attempt to justify their own cruelty by accusing their victims of being lower than human '' . Stylistically , Swift and Tertullian share the same command of sarcasm and language . In agreement with Johnson , Donald C. Baker points out the similarity between both authors ' tones and use of irony . Baker notes the uncanny way that both authors imply an ironic `` justification by ownership '' over the subject of sacrificing children -- Tertullian while attacking pagan parents , and Swift while attacking the English mistreatment of the Irish poor . Defoe 's the Generous Projector ( edit ) It has also been argued that A Modest Proposal was , at least in part , a response to the 1728 essay The Generous Projector or , A Friendly Proposal to Prevent Murder and Other Enormous Abuses , By Erecting an Hospital for Foundlings and Bastard Children by Swift 's rival Daniel Defoe . Mandeville 's Modest Defence of Publick Stews ( edit ) Bernard Mandeville 's Modest Defence of Publick Stews asked to introduce public and state controlled bordellos . The 1726 paper acknowledges women 's interests and -- while not being a complete satirical text -- has also been discussed as an inspiration for Jonathan Swift 's title . Mandeville had by 1705 already become famous for the Fable of The Bees and deliberations on private vices and public benefits . John locke 's first Treatise of government ( edit ) Locke commented : `` Be it then as Sir Robert says , that Anciently , it was usual for Men to sell and Castrate their Children . Let it be , that they exposed them ; Add to it , if you please , for this is still greater Power , that they begat them for their Tables to fat and eat them : If this proves a right to do so , we may , by the same Argument , justifie Adultery , Incest and Sodomy , for there are examples of these too , both Ancient and Modern ; Sins , which I suppose , have the Principle Aggravation from this , that they cross the main intention of Nature , which willeth the increase of Mankind , and the continuation of the Species in the highest perfection , and the distinction of Families , with the Security of the Marriage Bed , as necessary thereunto '' . ( First Treatise , sec. 59 ) . Economic themes ( edit ) Robert Phiddian 's article `` Have you eaten yet ? The Reader in A Modest Proposal '' focuses on two aspects of A Modest Proposal : the voice of Swift and the voice of the Proposer . Phiddian stresses that a reader of the pamphlet must learn to distinguish between the satirical voice of Jonathan Swift and the apparent economic projections of the Proposer . He reminds readers that `` there is a gap between the narrator 's meaning and the text 's , and that a moral - political argument is being carried out by means of parody '' . While Swift 's proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal , George Wittkowsky , author of `` Swift 's Modest Proposal : The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet '' , argues that to understand the piece fully it is important to understand the economics of Swift 's time . Wittowsky argues that not enough critics have taken the time to focus directly on the mercantilism and theories of labour in 18th century England . `` ( I ) f one regards the Modest Proposal simply as a criticism of condition , about all one can say is that conditions were bad and that Swift 's irony brilliantly underscored this fact '' . `` People are the riches of a nation '' ( edit ) At the start of a new industrial age in the 18th century , it was believed that `` people are the riches of the nation '' , and there was a general faith in an economy that paid its workers low wages because high wages meant workers would work less . Furthermore , `` in the mercantilist view no child was too young to go into industry '' . In those times , the `` somewhat more humane attitudes of an earlier day had all but disappeared and the laborer had come to be regarded as a commodity '' . Landa composed a conducive analysis when he noted that it would have been healthier for the Irish economy to more appropriately utilize their human assets by giving the people an opportunity to `` become a source of wealth to the nation '' or else they `` must turn to begging and thievery '' . This opportunity may have included giving the farmers more coin to work for , diversifying their professions , or even consider enslaving their people to lower coin usage and build up financial stock in Ireland . Landa wrote that , `` Swift is maintaining that the maxim -- people are the riches of a nation -- applies to Ireland only if Ireland is permitted slavery or cannibalism '' Louis A. Landa presents Swift 's A Modest Proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the 18th century that `` people are the riches of a nation '' . Swift presents the dire state of Ireland and shows that mere population itself , in Ireland 's case , did not always mean greater wealth and economy . The uncontrolled maxim fails to take into account that a person who does not produce in an economic or political way makes a country poorer , not richer . Swift also recognises the implications of this fact in making mercantilist philosophy a paradox : the wealth of a country is based on the poverty of the majority of its citizens . Swift however , Landa argues , is not merely criticising economic maxims but also addressing the fact that England was denying Irish citizens their natural rights and dehumanising them by viewing them as a mere commodity . The public 's reaction ( edit ) Swift 's writings created a backlash within the community after its publication . The work was aimed at the aristocracy , and they responded in turn . Several members of society wrote to Swift regarding the work . Lord Bathurst 's letter intimated that he certainly understood the message , and interpreted it as a work of comedy : February 12 , 1729 - 30 : `` I did immediately propose it to Lady Bathurst , as your advice , particularly for her last boy , which was born the plumpest , finest thing , that could be seen ; but she fell in a passion , and bid me send you word , that she would not follow your direction , but that she would breed him up to be a parson , and he should live upon the fat of the land ; or a lawyer , and then , instead of being eat himself , he should devour others . You know women in passion never mind what they say ; but , as she is a very reasonable woman , I have almost brought her over now to your opinion ; and having convinced her , that as matters stood , we could not possibly maintain all the nine , she does begin to think it reasonable the youngest should raise fortunes for the eldest : and upon that foot a man may perforin family duty with more courage and zeal ; for , if he should happen to get twins , the selling of one might provide for the other . Or if , by any accident , while his wife lies in with one child , he should get a second upon the body of another woman , he might dispose of the fattest of the two , and that would help to breed up the other . The more I think upon this scheme , the more reasonable it appears to me ; and it ought by no means to be confined to Ireland ; for , in all probability , we shall , in a very little time , be altogether as poor here as you are there . I believe , indeed , we shall carry it farther , and not confine our luxury only to the eating of children ; for I happened to peep the other day into a large assembly ( Parliament ) not far from Westminster - hall , and I found them roasting a great fat fellow , ( Walpole again ) For my own part , I had not the least inclination to a slice of him ; but , if I guessed right , four or five of the company had a devilish mind to be at him . Well , adieu , you begin now to wish I had ended , when I might have done it so conveniently `` . Modern usage ( edit ) A Modest Proposal is included in many literature courses as an example of early modern western satire . It also serves as an exceptional introduction to the concept and use of argumentative language , lending itself well to secondary and post-secondary essay courses . Outside of the realm of English studies , A Modest Proposal is included in many comparative and global literature and history courses , as well as those of numerous other disciplines in the arts , humanities , and even the social sciences . The essay 's approach has been copied many times . In his book A Modest Proposal ( 1984 ) , the evangelical author Frank Schaeffer emulated Swift 's work in a social conservative polemic against abortion and euthanasia , imagining a future dystopia that advocates recycling of aborted embryos , fetuses , and some disabled infants with compound intellectual , physical and physiological difficulties . ( Such Baby Doe Rules cases were then a major concern of the US pro-life movement of the early 1980s , which viewed selective treatment of those infants as disability discrimination ) . In his book A Modest Proposal for America ( 2013 ) , statistician Howard Friedman opens with a satirical reflection of the extreme drive to fiscal stability by ultra-conservatives . In the 1998 edition of `` A Handmaid 's Tale '' by Margaret Atwood there is a quote from `` A Modest Proposal '' before the introduction . `` A Modest Video Game Proposal '' is the title of an open letter sent by activist / former attorney Jack Thompson on 10 October 2005 . He proposed that someone should `` create , manufacture , distribute , and sell a video game '' that would allow players to act out a scenario in which the game character kills video game developers . Hunter S. Thompson 's Fear and Loathing in America : The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist includes a letter in which he uses Swift 's approach in connection with the Vietnam War . Thompson writes a letter to a local Aspen newspaper informing them that , on Christmas Eve , he was going to use napalm to burn a number of dogs and hopefully any humans they find . The letter protests against the burning of Vietnamese people occurring overseas . The 2012 film Butcher Boys , written by Kim Henkel , is said to be loosely based on Jonathan Swift 's A Modest Proposal . The film 's opening scene takes place in a restaurant named `` J. Swift 's '' . On November 30 , 2017 , Jonathan Swift 's 350th birthday , The Washington Post published a column entitled `` Why Alabamians should consider eating Democrats ' babies '' , by the humorous columnist Alexandra Petri . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Modest Proposal , by Dr. Jonathan Swift '' . Project Gutenberg. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wittkowsky , Swift 's Modest Proposal , p76 ^ Jump up to : Wittkowsky , Swift 's Modest Proposal , p85 Jump up ^ Wittkowsky , Swift 's Modest Proposal , p88 Jump up ^ Wittkowsky , Swift 's Modest Proposal , p101 ^ Jump up to : Wittkowsky , Swift 's Modest Proposal , p95 Jump up ^ Wittkowsky , Swift 's Modest Proposal , p98 Jump up ^ Smith , Toward a Participatory Rhetoric , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Toward a Participatory Rhetoric , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Toward a Participatory Rhetoric , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Toward a Participatory Rhetoric , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Tertullian and A Modest Proposal , p563 Jump up ^ Johnson , Tertullian and A Modest Proposal , p562 Jump up ^ Baker , Tertullian and Swift 's A Modest Proposal , p219 Jump up ^ Waters , Juliet ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` A modest but failed proposal '' . Montreal Mirror . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Eine Streitschrift ... , Essay von Ursula Pia Jauch . Carl Hanser Verlag , München 2001 . Jump up ^ Primer , I. ( 15 March 2006 ) . Bernard Mandeville 's `` A Modest Defence of Publick Stews '' : Prostitution and Its Discontents in Early Georgian England . Springer . ISBN 9781403984609 . ^ Jump up to : Phiddian , Have You Eaten Yet ? , p6 Jump up ^ Phiddian , Have You Eaten Yet ? , p3 Jump up ^ Phiddian , Have You Eaten Yet ? , p4 ^ Jump up to : Landa , A Modest Proposal and Populousness , p161 ^ Jump up to : Landa , A Modest Proposal and Populousness , p165 Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ; Scott , Sir Walter ( 1814 ) . The Works of Jonathan Swift : Containing Additional Letters , Tracts , and Poems Not Hitherto Published ; with Notes and a Life of the Author . A. Constable . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . www.goodreads.com . Jump up ^ Petri , Alexandra ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Alabamians should consider eating Democrats ' babies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Baker , Donald C ( 1957 ) , `` Tertullian and Swift 's A Modest Proposal '' , The Classical Journal , 52 : 219 -- 220 Johnson , James William ( 1958 ) , `` Tertullian and A Modest Proposal '' , Modern Language and Notes , The Johns Hopkins University Press , 73 ( 8 ) : 561 -- 563 , doi : 10.2307 / 3043246 , JSTOR 3043246 ( subscription needed ) Landa , Louis A ( 1942 ) , `` A Modest Proposal and Populousness '' , Modern Philology , 40 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 170 , doi : 10.1086 / 388567 Phiddian , Robert ( 1996 ) , `` Have You Eaten Yet ? The Reader in A Modest Proposal '' , Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 , Rice University , 36 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 621 , doi : 10.2307 / 450801 , hdl : 2328 / 746 , JSTOR 450801 Smith , Charles Kay ( 1968 ) , `` Toward a Participatory Rhetoric : Teaching Swift 's Modest Proposal '' , College English , National Council of Teachers of English , 30 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 149 , doi : 10.2307 / 374449 , JSTOR 374449 Wittkowsky , George ( 1943 ) , `` Swift 's Modest Proposal : The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , University of Pennsylvania Press , 4 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 104 , doi : 10.2307 / 2707237 , JSTOR 2707237 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal ( CELT ) A Modest Proposal ( Gutenberg ) A Modest Proposal - Annotated text aligned to Common Core Standards A Modest Proposal public domain audiobook at LibriVox A Modest Proposal BBC Radio 4 In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg ' A modest proposal For preventing the children of poor people From being a Burthen to their Parents or the Country , And for making them Beneficial to the publick . The Third Edition , Dublin , Printed : And Reprinted at London , for Weaver Bickerton , in Devereux - Court near the Middle - Temple , 1730 . ( hide ) Works by Jonathan Swift Sermons Sermons of Jonathan Swift Satires Meditation Upon a Broomstick ( 1701 ) A Tale of a Tub ( 1704 ) The Battle of the Books ( 1704 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Essays Thoughts on Various Subjects , Moral and Diverting ( 1706 ) An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity ( 1708 ) The Conduct of the Allies ( 1711 ) Drapier 's Letters ( 1724 / 25 ) A Modest Proposal ( 1729 ) Directions to Servants ( published 1745 ) Miscellany The Examiner newspaper ( 1710 - 1714 ) `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' poem ( 1732 ) A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation ( 1738 ) A Journal to Stella ( published posthumously -- 1766 ) Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Modest_Proposal&oldid=842809999 '' Categories : Essays by Jonathan Swift Satirical works Pamphlets 18th - century essays Works published anonymously British satire 1729 in Great Britain Cannibalism in fiction 1729 works Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is being satirized in a modest proposal	[]	[]
-2641142512523451090	Political integration of India	Political integration of India - Wikipedia Political integration of India Jump to : navigation , search British India and the princely states in 1909 At the time of Indian independence in 1947 , India was divided into two sets of territories , one under direct British rule , and the other under the suzerainty of the British Crown , with control over their internal affairs remaining in the hands of their hereditary rulers , and control over external affairs and defence being vested in the Government of India under the Viceroy . In addition , there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal . The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress , and the Government of India pursued this over the next decade . Through a combination of factors , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru convinced the rulers of the various princely states to accede to India . Having secured their accession , they then proceeded , in a step - by - step process , to secure and extend the central government 's authority over these states and transform their administrations until , by 1956 , there was little difference between the territories that had been part of British India and those that had been part of princely states . Simultaneously , the Government of India , through a combination of diplomatic and military means , acquired de facto and de jure control over the remaining colonial enclaves , which too were integrated into India . Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India , it was not as successful for a few , notably the former princely states of Jammu and Kashmir , Tripura and Manipur and the Hill tracts of Nagaland and formerly the Territory of Mizoram where active secessionist movements exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Princely states in India 2 Reasons for integration 3 Accepting integration 3.1 The princes ' position 3.2 Mountbatten 's role 3.3 Pressure and diplomacy 3.4 Instruments of accession 4 Accession process 4.1 Border states 4.2 Junagadh 4.3 Jammu and Kashmir 4.4 Hyderabad 5 Completing integration 5.1 Fast - track integration 5.2 Four - step integration 5.2. 1 Merger 5.2. 2 Democratisation 5.2. 3 Centralisation and constitutionalisation 5.2. 4 Reorganisation 6 Post-integration issues 6.1 The princes 6.2 Colonial enclaves 6.3 Sikkim 6.4 Secessionism and sub-nationalism 7 Critical perspectives on the process of integration 8 Notes 9 References Princely states in India ( edit ) The early history of British expansion in India was characterised by the co-existence of two approaches towards the existing princely states . The first was a policy of annexation , where the British sought to forcibly absorb the Indian princely states into the provinces which constituted their Empire in India . The second was a policy of indirect rule , where the British assumed suzerainty and paramountcy over princely states , but conceded to them sovereignty and varying degrees of internal self - government . During the early part of the 19th century , the policy of the British tended towards annexation , but the Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced a change in this approach , by demonstrating both the difficulty of absorbing and subduing annexed states , and the usefulness of princely states as a source of support . In 1858 , the policy of annexation was formally renounced , and British relations with the remaining princely states thereafter were based on subsidiary alliances , whereby the British exercised paramountcy over all princely states , with the British crown as ultimate suzerain , but at the same time respected and protected them as allies , taking control of their external relations . The exact relations between the British and each princely state were regulated by individual treaties and varied widely , with some states having complete internal self - government , others being subject to significant control in their internal affairs , and some rulers being in effect little more than the owners of landed estates , with little autonomy . During the 20th century , the British made several attempts to integrate the princely states more closely with British India , in 1921 creating the Chamber of Princes as a consultative and advisory body , and in 1936 transferring the responsibility for the supervision of smaller states from the provinces to the centre and creating direct relations between the Government of India and the larger princely states , superseding political agents . A more ambitious aim was a scheme of federation contained in the Government of India Act 1935 , which envisaged the princely states and British India being united under a federal government . This scheme came close to success , but was abandoned in 1939 as a result of the outbreak of the Second World War . As a result , in the 1940s the relationship between the princely states and the crown remained regulated by the principle of paramountcy and by the various treaties between the British crown and the states . Neither paramountcy nor the subsidiary alliances could continue after Indian independence . The British took the view that because they had been established directly between the British crown and the princely states , they could not be transferred to the newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan . At the same time , the alliances imposed obligations on Britain that it was not prepared to continue to carry out , such as the obligation to maintain troops in India for the defence of the princely states . The British government therefore decided that paramountcy , together with all treaties between them and the princely states , would come to an end upon the British departure from India . Reasons for integration ( edit ) The Saurashtra and Kathiawar regions of Gujarat were home to over two hundred princely states , many with non-contiguous territories , as this map of Baroda shows . The termination of paramountcy would have in principle meant that all rights that flowed from the states ' relationship with the British crown would return to them , leaving them free to negotiate relationships with the new states of India and Pakistan `` on a basis of complete freedom '' . Early British plans for the transfer of power , such as the offer produced by the Cripps Mission , recognised the possibility that some princely states might choose to stand out of independent India . This was unacceptable to the Indian National Congress , which regarded the independence of princely states as a denial of the course of Indian history , and consequently regarded this scheme as a `` Balkanisation '' of India . The Congress had traditionally been less active in the princely states because of their limited resources which restricted their ability to organise there and their focus on the goal of independence from the British , and because Congress leaders , in particular Mohandas Gandhi , were sympathetic to the more progressive princes as examples of the capacity of Indians to rule themselves . This changed in the 1930s as a result of the federation scheme contained in the Government of India Act 1935 and the rise of socialist Congress leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan , and the Congress began to actively engage with popular political and labour activity in the princely states . By 1939 , the Congress ' official stance was that the states must enter independent India , on the same terms and with the same autonomy as the provinces of British India , and with their people granted responsible government . As a result , it insisted on the incorporation of the princely states into India in its negotiations with British , but the British took the view that this was not in their power to grant . A few British leaders , particularly Lord Mountbatten , the last British viceroy of India , were also uncomfortable with breaking links between independent India and the princely states . The development of trade , commerce and communications during the 19th and 20th centuries had bound the princely states to the British India through a complex network of interests . Agreements relating to railways , customs , irrigation , use of ports , and other similar agreements would get terminated , posing a serious threat to the economic life of the subcontinent . Mountbatten was also persuaded by the argument of Indian officials such as V.P. Menon that the integration of the princely states into independent India would , to some extent , assuage the wounds of partition . The result was that Mountbatten personally favoured and worked towards the accession of princely states to India following the transfer of power , as proposed by the Congress . Accepting integration ( edit ) The princes ' position ( edit ) The rulers of the princely states were not uniformly enthusiastic about integrating their domains into independent India . Some , such as the rulers of Bikaner and Jawhar , were motivated to join India out of ideological and patriotic considerations , but others insisted that they had the right to join either India or Pakistan , to remain independent , or form a union of their own . Bhopal , Travancore and Hyderabad announced that they did not intend to join either dominion . Hyderabad went as far as to appoint trade representatives in European countries and commencing negotiations with the Portuguese to lease or buy Goa to give it access to the sea , and Travancore pointed to the strategic importance to western countries of its thorium reserves while asking for recognition . Some states proposed a subcontinent - wide confederation of princely states , as a third entity in addition to India and Pakistan . Bhopal attempted to build an alliance between the princely states and the Muslim League to counter the pressure being put on rulers by the Congress . A number of factors contributed to the collapse of this initial resistance and to nearly all non-Muslim majority princely states agreeing to accede to India . An important factor was the lack of unity among the princes . The smaller states did not trust the larger states to protect their interests , and many Hindu rulers did not trust Muslim princes , in particular Hamidullah Khan , the Nawab of Bhopal and a leading proponent of independence , whom they viewed as an agent for Pakistan . Others , believing integration to be inevitable , sought to build bridges with the Congress , hoping thereby to gain a say in shaping the final settlement . The resultant inability to present a united front or agree on a common position significantly reduced their bargaining power in negotiations with the Congress . The decision by the Muslim League to stay out of the Constituent Assembly was also fatal to the princes ' plan to build an alliance with it to counter the Congress , and attempts to boycott the Constituent Assembly altogether failed on 28 April 1947 , when the states of Baroda , Bikaner , Cochin , Gwalior , Jaipur , Jodhpur , Patiala and Rewa took their seats in the Assembly . Many princes were also pressured by popular sentiment favouring integration with India , which meant their plans for independence had little support from their subjects . The Maharaja of Travancore , for example , definitively abandoned his plans for independence after the attempted assassination of his dewan , Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer . In a few states , the chief ministers or dewans played a significant role in convincing the princes to accede to India . The key factors that led the states to accept integration into India were , however , the efforts of Lord Mountbatten , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon . The latter two were respectively the political and administrative heads of the States Department , which was in charge of relations with the princely states . Mountbatten 's role ( edit ) Lord Louis Mountbatten played an important role in convincing reluctant monarchs to accede to the Indian Union . Mountbatten believed that securing the states ' accession to India was crucial to reaching a negotiated settlement with the Congress for the transfer of power . As a relative of the British King , he was trusted by most of the princes and was a personal friend of many , especially the Nawab of Bhopal , Hamidullah Khan . The princes also believed that he would be in a position to ensure that independent India adhered to any terms that might be agreed upon , because Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Patel had asked him to become the first Governor General of the Dominion of India . Mountbatten used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession . He declared that the British Government would not grant dominion status to any of the princely states , nor would it accept them into the British Commonwealth , which meant that the states would sever all connections with the British crown unless they joined either India or Pakistan . He pointed out that the Indian subcontinent was one economic entity , and that the states would suffer most if the link were broken . He also pointed to the difficulties that princes would face maintaining order in the face of threats such as the rise of communal violence and communist movements . Mountbatten stressed that he would act as the trustee of the princes ' commitment , as he would be serving as India 's head of state well into 1948 . He engaged in a personal dialogue with reluctant princes , such as the Nawab of Bhopal , who he asked through a confidential letter to sign the Instrument of Accession making Bhopal part of India , which Mountbatten would keep locked up in his safe . It would be handed to the States Department on 15 August only if the Nawab did not change his mind before then , which he was free to do . The Nawab agreed , and did not renege over the deal . At the time , several princes complained that they were being betrayed by Britain , who they regarded as an ally , and Sir Conrad Corfield resigned his position as head of the Political Department in protest at Mountbatten 's policies . Mountbatten 's policies were also criticised by the opposition Conservative Party . Winston Churchill compared the language used by the Indian government with that used by Adolf Hitler before the invasion of Austria . Modern historians such as Lumby and Moore , however , take the view that Mountbatten played a crucial role in ensuring that the princely states agreed to accede to India . Pressure and diplomacy ( edit ) Vallabhbhai Patel as Minister for Home and States Affairs had the responsibility of welding the British Indian , provinces and the princely states into a united India . By far the most significant factor that led to the princes ' decision to accede to India was the policy of the Congress and , in particular , of Patel and Menon . The Congress ' stated position was that the princely states were not sovereign entities , and as such could not opt to be independent notwithstanding the end of paramountcy . The princely states must therefore accede to either India or Pakistan . In July 1946 , Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India . In January 1947 , he said that independent India would not accept the divine right of kings , and in May 1947 , he declared that any princely state which refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state . Other Congress leaders , such as C. Rajagopalachari , argued that as paramountcy `` came into being as a fact and not by agreement '' , it would necessarily pass to the government of independent India , as the successor of the British . Patel and Menon , who were charged with the actual job of negotiating with the princes , took a more conciliatory approach than Nehru . The official policy statement of the Government of India made by Patel on 5 July 1947 made no threats . Instead , it emphasised the unity of India and the common interests of the princes and independent India , reassured them about the Congress ' intentions , and invited them to join independent India `` to make laws sitting together as friends than to make treaties as aliens '' . He reiterated that the States Department would not attempt to establish a relationship of domination over the princely states . Unlike the Political Department of the British Government , it would not be an instrument of paramountcy , but a medium whereby business could be conducted between the states and India as equals . Instruments of Accession ( edit ) Patel and Menon backed up their diplomatic efforts by producing treaties that were designed to be attractive to rulers of princely states . Two key documents were produced . The first was the Standstill Agreement , which confirmed the continuance of the pre-existing agreements and administrative practices . The second was the Instrument of Accession , by which the ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India , granting the latter control over specified subject matters . The nature of the subject matters varied depending on the acceding state . The states which had internal autonomy under the British signed an Instrument of Accession which only ceded three subjects to the government of India -- defence , external affairs , and communications , each defined in accordance with List 1 to Schedule VII of the Government of India Act 1935 . Rulers of states which were in effect estates or talukas , where substantial administrative powers were exercised by the Crown , signed a different Instrument of Accession , which vested all residuary powers and jurisdiction in the Government of India . Rulers of states which had an intermediate status signed a third type of Instrument , which preserved the degree of power they had under the British . The Instruments of Accession implemented a number of other safeguards . Clause 7 provided that the princes would not be bound to the Indian constitution as and when it was drafted . Clause 8 guaranteed their autonomy in all areas that were not ceded to the Government of India . This was supplemented by a number of promises . Rulers who agreed to accede would receive guarantees that their extra-territorial rights , such as immunity from prosecution in Indian courts and exemption from customs duty , would be protected , that they would be allowed to democratise slowly , that none of the eighteen major states would be forced to merge , and that they would remain eligible for British honours and decorations . In discussions , Lord Mountbatten reinforced the statements of Patel and Menon by emphasising that the documents gave the princes all the `` practical independence '' they needed . Mountbatten , Patel and Menon also sought to give princes the impression that if they did not accept the terms put to them then , they might subsequently need to accede on substantially less favourable terms . The Standstill Agreement was also used as a negotiating tool , as the States Department categorically ruled out signing a Standstill Agreement with princely states that did not sign an Instrument of Accession . Accession process ( edit ) The limited scope of the Instruments of Accession and the promise of a wide - ranging autonomy and the other guarantees they offered , gave sufficient comfort to many rulers , who saw this as the best deal they could strike given the lack of support from the British , and popular internal pressures . Between May 1947 and the transfer of power on 15 August 1947 , the vast majority of states signed Instruments of Accession . A few , however , held out . Some simply delayed signing the Instrument of Accession . Piploda , a small state in central India , did not accede until March 1948 . The biggest problems , however , arose with a few border states , such as Jodhpur , which tried to negotiate better deals with Pakistan , with Junagadh , which actually did accede to Pakistan , and with Hyderabad and Kashmir , which declared that they intended to remain independent . Border states ( edit ) The ruler of Jodhpur , Hanwant Singh , was antipathetic to the Congress , and did not see much future in India for him or the lifestyle he wished to lead . Along with the ruler of Jaisalmer , he entered into negotiations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who was the designated head of state for Pakistan . Jinnah was keen to attract some of the larger border states , hoping thereby to attract other Rajput states to Pakistan and compensate for the loss of half of Bengal and Punjab . He offered to permit Jodhpur and Jaisalmer to accede to Pakistan on any terms they chose , giving their rulers blank sheets of paper and asking them to write down their terms , which he would sign . Jaisalmer refused , arguing that it would be difficult for him to side with Muslims against Hindus in the event of communal problems . Hanwant Singh came close to signing . However , the atmosphere in Jodhpur was in general hostile to accession to Pakistan . Mountbatten also pointed out that the accession of a predominantly Hindu state to Pakistan would violate the principle of the two - nation theory on which Partition was based , and was likely to cause communal violence in the State . Hanwant Singh was persuaded by these arguments , and somewhat reluctantly agreed to accede to India . Junagadh ( edit ) Main article : Indian integration of Junagadh Although the states were in theory free to choose whether they wished to accede to India or Pakistan , Mountbatten had pointed out that `` geographic compulsions '' meant that most of them must choose India . In effect , he took the position that only the states that shared a border with Pakistan could choose to accede to it . The Nawab of Junagadh , a princely state located on the south - western end of Gujarat and having no common border with Pakistan , chose to accede to Pakistan ignoring Mountbatten 's views , arguing that it could be reached from Pakistan by sea . The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh -- Mangrol and Babariawad -- reacted to this by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India . In response , the Nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied the states . The rulers of neighbouring states reacted angrily , sending their troops to the Junagadh frontier and appealed to the Government of India for assistance . A group of Junagadhi people , led by Samaldas Gandhi , formed a government - in - exile , the Aarzi Hukumat ( `` temporary government '' ) . India believed that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan , the communal tension already simmering in Gujarat would worsen , and refused to accept the accession . The government pointed out that the state was 80 % Hindu , and called for a plebiscite to decide the question of accession . Simultaneously , they cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh , severed air and postal links , sent troops to the frontier , and reoccupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India . Pakistan agreed to discuss a plebiscite , subject to the withdrawal of Indian troops , a condition India rejected . On 26 October , the Nawab and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops . On 7 November , Junagadh 's court , facing collapse , invited the Government of India to take over the State 's administration . The Government of India agreed . A plebiscite was conducted in February 1948 , which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Main article : Kashmir conflict Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control . The dark - brown region represents Indian - administered Jammu and Kashmir while the Aksai Chin is under Chinese administration . At the time of the transfer of power , the state of Jammu and Kashmir ( widely called `` Kashmir '' ) was ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh , a Hindu , although the state itself had a Muslim majority . Hari Singh was equally hesitant about acceding to either India or Pakistan , as either would have provoked adverse reactions in parts of his kingdom . He signed a Standstill Agreement with Pakistan and proposed one with India as well , but announced that Kashmir intended to remain independent . However , his rule was opposed by Sheikh Abdullah , the popular leader of Kashmir 's largest political party , the National Conference , who demanded his abdication . Pakistan , attempting to force the issue of Kashmir 's accession , cut off supplies and transport links . The chaos in Punjab resulting from Partition had also severed transport links with India , meaning that Kashmir 's only links with the two dominions was by air . Rumours about atrocities against the Muslim population of Poonch by the Maharajah 's forces caused the outbreak of civil unrest . Shortly thereafter , Pathan tribesmen from the North - West Frontier Province of Pakistan crossed the border and entered Kashmir . The invaders made rapid progress towards Srinagar . The Maharaja of Kashmir wrote to India , asking for military assistance . India required the signing of an Instrument of Accession and setting up an interim government headed by Sheikh Abdullah in return . The Maharaja complied , but Nehru declared that it would have to be confirmed by a plebiscite , although there was no legal requirement to seek such confirmation . Indian troops secured Jammu , Srinagar and the valley itself during the First Kashmir War , but the intense fighting flagged with the onset of winter , which made much of the state impassable . Prime Minister Nehru , recognising the degree of international attention brought to bear on the dispute , declared a ceasefire and sought UN arbitration , arguing that India would otherwise have to invade Pakistan itself , in view of its failure to stop the tribal incursions . The plebiscite was never held , and on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India came into force in Kashmir , but with special provisions made for the state . India did not , however , secure administrative control over all of Kashmir . The northern and western portions of Kashmir came under Pakistan 's control in 1947 , and are today Pakistan - administered Kashmir . In the 1962 Sino - Indian War , China occupied Aksai Chin , the north - eastern region bordering Ladakh , which it continues to control and administer . Hyderabad ( edit ) Main article : Operation Polo Hyderabad state in 1909 . Its former territories are today incorporated in the Indian states of Telangana , Karnataka and Maharashtra . Hyderabad was a landlocked state that stretched over 82,000 square miles ( over 212,000 square kilometres ) in southeastern India . While 87 % of its 17 million people were Hindu , its ruler Nizam Osman Ali Khan was a Muslim , and its politics were dominated by a Muslim elite . The Muslim nobility and the Ittehad - ul - Muslimeen , a powerful pro-Nizam Muslim party , insisted Hyderabad remain independent and stand on an equal footing to India and Pakistan . Accordingly , the Nizam in June 1947 issued a firman announcing that on the transfer of power , his state would be resuming independence . The Government of India rejected the firman , terming it a `` legalistic claim of doubtful validity '' . It argued that the strategic location of Hyderabad , which lay astride the main lines of communication between northern and southern India , meant it could easily be used by `` foreign interests '' to threaten India , and that in consequence , the issue involved national - security concerns . It also pointed out that the state 's people , history and location made it unquestionably Indian , and that its own `` common interests '' therefore mandated its integration into India . The Nizam was prepared to enter into a limited treaty with India , which gave Hyderabad safeguards not provided for in the standard Instrument of Accession , such as a provision guaranteeing Hyderabad 's neutrality in the event of a conflict between India and Pakistan . India rejected this proposal , arguing that other states would demand similar concessions . A temporary Standstill Agreement was signed as a stopgap measure , even though Hyderabad had not yet agreed to accede to India . By December 1947 , however , India was accusing Hyderabad of repeatedly violating the Agreement , while the Nizam alleged that India was blockading his state , a charge India denied . The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana Rebellion , led by communists , which started in 1946 as a peasant revolt against feudal elements ; and one which the Nizam was not able to subjugate . The situation deteriorated further in 1948 . The Razakars ( `` volunteers '' ) , a militia affiliated to the Ittehad - ul - Muslimeen and set up under the influence of Muslim radical Qasim Razvi , assumed the role of supporting the Muslim ruling class against upsurges by the Hindu populace , and began intensifying its activities and was accused of attempting to intimidate villages . The Hyderabad State Congress Party , affiliated to the Indian National Congress , launched a political agitation . Matters were made worse by communist groups , which had originally supported the Congress but now switched sides and began attacking Congress groups . Attempts by Mountbatten to find a negotiated solution failed and , in August , the Nizam , claiming that he feared an imminent invasion , attempted to approach the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice . Patel now insisted that if Hyderabad was allowed to continue its independence , the prestige of the Government would be tarnished and then neither Hindus nor Muslims would feel secure in its realm . On 13 September 1948 , the Indian Army was sent into Hyderabad under Operation Polo on the grounds that the law and order situation there threatened the peace of South India . The troops met little resistance by the Razakars and between 13 and 18 September took complete control of the state . The operation led to massive communal violence with estimates of deaths ranging from the official one of 27,000 - 40,000 to scholarly ones of 200,000 or more . The Nizam was retained as the head of state in the same manner as the other princes who acceded to India . He thereupon disavowed the complaints that had been made to the UN and , despite vehement protests from Pakistan and strong criticism from other countries , the Security Council did not deal further with the question , and Hyderabad was absorbed into India . Completing integration ( edit ) Central Provinces and Berar , which form part of modern Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra The British - ruled Madras Province and adjacent princely states The Madras Presidency was divided and merged with neighbouring princely states to produce Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh . The Instruments of Accession were limited , transferring control of only three matters to India , and would by themselves have produced a rather loose federation , with significant differences in administration and governance across the various states . Full political integration , in contrast , would require a process whereby the political actors in the various states were `` persuaded to shift their loyalties , expectations , and political activities towards a new center '' , namely , the Republic of India . This was not an easy task . While some princely states such as Mysore had legislative systems of governance that were based on a broad franchise and not significantly different from those of British India , in others , political decision - making took place in small , limited aristocratic circles and governance was , as a result , at best paternalistic and at worst the result of courtly intrigue . Having secured the accession of the princely states , the Government of India between 1948 and 1950 turned to the task of welding the states and the former British provinces into one polity under a single republican constitution . Fast - track integration ( edit ) The first step in this process , carried out between 1947 and 1949 , was to merge the smaller states that were not seen by the Government of India to be viable administrative units either into neighbouring provinces , or with other princely states to create a `` princely union '' . This policy was contentious , since it involved the dissolution of the very states whose existence India had only recently guaranteed in the Instruments of Accession. Patel and Menon emphasised that without integration , the economies of states would collapse , and anarchy would arise if the princes were unable to provide democracy and govern properly . They pointed out that many of the smaller states were very small and lacked resources to sustain their economies and support their growing populations . Many also imposed tax rules and other restrictions that impeded free trade , and which had to be dismantled in a united India . Given that merger involved the breach of guarantees personally given by Mountbatten , initially Patel and Nehru intended to wait until after his term as Governor - General ended . An adivasi uprising in Orissa in late 1947 , however , forced their hand . In December 1947 , princes from the Eastern India Agency and Chhattisgarh Agency were summoned to an all - night meeting with Menon , where they were persuaded to sign Merger Agreements integrating their states into Orissa , the Central Provinces and Bihar with effect from 1 January 1948 . Later that year , 66 states in Gujarat and the Deccan were merged into Bombay , including the large states of Kolhapur and Baroda . Other small states were merged into Madras , East Punjab , West Bengal , the United Provinces and Assam . Not all states that signed Merger Agreements were integrated into provinces , however . Thirty states of the former Punjab Hill States Agency which lay near the international border and had signed Merger Agreements were integrated into Himachal Pradesh , a distinct entity which was administered directly by the centre as a Chief Commissioner 's Province , for reasons of security . The Merger Agreements required rulers to cede `` full and exclusive jurisdiction and powers for and in relation to governance '' of their state to the Dominion of India . In return for their agreement to entirely cede their states , it gave princes a large number of guarantees . Princes would receive an annual payment from the Indian government in the form of a privy purse as compensation for the surrender of their powers and the dissolution of their states . While state property would be taken over , their private property would be protected , as would all personal privileges , dignities and titles . Succession was also guaranteed according to custom . In addition , the provincial administration was obliged to take on the staff of the princely states with guarantees of equal pay and treatment . Although the Merger Agreements were principally intended for smaller , non-viable states , they were also applied to a few larger states . Kutch in western India , and Tripura and Manipur in Northeast India , all of which lay along international borders , were also asked to sign Merger Agreements , despite being larger states , following which they became Chief Commissioners ' Provinces . Bhopal , whose ruler was proud of the efficiency of his administration and feared that it would lose its identity if merged with the Maratha states that were its neighbours , also became a directly administered Chief Commissioner 's Province , as did Bilaspur , much of which was likely to be flooded on completion of the Bhakra dam . Four - step integration ( edit ) Merger ( edit ) The bulk of the larger states , and some groups of small states , were integrated through a different , four - step process . The first step in this process was to convince groups of large states to combine to form a `` princely union '' through the execution by their rulers of Covenants of Merger . Under the Covenants of Merger , all rulers lost their ruling powers , save one who became the Rajpramukh of the new union . The other rulers were associated with two bodies -- the council of rulers , whose members were the rulers of salute states , and a presidium , one or more of whose members were elected by the rulers of non-salute states , with the rest elected by the council . The Rajpramukh and his deputy Uprajpramukh were chosen by the council from among the members of the presidium . The Covenants made provision for the creation of a constituent assembly for the new union which would be charged with framing its constitution . In return for agreeing to the extinction of their states as discrete entities , the rulers were given a privy purse and guarantees similar to those provided under the Merger Agreements . Through this process , Patel obtained the unification of 222 states in the Kathiawar peninsula of his native Gujarat into the princely union of Saurashtra in January 1948 , with six more states joining the union the following year . Madhya Bharat emerged on 28 May 1948 from a union of Gwalior , Indore and eighteen smaller states . In Punjab , the Patiala and East Punjab States Union was formed on 15 July 1948 from Patiala , Kapurthala , Jind , Nabha , Faridkot , Malerkotla , Nalargarh , and Kalsia . The United State of Rajasthan was formed as the result of a series of mergers , the last of which was completed on 15 May 1949 . Travancore and Cochin were merged in the middle of 1949 to form the princely union of Travancore - Cochin . The only princely states which signed neither Covenants of Merger nor Merger Agreements were Kashmir , Mysore and Hyderabad . Democratisation ( edit ) Merging the administrative machineries of each state and integrating them into one political and administrative entity was not easy , particularly as many of the merged states had a history of rivalry . In the former Central India Agency , whose princely states had initially been merged into a princely union called Vindhya Pradesh , the rivalry between two groups of states became so bad that the Government of India persuaded the rulers to sign a Merger Agreement abrogating the old Covenants of Merger , and took direct control of the state as a Chief Commissioner 's State . As such , the mergers did not meet the expectations of the Government of India or the States Department . In December 1947 , Menon suggested requiring the rulers of states to take `` practical steps towards the establishment of popular government '' . The States Department accepted his suggestion , and implemented it through a special covenant signed by the rajpramukhs of the merged princely unions , binding them to act as constitutional monarchs . This meant that their powers were de facto no different from those of the Governors of the former British provinces , thus giving the people of their territories the same measure of responsible government as the people of the rest of India . The result of this process has been described as being , in effect , an assertion of paramountcy by the Government of India over the states in a more pervasive form . While this contradicted the British statement that paramountcy would lapse on the transfer of power , the Congress position had always been that independent India would inherit the position of being the paramount power . States of India in 1951 Centralisation and constitutionalisation ( edit ) Democratisation still left open one important distinction between the former princely states and the former British provinces , namely , that since the princely states had signed limited Instruments of Accession covering only three subjects , they were insulated from government policies in other areas . The Congress viewed this as hampering its ability to frame policies that brought about social justice and national development . Consequently , they sought to secure to the central government the same degree of powers over the former princely states as it had over the former British provinces . In May 1948 , at the initiative of V.P. Menon , a meeting was held in Delhi between the Rajpramukhs of the princely unions and the States Department , at the end of which the Rajpramukhs signed new Instruments of Accession which gave the Government of India the power to pass laws in respect of all matters that fell within the seventh schedule of the Government of India Act 1935 . Subsequently , each of the princely unions , as well as Mysore and Hyderabad , agreed to adopt the Constitution of India as the constitution of that state , thus ensuring that they were placed in exactly the same legal position vis - à - vis the central government as the former British provinces . The only exception was Kashmir , whose relationship with India continued to be governed by the original Instrument of Accession , and the constitution produced by the state 's Constituent Assembly . Effective from 1950 , the Constitution of India classified the constituent units of India into three classes -- Part A , B , and C states . The former British provinces , together with the princely states that had been merged into them , were the Part A states . The princely unions , plus Mysore and Hyderabad , were the Part B states . The former Chief Commissioners ' Provinces and other centrally administered areas , except the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , were the Part C states . The only practical difference between the Part A states and the Part B states was that the constitutional heads of the Part B states were the Rajpramukhs appointed under the terms of the Covenants of Merger , rather than Governors appointed by the central government . In addition , Constitution gave the central government a significant range of powers over the former princely states , providing amongst other things that `` their governance shall be under the general control of , and comply with such particular directions , if any , as may from time to time be given by , the President '' . Apart from that , the form of government in both was identical . Reorganisation ( edit ) The distinction between Part A and Part B states was only intended to last for a brief , transitional period . In 1956 , the States Reorganisation Act reorganised the former British provinces and princely states on the basis of language . Simultaneously , the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution removed the distinction between Part A and Part B states , both of which were now treated only as `` states '' , with Part C states being renamed `` union territories '' . The Rajpramukhs lost their authority , and were replaced as the constitutional heads of state by Governors , who were appointed by the central government . These changes finally brought the princely order to an end . In both legal and practical terms , the territories that had been part of the princely states were now fully integrated into India and did not differ in any way from those that had been part of British India . The personal privileges of the princes -- the privy purse , the exemption from customs duty , and customary dignities -- survived , only to be abolished in 1971 . Post-integration issues ( edit ) The princes ( edit ) Although the progressive integration of the princely states into India was largely peaceful , not all princes were happy with the outcome . Many had expected the Instruments of Accession to be permanent , and were unhappy about losing the autonomy and the guaranteed continued existence of their states they had expected to gain . Some felt uneasy about the disappearance of states that generations of their family had controlled , while others were unhappy about the disappearance of administrative structures they had worked hard to build up and which they believed to be efficient . The majority , however , despite the `` strain and tension '' of adapting to life as private citizens , were content to retire on the generous pension provided by the privy purse . Several took advantage of their eligibility to hold public offices under the central government . The Maharaja of Bhavnagar , Col. Krishna Kumarasingh Bhavasingh Gohil , for example , became the Governor of Madras State , and several others were appointed to diplomatic posts overseas . Colonial enclaves ( edit ) The French enclaves in 1947 See also : French India and Portuguese India The integration of the princely states raised the question of the future of the remaining colonial enclaves in India . At independence , the regions of Pondicherry , Karikal , Yanam , Mahe and Chandernagore were still colonies of France , and Daman and Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Goa remained colonies of Portugal . An agreement between France and India in 1948 provided for an election in France 's remaining Indian possessions to choose their political future . A plebiscite held in Chandernagore on 19 June 1949 resulted in a vote of 7,463 to 114 in favour of being integrated with India . It was ceded to India on a de facto basis on 14 August 1949 and de jure on 2 May 1950 . In the other enclaves , however , the pro-French camp , led by Edouard Goubert , used the administrative machinery to suppress the pro-merger groups . Popular discontent rose , and in 1954 demonstrations in Yanam and Mahe resulted in pro-merger groups assuming power . A referendum in Pondicherry and Karaikal in October 1954 resulted in a vote in favour of merger , and on 1 November 1954 , de facto control over all four enclaves was transferred to the Republic of India . A treaty of cession was signed in May 1956 , and following ratification by the French National Assembly in May 1962 , de jure control of the enclaves was also transferred . Play media Demonstrators demanding the integration of Goa into India march against the Portuguese on 15 August 1955 . Portugal , in contrast , resisted diplomatic solutions . It viewed its continued possession of its Indian enclaves as a matter of national pride and , in 1951 , it amended its constitution to convert its possessions in India into Portuguese provinces . In July 1954 , an uprising in Dadra and Nagar Haveli threw off Portuguese rule . The Portuguese attempted to send forces from Daman to reoccupy the enclaves , but were prevented from doing so by Indian troops . Portugal initiated proceedings before the International Court of Justice to compel India to allow its troops access to the enclave , but the Court rejected its complaint in 1960 , holding that India was within its rights in denying Portugal military access . In 1961 , the Constitution of India was amended to incorporate Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India as a Union Territory . Goa , Daman and Diu remained an outstanding issue . On 15 August 1955 , five thousand non-violent demonstrators marched against the Portuguese at the border , and were met with gunfire , killing 22 . In December 1960 , the United Nations General Assembly rejected Portugal 's contention that its overseas possessions were provinces , and formally listed them as `` non-self - governing territories '' . Although Nehru continued to favour a negotiated solution , the Portuguese suppression of a revolt in Angola in 1961 radicalised Indian public opinion , and increased the pressure on the Government of India to take military action . African leaders , too , put pressure on Nehru to take action in Goa , which they argued would save Africa from further horrors . On 18 December 1961 , following the collapse of an American attempt to find a negotiated solution , the Indian Army entered Portuguese India and defeated the Portuguese garrisons there . The Portuguese took the matter to the Security Council but a resolution calling on India to withdraw its troops immediately was defeated by the USSR 's veto . Portugal surrendered on 19 December . This take - over ended the last of the European colonies in India . Goa was incorporated into India as a centrally administered union territory and , in 1987 , became a state . Sikkim ( edit ) The former princely state of Sikkim , located at a strategically important point on the border between India and China , was integrated into India in 1975 as its 22nd state . Three princely states bordering India -- Nepal , Bhutan and Sikkim -- were not integrated into the Republic of India in the period between 1947 and 1950 . Nepal had been recognised by the British and the Government of India as being de jure independent . Bhutan had in the British period been considered a protectorate outside the international frontier of India . The Government of India entered into a treaty with Bhutan in 1949 continuing this arrangement , and providing that Bhutan would abide by the advice of the Government of India in the conduct of its external affairs . Historically , Sikkim was a British dependency , with a status similar to that of the other princely states , and was therefore considered to be within the frontiers of India in the colonial period . On independence , however , the Chogyal of Sikkim resisted full integration into India . Given the region 's strategic importance to India , the Government of India signed first a Standstill Agreement and then in 1950 a full treaty with the Chogyal of Sikkim which in effect made it a protectorate which was no longer part of India . India had responsibility for defence , external affairs and communications , and ultimate responsibility for law and order , but Sikkim was otherwise given full internal autonomy . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal , supported by the minority Bhutia and Lepcha upper classes , attempted to negotiate greater powers , particularly over external affairs , to give Sikkim more of an international personality . These policies were opposed by Kazi Lhendup Dorji and the Sikkim State Congress , who represented the ethnic Nepali middle classes and took a more pro-Indian view . In April 1973 , anti-Chogyal agitation broke out and protestors demanded popular elections . The Sikkim police were unable to control the demonstrations , and Dorji asked India to exercise its responsibility for law and order and intervene . India facilitated negotiations between the Chogyal and Dorji , and produced an agreement , which envisaged the reduction of the Chogyal to the role of a constitutional monarch and the holding of elections based on a new ethnic power - sharing formula . The Chogyal 's opponents won an overwhelming victory , and a new Constitution was drafted providing for Sikkim to be associated with the Republic of India . On 10 April 1975 , the Sikkim Assembly passed a resolution calling for the state to be fully integrated into India . This resolution was endorsed by 97 percent of the vote in a referendum held on 14 April 1975 , following which the Indian Parliament amended the constitution to admit Sikkim into India as its 22nd state . Secessionism and sub-nationalism ( edit ) While the majority of princely states absorbed into India have been fully integrated , a few outstanding issues remain . The most prominent of these is in relation to Kashmir , where a violent secessionist insurgency has been raging since the late 1980s . Some academics suggest that the insurgency in Kashmir is at least partly a result of the manner in which it was integrated into India . Kashmir , uniquely amongst princely states , was not required to sign either a Merger Agreement or a revised Instrument of Accession giving India control over a larger number of issues than the three originally provided for . Instead , the power to make laws relating to Kashmir was granted to the Government of India by Article 5 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir and was , under Article 370 of the Constitution of India , somewhat more restricted than in relation to other states . Widmalm argues that during the 1980s , a number of Kashmiri youth began to feel that the Indian government was increasingly interfering in the politics of Jammu and Kashmir . The elections of 1987 caused them to lose faith in the political process and begin the violent insurgency which is still ongoing . Similarly , Ganguly suggests that the policies of the Indian government towards Kashmir meant that the state , unlike other parts of India , never developed the solid political institutions associated with a modern multi-ethnic democracy . As a result , the growing dissatisfaction with the status quo felt by an increasingly politically aware youth was expressed through non-political channels which Pakistan , seeking to weaken India 's hold over Kashmir , transformed into an active insurgency . Separatist movements also exist in two other former princely states located in Northeast India -- Tripura and Manipur . These separatist movements are generally treated by scholars as being part of the broader problem of insurgencies in North - east India , rather being a result of specific problems in integrating the princely states into India , as the Kashmir problem is and , in particular , to reflect the failure of the Government of India to adequately address the aspirations of tribal groups in the Northeast , or to tackle the tensions arising from the immigration of people from other parts of India to the north - eastern areas . The integration of former princely states with other provinces to form new states has also given rise to some issues . The Telangana region , comprising the Telugu - speaking districts of the former Hyderabad State , were in many ways different from the Telugu - speaking areas of British India with which they were merged . In recognition of these differences , the States Reorganisation Commission originally recommended that Telangana be created as a separate state , rather than as part of a broader Telugu - speaking entity . This recommendation was rejected by the Government of India , and Telangana was merged into Andhra Pradesh . The result was the emergence in the 1960s of a movement demanding a separate Telangana state . The demand has been accepted by the Union Government , leading to formation of Telangana as the 29th state of India in June 2014 . A similar movement , although less strong , exists in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra , which consists of the former Nagpur state and the Berar region of the former Hyderabad state . Critical perspectives on the process of integration ( edit ) The integration process repeatedly brought Indian and Pakistani leaders into conflict . During negotiations , Jinnah , representing the Muslim League , strongly supported the right of the princely states to remain independent , joining neither India nor Pakistan , an attitude which was diametrically opposed to the stance taken by Nehru and the Congress and which was reflected in Pakistan 's support of Hyderabad 's bid to stay independent . Post-partition , the Government of Pakistan accused India of hypocrisy on the ground that there was little difference between the accession of the ruler of Junagadh to Pakistan -- which India refused to recognise -- and the accession of the Maharajah of Kashmir to India , and for several years refused to recognise the legality of India 's incorporation of Junagadh , treating it as de jure Pakistani territory . Different theories have been proposed to explain the designs of Indian and Pakistani leaders in this period . Rajmohan Gandhi postulates that an ideal deal working in the mind of Patel was that if Muhammad Ali Jinnah let India have Junagadh and Hyderabad , Patel would not object to Kashmir acceding to Pakistan . In his book Patel : A Life , Gandhi asserts that Jinnah sought to engage the questions of Junagadh and Hyderabad in the same battle . It is suggested that he wanted India to ask for a plebiscite in Junagadh and Hyderabad , knowing thus that the principle then would have to be applied to Kashmir , where the Muslim - majority would , he believed , vote for Pakistan . A speech by Patel at the Bahauddin College in Junagadh following the latter 's take - over , where he said that `` we would agree to Kashmir if they agreed to Hyderabad '' , suggests that he may have been amenable to this idea . Although Patel 's opinions were not India 's policy , nor were they shared by Nehru , both leaders were angered at Jinnah 's courting the princes of Jodhpur , Bhopal and Indore , leading them to take a harder stance on a possible deal with Pakistan . Modern historians have also re-examined the role of the States Department and Lord Mountbatten during the accession process . Ian Copland argues that the Congress leaders did not intend the settlement contained in the Instruments of Accession to be permanent even when they were signed , and at all times privately contemplated a complete integration of the sort that ensued between 1948 and 1950 . He points out that the mergers and cession of powers to the Government of India between 1948 and 1950 contravened the terms of the Instruments of Accession , and were incompatible with the express assurances of internal autonomy and preservation of the princely states which Mountbatten had given the princes . Menon in his memoirs stated that the changes to the initial terms of accession were in every instance freely consented to by the princes with no element of coercion . Copland disagrees , on the basis that foreign diplomats at the time believed that the princes had been given no choice but to sign , and that a few princes expressed their unhappiness with the arrangements . He also criticises Mountbatten 's role , saying that while he stayed within the letter of the law , he was at least under a moral obligation to do something for the princes when it became apparent that the Government of India was going to alter the terms on which accession took place , and that he should never have lent his support to the bargain given that it could not be guaranteed after independence . Both Copland and Ramusack argue that , in the ultimate analysis , one of the reasons why the princes consented to the demise of their states was that they felt abandoned by the British , and saw themselves as having little other option . Older historians such as Lumby , in contrast , take the view that the princely states could not have survived as independent entities after the transfer of power , and that their demise was inevitable . They therefore view successful integration of all princely states into India as a triumph for the Government of India and Lord Mountbatten , and as a tribute to the sagacity of the majority of princes , who jointly achieved in a few months what the Empire had attempted , unsuccessfully , to do for over a century -- unite all of India under one rule . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , pp. 55 -- 56 ; Fisher 1984 , pp. 393 -- 428 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Lee - Warner 1910 , pp. 48 -- 51 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 202 -- 204 Jump up ^ Ashton 1982 , pp. 29 -- 57 Jump up ^ McLeod 1999 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Keith 1969 , pp. 506 -- 514 Jump up ^ Ramusack 1978 , pp. chs 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , pp. 387 -- 389 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , pp. 387 -- 388 Jump up ^ Wood et al. 1985 , pp. 690 -- 691 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 214 -- 215 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Rangaswami 1981 , pp. 235 -- 246 Jump up ^ Phadnis 1969 , pp. 360 -- 374 Jump up ^ Ramusack 1988 , pp. 378 -- 381 Jump up ^ Copland 1987 , pp. 127 -- 129 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Moore 1983 , pp. 290 -- 314 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , p. 204 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , pp. 393 -- 394 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : Ramusack 2004 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , p. 393 ; Lumby 1954 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Morris - Jones 1983 , pp. 624 -- 625 Jump up ^ Spate 1948 , pp. 15 -- 16 ; Wainwright 1994 , pp. 99 -- 104 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 215 , 232 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , p. 272 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , pp. 233 -- 240 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Copland 1997 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Phadnis 1968 , pp. 170 -- 171 , 192 -- 195 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , pp. 253 -- 254 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , pp. 391 -- 392 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , p. 255 Jump up ^ Gandhi 1991 , pp. 411 -- 412 Jump up ^ Gandhi 1991 , pp. 413 -- 414 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , p. 385 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Eagleton 1950 , p. 283 Jump up ^ Moore 1983 , p. 347 ; Lumby 1954 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Lumby 1954 , pp. 218 -- 219 , 233 Jump up ^ Brown 1984 , p. 667 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , p. 234 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 109 -- 110 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , p. 399 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , p. 256 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , p. 396 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , p. 396 ; Menon 1956 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , p. 274 ^ Jump up to : Copland 1997 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Mosley 1961 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 237 -- 238 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 238 -- 239 ^ Jump up to : Furber 1951 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 394 -- 395 ^ Jump up to : Lumby 1954 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 245 -- 247 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 247 -- 248 Jump up ^ Potter 1950 , p. 361 Jump up ^ Potter 1950 , pp. 361 -- 362 Jump up ^ Security Council 1957 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Talbot 1949 , pp. 323 -- 324 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 240 Jump up ^ Talbot 1949 , pp. 324 -- 325 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ Talbot 1949 , pp. 325 -- 326 Jump up ^ Puchalapalli 1973 , pp. 18 -- 42 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 224 ^ Jump up to : Talbot 1949 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Eagleton 1950 , pp. 277 -- 280 Jump up ^ Gandhi 1991 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Thomson 2013 Jump up ^ Noorani 2001 Jump up ^ Talbot 1949 , pp. 326 -- 327 Jump up ^ Eagleton 1950 , p. 280 ; Talbot 1949 , pp. 326 -- 327 Jump up ^ Wood 1984 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 363 Jump up ^ Wood 1984 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 352 ^ Jump up to : Copland 1997 , p. 262 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 354 -- 355 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 355 -- 356 ^ Jump up to : Furber 1951 , pp. 366 -- 367 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 354 , 356 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 358 -- 359 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 36o Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 361 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 362 -- 363 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 367 -- 368 ^ Jump up to : Copland 1997 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 357 -- 358 , 360 ^ Jump up to : Furber 1951 , pp. 369 -- 370 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 357 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 352 -- 354 ^ Jump up to : Copland 1997 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Gledhill 1957 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Roberts 1972 , pp. 79 -- 110 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , pp. 354 , 371 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 371 ^ Jump up to : Furber 1951 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Fifield 1950 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Vincent 1990 , pp. 153 -- 155 ^ Jump up to : Karan 1960 , p. 188 ^ Jump up to : Fisher 1962 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Karan 1960 , pp. 188 -- 190 Jump up ^ Fisher 1962 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Fisher 1962 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Fisher 1962 , pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ Fisher 1962 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Wright 1962 , p. 619 Jump up ^ Fifield 1952 , pp. 450 Jump up ^ Furber 1951 , p. 369 ; Note 1975 , p. 884 Jump up ^ Gupta 1975 , pp. 789 -- 790 Jump up ^ Gupta 1975 , pp. 790 -- 793 Jump up ^ Gupta 1975 , pp. 793 -- 795 Jump up ^ Note 1975 , p. 884 ^ Jump up to : Widmalm 1997 , pp. 1019 -- 1023 Jump up ^ Ganguly 1996 , pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Ganguly 1996 , pp. 91 -- 105 Jump up ^ Ganguly 1996 , p. 103 Jump up ^ See e.g. Hardgrave 1983 , pp. 1173 -- 1177 ; Guha 1984 , pp. 42 -- 65 ; Singh 1987 , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Gray 1971 , pp. 463 -- 474 Jump up ^ Mitra 2006 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Menon 1956 , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gandhi 1991 , pp. 430 -- 438 Jump up ^ Gandhi 1991 , p. 438 Jump up ^ Gandhi 1991 , pp. 407 -- 408 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , pp. 399 -- 401 Jump up ^ Copland 1997 , pp. 266 , 271 -- 272 Jump up ^ Copland 1993 , pp. 398 -- 401 Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , p. 274 ; Copland 1997 , pp. 355 -- 356 Jump up ^ Lumby 1954 , pp. 218 ; Furber 1951 , p. 359 References ( edit ) Ashton , S.R. ( 1982 ) , British Policy towards the Indian States , 1905 -- 1938 , London Studies on South Asia no . 2 , London : Curzon Press , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0146 - X Brown , Judith M. ( 1984 ) , `` The Mountbatten Viceroyalty . Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan , 31 May - 7 July 1947 '' , The English Historical Review , 99 ( 392 ) : 667 -- 668 Copland , Ian ( 1987 ) , `` Congress Paternalism : The `` High Command '' and the Struggle for Freedom in Princely India `` '' , in Masselos , Jim , Struggling and Ruling : The Indian National Congress 1885 -- 1985 , New Delhi : Sterling Publishers , pp. 121 -- 140 , ISBN 81 - 207 - 0691 - 9 Copland , Ian ( 1993 ) , `` Lord Mountbatten and the Integration of the Indian States : A Reappraisal '' , The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 21 ( 2 ) : 385 -- 408 , doi : 10.1080 / 03086539308582896 Copland , Ian ( 1997 ) , The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire , 1917 -- 1947 , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57179 - 0 Eagleton , Clyde ( 1950 ) , `` The Case of Hyderabad Before the Security Council '' , The American Journal of International Law , American Society of International Law , 44 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 302 , JSTOR 2193757 , doi : 10.2307 / 2193757 Fifield , Russell H. ( 1950 ) , `` The Future of French India '' , Far Eastern Review , 19 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 64 , doi : 10.1525 / as. 1950.19. 6.01 p0582b Fifield , Russell H. ( 1952 ) , `` New States in the Indian Realm '' , The American Journal of International Law , American Society of International Law , 46 ( 3 ) : 450 -- 463 , JSTOR 2194500 , doi : 10.2307 / 2194500 Fisher , Margaret W. ( 1962 ) , `` Goa in Wider Perspective '' , Asian Survey , 2 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 10 , doi : 10.1525 / as. 1962.2. 2.01 p1537e Fisher , Michael H. ( 1984 ) , `` Indirect Rule in the British Empire : The Foundations of the Residency System in India ( 1764 -- 1858 ) '' , Modern Asian Studies , 18 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 428 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00009033 Furber , Holden ( 1951 ) , `` The Unification of India , 1947 -- 1951 '' , Pacific Affairs , Pacific Affairs , University of British Columbia , 24 ( 4 ) : 352 -- 371 , JSTOR 2753451 , doi : 10.2307 / 2753451 Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1991 ) , Patel : A Life , Ahmedabad : Navajivan Publishing House Ganguly , Sumit ( 1996 ) , `` Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency : Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay '' , International Security , The MIT Press , 21 ( 2 ) : 76 -- 107 , JSTOR 2539071 , doi : 10.2307 / 2539071 Gledhill , Alan ( 1957 ) , `` Constitutional and Legislative Development in the Indian Republic '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London , 20 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 267 -- 278 , doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00061838 Gray , Hugh ( 1971 ) , `` The Demand for a Separate Telangana State in India '' , Asian Survey , 11 ( 5 ) : 463 -- 474 , doi : 10.1525 / as. 1971.11. 5.01 p0113d Guha , Amalendu ( 1984 ) , `` Nationalism : Pan-Indian and Regional in a Historical Perspective '' , Social Scientist , Social Scientist , 12 ( 2 ) : 42 -- 65 , JSTOR 3517093 , doi : 10.2307 / 3517093 Gupta , Ranjan ( 1975 ) , `` Sikkim : The Merger with India '' , Asian Survey , 15 ( 9 ) : 786 -- 798 , doi : 10.1525 / as. 1975.15. 9.01 p0110k Hardgrave , Robert L. ( 1983 ) , `` The Northeast , the Punjab , and the Regionalization of Indian Politics '' , Asian Survey , 23 ( 11 ) : 1171 -- 1181 , doi : 10.1525 / as. 1983.23. 11.01 p0095g Karan , Pradyumna P. ( 1960 ) , `` A Free Access to Colonial Enclaves '' , Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 50 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 190 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1960. tb00345. x Keith , Arthur Berriedale ( 1969 ) , A Constitutional History of India , 1600 -- 1935 ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Methuen Lee - Warner , Sir William ( 1910 ) , The Native States of India ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Macmillan Lumby , E.W.R. ( 1954 ) , The Transfer of Power in India , 1945 -- 1947 , London : George Allen and Unwin McLeod , John ( 1999 ) , Sovereignty , Power , Control : Politics in the State of Western India , 1916 -- 1947 , Leiden : Brill , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11343 - 6 Menon , V.P. ( 1956 ) , The Story of the Integration of the Indian States , New York : Macmillan Mitra , Subrata Kumar ( 2006 ) , The Puzzle of India 's Governance : Culture , Context and Comparative Theory , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 34861 - 7 Moore , R.J. ( 1983 ) , Escape from Empire : The Attlee Government and the Indian Problem , Oxford : Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822688 - 8 Morris - Jones , W.H. ( 1983 ) , `` Thirty - Six Years Later : The Mixed Legacies of Mountbatten 's Transfer of Power '' , International Affairs , 59 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 628 , doi : 10.2307 / 2619473 Mosley , Leonard ( 1961 ) , The last days of the British Raj , London : Weidenfield and Nicolson Note ( 1975 ) , `` Current Legal Developments : Sikkim , Constituent Unit of India '' , International and Comparative Law Quarterly , 24 ( 4 ) : 884 , doi : 10.1093 / iclqaj / 24.4. 884 Phadnis , Urmila ( 1968 ) , Towards the Integration of the Indian States , 1919 -- 1947 , London : Asia Publishing House Phadnis , Urmila ( 1969 ) , `` Gandhi and Indian States : A Probe in Strategy '' , in Biswas , S.C. , Gandhi : Theory and Practice , Social Impact and Contemporary Relevance , Transactions of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study Vol. 2 , Shimla : Indian Institute of Advanced Study , pp. 360 -- 374 Potter , Pitman B. ( 1950 ) , `` The Principal Legal and Political Problems Involved in the Kashmir Case '' , The American Journal of International Law , American Society of International Law , 44 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 363 , JSTOR 2193764 , doi : 10.2307 / 2193764 Ramusack , Barbara N. ( 1978 ) , The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire : Dissolution of a patron - client system , 1914 -- 1939 , Colombus , Ohio : Ohio State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0272 - 1 Ramusack , Barbara N. ( 1988 ) , `` Congress and the People 's Movement in Princely India : Ambivalence in Strategy and Organisation '' , in Sisson , Richard ; Wolpert , Stanley , Congress and Indian Nationalism , Berkeley : University of California Press , pp. 377 -- 403 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 06041 - 5 Ramusack , Barbara N. ( 2004 ) , The Indian Princes and Their States , The New Cambridge History of India III. 6 , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 26727 - 7 Rangaswami , Vanaja ( 1981 ) , The Story of Integration : A New Interpretation in the Context of the Democratic Movements in the Princely States of Mysore , Travancore and Cochin 1900 -- 1947 , New Delhi : Manohar Roberts , Neal A. ( 1972 ) , `` The Supreme Court in a Developing Society : Progressive or Reactionary Force ? A Study of the Privy Purse Case in India '' , The American Journal of Comparative Law , American Society of Comparative Law , 20 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 110 , JSTOR 839489 , doi : 10.2307 / 839489 Security Council ( 1957 ) , `` Security Council : India - Pakistan Question '' , International Organization , 11 ( 2 ) : 368 -- 372 , doi : 10.1017 / S0020818300023808 Singh , B.P. ( 1987 ) , `` North - East India : Demography , Culture and Identity Crisis '' , Modern Asian Studies , 21 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 282 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00013809 Spate , O.H.K. ( 1948 ) , `` The Partition of India and the Prospects of Pakistan '' , Geographical Review , American Geographical Society , 38 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 29 , JSTOR 210736 , doi : 10.2307 / 210736 Talbot , Phillips ( 1949 ) , `` Kashmir and Hyderabad '' , World Politics , Cambridge University Press , 1 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 332 , JSTOR 2009033 , doi : 10.2307 / 2009033 Vincent , Rose ( 1990 ) , The French in India : From Diamond Traders to Sanskrit Scholars , Bombay : Popular Prakashan , translated by Latika Padgaonkar Wainwright , A.M. ( 1994 ) , Inheritance of Empire : Britain , India and the Balance of Power in Asia , 1938 -- 55 , Westport : Praeger , ISBN 0 - 275 - 94733 - 5 Widmalm , Sten ( 1997 ) , `` The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir '' , Asian Survey , 37 ( 11 ) : 1005 -- 1030 , doi : 10.1525 / as. 1997.37. 11.01 p02937 Wright , Quincy ( 1962 ) , `` The Goa Incident '' , The American Journal of International Law , American Society of International Law , 56 ( 3 ) : 617 -- 632 , JSTOR 2196501 , doi : 10.2307 / 2196501 Wood , John ( 1984 ) , `` British versus Princely Legacies and the Political Integration of Gujarat '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 44 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 99 , JSTOR 2056747 , doi : 10.2307 / 2056747 Wood , John ; Moon , Penderel ; Blake , David M. ; Ashton , Stephen R. ( 1985 ) , `` Dividing the Jewel : Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan '' , Pacific Affairs , Pacific Affairs , University of British Columbia , 58 ( 4 ) : 653 -- 662 , JSTOR 2758474 , doi : 10.2307 / 2758474 Puchalapalli , Sundarayya ( March 1973 ) , `` Telangana People 's Armed Struggle , 1946 - 1951 . Part Two : First Phase and Its Lessons '' , Social Scientist , Social Scientist , 1 ( 8 ) : 18 -- 42 , JSTOR 3516214 , doi : 10.2307 / 3516214 , archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Metcalf , Barbara D. ; Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of India ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521682251 . Thomson , Mike ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Hyderabad 1948 : India 's hidden massacre '' . BBC . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Noorani , A.G. ( Mar 3 -- 16 , 2001 ) . `` Of a massacre untold '' . Frontline. 18 ( 05 ) . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_integration_of_India&oldid=805150862 '' Categories : Constitutional history of India Independent India Political integration of India Nehru administration Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी සිංහල தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 11 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many states did india have at the time of independence	[]	[]
4488989115901249816	Star Trek: Discovery	Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/ Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season are streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek . Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , she was not made a starship captain , in order `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler : Chief of Security of the USS Discovery , Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Latif noted that Tyler 's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life , calling Tyler `` a very complex and painful and deep character . '' The character explores these issues with different characters , including Lorca due to their shared military background , and Burnham with whom `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' . Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f-d up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 10 `` Despite Yourself '' TBA TBA January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 11 `` The Wolf Inside '' TBA TBA January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 12 `` Vaulting Ambition '' TBA TBA January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 13 `` What 's Past is Prologue '' TBA TBA January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 14 `` The War Without , The War Within '' TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 15 `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' TBA TBA February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) § Reception Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.14 / 10 based on 54 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show . Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development . There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series will also take place . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ulster , Laurie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingon Costumes And Props '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery star Sonequa Martin - Green breaks her silence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sonequa Martin - Green Beams Aboard Discovery '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : hercules ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ! More STAR TREK DISCOVERY Scoop ! ! Lead Will Be Called ' Number One ' ! ! Nick Meyer Scripts Hour Two ! ! Bryan Fuller Hires Co-Showrunners ! ! More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery @ Comic - Con : New Footage and Sarek Secret Revealed , Stamets ' Love Interest Cast and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts 3 actors , adds gay character '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : Doug Jones breaks silence on show 's new alien '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrina ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fan Expo 2017 : The Star Trek : Discovery Cast Talk Phasers , Klingons , And Kelpien Struts '' . Space . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Recasts Klingon Amid Flurry of New Additions '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Shazad Latif On Playing A POW In Pain On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rainn Wilson Talks `` Deadly '' Harry Mudd In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' `` . TrekMovie.com . August 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet , Klingon and Vulcan Props , Costumes & Ships ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Callaghan , Lauren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` How mushrooms fuel Star Trek Discovery 's experimental transport technology '' . GamesRadar+ . United Kingdom and United States : Future plc . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Anthony Rapp On His Wild Space Mushroom Journey In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` First openly gay Star Trek TV character revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Isaacs And Mary Wiseman Cast In Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . March 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 Interview : Mary Wiseman Reveals Connection Between Cadet Tilly And Michael Burnham on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carollo , Lilly ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's showrunners on what to expect from the first Trek TV series in 16 years '' . Vox . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Jason Isaacs as captain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery first look at Jason Isaacs as Captain Lorca '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isaacs discovered his Star Trek catchphrase was a problem '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets September Premiere Date On CBS & CBS All Access , Season 1 Split In Two '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek 's Return to the Small Screen Was Ambitious and Emotional , if Not Always Logical '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - star trek : discovery on cbsaa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` A New Star Trek Series Has Been Ordered at CBS '' . Vulture . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Fuller 's Original Pitch For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Included Going Beyond TNG Era '' . TrekMovie.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Les Moonves Assures CBS Investors First Six Episodes Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Are `` Terrific '' `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topei , Fred ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Broadcast Network Not Creatively Involved In New Star Trek Streaming Series '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` International Broadcasters Set for New Star Trek Series '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Meyer Joins New Star Trek Series '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` CBS ' New ' Star Trek ' Adds Gene Roddenberry 's Son as Exec Producer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Reveals New ' Star Trek ' Details , Says Series Will ' Eventually ' Revisit Characters '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider.com . United States : Complex Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Announced As Name Of New Series '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . July 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trendacosta , Katharine ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Officially Takes Place in the Prime Universe '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Bryan Fuller Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ; Ryan , Maureen ; Littleton , Cynthia ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Producer Bryan Fuller on His ' Bittersweet ' Departure From the New ' Star Trek ' TV Series '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Spock 's father , pushes premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Is Filming , Still Getting New Writers '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ted Sullivan ( @ @ karterhol ) ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` # jasongorn my seat . # diva @ startrekcbs @ StarTrekRoom '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Katie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Official Trailer Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Team Talk War , Roddenberry , Space Mushrooms , And A Reimagined Mudd '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Franklin Park native takes the helm on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery storyline revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Explains Why the New Show is Called Star Trek : Discovery '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Producer Hints At New Reveal ' Soon , ' Reaffirms Show Is A Prequel '' . TrekMovie.com . May 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Heard the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Theme Music ; New Details on the Show 's Serialized Storytelling ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to ditch a long frustrating Trek rule '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producers : Major characters wo n't be safe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to be ' hard PG - 13 ' yet avoid nudity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Trek : Discovery Producers on Ship 's Design , Show 's Themes '' . TrekMovie.com . United States : Blogger . July 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : ' Prime ' Setting , Gay Character , Heavy Alien Presence and 11 More Spoilers About CBS Reboot '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speelman , Tom ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` That Time Mae Jemison , Pioneering Astronaut , Was on Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Holloway , Daniel ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Finds First Cast Member in Michelle Yeoh '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Out as ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Sonequa Martin - Green Cast As The Lead '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Shazad Latif Cast As Klingon Commanding Officer Kol '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAFTCAD Celebrates Costumes 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CAFTCAD . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iocovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens & Reeves - Stevens 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Stice & Scoleri 2007 , pp. 124 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's Ship Design Still Evolving '' . IGN . San Francisco : IGN Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iocovino , Kayla ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Concept Art Details Klingon And Federation Ships '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korporaal , Angie ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Reveal Look and Colors Will Evolve To Be More Like TOS '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery showrunners explain show 's delays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Eaglemoss ' Ben Robinson on DISCOVERY Model Plans and Future OFFICIAL STARSHIPS Releases '' . TrekCore.com . August 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Surging Hollywood Shoots Forces Hunt for New Toronto Soundstages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cassius ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Air Weekly on Cable TV in Canada '' . ncc-1031.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Star Trek : Discovery will air weekly at 8 : 00pm Eastern / 5pm Pacific every Sunday Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=815949285 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows CBS All Access shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 07 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much does each episode of star trek discovery cost	[ "With production set to finally begin in January, \"a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects.\"[46] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[47][48] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a \"fall\" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[49][50] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[25] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that \"what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about\" and would not be altered.[51] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted \"a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know.\"[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[52] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a \"road map\" for a second season, and \"the beginnings of one\" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[53] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[54] The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017.[55]" ]	[ "US$8–8.5 million" ]
-7503760593564096028	American Revolution	American Revolution - wikipedia American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political and social developments , and the origin and aftermath of the war . For military actions , see American Revolutionary War . For other uses , see American Revolution ( disambiguation ) . In this article , inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as `` Americans '' or `` Patriots , '' and sometimes as `` Whigs , '' `` Rebels , '' or `` Revolutionaries . '' Colonists who supported the British side are called `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . In accordance with the policy of this encyclopedia , this article uses American English terminology . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others . Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked representation in Parliament . Protests steadily escalated to the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in 1773 , during which patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the British Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the British attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the British out of Boston early in 1776 , but later that year the British captured and held New York City and its strategic harbor for the duration of the war . The British blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but successfully captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777 , and the French entered the war as allies of the United States as a result . The war later turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at South Carolina but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781 , effectively ending the war in the United States . The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict , confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States . The new Constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4. 1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1. 2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Memory 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporary sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The 1763 `` Proclamation line '' comprises the border between the red and the pink areas , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain , as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one 's own livelihood as part of the drive west . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed to ensure that trade enriched only Britain , barring trade with other nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of Britain . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists . New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid as a result , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them . Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere . Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it . Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies . 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out . On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre . The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level . When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall . Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly . Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 . It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox . In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified . On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' . The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion Benjamin Rush , 1783 In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 . The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by George Washington , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line : Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York . Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On June 11 , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it was unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 , and each of the colonies became independent and sovereign . The next step was to form a union to facilitate international relations and alliances . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . The Second Continental Congress approved the `` Articles of Confederation '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 ; the Congress immediately began operating under the Articles ' terms , providing a structure of shared sovereignty during prosecution of the war and facilitating international relations and alliances with France and Spain . The articles were ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war . However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... . Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England . Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 . From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy . Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors . British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat . The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington . The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . It would be three decades until war resumed again with the War of 1812 , which firmly established the permanence of the United States . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état . The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 . The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire . Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s . However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces . There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity . Liberalism Main article : Liberalism in the United States Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( show ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Libertarianism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Wilhelm von Humboldt Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Zef Jubani Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Baruch Spinoza Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights . John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' , and is credited with leading Americans to the critical concepts of social contract , natural rights , and `` born free and equal . '' Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) . Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed . The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice . It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( i.e. , Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation . Therefore , he was `` Nature 's God . '' Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was pervaded and directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence . '' And they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge ( God ) for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in a God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role . Alan Heimert argues that New Light antiauthoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown . Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens . Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again . Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths . American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans . In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists . Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops . For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation About 60,000 to 70,000 Loyalists left the newly founded republic ; some migrated to Britain . The remainder , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations vary concerning the effect of the Revolution . Veterans who fought in the war referred to it as `` the revolution '' , although the war is sometimes known as the `` American War of Independence '' outside the United States , particularly in the United Kingdom . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan view the American Revolution as a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , such as an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . John Murrin , by contrast , argues that the definition of `` the people '' at that time was mostly restricted to free men who were able to pass a property - qualification . This view argues that any significant gain of the revolution was irrelevant in the short term to women , black Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and American Indians . Morgan has argued that , in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the own in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed . The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government . The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology . It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . Zagarri in 2007 argued that the American Revolution created a continuing debate on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in U.S. politics . She asserts that for a brief decade , a `` comprehensive transformation in women 's rights , roles , and responsibilities seemed not only possible but perhaps inevitable . '' But , the changes also engendered a backlash that set back the cause of women 's rights and led to a greater rigidity that marginalized women from political life . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers . Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Memory See also : United States Bicentennial Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city , Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory . As the founding story , it is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . Thus Independence Day ( the `` Fourth of July '' ) is a major national holiday celebrated annually . Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill , one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon , George Washington 's estate ( near Washington City ) , which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s . Crider points out that in the 1850s , editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 , as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric . Ryan , noting that the Bicentennial was celebrated a year after the United States ' humiliating 1975 withdrawal from Vietnam , says the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values , and presented a nostalgic approach to 1776 that made it seem eternally young and fresh . Albanese argues that the Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . She says that specific battles are not central ( as they are for the Civil War ) but rather certain events and people have been celebrated as icons of certain virtues ( or vices ) . Thus she points out the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) , sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred holidays ( Independence Day ) , and a holy scripture whose every sentence is carefully studied and applied in current law cases ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) . See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 - 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86-104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 - 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 - 57 , 169 - 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 - 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 9781598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 - 298 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle . Page 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 9 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ Armitage , David . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Harvard University Press , London . 2007 . `` The Articles of Confederation safeguarded it for each of the thirteen states in Article II ( `` Each State retains its sovereignty , freedom and independence '' ) , but confined its international expression to Congress alone . '' Jump up ^ Tesesis , Alexander . Self - Government and the Declaration of Independence . Cornell Law Review , Volume 97 Issue 4 . May 2012 . ( applying the Declaration in the context of state sovereignty while dealing with personal liberty laws , noting that `` after the declaration of independence in 1776 , each state , at least before the confederation , was a sovereign , independent body '' ) . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias ( 2011 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p. 157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp. 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 85 - 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp 245 -- 266 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p. 379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 - 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , N.Y. , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ page 101 , Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) P. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p. 186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . '' History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at page 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp 235 - 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . p. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) p. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250 - 70 , at p 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 p. 78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ One modern writer argues that the events were not revolutionary because , according to his opinion , the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not significantly transformed . He posits that a distant government was simply replaced with a local one . ( Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 ) Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole p. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) . quote p 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 193 . ) Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 - 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 - 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine L. Albanese , Sons of the Fathers : The Civil Religion of the American Revolution ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay , `` George Washington : American Moses , '' American Quarterly ( 1969 ) 21 # 4 pp 780 - 91 in JSTOR References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Berkin , Carol ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7532 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Boorstin , Daniel J. ( 1953 ) . The Genius of American Politics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06491 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2010 ) . `` The Sparck of Rebellion '' . American Heritage Magazine . 59 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Burrows , Edwin G. ; Wallace , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation '' . Perspectives in American History . 6 : 167 -- 305 . Calhoon , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` Loyalism and Neutrality '' . In Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . OCLC 94003190 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5097 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08919 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 551460 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70527 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4632 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45492 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) . Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 414 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 503 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 272 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9860 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5623 - 0 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31513 - 3 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson . A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Berkin , Carol. Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence ( 2006 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H. American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth . Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 26 - 9 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 - 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David . The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 - 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 010834 - 7 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed . English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pages online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporary sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 - 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 - 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution - Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals . Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Congress House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judiciary Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal GND : 4187276 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Revolution&oldid=815860834 '' Categories : 1770s conflicts 1780s conflicts 18th century in the United States 18th - century rebellions 18th - century revolutions American Revolution History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Legal history of the United States Age of Enlightenment 1760s conflicts Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Interlingua עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Ligure Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots سنڌي کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us formally separate from great britain	[]	[]
4086476539483599422	Articles of Confederation	Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on March 4 , 1789 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Ratification 4 Article summaries 5 Congress under the Articles 5.1 The Army 5.2 Foreign policy 5.3 Taxation and commerce 5.4 Accomplishments 5.5 Presidents of Congress 6 The U.S. under the Articles 7 Signatures 7.1 Signers 8 Gallery 9 Revision and replacement 9.1 Legitimacy of closing down 9.2 Final months 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . Ratification The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777 . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . The lone holdout , Maryland , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through , and voted to ratify . During this time , Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government . Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2 , 1781 . Congress was informed of Maryland 's assent on March 1 , and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land . The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : State Date 13 ! 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 12 ! 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 08 ! 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 11 ! 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 01 ! 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 03 ! 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 06 ! 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 10 ! 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 05 ! 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 09 ! 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 07 ! 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 02 ! 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 04 ! 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation 's central government . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress , which was empowered to make war and peace , negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and to resolve disputes between the states . The document also stipulates that its provisions `` shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and that `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles : Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions ( demands for payments or supplies ) from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . Congress under the Articles The army Under the Articles , Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army , but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , and even food . Further , although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers , as a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure ; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified . Afterward , the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance . Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time , causing difficulties in raising a quorum . The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists , including George Washington . Many of the most prominent national leaders , such as Washington , John Adams , John Hancock , and Benjamin Franklin , retired from public life , served as foreign delegates , or held office in state governments ; and for the general public , local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . This served to exacerbate Congress 's impotence . Inherent weaknesses in the confederation 's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1786 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . '' Furthermore , the 1786 Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty , which was never ratified , the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 , after the federal Constitution came into force . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and it established the precedent by which the national ( later , federal ) government would be sovereign and expand westward -- as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . Presidents of Congress Further information : President of the Continental Congress Under the Articles of Confederation , the presiding officer of Congress -- referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled -- chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles . The first , Samuel Huntington , had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28 , 1779 . President Term Samuel Huntington 01 ! March 1 , 1781 -- July 10 , 1781 Thomas McKean 02 ! July 10 , 1781 -- November 5 , 1781 John Hanson 03 ! November 5 , 1781 -- November 4 , 1782 Elias Boudinot 04 ! November 4 , 1782 -- November 3 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin 05 ! November 3 , 1783 -- June 3 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee 06 ! November 30 , 1784 -- November 4 , 1785 John Hancock 07 ! November 23 , 1785 -- June 5 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham 08 ! June 6 , 1786 -- November 3 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair 09 ! February 2 , 1787 -- November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin 10 ! January 22 , 1788 -- November 15 , 1788 The U.S. under the Articles Main article : Confederation Period The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . Chevalier de La Luzerne , French Minister to the United States , felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government . In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British ( who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay ) , he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also `` sharply pressed '' Maryland to ratify the Articles , thus suggesting the two issues were related . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Note : Jefferson 's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States '' . Founders Online . ( Original source : The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 10 , 22 June -- 31 December 1786 , ed . Julian P. Boyd . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1954 , pp. 560 -- 566 ) . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Satō , Shōsuke ( 1886 ) ( Digitized 2008 ) . History of the land question in the United States . Baltimore , Maryland : Isaac Friedenwald , for Johns Hopkins University . p. 352 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . pp. 245 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sioussat , St. George L. ( October 1936 ) . `` THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND , 1780 - 1781 With Accompanying Documents '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 60 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 418 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleve , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 48050 - 3 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Wikimedia Commons has media related to Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Articles of Confederation Text version of the Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Articles of Confederation and related resources , Library of Congress Today in History : November 15 , Library of Congress United States Constitution Online -- The Articles of Confederation Free Download of Articles of Confederation Audio Mobile friendly version of the Articles of Confederation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble and Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Signers of the Articles of Confederation A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny GND : 4328865 - 0 LCCN : n83300226 NARA : 10639091 VIAF : 175396367 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_Confederation&oldid=844437274 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1781 in law Defunct constitutions Ordinances of the Continental Congress Political charters United States historical documents 1777 in the United States 1781 in the United States Federalism in the United States Legal history of the United States History of York County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania in the American Revolution York , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the articles of confederation gave most power to	[ "The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.[1] It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.[2]" ]	[ "the states" ]
-3676588517279361387	Sad but True	Sad But True - wikipedia Sad But True Jump to : navigation , search `` Sad but True '' Single by Metallica from the album Metallica B - side `` Harvester of Sorrow '' ( live ) / `` So What ? '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' ( Elevator Version ) / `` Creeping Death '' ( live ) / `` Sad But True '' ( Demo ) Released February 8 , 1993 Format CD single cassette vinyl Recorded June 16 , 1991 at One on One Studios , Los Angeles , California Genre Heavy metal Length 5 : 24 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Producer ( s ) Bob Rock James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Metallica singles chronology `` Wherever I May Roam '' ( 1992 ) `` Sad but True '' ( 1993 ) `` Until It Sleeps '' ( 1996 ) `` Wherever I May Roam '' ( 1992 ) `` Sad But True '' ( 1993 ) `` Until It Sleeps '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` Sad but True '' on YouTube Audio sample `` Sad But True '' file help `` Sad but True '' is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica . It was released in February 1993 as the fifth and final single from their eponymous fifth album , Metallica . The music video from the single was released in October , 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 In popular culture 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 6 References Content ( edit ) Though the band had utilized the ' D standard ' tuning for the recording and subsequent performances of covers such as `` Crash Course in Brain Surgery '' and `` The Small Hours '' , this was the second instance of the band utilizing such a low guitar tuning for an original piece ( `` The Thing That Should Not Be '' was the first , utilizing drop D tuning in the studio , and tuning down to drop C# live ) . Bassist Jason Newsted tuned his 5 - string bass down to ' A standard ' for this song , which is essentially the equivalent of D standard , i.e. one whole step down . In popular culture ( edit ) The instrumental structure was used in Kid Rock 's 2000 single , `` American Bad Ass '' . The song is on Rock 's compilation , The History of Rock . A different version of the instrumental structure was used in the song 's parody track `` American Hair Band '' by rock band Tuff . Snoop Dogg has covered the song live paying tribute to the band at MTV Icon : Metallica , held in Universal City , California in 2003 . In 2004 , Guitar Player listed James Hetfield 's tone ( most likely produced by an ESP MX - 220 with a Mesa Boogie Mark IV along with a Danelectro Longhorn bass ) as one of the `` 50 Greatest Tones of All Time '' . The song was played in the background as Kurt Russell introduced the Seattle Seahawks in an opening segment for Fox Sports 's TV coverage of Super Bowl XLVIII . Track listing ( edit ) US Single `` Sad but True '' `` So What '' International Single Part 1 `` Sad but True '' - 5 : 27 `` So What '' - 3 : 09 `` Harvester of Sorrow ( Live ) '' - 6 : 41 International Single Part 2 `` Sad but True '' - 5 : 27 `` Nothing Else Matters ( Elevator Version ) '' - 6 : 31 `` Creeping Death ( Live ) '' - 8 : 01 `` Sad but True ( Demo ) '' - 4 : 53 UK Picture Single `` Sad but True '' - 5 : 26 `` Nothing Else Matters ( Live ) '' - 6 : 13 `` Sad but True ( Live ) '' - 6 : 12 UK & Germany Vinyl 7 '' Single `` Sad but True '' - 5 : 24 `` Nothing Else Matters '' - 6 : 29 French Single `` Sad but True '' - 5 : 27 `` Nothing Else Matters ( Edit ) '' - 6 : 29 International 7 '' Inch Vinyl Single `` Sad but True '' `` Nothing Else Matters ( Live ) '' `` Sad but True ( Live ) '' Personnel ( edit ) James Hetfield - lead vocals , rhythm guitar Kirk Hammett - lead guitar Jason Newsted - bass , backing vocals Lars Ulrich - drums John Marshall - guitar on `` Nothing Else Matters '' ( Live ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 50 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 42 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 20 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 98 U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metallica . `` Sad But True '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackett , Matt ( October 2004 ) . `` The 50 Greatest Tones of All Time '' . Guitar Player . pp. 44 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Kurt Russell Seattle Seahawks introduction Super Bowl XLVIII 2014 - Metallica HD Stereo . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Metallica -- Sad But True '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Metallica -- Sad But True '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Metallica Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Metallica '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Metallica -- Sad But True '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Metallica -- Sad But True '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Metallica -- Sad But True '' . Singles Top 100 . Metallica James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Robert Trujillo Jason Newsted Cliff Burton Dave Mustaine Ron McGovney Studio albums Kill ' Em All Ride the Lightning Master of Puppets ... And Justice for All Metallica Load Reload St. Anger Death Magnetic Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct Cover albums Garage Inc . Collaboration projects Lulu Extended plays The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited Beyond Magnetic Live albums S&M Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México Live at Grimey 's The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Through the Never Box sets The Good , the Bad & the Live Live Shit : Binge & Purge Limited - Edition Vinyl Box Set The Metallica Collection Singles `` Whiplash '' `` Jump in the Fire '' `` Creeping Death '' `` Master of Puppets '' `` Harvester of Sorrow '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` One '' `` Enter Sandman '' `` The Unforgiven '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' `` Wherever I May Roam '' `` Sad but True '' `` Until It Sleeps '' `` Hero of the Day '' `` Mama Said '' `` King Nothing '' `` The Memory Remains '' `` The Unforgiven II '' `` Fuel '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Whiskey in the Jar '' `` Die , Die My Darling '' `` Nothing Else Matters ' 99 '' `` No Leaf Clover '' `` I Disappear '' `` St. Anger '' `` Frantic '' `` The Unnamed Feeling '' `` Some Kind of Monster '' `` The Day That Never Comes '' `` All Nightmare Long '' `` Broken , Beat & Scarred '' `` The View '' `` Lords of Summer '' `` Hardwired '' `` Moth into Flame '' `` Atlas , Rise ! '' `` Now That We 're Dead '' `` Spit Out the Bone '' Promotional singles `` Fade to Black '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Do n't Tread on Me '' `` Ai n't My Bitch '' `` Bleeding Me '' `` Better than You '' `` My Apocalypse '' `` Cyanide '' `` The Judas Kiss '' Other songs `` Seek & Destroy '' `` Am I Evil ? '' `` Blitzkrieg '' `` Breadfan '' `` The God That Failed '' `` Astronomy '' `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Last Caress / Green Hell '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' `` So What ? '' `` Overkill '' `` The Unforgiven III '' Video albums Cliff ' Em All 2 of One A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica Cunning Stunts S&M The Videos 1989 -- 2004 Français Pour une Nuit Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Quebec Magnetic Metallica Through the Never Tours Kill ' Em All Tour Ride the Lightning Tour Damage , Inc . Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1987 Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 Damaged Justice Tour Wherever We May Roam Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Nowhere Else to Roam Tour Shit Hits the Sheds Tour Poor Touring Me Poor Re-Touring Me Tour Garage Remains the Same Tour M2K Mini Tour Summer Sanitarium Tour Madly in Anger with the World Tour Escape from the Studio ' 06 Sick of the Studio ' 07 2008 European Vacation Tour World Magnetic Tour 2012 European Black Album Tour The Full Arsenal Tour By Request Tour Lords of Summer Tour WorldWired Tour Related articles Awards Discography Demos Songs recorded Songs performed live Apocalyptica Beatallica Big Mick Orion Music + More Echobrain Exodus Flotsam and Jetsam Megadeth Newsted Metallica v. Napster , Inc . A Tribute to the Four Horsemen The Blackest Album : An Industrial Tribute to Metallica Johnny Got His Gun Damage Incorporated Guitar Hero : Metallica Songs Metallic Assault : A Tribute to Metallica Metallic Attack : The Ultimate Tribute Hesher Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sad_but_True&oldid=818902310 '' Categories : 1991 songs 1993 singles Metallica songs Songs written by James Hetfield Songs written by Lars Ulrich Song recordings produced by Bob Rock Songs critical of religion Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2010 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 07 : 33 . About Wikipedia	what is the song sad but true by metallica about	[]	[]
3965077066109468644	History of the periodic table	History of the periodic table - wikipedia History of the periodic table This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 August 2018 . A collection of historic documents that led to the development of the modern periodic table ( clockwise from top left ) -- Lavoisier 's ' Table of Simple substances ' ( 1789 ) ; de Chancourtois ' ' Telluric Screw ' ( 1862 ) ; Mendeleev 's hand - written periodic table ( 1869 ) ; a modern periodic table ( 2016 ) ; John Dalton 's list of atomic weights & symbols . ( 1808 ) The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers , electron configurations and recurring chemical properties . Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number . The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements with rows called periods and columns called groups . The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties . The most important event in its history occurred in 1869 , when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev , who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands , but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development . Contents 1 Antiquity to the 18th century 1.1 Hennig Brand 1.2 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 2 19th century 2.1 William Prout 2.2 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 2.3 Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois 2.4 John Newlands 2.5 Mendeleev 2.6 Lothar Meyer 2.7 William Odling 3 20th century 3.1 Frederick Soddy 3.2 Henry Moseley 3.3 Glenn T. Seaborg 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Antiquity to the 18th century ( edit ) Further information : Classical element A number of physical elements ( such as platinum , mercury , tin and zinc ) have been known from antiquity , as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools . Around 330 BCE , the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots , an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles . The four roots , which were later renamed as elements by Plato , were earth , water , air and fire . Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions , such as Indian philosophy . While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element , their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter . Hennig Brand , as shown in The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus Hennig Brand ( edit ) The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements . The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand , a bankrupt German merchant . Brand tried to discover the Philosopher 's Stone -- a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold . In 1669 ( or later ) , his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance , which he called `` cold fire '' ( kaltes Feuer ) . He kept his discovery secret until 1680 , when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings . The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element . In 1661 , Boyle defined an element as `` those primitive and simple Bodies of which the mixt ones are said to be composed , and into which they are ultimately resolved . '' Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry ) , which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr , is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry . Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction . This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles . Lavoisier 's book contained a list of `` simple substances '' that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc and sulfur , which formed the basis for the modern list of elements . Lavoisier 's list also included ' light ' and ' caloric ' , which at the time were believed to be material substances . He classified these substances into metals and non metals . While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier 's new revelations , the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation . However , Lavoisier 's descriptions of his elements lack completeness , as he only classified them as metals and non-metals . 19th century ( edit ) William Prout ( edit ) In 1815 , the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen . Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner ( edit ) In 1817 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , a chemist , began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements . In 1829 , he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three , with the members of each group having related properties . He termed these groups triads . Definition of Triad law : - `` Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad . chlorine , bromine , and iodine calcium , strontium , and barium sulfur , selenium , and tellurium lithium , sodium , and potassium Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois ( edit ) Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements -- similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights . In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table , which he named Vis tellurique ( the ' telluric helix ' ) , after the element tellurium , which fell near the center of his diagram . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically . His 1863 publication included a chart ( which contained ions and compounds , in addition to elements ) , but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram . As a result , de Chancourtois ' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised . John Newlands ( edit ) Newlands ' law of octaves In 1864 , the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty - two known elements into eight groups , based on their physical properties . Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed , which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number , and was the first to assign them an atomic number . When his ' law of octaves ' was printed in Chemistry News , likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale , it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries . His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published , the Society defending their decision by saying that such ' theoretical ' topics might be controversial . The importance of Newlands ' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev 's work . It was not until the following century , with Gilbert N. Lewis 's valence bond theory ( 1916 ) and Irving Langmuir 's octet theory of chemical bonding ( 1919 ) , that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted . The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands ' contribution to science in 2008 , when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born , which described him as the `` discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements '' . He contributed the word ' periodic ' in chemistry . Mendeleev ( edit ) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Zeitschrift für Chemie ( 1869 , pages 405 -- 6 ) , in which Mendeleev 's periodic table is first published outside Russia . Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table . Dashes : unknown elements . Group I - VII : modern group 1 -- 2 and 3 -- 7 with transition metals added ; some of these extend into a group VIII . Noble gases unknown ( and unpredicted ) . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today . Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass , corresponding to relative molar mass . It is sometimes said that he played ' chemical solitaire ' on long train journeys , using cards with various facts about the known elements . On March 6 , 1869 , Mendeleev gave a formal presentation , The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements , to the Russian Chemical Society . In 1869 , the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal , Zeitschrift für Chemie . In it , Mendeleev stated that : The elements , if arranged according to their atomic mass , exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties . Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value ( e.g. , Pt , Ir , Os ) or which increase regularly ( e.g. , K , Rb , Cs ) . The arrangement of the elements , or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses , corresponds to their so - called valencies , as well as , to some extent , to their distinctive chemical properties ; as is apparent among other series in that of Li , Be , B , C , N , O , and F . The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights . The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element , just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body . We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements -- for example , elements analogous to aluminium and silicon -- whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75 . The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements . Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126 , and can not be 128 . Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses . Scientific benefits of Mendeleev 's table It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them , namely eka - silicon ( germanium , discovered in 1885 ) , eka - aluminium ( gallium , 1875 ) , and eka - boron ( scandium , 1879 ) . Thus , there was no disturbance in the periodic table . It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect . It provided for variance from atomic weight order . Shortcomings of Mendeleev 's table The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases , but did , however , leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into . Time proved this audacious calculation correct . However , when this entire family of elements was discovered , William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0 , without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed . A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen , which could be placed either in the alkali metals group , the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon . The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table . Polonium and radium , discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 , also were difficult to fit into the table . Lothar Meyer ( edit ) Unknown to Mendeleev , a German chemist , Lothar Meyer , was also working on a periodic table . Although his work was published in 1864 , and was done independently of Mendeleev , few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table . Meyer 's table only included twenty - eight elements , which were not classified by atomic weight , but by valence , and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights . A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements , predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements , Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table . Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table , but Mendeleev 's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit . William Odling ( edit ) In 1864 , the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev . Odling overcame the tellurium - iodine problem and even managed to get thallium , lead , mercury and platinum into the right groups , which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt . Odling failed to achieve recognition , however , since it is suspected that he , as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London , was instrumental in discrediting Newlands ' earlier work on the periodic table . 20th century ( edit ) Frederick Soddy ( edit ) By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements had been found , too many for the periodic table . Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation , many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table . They became known as isotopes , from the Greek eisos topos ( `` same place '' ) . Henry Moseley ( edit ) Henry Moseley In 1914 , a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli , the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number . He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge , rather than by atomic weight . Before this discovery , atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element 's atomic weight . Moseley 's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements . Using information about their X-ray wavelengths , Moseley placed argon ( with an atomic number Z = 18 ) before potassium ( Z = 19 ) , despite the fact that argon 's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium ( 39.1 ) . The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements , since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal . Similarly , Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine , without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium , as had been proposed by Mendeleev . Moseley 's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61 , which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively . Glenn T. Seaborg ( edit ) During his Manhattan Project research in 1943 , Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium . Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series , which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected . In 1945 , against the advice of colleagues , he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev 's table : the actinide series . Seaborg 's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure , predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements , is now well accepted and included in the periodic table . The actinide series is the second row of the f - block ( 5f series ) . In both the actinide and lanthanide series , an inner electron shell is being filled . The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium . Seaborg 's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153 . See also ( edit ) Alternative periodic tables History of chemistry Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Prout 's hypothesis The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Newlands , Chemistry Review , November 2003 , pp15 - 16 Jump up ^ IUPAC article on periodic table Archived 2008 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Scerri , E.R. ( 2006 ) . The Periodic Table : Its Story ad Its Significance ; New York City , New York ; Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary ( 1956 ) . Discovery of the Elements ( 6th ed . ) . Easton , Pennsylvania , USA : Journal of Chemical Education . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1661 ) . The Skeptical Chymist . London , England : J. Crooke . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier with Robert Kerr , trans . ( 1790 ) Elements of Chemistry . Edinburgh , Scotland : William Creech . From p. xxiv : `` I shall therefore only add upon this subject , that if , by the term elements , we mean to express those simple and indivisible atoms of which matter is composed , it is extremely probable we know nothing at all about them ; but , if we apply the term elements , or principles of bodies , to express our idea of the last point which analysis is capable of reaching , we must admit , as elements , all substances into which we are capable , by any means , to reduce bodies by decomposition . Not that we are entitled to affirm , that these substances we consider as simple may not be compounded of two , or even of a greater number of principles ; but , since these principles can not be separated , or rather since we have not hitherto discovered means of separating them , they act with regard to us as simple substances , and we ought never to suppose them compounded until experiment and observation has proved them to be so . '' Jump up ^ See : Prout , William ( November 1815 ) . `` On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms '' . Annals of Philosophy. 6 : 321 -- 330 . Prout , William ( February 1816 ) . `` Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms '' . Annals of Philosophy. 7 : 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Wurzer , Ferdinand ( 1817 ) . `` Auszug eines Briefes vom Hofrath Wurzer , Prof. der Chemie zu Marburg '' ( Excerpt of a letter from Court Advisor Wurzer , Professor of Chemistry at Marburg ) . Annalen der Physik ( in German ) . 56 : 331 -- 334 . Here , Döbereiner found that strontium 's properties were intermediate to those of calcium and barium . Jump up ^ Döbereiner , J.W. ( 1829 ) . `` Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie '' ( An attempt to group elementary substances according to their analogies ) . Annalen der Physik und Chemie . 2nd series ( in German ) . 15 : 301 -- 307 . For an English translation of this article , see : Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner : `` An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies '' ( Lemoyne College ( Syracuse , New York , USA ) ) Jump up ^ Beguyer de Chancourtois ( 1862 ) . `` Tableau du classement naturel des corps simples , dit vis tellurique '' ( Table of the natural classification of elements , called the `` telluric helix '' ) . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences ( in French ) . 55 : 600 -- 601 . ^ Jump up to : Ley , Willy ( October 1966 ) . `` The Delayed Discovery '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 116 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Chancourtois , Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de ( 1863 ) . Vis tellurique . Classement des corps simples ou radicaux , obtenu au moyen d'un système de classification hélicoïdal et numérique ( in French ) . Paris , France : Mallet - Bachelier. 21 pages . Jump up ^ Annales des Mines history page . Jump up ^ See : Newlands , John A.R. ( 7 February 1863 ) . `` On relations among the equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 7 : 70 -- 72 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 30 July 1864 ) . `` Relations between equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 10 : 59 -- 60 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 20 August 1864 ) . `` On relations among the equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 10 : 94 -- 95 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 18 August 1865 ) . `` On the law of octaves '' . The Chemical News . 12 : 83 . ( Editorial staff ) ( 9 March 1866 ) . `` Proceedings of Societies : Chemical Society : Thursday , March 1 '' . The Chemical News . 13 : 113 -- 114 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 1884 ) . On the Discovery of the Periodic Law and on Relations among the Atomic Weights . E. & F.N. Spon : London , England . Jump up ^ in a letter published in Chemistry News in February 1863 , according to the Notable Names Data Base Jump up ^ Newlands on classification of elements ^ Jump up to : Shaviv , Giora ( 2012 ) . The Synthesis of the Elements . Berlin , Germany : Springer - Verlag . p. 38 . From p. 38 : `` The reason ( for rejecting Newlands ' paper , which was ) given by Odling , then the president of the Chemical Society , was that they made a rule not to publish theoretical papers , and this on the quite astonishing grounds that such papers lead to a correspondence of controversial character . '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Gilbert N. ( 1916 ) . `` The atom and the molecule '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 38 : 762 -- 785 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The structure of atoms and the octet theory of valence '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 5 : 252 -- 259 . Bibcode : 1919PNAS ... 5 ... 252L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 5.7. 252 . PMC 1091587 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 41 ( 6 ) : 868 -- 934 . Jump up ^ Physical Science , Holt Rinehart & Winston ( January 2004 ) , page 302 ISBN 0 - 03 - 073168 - 2 Jump up ^ Менделеев , Д. ( 1869 ) . `` Соотношение свойств с атомным весом элементов '' ( Relationship of elements ' properties to their atomic weights ) . Журнал Русского Химического Общества ( Journal of the Russian Chemical Society ) ( in Russian ) . 1 : 60 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Mendeleev , Dmitri ( 1869 ) . `` Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente '' ( On the relations of elements ' properties to their atomic weights ) . Zeitschrift für Chemie. 12 : 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Magazine : The Alumni Association : Around the World in 80 Seconds '' . reed.edu . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ See : Odling , William ( June 1857 ) . `` On the natural groupings of the elements . Part 1 '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 13 ( 88 ) : 423 -- 440 . Odling , William ( 1857 ) . `` On the natural groupings of the elements . Part 2 '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 13 ( 89 ) : 480 -- 497 . Odling , William ( 1864 ) . `` On the hexatomicity of ferricum and aluminium '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 27 ( 180 ) : 115 -- 119 . Odling , William ( 1864 ) . `` On the proportional numbers of the elements '' . Quarterly Journal of Science . 1 : 642 -- 648 . Jump up ^ See : Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) . `` Radioactivity '' . Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry . 10 : 262 -- 288 . Soddy , Frederick ( 28 February 1913 ) . `` The radio - elements and the periodic law '' . The Chemical News . 107 ( 2779 ) : 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Soddy first used the word `` isotope '' in : Soddy , Frederick ( 4 December 1913 ) . `` Intra-atomic charge '' . Nature . 92 ( 2301 ) : 399 -- 400 . Bibcode : 1913Natur ... 92 ... 399S . doi : 10.1038 / 092399c0 . See p. 400 . Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.J. ( 1914 ) . `` The high - frequency spectra of the elements '' . Philosophical Magazine . 6th series . 27 : 703 -- 713 . External links ( edit ) Development of the periodic table ( part of a collection of pages that explores the periodic table and the elements ) by the Royal Society of Chemistry Dr. Eric Scerri 's web page , which has links to interviews , lectures and articles on various aspects of the periodic system , including the history of the periodic table . The Internet Database of Periodic Tables -- a large collection of periodic tables and periodic system formulations . History of Mendeleev periodic table of elements as a data visualization at CrossValidated Stack Exchange Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming etymology controversies for places for people in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_periodic_table&oldid=855681941 '' Categories : History of chemistry History of physics Periodic table Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 吴语 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 02 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the scientist that arrange the elements in the periodic table and what is his basis	[]	[]
-7878409355629473590	Thiamine deficiency	Thiamine deficiency - wikipedia Thiamine deficiency `` Beri beri '' redirects here . For the African ethnic group , see Kanuri people . Thiamine deficiency Synonyms Beriberi , vitamin B1 deficiency , thiamine - deficiency syndrome Specialty Neurology , cardiology , pediatrics Symptoms Wet : Fast heart rate , shortness of breath , leg swelling Dry : Numbness , confusion , trouble moving the legs , pain Types Wet , dry , gastrointestinal Causes Not enough thiamine Risk factors Diet of mostly white rice ; alcoholism , dialysis , chronic diarrhea , diuretics Prevention Food fortification Treatment Thiamine supplementation Frequency Rare ( US ) Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine ( vitamin B1 ) . A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi . There are two main types in adults : wet beriberi , and dry beriberi . Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system resulting in a fast heart rate , shortness of breath , and leg swelling . Dry beriberi affects the nervous system resulting in numbness of the hands and feet , confusion , trouble moving the legs , and pain . A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur . Another type , acute beriberi , is found mostly in babies and presents with loss of appetite , vomiting , lactic acidosis , changes in heart rate , and enlargement of the heart . Risk factors include a diet of mostly white rice , as well as alcoholism , dialysis , chronic diarrhea , and taking high doses of diuretics . Rarely it may be due to a genetic condition which results in difficulties absorbing thiamine found in food . Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are forms of dry beriberi . Diagnosis is based on symptoms , low levels of thiamine in the urine , high blood lactate , and improvement with treatment . Treatment is by thiamine supplementation , either by mouth or by injection . With treatment symptoms generally resolve in a couple of weeks . The disease may be prevented at the population level through the fortification of food . Thiamine deficiency is rare in the United States . It remains relatively common in sub-Saharan Africa . Outbreaks have been seen in refugee camps . Thiamine deficiency has been described for thousands of years in Asia and became more common in the late 1800s with the increased processing of rice . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Beriberi 1.1. 1 Dry beriberi 1.2 Brain disease 1.3 Wet beriberi 1.4 Gastrointestinal beriberi 1.5 Infants 2 Cause 2.1 Genetics 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Epidemiology 7 History 7.1 Etymology 8 Other animals 8.1 Poultry 8.2 Ruminants 8.3 Snakes 8.4 Wild birds and fish 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Beriberi ( edit ) Symptoms of beriberi include weight loss , emotional disturbances , impaired sensory perception , weakness and pain in the limbs , and periods of irregular heart rate . Edema ( swelling of bodily tissues ) is common . It may increase the amount of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within the blood . In advanced cases , the disease may cause high - output cardiac failure and death . Symptoms may occur concurrently with those of Wernicke 's encephalopathy , a primarily neurological thiamine - deficiency related condition . Beriberi is divided into four categories as follows . The first three are historical and the fourth , gastrointestinal beriberi , was recognized in 2004 : Dry beriberi specially affects the peripheral nervous system . Wet beriberi specially affects the cardiovascular system and other bodily systems . Infantile beriberi affects the babies of malnourished mothers . Gastrointestinal beriberi affects the digestive system and other bodily systems . Dry beriberi ( edit ) Dry beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis resulting from damaged peripheral nerves . It is also referred to as endemic neuritis . It is characterized by : Difficulty in walking Tingling or loss of sensation ( numbness ) in hands and feet Loss of tendon reflexes Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs Mental confusion / speech difficulties Pain Involuntary eye movements ( nystagmus ) Vomiting A selective impairment of the large proprioceptive sensory fibers without motor impairment can occur and present as a prominent sensory ataxia , which is a loss of balance and coordination due to loss of the proprioceptive inputs from the periphery and loss of position sense . Brain disease ( edit ) Wernicke 's encephalopathy ( WE ) , Korsakoff 's syndrome ( alcohol amnestic disorder ) , Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome are forms of dry beriberi . Wernicke 's encephalopathy is the most frequently encountered manifestation of thiamine deficiency in Western society , though it may also occur in patients with impaired nutrition from other causes , such as gastrointestinal disease , those with HIV / AIDS , and with the injudicious administration of parenteral glucose or hyperalimentation without adequate B - vitamin supplementation . This is a striking neuro - psychiatric disorder characterized by paralysis of eye movements , abnormal stance and gait , and markedly deranged mental function . Korsakoff 's syndrome is , in general , considered to occur with deterioration of brain function in patients initially diagnosed with WE . This is an amnestic - confabulatory syndrome characterized by retrograde and anterograde amnesia , impairment of conceptual functions , and decreased spontaneity and initiative . Alcoholics may have thiamine deficiency because of the following : Inadequate nutritional intake : Alcoholics tend to intake less than the recommended amount of thiamine . Decreased uptake of thiamine from the GI tract : Active transport of thiamine into enterocytes is disturbed during acute alcohol exposure . Liver thiamine stores are reduced due to hepatic steatosis or fibrosis . Impaired thiamine utilization : Magnesium , which is required for the binding of thiamine to thiamine - using enzymes within the cell , is also deficient due to chronic alcohol consumption . The inefficient utilization of any thiamine that does reach the cells will further exacerbate the thiamine deficiency . Ethanol per se inhibits thiamine transport in the gastrointestinal system and blocks phosphorylation of thiamine to its cofactor form ( ThDP ) . Following improved nutrition and the removal of alcohol consumption , some impairments linked with thiamine deficiency are reversed , in particular poor brain functionality , although in more severe cases , Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome leaves permanent damage . ( See delirium tremens . ) Wet beriberi ( edit ) Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system . It is sometimes fatal , as it causes a combination of heart failure and weakening of the capillary walls , which causes the peripheral tissues to become edematous . Wet beriberi is characterized by : Increased heart rate Vasodilation leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance , and high output heart failure Elevated jugular venous pressure Dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) on exertion Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Peripheral edema ( swelling of lower legs ) Dilated cardiomyopathy Gastrointestinal beriberi ( edit ) Gastrointestinal beriberi causes abdominal pain . Gastrointestinal beriberi is characterized by : Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Lactic acidosis Infants ( edit ) Infantile beriberi usually occurs between two and six months of age in children whose mothers have inadequate thiamine intake . It may present as either wet or dry beriberi . In the acute form , the baby develops dyspnea and cyanosis and soon dies of heart failure . These symptoms may be described in infantile beriberi : Hoarseness , where the child makes moves to moan but emits no sound or just faint moans caused by nerve paralysis Weight loss , becoming thinner and then marasmic as the disease progresses Vomiting Diarrhea Pale skin Edema Ill temper Alterations of the cardiovascular system , especially tachycardia ( rapid heart rate ) Convulsions occasionally observed in the terminal stages Cause ( edit ) Beriberi may also be caused by shortcomings other than inadequate intake : diseases or operations on the digestive tract , alcoholism , dialysis , genetic deficiencies , etc . All these causes mainly affect the central nervous system , and provoke the development of what is known as Wernicke 's disease or Wernicke 's encephalopathy . Wernicke 's disease is one of the most prevalent neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases . In autopsy series , features of Wernicke lesions are observed in approximately 2 % of general cases . Medical record research shows that about 85 % had not been diagnosed , although only 19 % would be asymptomatic . In children , only 58 % were diagnosed . In alcohol abusers , autopsy series showed neurological damages at rates of 12.5 % or more . Mortality caused by Wernicke 's disease reaches 17 % of diseases , which means 3.4 / 1000 or about 25 million contemporaries . The number of people with Wernicke 's disease may be even higher , considering that early stages may have dysfunctions prior to the production of observable lesions at necropsy . In addition , uncounted numbers of people can experience fetal damage and subsequent diseases . Genetics ( edit ) Genetic diseases of thiamine transport are rare but serious . Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia ( TRMA ) with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene SLC19A2 , a high affinity thiamine transporter . TRMA patients do not show signs of systemic thiamine deficiency , suggesting redundancy in the thiamine transport system . This has led to the discovery of a second high - affinity thiamine transporter , SLC19A3 . Leigh disease ( subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy ) is an inherited disorder that affects mostly infants in the first years of life and is invariably fatal . Pathological similarities between Leigh disease and WE led to the hypothesis that the cause was a defect in thiamine metabolism . One of the most consistent findings has been an abnormality of the activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . Mutations in the SLC19A3 gene have been linked to biotin - thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease which is treated with pharmacological doses of thiamine and biotin , another B vitamin . Other disorders in which a putative role for thiamine has been implicated include subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy , opsoclonic cerebellopathy ( a paraneoplastic syndrome ) , and Nigerian seasonal ataxia . In addition , several inherited disorders of ThDP - dependent enzymes have been reported , which may respond to thiamine treatment . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Thiamine in the human body has a half - life of 18 days and is quickly exhausted , particularly when metabolic demands exceed intake . A derivative of thiamine , thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP ) , is a cofactor involved in the citric acid cycle , as well as connecting the breakdown of sugars with the citric acid cycle . The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway involved in the regulation of carbohydrate , lipid , and amino acid metabolism , and its disruption due to thiamine deficiency inhibits the production of many molecules including the neurotransmitters glutamic acid and GABA . Additionally thiamine may also be directly involved in neuromodulation . Diagnosis ( edit ) Oxidation of thiamine derivatives to fluorescent thiochromes by potassium ferricyanide under alkaline conditions A positive diagnosis test for thiamine deficiency can be ascertained by measuring the activity of the enzyme transketolase in erythrocytes ( Erythrocyte Transketolase Activation Assay ) . Thiamine , as well as its phosphate derivatives , can also be detected directly in whole blood , tissues , foods , animal feed , and pharmaceutical preparations following the conversion of thiamine to fluorescent thiochrome derivatives ( Thiochrome Assay ) and separation by high - performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) . In recent reports , a number of Capillary Electrophoresis ( CE ) techniques and in - capillary enzyme reaction methods have emerged as potential alternative techniques for the determination and monitoring of thiamine in samples . The normal thiamine concentration in EDTA - blood is about 20 - 100 μg / l . Treatment ( edit ) Many people with beriberi can be treated with thiamine alone . Given thiamine intravenously ( and later orally ) , rapid and dramatic recovery can occur within hours . In situations where concentrated thiamine supplements are unavailable , feeding the person with a thiamine - rich diet ( e.g. whole grain brown bread ) will lead to recovery , though at a much slower rate . Following thiamine treatment , rapid improvement occurs , in general , within 24 hours . Improvements of peripheral neuropathy may require several months of thiamine treatment . Epidemiology ( edit ) Historically , beriberi was associated with a diet including much polished rice ( white rice ) ; when the relationship between polishing rice and the disease was discovered , it became possible to prevent and treat the deficiency condition , for example with inexpensive rice bran . Beriberi caused by inadequate nutritional intake is rare today in developed countries because of quality of food and the fact that many foods are fortified with vitamins . No reliable statistics are given for beriberi in developed countries in the 19th century or earlier ; neither are statistics available before the last century in countries in extreme poverty . Beriberi is a recurrent nutritional disease in detention houses , even in this century . In 1999 , an outbreak of beriberi occurred in a detention center in Taiwan . High rates of illness and death in overcrowded Haitian jails were traced in 2007 to the traditional practice of washing rice before cooking . In the Ivory Coast , among a group of prisoners with heavy punishment , 64 % were affected by beriberi . Before beginning treatment , prisoners exhibited symptoms of dry or wet beriberi with neurological signs ( tingling : 41 % ) , cardiovascular signs ( dyspnoea : 42 % , thoracic pain : 35 % ) , and edemas of the lower limbs ( 51 % ) . With treatment the rate of healing was about 97 % . Populations under extreme stress may be at higher risk for beriberi . Displaced populations , such as refugees from war , are susceptible to micronutritional deficiency , including beriberi . The severe nutritional deprivation caused by famine also can cause beriberis , although symptoms may be overlooked in clinical assessment or masked by other famine - related problems . An extreme weight - loss diet can , rarely , induce a famine - like state and the accompanying beriberi . History ( edit ) Sun Simiao ( 581 -- 682 CE ) was the first person in medical history to document the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of beriberi ( leg edema due to vitamin B1 deficiency ) , a deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin B1 . For this , he prescribed combinations of herbs rich in vitamin B1 and unpolished rice ( the outer layer of rice and other grains rich in B vitamins ) . In the late 19th century , beriberi was studied by Takaki Kanehiro , a British - trained Japanese medical doctor of the Japanese Navy . Beriberi was a serious problem in the Japanese navy : Sailors fell ill an average of four times a year in the period 1878 to 1881 , and 35 % were cases of beriberi . In 1883 , Takaki learned of a very high incidence of beriberi among cadets on a training mission from Japan to Hawaii , via New Zealand and South America . The voyage lasted more than nine months and resulted in 169 cases of sickness and 25 deaths on a ship of 376 men . With the support of the Japanese Navy , he conducted an experiment in which another ship was deployed on the same route , except that its crew was fed a diet of meat , fish , barley , rice , and beans . At the end of the voyage , this crew had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths . This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause . In 1884 , Takaki observed that beriberi was common among low - ranking crew who were often provided free rice and thus ate little else , but not among crews of Western navies , nor among Japanese officers who consumed a more varied diet . In 1897 , Christiaan Eijkman , a Dutch physician and pathologist , demonstrated that beriberi is caused by poor diet , and discovered that feeding unpolished rice ( instead of the polished variety ) to chickens helped to prevent beriberi . The following year , Sir Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained `` accessory factors '' -- in addition to proteins , carbohydrates , fats , and salt -- that were necessary for the functions of the human body . In 1901 , Gerrit Grijns , a Dutch physician and assistant to Christiaan Eijkman in the Netherlands , correctly interpreted beriberi as a deficiency syndrome , and between 1910 and 1913 , Edward Bright Vedder established that an extract of rice bran is a treatment for beriberi . In 1929 , Eijkman and Hopkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries . Etymology ( edit ) According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term `` beriberi '' comes from a Sinhalese phrase meaning `` weak , weak '' or `` I can not , I can not '' , the word being duplicated for emphasis . According to Jacobus Bontius ( Jacob de Bondt ; 1591 -- 1631 ) , a Dutch physician who encountered the disease while working in Java in 1630 , In the first known description of beriberi ( or , beri - beri ) , he wrote : `` A certain very troublesome affliction , which attacks men , is called by the inhabitants beriberi ( which means sheep ) . I believe those , whom this same disease attacks , with their knees shaking and the legs raised up , walk like sheep . It is a kind of paralysis , or rather tremor : for it penetrates the motion and sensation of the hands and feet indeed sometimes of the whole body . '' Other animals ( edit ) Poultry ( edit ) As most feedstuffs used in poultry diets contain enough quantities of vitamins to meet the requirements in this species , deficiencies in this vitamin do not occur with commercial diets . This was , at least , the opinion in the 1960s . Mature chickens show signs 3 weeks after being fed a deficient diet . In young chicks , it can appear before 2 weeks of age . Onset is sudden in young chicks . There is anorexia and an unsteady gait . Later on , there are locomotor signs , beginning with an apparent paralysis of the flexor of the toes . The characteristic position is called `` stargazing '' , meaning a chick `` sitting on its hocks and the head in opisthotonos '' . Response to administration of the vitamin is rather quick , occurring a few hours later . Differential diagnosis include riboflavin deficiency and avian encephalomyelitis . In riboflavin deficiency , the `` curled toes '' is a characteristic symptom . Muscle tremor is typical of avian encephalomyelitis . A therapeutic diagnosis can be tried by supplementing thiamine only in the affected bird . If the animals do not respond in a few hours , thiamine deficiency can be excluded . Ruminants ( edit ) Polioencephalomalacia ( PEM ) is the most common thiamine deficiency disorder in young ruminant and nonruminant animals . Symptoms of PEM include a profuse , but transient , diarrhea , listlessness , circling movements , star gazing or opisthotonus ( head drawn back over neck ) , and muscle tremors . The most common cause is high - carbohydrate feeds , leading to the overgrowth of thiaminase - producing bacteria , but dietary ingestion of thiaminase ( e.g. , in bracken fern ) , or inhibition of thiamine absorption by high sulfur intake are also possible . Another cause of PEM is Clostridium sporogenes or Bacillus aneurinolyticus infection . These bacteria produce thiaminases that will cause an acute thiamine deficiency in the affected animal . Snakes ( edit ) Snakes that consume a diet largely composed of goldfish and feeder minnows are susceptible to developing thiamine deficiency . This is often a problem observed in captivity when keeping garter and ribbon snakes that are fed a goldfish - exclusive diet , as these fish contain thiaminase , an enzyme that breaks down thiamine . Wild birds and fish ( edit ) Thiamine deficiency has been identified as the cause of a paralytic disease affecting wild birds in the Baltic Sea area dating back to 1982 . In this condition , there is difficulty in keeping the wings folded along the side of the body when resting , loss of the ability to fly and voice , with eventual paralysis of the wings and legs and death . It affects primarily 0.5 -- 1 kg sized birds such as the herring gull ( Larus argentatus ) , common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) and common eider ( Somateria mollissima ) . Researches noted , `` Because the investigated species occupy a wide range of ecological niches and positions in the food web , we are open to the possibility that other animal classes may suffer from thiamine deficiency as well . '' In the counties of Blekinge and Skåne ( south-most Sweden ) mass deaths of especially herring gull but also other species has been observed since the early 2000s . More recently , species of other classes seems to be affected . High mortality of salmon ( Salmo salar ) in the river Mörrumsån is reported , and the last years mammals like Eurasian Elk ( Alces alces ) has suffered death in unusual high number . Lack of thiamine is the common denominator where analysis is done . The County Administrative Board of Blekinge did in April 2012 find the situation so alarming that they asked the Swedish government to set up a closer investigation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beriberi '' . Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ( GARD ) -- an NCATS Program . 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adamolekun , B ; Hiffler , L ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` A diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine deficiency disorders in sub-Saharan Africa ? '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 13509 . PMID 29064578 . ^ Jump up to : Ferri , Fred F. ( 2017 ) . Ferri 's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book : 5 Books in 1 . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1368 . ISBN 9780323529570 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nutrition and Growth Guidelines Domestic Guidelines - Immigrant and Refugee Health '' . CDC . March 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hermann , Wolfgang ; Obeid , Rima ( 2011 ) . Vitamins in the prevention of human diseases . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . p. 58 . ISBN 9783110214482 . Jump up ^ Gropper , Sareen S. and Smith , Jack L. ( 2013 ) . Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism ( 6 ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 324 . ISBN 1133104053 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Swaiman , Kenneth F. ; Ashwal , Stephen ; Ferriero , Donna M. ; Schor , Nina F. ; Finkel , Richard S. ; Gropman , Andrea L. ; Pearl , Phillip L. ; Shevell , Michael ( 2017 ) . Swaiman 's Pediatric Neurology E-Book : Principles and Practice . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. e929 . ISBN 9780323374811 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Thiamin Fact Sheet for Consumers '' . Office of Dietary Supplements ( ODS ) : USA.gov . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lanska , DJ ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 30 : historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders : the water - soluble B vitamins '' . Handbook of clinical neurology. 95 : 445 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0072 - 9752 ( 08 ) 02130 - 1 . PMID 19892133 . ^ Jump up to : Katsura , E. ; Oiso , T. ( 1976 ) . Beaton , G.H. ; Bengoa , J.M. , eds . `` Chapter 9 . Beriberi '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 62 : Nutrition in Preventive Medicine . Geneva : World Health Organization . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Spinazzi , Marco ; Angelini , Corrado ; Patrini , Cesare ( 2010 ) . `` Subacute sensory ataxia and optic neuropathy with thiamine deficiency '' . Nature Reviews Neurology . 6 ( 5 ) : 288 -- 93 . doi : 10.1038 / nrneurol. 2010.16 . PMID 20308997 . ^ Jump up to : Kril JJ ( 1996 ) . `` Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency disorders '' . Metab Brain Dis. 11 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 17 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02080928 . PMID 8815394 . Jump up ^ For an interesting discussion on thiamine fortification of foods , specifically targetting beer , see `` Wernicke 's encephalopathy and thiamine fortification of food : time for a new direction ? '' . Medical Journal of Australia . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Butterworth RF , Gaudreau C , Vincelette J , et al. ( 1991 ) . `` Thiamine deficiency and wernicke 's encephalopathy in AIDS '' . Metab Brain Dis. 6 ( 4 ) : 207 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00996920 . PMID 1812394 . Jump up ^ Harper C. ( 1979 ) . `` Wernicke 's encephalopathy , a more common disease than realised ( a neuropathological study of 51 cases ) '' . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 42 ( 3 ) : 226 -- 231 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 42.3. 226 . PMC 490724 . PMID 438830 . Jump up ^ McCollum EV A History of Nutrition . Cambridge , MA : Riverside Press , Houghton Mifflin ; 1957 . ^ Jump up to : Butterworth RF . Thiamin . In : Shils ME , Shike M , Ross AC , Caballero B , Cousins RJ , editors . Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease , 10th ed . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 2006 . Jump up ^ Butterworth RF ( 1993 ) . `` Pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the reversible ( thiamine - responsive ) and irreversible ( thiamine non-responsive ) neurological symptoms of Wernicke 's encephalopathy '' . Drug Alcohol Rev. 12 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 22 . doi : 10.1080 / 09595239300185371 . PMID 16840290 . Jump up ^ Rindi G , Imarisio L , Patrini C ( 1986 ) . `` Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on regional thiamin pyrophosphokinase activity of the rat brain '' . Biochem Pharmacol. 35 ( 22 ) : 3903 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 2952 ( 86 ) 90002 - X . PMID 3022743 . Jump up ^ Anand , I.S. ; Florea , V.G. ( 2001 ) . `` High Output Cardiac Failure '' . Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine . 3 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 159 . doi : 10.1007 / s11936 - 001 - 0070 - 1 . PMID 11242561 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Neil ; Stanley , Nigel N. ( 1971 ) . `` Cardiac Beriberi : Two Modes of Presentation '' . BMJ. 3 ( 5774 ) : 567 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 3.5774. 567 . PMC 1798841 . PMID 5571454 . Jump up ^ Donnino M ( 2004 ) . `` Gastrointestinal Beriberi : A Previously Unrecognized Syndrome '' . Ann Intern Med. 141 : 898 -- 899 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 141 - 11 - 200412070 - 00035 . Jump up ^ Duca , J. , Lum , C. , & Lo , A. ( 2015 ) . Elevated Lactate Secondary to Gastrointestinal Beriberi . J GEN INTERN MED Journal of General Internal Medicine ^ Jump up to : Latham , Michael C. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 16 . Beriberi and thiamine deficiency '' . Human nutrition in the developing world ( Food and Nutrition Series -- No. 29 ) . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . ISSN 1014 - 3181 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cernicchiaro , Luis ( 2007 ) , Enfermedad de Wernicke ( o Encefalopatía de Wernicke ) . Monitoring an acute and recovered case for twelve years . ( Wernicke _́ s Disease ( or Wernicke _́ s Encephalopathy ) ) ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 22 Jump up ^ Salen , Philip N ( 1 March 2013 ) . Kulkarni , Rick , ed . `` Wernicke Encephalopathy '' . Medscape . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , CG ; Giles , M ; Finlay - Jones , R ( April 1986 ) . `` Clinical signs in the Wernicke - Korsakoff complex : a retrospective analysis of 131 cases diagnosed at necropsy '' . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 49 ( 4 ) : 341 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 49.4. 341 . PMC 1028756 . PMID 3701343 . Jump up ^ Harper , C ( March 1979 ) . `` Wernicke 's encephalopathy : a more common disease than realised . A neuropathological study of 51 cases '' . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 42 ( 3 ) : 226 -- 31 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 42.3. 226 . PMC 490724 . PMID 438830 . Jump up ^ Slater , PV ( 1978 ) . `` Thiamine Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia with severe diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness ( TRMA ) '' . The Australian nurses ' journal . 7 ( 11 ) : 40 -- 3 . PMID 249270 . Jump up ^ Kopriva , V ; Bilkovic , R ; Licko , T ( Dec 1977 ) . `` Tumours of the small intestine ( author 's transl ) '' . Ceskoslovenska gastroenterologie a vyziva. 31 ( 8 ) : 549 -- 53 . ISSN 0009 - 0565 . PMID 603941 . Jump up ^ Beissel , J ( Dec 1977 ) . `` The role of right catheterization in valvular prosthesis surveillance ( author 's transl ) '' . Annales de cardiologie et d'angéiologie. 26 ( 6 ) : 587 -- 9 . ISSN 0003 - 3928 . PMID 606152 . Jump up ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) 249270 Jump up ^ Butterworth RF . Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency disorders . In : McCandless DW , ed . Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Encephalopathy . Plenum Publishing Corp. ; 1985 . Jump up ^ Biotin - Thiamine - Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease - GeneReviews ® - NCBI Bookshelf Archived 2018 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Blass JP . Inborn errors of pyruvate metabolism . In : Stanbury JB , Wyngaarden JB , Frederckson DS et al. , eds . Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease . 5th ed . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1983 . Jump up ^ Sechi , G ; Serra , A ( May 2007 ) . `` Wernicke 's encephalopathy : new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management '' . Lancet Neurology . 6 ( 5 ) : 442 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 07 ) 70104 - 7 . PMID 17434099 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , JA ; Parrott , J ( 2012 ) . `` New considerations on the neuromodulatory role of thiamine '' . Pharmacology . 89 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 111 -- 6 . doi : 10.1159 / 000336339 . PMID 22398704 . Jump up ^ Bettendorff L , Peeters M , Jouan C , Wins P , Schoffeniels E ( 1991 ) . `` Determination of thiamin and its phosphate esters in cultured neurons and astrocytes using an ion - pair reversed - phase high - performance liquid chromatographic method '' . Anal . Biochem. 198 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 2697 ( 91 ) 90505 - N. PMID 1789432 . Jump up ^ Losa R , Sierra MI , Fernández A , Blanco D , Buesa J ( 2005 ) . `` Determination of thiamine and its phosphorylated forms in human plasma , erythrocytes and urine by HPLC and fluorescence detection : a preliminary study on cancer patients '' . J Pharm Biomed Anal. 37 ( 5 ) : 1025 -- 1029 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpba. 2004.08. 038 . PMID 15862682 . Jump up ^ Lu J , Frank E ( May 2008 ) . `` Rapid HPLC measurement of thiamine and its phosphate esters in whole blood '' . Clin. Chem. 54 ( 5 ) : 901 -- 906 . doi : 10.1373 / clinchem. 2007.099077 . PMID 18356241 . Jump up ^ Shabangi M , Sutton J ( 2005 ) . `` Separation of thiamin and its phosphate esters by capillary zone electrophoresis and its application to the analysis of water - soluble vitamins '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis . 38 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpba. 2004.11. 061 . PMID 15907621 . Jump up ^ Nguyen - Khoa , Dieu - Thu Beriberi ( Thiamine Deficiency ) Treatment & Management Archived 2014 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Mescape Jump up ^ Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin . In : Shils ME , Olsen JA , Shike M et al. , editors . Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease . 9th ed . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 1999 Jump up ^ Maurice V , Adams RD , Collins GH . The Wernicke - Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurologic Disorders Due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition . 2nd ed . Philadelphia : FA Davis , 1989 . Jump up ^ Chen KT , Twu SJ , Chiou ST , Pan WH , Chang HJ , Serdula MK ( 2003 ) . `` Outbreak of beriberi among illegal mainland Chinese immigrants at a detention center in Taiwan '' . Public Health Rep. 118 : 59 -- 64 . doi : 10.1093 / phr / 118.1. 59 . PMC 1497506 . PMID 12604765 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Jeb ; Alexandra , Eunida ( 17 January 2007 ) . `` Haiti : Mysterious Prison Ailment Traced to U.S. Rice '' . Inter Press Service . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Aké - Tano , O. ; Konan , E.Y. ; Tetchi , E.O. ; Ekou , F.K. ; Ekra , D. ; Coulibaly , A. ; Dagnan , N.S. ( 2011 ) . `` Le béribéri , maladie nutritionnelle récurrente en milieu carcéral en Côte - d'Ivoire '' . Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique. 104 ( 5 ) : 347 -- 351 . doi : 10.1007 / s13149 - 011 - 0136 - 6 . Jump up ^ Prinzo , Z . Weise ; de Benoist , B. ( 2009 ) . `` Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency - affected populations '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society . 61 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 7 . doi : 10.1079 / PNS2002151 . PMID 12133207 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Golden , Mike ( May 1997 ) . `` Diagnosing Beriberi in Emergency Situations '' . Field Exchange ( 1 ) : 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.pss.org.sg/whats-happening/e-bulletin/issue-no-30/lessons-sun-si-miao-chinese-patron-deity-physicians#.WWTQI2gxXMI Archived 2016 - 12 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ King Sun Simiao of the medicine twenty - nine Achivement ^ Jump up to : Itokawa , Yoshinori ( 1976 ) . `` Kanehiro Takaki ( 1849 -- 1920 ) : A Biographical Sketch '' . Journal of Nutrition. 106 ( 5 ) : 581 -- 8 . PMID 772183 . Jump up ^ Challem , Jack ( 1997 ) . `` The Past , Present and Future of Vitamins '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Christiaan Eijkman , Beriberi and Vitamin B1 , Nobelprize.org , Nobel Media AB , archived from the original on 17 January 2010 , retrieved 8 July 2013 Jump up ^ Grijns , G. ( 1901 ) . `` Over polyneuritis gallinarum '' . Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch - Indie. 43 : 3 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : `` Beri - beri ... a Cingalese word , f. beri weakness , the reduplication being intensive ... '' , page 203 , 1937 Jump up ^ A Sinhalese - English Dictionary , Rev. Charles Carter : `` බැරි බැරි. රෝගය , a . the diseaseberi beri , a form of neuritis accompanied by dropsy &c ... '' , page 448 , 1924 Jump up ^ Beriberi , Information about Beriberi Archived 2012 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... faqs.org Jump up ^ `` Beriberi '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M ; Tymoczko , John L ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 ) . `` The Disruption of Pyruvate Metabolism Is the Cause of Beriberi and Poisoning by Mercury and Arsenic '' . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Merck Veterinary Manual , ed 1967 , pp 1440 - 1441 . Jump up ^ R.E. Austic and M.L. Scott , Nutritional deficiency diseases , in Diseases of poultry , ed. by M.S. Hofstad , Iowa State University Press , Ames , Iowa , USA ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0430 - 2 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ The disease is described more carefully here : merckvetmanual.com Archived 2008 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Research Council . 1996 . Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle , Seventh Revised Ed . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Jump up ^ Polioencephalomalacia : Introduction Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Merck Veterinary Manual Jump up ^ Polioencephalomacia : Introduction Archived 2010 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , `` ACES Publications '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Balk , L ; Hägerroth , PA ; Akerman , G ; Hanson , M ; Tjärnlund , U ; Hansson , T ; Hallgrimsson , GT ; Zebühr , Y ; Broman , D ; Mörner , T. ; Sundberg , H. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Wild birds of declining European species are dying from a thiamine deficiency syndrome '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 106 ( 29 ) : 12001 -- 12006 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0902903106 . PMC 2715476 . PMID 19597145 . Jump up ^ Blekinge län , Länsstyrelsen ( 2013 ) . `` 2012 - 04 - 15 500 - 1380 - 13 Förhöjd dödlighet hos fågel , lax og älg '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . External links ( edit ) `` BERI - BERI '' . The Encyclopaedia Britannica ; A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . III ( AUSTRIA LOWER to BISECTRIX ) ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge , England and New York : At the University Press . 1910 . pp. 774 -- 775 . Retrieved 23 October 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Classification ICD - 10 : E51 ICD - 9 - CM : 265.0 MeSH : D001602 DiseasesDB : 14107 External resources MedlinePlus : 000339 eMedicine : ped / 229 med / 221 Patient UK : Thiamine deficiency Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beriberi . Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40 -- E68 , 260 -- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein - energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke 's encephalopathy Korsakoff 's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency ) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A : Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot 's spots C : Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E : Vitamin E deficiency K : Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism , toxicity NDL : 00564727 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiamine_deficiency&oldid=865344261 '' Categories : Reduplicants Vitamin deficiencies Thiamine Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 10 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	disease caused due to lack of vitamin b	[ "Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1).[1] A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi.[1][5] There are two main types in adults: wet beriberi, and dry beriberi.[1] Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system resulting in a fast heart rate, shortness of breath, and leg swelling.[1] Dry beriberi affects the nervous system resulting in numbness of the hands and feet, confusion, trouble moving the legs, and pain.[1] A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur.[3] Another type, acute beriberi, is found mostly in babies and presents with loss of appetite, vomiting, lactic acidosis, changes in heart rate, and enlargement of the heart.[6]\n" ]	[ "Thiamine deficiency" ]
3884111970375698493	Executive Order 11478	Executive Order 11478 - wikipedia Executive Order 11478 Jump to : navigation , search Executive Order 11478 , signed by U.S. President Richard M. Nixon on August 8 , 1969 , prohibited discrimination in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce on certain grounds . The order was later amended to cover additional protected classes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions 2 Amendments 3 See also 4 References Provisions ( edit ) Executive Order 11478 covered the federal civilian workforce , including the United States Postal Service and civilian employees of the United States Armed Forces . It prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of race , color , religion , sex , national origin , handicap , and age . It required all departments and agencies to take affirmative steps to promote employment opportunities for those classes it covered . Executive Order 11478 assigned the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission responsibility for directing the implementation of the Order 's policies and to issue rules to promote its principles . Agencies were in turn required to abide by those rules and produce any reports the EEOC required . Following the release of Executive Order 11478 , the Federal Women 's Program ( FWP ) was integrated into the EEOC program and placed under the direction of EEOC for each agency . The Federal Personnel Manual 713 was issued to carry out Executive Order 11478 . Amendments ( edit ) On April 23 , 1971 , Executive Order 11590 amended Executive Order 11478 to apply to the recently reorganized United States Postal Service and to the newly established Postal Rate Commission . On December 28 , 1978 , Executive Order 12106 amended Executive order 11478 to transfer certain functions of the Civil Service Commission to the EEOC . On May 28 , 1998 , President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13087 , which amended Executive Order 11478 to add sexual orientation to the list of classes covered . On May 2 , 2000 , Executive Order 13152 amended Executive Order 11478 to add `` status as a parent '' to the list of categories and defined that term in detail . On July 21 , 2014 , Executive Order 13672 amended Executive Order 11478 and Executive Order 11246 to add sexual orientation and gender identity . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Executive Order 11478 Executive order ( United States ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Federal Register : Executive Order 11478 : Equal employment opportunity in the Federal Government , accessed June 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Helene S. Markoff , `` The Federal Women 's Program , '' Public Administration Review , vol. 32 , no . 2 , 144 - 5 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture , Natural Resources Conservation Service : Federal Women 's Program , accessed June 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Federal Register : Executive Order 11590 of April 23 , 1971 , accessed June 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Federal Register : Executive Order 12106 : Transfer of certain equal employment enforcement functions , accessed June 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Federal Register : Executive Order 13087 of May 28 , 1998 , accessed June 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Federal Register : Executive Order 13152 of May 2 , 2000 , accessed June 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Executive Order -- Further Amendments to Executive Order 11478 , Equal Employment Opportunity in the Federal Government , and Executive Order 11246 , Equal Employment Opportunity '' . The White House . Office of the Press Secretary . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_11478&oldid=797458376 '' Categories : Executive orders of Richard Nixon Discrimination in the United States Post -- Civil Rights Era African - American history Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 05 : 11 . About Wikipedia	executive order 11478 is most like which of the following laws	[]	[]
4284539158678217796	Law & Order (season 1)	Law & Order ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Law & Order ( season 1 ) Law & Order ( season 1 ) Season 1 U.S. DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 13 ) -- June 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Law & Order episodes The first season of Law & Order premiered on NBC on September 13 , 1990 , and concluded on June 9 , 1991 . Cast ( edit ) George Dzundza as Sgt . Max Greevey Chris Noth as Det . Mike Logan Dann Florek as Capt . Don Cragen Michael Moriarty as E.A.D.A. Ben Stone Richard Brooks as A.D.A. Paul Robinette Steven Hill as D.A. Adam Schiff Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Prescription for Death '' John P. Whitesell II Story by : David Black & Ed Zuckerman Teleplay by : Ed Zuckerman September 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 13 ) 66209 14.00 Suzanne Morton dies after a visit to a hospital emergency room during a hectic night shift . Her father , a former army medic in Vietnam , accuses the hospital of negligence and demands a police investigation . Logan and Greevey question a doctor who made adjustments to her chart , but are soon led to the respected Dr. Edward Auster , who they feel may have been drunk on duty . The other residents are reluctant to speak for fear their jobs may be in jeopardy , and Stone is faced with the awkward job of prosecuting a revered physician . `` Subterranean Homeboy Blues '' E.W. Swackhamer Robert Palm September 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 20 ) 66205 15.50 A white woman , Laura di Biasi , shoots two black men in a crowded subway . The shooting at first appears to be self - defense , but further investigation shows that the motive may be revenge . Logan and Greevey argue about di Biasi 's guilt , especially after learning that the dead man has a substantial record , and the living one can not control himself in court . Laura di Biasi tries to make her case to Robinette , but he distances himself from the issue . Stone has trouble with the case , both in dealing with di Biasi 's public defender , Shambala Green , and with the fact that the district attorney 's office is divided over the issue . `` The Reaper 's Helper '' Vern Gillum Story by : Thomas Francis McElroy Teleplay by : Thomas Francis McElroy & David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan October 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 04 ) 66215 14.60 Construction worker Bobby Holland is found shot to death in his apartment . Logan and Greevey investigate and soon learn that Holland was gay . After reading a magazine article , Greevey connects the death to others in Los Angeles and San Francisco . The detectives arrest Jack Curry , who is connected to all three cases . Curry admits his involvement and claims that each man asked him to help them commit suicide because they had AIDS . Stone is troubled about prosecuting the case because of his doubts that Curry did anything wrong . `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' Charles Correll Story by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : Robert Stuart Nathan October 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 11 ) 66210 16.80 Paige Bartlett is found beaten severely in her Upper East Side apartment . She dies in the hospital . Greevey and Logan investigate her boyfriend Steven Feinstein , but find that they broke up the evening before she was killed . The detectives locate another boyfriend , Ned Loomis , and learn that he has a history of violence after another former victim comes forward . Stone is frustrated when he is not able to use Loomis ' former crimes against him in court . 5 5 `` Happily Ever After '' Vern Gillum Story by : Dick Wolf & David Black Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan October 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 23 ) 66212 19.40 Alan Ralston is shot to death and his wife Janet wounded inside their building parking garage . In hospital , Janet identifies the alleged attacker from a police photo . One witness questioned early in the investigation is Gil Himes , a business associate of Alan . Police eventually piece together that the crime was not a random act of violence by the identified attacker . Rather it was the intentional murder of Alan and equally intentional wounding of Janet . Stone tries to get one of the suspects to testify against the other . 6 6 `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' John Patterson Dick Wolf October 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 30 ) 83543 18.20 After local councilman and former bagman Charles Halsey is mugged and his throat slashed , Logan and Greevey investigate the case and the two young black male suspects initially caught . Their suspicion turns to organized crime when they link the victim to Masucci soldier Tony Scalisi . As Stone and Robinette continue their investigation , they uncover a corruption scandal involving Councilman Halsey ; the collection of parking meter violation fines has been awarded to a firm connected to organized crime . To avoid the appearance of impropriety , District Attorney Wentworth wo n't allow Stone to offer Scalisi immunity . However , in order to win their case , their only option might be to make a deal with the mobster . Stone discovers that the case involves not only organized crime , but also elected city officials and a deputy police commissioner whom he accuses of changing his testimony and doctoring evidence in a past case . Stone is unable to use the police because of suspected corruption within the department , so he consults Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack . 7 7 `` By Hooker , By Crook '' Martin Davidson David Black November 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 13 ) 66203 17.70 The discovery of an unconscious man named Diamond in Central Park leads Greevey and Logan to Diamond 's previous activity and locale -- with an escort named Jolene in a hotel room . Greevey poses as a `` john '' looking for Jolene . When she stipulates her fees and services , Greevey arrests her for solicitation . When Diamond dies , the investigation leads to Jolene 's superior , Jasmine , then to Jasmine 's superior , Laura Winthrop . Winthrop claims that she runs a catering service , but when Jolene 's blood tests HIV - positive , the case takes a sharp tack questioning the safety of the escort service industry . 8 8 `` Poison Ivy '' E.W. Swackhamer Story by : Jack Richardson & Jacob Brackman Teleplay by : Jacob Brackman November 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 20 ) 66211 15.00 During a routine drug arrest , a veteran police officer , Freddo Parisi , kills a young African - American man named Tommy Richardson , who may have been unarmed . Parisi is accused of planting a gun on the victim to justify the shooting . Moreover , Parisi has a similar incident already on his record . Richardson was a student at Princeton University who was well respected for his contributions to his community in terms of time , energy , and money . But the investigation reveals that he sold drugs to get the money . 9 9 `` Indifference '' James Quinn Robert Palm November 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 27 ) 66207 17.60 Greevey and Logan discover that an abused child has a cocaine - addicted mother , who is also being abused by her drug - addicted psychotherapist husband . The detectives investigate the doctor 's checkered past , while prosecutors take a new tactic after the child dies . Based on the Lisa Steinberg case ; for the first ( and only ) time during the show 's run , a disclaimer at the conclusion of the episode explicitly stated that the case was only an inspiration for that specific show . Season 15 's `` Fixed '' , airing a few months after Joel Steinberg 's actual release from prison , would later serve as a direct sequel to this episode . 10 10 `` Prisoner of Love '' Michael Fresco Story by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart Nathan December 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 04 ) 66208 16.80 The apparent suicide of a controversial bisexual artist , who died while engaging in an apparent act of auto - erotic strangulation , leads Detectives Greevey and Logan into the city 's bondage / S&M subculture . The initial explanation for the artist / victim 's position is that he was involved in a `` performance art work . '' Further investigation reveals that , in fact , he was one of a sadomasochistic trio that included the head of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and his `` mistress , '' a wealthy socialite dominatrix who instigated and monitored the S&M scene that led to the artist 's death . 11 11 `` Out of the Half - Light '' E.W. Swackhamer Michael Duggan December 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) 66202 19.80 A teenaged African - American girl claims to have been raped by white police officers . Police and prosecutors struggle to get the truth when an ambitious African - American congressman claims the investigation is a racially motivated cover - up . However , when the rape kit tests negative , the prosecution suspects the case may be a hoax . The conflict heats until Robinette learns from the girl 's parents that she and her boyfriend had sexual relations . The family fears an unwanted pregnancy , so , with the urging of the congressman , they claim the girl was raped by police officers . Having admitted the hoax , the family avoids the congressman whose campaign has been destroyed . Prosecutors devise a solution involving all - round gag orders . They concede that reputations were seriously damaged , but they reason that , with its impetus deflated , the case will fade quickly from people 's memories . 12 12 `` Life Choice '' Aaron Lipstadt Story by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan January 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 08 ) 66213 19.20 After Mary Donovan , an anti-abortion protester , is killed in an abortion center bombing , detectives search for all of her potential co-conspirators . The victim 's parents and brother prove to be as committed to the pro-life movement as the victim . The first defendant arrested is Celeste McClure , who purchased the fertilizer to be mixed with the diesel fuel to create the bomb . Police determine that the central figure in the plot is Rose Schwimmer who is arrested . Detectives discover that the victim was pregnant and was secretly seeking an abortion . At trial , Schwimmer attempts to use her witness testimony to preach against abortion . Stone stops the attempt by asking Schwimmer that , if abortion is murder , is Schwimmer not guilty of murdering Mary Donovan 's unborn baby . Schwimmer is visibly defeated by the question and remains silent for the remainder of the trial , including her conviction . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 62 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 13 13 `` A Death in the Family '' Gwen Arner Story by : Joe Viola Teleplay by : Joe Viola & David Black January 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 15 ) 66204 17.80 NYPD officer Pete Rennick is shot to death on a rooftop in the dark ; Logan and Greevey believe that a crook known as Brutus Walker is responsible for it , and the NYPD initiates a citywide manhunt for him . However , it later turns out that Walker was not the one who shot Rennick ; it was his partner , Nicki Sandoval . Investigation reveals that , after displaying many blatant examples of his corruption to his partner , he was afraid that she would report him . So he lured her to the rooftop and tried to kill her , but she killed him first in self - defense . She is cleared of the shooting , but since policy dictates that she should have reported him , she will lose her job . 14 14 `` The Violence of Summer '' Don Scardino Michael Duggan February 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 05 ) 66219 16.20 Stone temporarily dismisses rape charges against three defendants because the victim is a journalist of questionable character whose testimony has too many flaws . Greevey and Logan 's subsequent reinvestigation uncovers a possible fourth assailant . This is one of the few episodes where the `` Order '' segment preceded the `` Law '' segment . 15 15 `` The Torrents of Greed '' E.W. Swackhamer Story by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. Chernuchin February 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 12 ) 66222 16.60 Detectives arrest three members of the Masucci crime family involved in a fatal assault , which leads to Stone attempting to use the arrest as a means to take down the entire Masucci crime syndicate via charging Mafia chieftain Frank Masucci . However , the plan backfires when Stone discovers that his chief witness ( one of the three charged in the fatal assault ) perjures himself on the stand , leading to Masucci 's acquittal . 16 16 `` The Torrents of Greed ( Part II ) '' E.W. Swackhamer Story by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. Chernuchin February 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 19 ) 66225 13.60 In the wake of Masucci 's acquittal , ADAs Stone and Robinette intensify their investigation with the mob boss . Their investigation leads them to bust Masucci 's brother - in - law , who the mob boss promptly has murdered . The murder leads to the discovery of the dumping ground for victims of Masucci 's crime syndicate . As they re-arrest the mob boss , his grieving sister supports her brother in court by putting up the money for his bail . However , within hours of leaving the courtroom , Frank Masucci is killed by an unknown hitman . Robinette and Stone speculate that Masucci 's sister as the one who ordered the hit , but are unable to prove it . The two men , along with Adam Schiff , take comfort in the fact that in spite of their failure to bring Masucci to justice through the legal system , that his death will severely cripple the crime family . 17 17 `` Mushrooms '' Daniel Sackheim Robert Palm February 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 26 ) 66218 15.60 A 12 - year - old boy is injured and his infant brother is killed by gunshots . The investigation reveals the children were the accidental victims of a hit ordered by a drug dealer against a real estate broker . Tragically , the murders prove to be the result of an adolescent gunman targeting the wrong address because he knows more about operating automatic weapons than about basic reading . 18 18 `` The Secret Sharers '' E.W. Swackhamer Robert Stuart Nathan March 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 12 ) 66221 13.20 Stone faces a Texas cowboy lawyer and a hostile community as he tries to prosecute a young man accused of murdering a drug dealer . He discovers two truths - that the drug dealer raped the defendant 's sister , and that the community views the murder as retribution . 19 19 `` The Serpent 's Tooth '' Don Scardino Story by : I.C. Rapoport & Joshua Stern Teleplay by : René Balcer & Robert Stuart Nathan March 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 19 ) 66224 19.30 A businessman and his wife are murdered ; initially , the couple 's two sons are treated as suspects . As the investigation develops , detectives discover that , in order to obtain financing for his business , the man took on a partner who was connected to Russian organized crime . 20 20 `` The Troubles '' John P. Whitesell II Story by : Dick Wolf & Robert Palm Teleplay by : Robert Palm March 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 26 ) 66214 17.40 A truck with three handcuffed federal prisoners arrives at the 27th precinct . FBI and NYPD officials discover that one of the prisoners has mysteriously been murdered . The FBI officials assert jurisdiction and transport the other two to a federal prison . One of the two is a suspected IRA member who has been detained in the U.S. for five years without charge , bail or trial . Shortly afterwards , the remaining prisoner is discovered hanging in his federal prison cell . A prison guard is discovered to be an IRA member ; he confesses to the prisoner 's murder . Detectives and prosecutors face resistance from federal authorities as they pursue murder charges against a suspected IRA member serving time in federal prison , after he is suspected of killing another federal prisoner . 21 21 `` Sonata for Solo Organ '' Fred Gerber Story by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael Duggan Teleplay by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael S. Chernuchin April 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 02 ) 66226 18.00 Greevey and Logan discover that an apparent mugging victim found unconscious on a park bench has had his kidney removed . The case leads to a powerful man whose daughter desperately needed a transplant and the doctor who may have helped him . 22 22 `` The Blue Wall '' Vern Gillum Story by : Dick Wolf & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart Nathan June 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) 66220 12.20 Suspicion grows in the department after incriminating evidence is erased . Captain Cragen is implicated in the internal affairs investigation . The detectives and prosecutors work together to get his name cleared . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/05/ratings-archive-september-1990-pt2.html ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/06/ratings-archive-october-1990.html ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/07/ratings-archive-november-1990.html Jump up ^ `` Although some aspects of this story may remind you of the Lisa Steinberg case recently adjudicated in New York City , this episode and its characters are fictional and the events and actions portrayed do not reflect the actions of any principals involved in that case . In the actual case , the male defendant was convicted of manslaughter , while all charges against his female companion were dismissed . There was no evidence of her involvement in physical abuse of any child , or that any child was sexually abused by either adult . '' ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/08/ratings-archive-december-1990.html Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/08/ratings-archive-january-1991.html Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910204_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910211_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910218_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910225_TVRatings.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910311_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910318_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910401_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910603_TVRatings.pdf Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Preceded by N / A List of Law & Order seasons ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Succeeded by Season Two ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order_(season_1)&oldid=852740026 '' Categories : Lists of Law & Order episodes by season 1990 American television seasons 1991 American television seasons Talk About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the very first episode of law and order	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11\"Prescription for Death\"John P. Whitesell IIStory by : David Black & Ed Zuckerman Teleplay by : Ed ZuckermanSeptember 13, 1990 (1990-09-13)6620914.00[1]\nSuzanne Morton dies after a visit to a hospital emergency room during a hectic night shift. Her father, a former army medic in Vietnam, accuses the hospital of negligence and demands a police investigation. Logan and Greevey question a doctor who made adjustments to her chart, but are soon led to the respected Dr. Edward Auster, who they feel may have been drunk on duty. The other residents are reluctant to speak for fear their jobs may be in jeopardy, and Stone is faced with the awkward job of prosecuting a revered physician.22\"Subterranean Homeboy Blues\"E.W. SwackhamerRobert PalmSeptember 20, 1990 (1990-09-20)6620515.50[1]\nA white woman, Laura di Biasi, shoots two black men in a crowded subway. The shooting at first appears to be self-defense, but further investigation shows that the motive may be revenge. Logan and Greevey argue about di Biasi's guilt, especially after learning that the dead man has a substantial record, and the living one cannot control himself in court. Laura di Biasi tries to make her case to Robinette, but he distances himself from the issue. Stone has trouble with the case, both in dealing with di Biasi's public defender, Shambala Green, and with the fact that the district attorney's office is divided over the issue.33\"The Reaper's Helper\"Vern GillumStory by : Thomas Francis McElroy Teleplay by : Thomas Francis McElroy & David Black & Robert Stuart NathanOctober 4, 1990 (1990-10-04)6621514.60[2]\nConstruction worker Bobby Holland is found shot to death in his apartment. Logan and Greevey investigate and soon learn that Holland was gay. After reading a magazine article, Greevey connects the death to others in Los Angeles and San Francisco. The detectives arrest Jack Curry, who is connected to all three cases. Curry admits his involvement and claims that each man asked him to help them commit suicide because they had AIDS. Stone is troubled about prosecuting the case because of his doubts that Curry did anything wrong.44\"Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die\"Charles CorrellStory by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : Robert Stuart NathanOctober 11, 1990 (1990-10-11)6621016.80[2]\nPaige Bartlett is found beaten severely in her Upper East Side apartment. She dies in the hospital. Greevey and Logan investigate her boyfriend Steven Feinstein, but find that they broke up the evening before she was killed. The detectives locate another boyfriend, Ned Loomis, and learn that he has a history of violence after another former victim comes forward. Stone is frustrated when he is not able to use Loomis' former crimes against him in court.55\"Happily Ever After\"Vern GillumStory by : Dick Wolf & David Black Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart NathanOctober 23, 1990 (1990-10-23)6621219.40[2]\nAlan Ralston is shot to death and his wife Janet wounded inside their building parking garage. In hospital, Janet identifies the alleged attacker from a police photo. One witness questioned early in the investigation is Gil Himes, a business associate of Alan. Police eventually piece together that the crime was not a random act of violence by the identified attacker. Rather it was the intentional murder of Alan and equally intentional wounding of Janet. Stone tries to get one of the suspects to testify against the other.66\"Everybody's Favorite Bagman\"John PattersonDick WolfOctober 30, 1990 (1990-10-30)8354318.20[2]\nAfter local councilman and former bagman Charles Halsey is mugged and his throat slashed, Logan and Greevey investigate the case and the two young black male suspects initially caught. Their suspicion turns to organized crime when they link the victim to Masucci soldier Tony Scalisi. As Stone and Robinette continue their investigation, they uncover a corruption scandal involving Councilman Halsey; the collection of parking meter violation fines has been awarded to a firm connected to organized crime. To avoid the appearance of impropriety, District Attorney Wentworth won't allow Stone to offer Scalisi immunity. However, in order to win their case, their only option might be to make a deal with the mobster. Stone discovers that the case involves not only organized crime, but also elected city officials and a deputy police commissioner whom he accuses of changing his testimony and doctoring evidence in a past case. Stone is unable to use the police because of suspected corruption within the department, so he consults Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack.77\"By Hooker, By Crook\"Martin DavidsonDavid BlackNovember 13, 1990 (1990-11-13)6620317.70[3]\nThe discovery of an unconscious man named Diamond in Central Park leads Greevey and Logan to Diamond's previous activity and locale—with an escort named Jolene in a hotel room. Greevey poses as a \"john\" looking for Jolene. When she stipulates her fees and services, Greevey arrests her for solicitation. When Diamond dies, the investigation leads to Jolene's superior, Jasmine, then to Jasmine's superior, Laura Winthrop. Winthrop claims that she runs a catering service, but when Jolene's blood tests HIV-positive, the case takes a sharp tack questioning the safety of the escort service industry.88\"Poison Ivy\"E.W. SwackhamerStory by : Jack Richardson & Jacob Brackman Teleplay by : Jacob BrackmanNovember 20, 1990 (1990-11-20)6621115.00[3]\nDuring a routine drug arrest, a veteran police officer, Freddo Parisi, kills a young African-American man named Tommy Richardson, who may have been unarmed. Parisi is accused of planting a gun on the victim to justify the shooting. Moreover, Parisi has a similar incident already on his record. Richardson was a student at Princeton University who was well respected for his contributions to his community in terms of time, energy, and money. But the investigation reveals that he sold drugs to get the money.99\"Indifference\"James QuinnRobert PalmNovember 27, 1990 (1990-11-27)6620717.60[3]\nGreevey and Logan discover that an abused child has a cocaine-addicted mother, who is also being abused by her drug-addicted psychotherapist husband. The detectives investigate the doctor's checkered past, while prosecutors take a new tactic after the child dies.\n\nBased on the Lisa Steinberg case; for the first (and only) time during the show's run, a disclaimer at the conclusion of the episode explicitly stated that the case was only an inspiration for that specific show.[4] Season 15's \"Fixed\", airing a few months after Joel Steinberg's actual release from prison, would later serve as a direct sequel to this episode.\n1010\"Prisoner of Love\"Michael FrescoStory by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart NathanDecember 4, 1990 (1990-12-04)6620816.80[5]\nThe apparent suicide of a controversial bisexual artist, who died while engaging in an apparent act of auto-erotic strangulation, leads Detectives Greevey and Logan into the city's bondage/S&M subculture. The initial explanation for the artist/victim's position is that he was involved in a \"performance art work.\" Further investigation reveals that, in fact, he was one of a sadomasochistic trio that included the head of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and his \"mistress,\" a wealthy socialite dominatrix who instigated and monitored the S&M scene that led to the artist's death.1111\"Out of the Half-Light\"E.W. SwackhamerMichael DugganDecember 11, 1990 (1990-12-11)6620219.80[5]\nA teenaged African-American girl claims to have been raped by white police officers. Police and prosecutors struggle to get the truth when an ambitious African-American congressman claims the investigation is a racially motivated cover-up. However, when the rape kit tests negative, the prosecution suspects the case may be a hoax. The conflict heats until Robinette learns from the girl's parents that she and her boyfriend had sexual relations. The family fears an unwanted pregnancy, so, with the urging of the congressman, they claim the girl was raped by police officers. Having admitted the hoax, the family avoids the congressman whose campaign has been destroyed. Prosecutors devise a solution involving all-round gag orders. They concede that reputations were seriously damaged, but they reason that, with its impetus deflated, the case will fade quickly from people's memories.1212\"Life Choice\"Aaron LipstadtStory by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart NathanJanuary 8, 1991 (1991-01-08)6621319.20[7]\nAfter Mary Donovan, an anti-abortion protester, is killed in an abortion center bombing, detectives search for all of her potential co-conspirators. The victim's parents and brother prove to be as committed to the pro-life movement as the victim. The first defendant arrested is Celeste McClure, who purchased the fertilizer to be mixed with the diesel fuel to create the bomb. Police determine that the central figure in the plot is Rose Schwimmer who is arrested. Detectives discover that the victim was pregnant and was secretly seeking an abortion. At trial, Schwimmer attempts to use her witness testimony to preach against abortion. Stone stops the attempt by asking Schwimmer that, if abortion is murder, is Schwimmer not guilty of murdering Mary Donovan's unborn baby. Schwimmer is visibly defeated by the question and remains silent for the remainder of the trial, including her conviction.\n\nIn 2009, TV Guide ranked this episode #62 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.[6]\n1313\"A Death in the Family\"Gwen ArnerStory by : Joe Viola Teleplay by : Joe Viola & David BlackJanuary 15, 1991 (1991-01-15)6620417.80[7]\nNYPD officer Pete Rennick is shot to death on a rooftop in the dark; Logan and Greevey believe that a crook known as Brutus Walker is responsible for it, and the NYPD initiates a citywide manhunt for him. However, it later turns out that Walker was not the one who shot Rennick; it was his partner, Nicki Sandoval. Investigation reveals that, after displaying many blatant examples of his corruption to his partner, he was afraid that she would report him. So he lured her to the rooftop and tried to kill her, but she killed him first in self-defense. She is cleared of the shooting, but since policy dictates that she should have reported him, she will lose her job.1414\"The Violence of Summer\"Don ScardinoMichael DugganFebruary 5, 1991 (1991-02-05)6621916.20[8]\nStone temporarily dismisses rape charges against three defendants because the victim is a journalist of questionable character whose testimony has too many flaws. Greevey and Logan's subsequent reinvestigation uncovers a possible fourth assailant. This is one of the few episodes where the \"Order\" segment preceded the \"Law\" segment.1515\"The Torrents of Greed\"E.W. SwackhamerStory by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. ChernuchinFebruary 12, 1991 (1991-02-12)6622216.60[9]\nDetectives arrest three members of the Masucci crime family involved in a fatal assault, which leads to Stone attempting to use the arrest as a means to take down the entire Masucci crime syndicate via charging Mafia chieftain Frank Masucci. However, the plan backfires when Stone discovers that his chief witness (one of the three charged in the fatal assault) perjures himself on the stand, leading to Masucci's acquittal.1616\"The Torrents of Greed (Part II)\"E.W. SwackhamerStory by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. ChernuchinFebruary 19, 1991 (1991-02-19)6622513.60[10]\nIn the wake of Masucci's acquittal, ADAs Stone and Robinette intensify their investigation with the mob boss. Their investigation leads them to bust Masucci's brother-in-law, who the mob boss promptly has murdered. The murder leads to the discovery of the dumping ground for victims of Masucci's crime syndicate. As they re-arrest the mob boss, his grieving sister supports her brother in court by putting up the money for his bail. However, within hours of leaving the courtroom, Frank Masucci is killed by an unknown hitman. Robinette and Stone speculate that Masucci's sister as the one who ordered the hit, but are unable to prove it. The two men, along with Adam Schiff, take comfort in the fact that in spite of their failure to bring Masucci to justice through the legal system, that his death will severely cripple the crime family.1717\"Mushrooms\"Daniel SackheimRobert PalmFebruary 26, 1991 (1991-02-26)6621815.60[11]\nA 12-year-old boy is injured and his infant brother is killed by gunshots. The investigation reveals the children were the accidental victims of a hit ordered by a drug dealer against a real estate broker. Tragically, the murders prove to be the result of an adolescent gunman targeting the wrong address because he knows more about operating automatic weapons than about basic reading.1818\"The Secret Sharers\"E.W. SwackhamerRobert Stuart NathanMarch 12, 1991 (1991-03-12)6622113.20[12]\nStone faces a Texas cowboy lawyer and a hostile community as he tries to prosecute a young man accused of murdering a drug dealer. He discovers two truths-that the drug dealer raped the defendant's sister, and that the community views the murder as retribution.1919\"The Serpent's Tooth\"Don ScardinoStory by : I.C. Rapoport & Joshua Stern Teleplay by : René Balcer & Robert Stuart NathanMarch 19, 1991 (1991-03-19)6622419.30[13]\nA businessman and his wife are murdered; initially, the couple's two sons are treated as suspects. As the investigation develops, detectives discover that, in order to obtain financing for his business, the man took on a partner who was connected to Russian organized crime.2020\"The Troubles\"John P. Whitesell IIStory by : Dick Wolf & Robert Palm Teleplay by : Robert PalmMarch 26, 1991 (1991-03-26)6621417.40[12]\nA truck with three handcuffed federal prisoners arrives at the 27th precinct. FBI and NYPD officials discover that one of the prisoners has mysteriously been murdered. The FBI officials assert jurisdiction and transport the other two to a federal prison. One of the two is a suspected IRA member who has been detained in the U.S. for five years without charge, bail or trial. Shortly afterwards, the remaining prisoner is discovered hanging in his federal prison cell. A prison guard is discovered to be an IRA member; he confesses to the prisoner's murder. Detectives and prosecutors face resistance from federal authorities as they pursue murder charges against a suspected IRA member serving time in federal prison, after he is suspected of killing another federal prisoner.2121\"Sonata for Solo Organ\"Fred GerberStory by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael Duggan Teleplay by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael S. ChernuchinApril 2, 1991 (1991-04-02)6622618.00[14]\nGreevey and Logan discover that an apparent mugging victim found unconscious on a park bench has had his kidney removed. The case leads to a powerful man whose daughter desperately needed a transplant and the doctor who may have helped him.2222\"The Blue Wall\"Vern GillumStory by : Dick Wolf & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart NathanJune 9, 1991 (1991-06-09)6622012.20[15]\nSuspicion grows in the department after incriminating evidence is erased. Captain Cragen is implicated in the internal affairs investigation. The detectives and prosecutors work together to get his name cleared." ]	[ "\"Prescription for Death\"" ]
8535431920184597532	Serial ATA	Serial ATA - wikipedia Serial ATA `` SATA '' redirects here . For other uses , see SATA ( disambiguation ) . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Serial ATA ( SATA ) Year created 2000 Supersedes Parallel ATA ( PATA ) Speed 1.5 , 3.0 , 6.0 and 16 Gbit / s Style Serial Hotplugging interface Yes External interface Optional ( eSATA ) Serial ATA ( SATA , abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment ) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives , optical drives , and solid - state drives . Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA ( PATA ) standard , offering several advantages over the older interface : reduced cable size and cost ( seven conductors instead of 40 or 80 ) , native hot swapping , faster data transfer through higher signaling rates , and more efficient transfer through an ( optional ) I / O queuing protocol . Before SATA 's introduction in 2000 , PATA was simply known as ATA . The `` AT Attachment '' ( ATA ) name originated after the 1984 release of the IBM Personal Computer AT , more commonly known as the IBM AT . The IBM AT 's controller interface became a de facto industry interface for the inclusion of hard disks . `` AT '' was IBM 's abbreviation for `` Advanced Technology '' ; thus , many companies and organizations indicate SATA is an abbreviation of `` Serial Advanced Technology Attachment '' . However , the ATA specifications simply use the name `` AT Attachment '' , to avoid possible trademark issues with IBM . SATA host adapters and devices communicate via a high - speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors . In contrast , parallel ATA ( the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications ) uses a 16 - bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals , all operating at a much lower frequency . To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications , SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command sets as legacy ATA devices . SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers ; SATA 's market share in the desktop PC market was 99 % in 2008 . PATA has mostly been replaced by SATA for any use ; with PATA in declining use in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash ( CF ) storage , which was designed around the legacy PATA standard . A 2008 standard , CFast to replace CompactFlash is based on SATA . Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA - IO ) . The SATA - IO group collaboratively creates , reviews , ratifies , and publishes the interoperability specifications , the test cases and plugfests . As with many other industry compatibility standards , the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies : primarily the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA , the INCITS T10 subcommittee ( SCSI ) , a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) . The remainder of this article strives to use the SATA - IO terminology and specifications . Contents 1 Features 1.1 Hot plug 1.2 Advanced Host Controller Interface 2 Revisions 2.1 SATA revision 1.0 ( 1.5 Gbit / s , 150 MB / s , Serial ATA - 150 ) 2.2 SATA revision 2.0 ( 3 Gbit / s , 300 MB / s , Serial ATA - 300 ) 2.2. 1 SATA revision 2.5 2.2. 2 SATA revision 2.6 2.3 SATA revision 3.0 ( 6 Gbit / s , 600 MB / s , Serial ATA - 600 ) 2.3. 1 SATA revision 3.1 2.3. 2 SATA revision 3.2 ( 16 Gbit / s , 1969 MB / s ) 2.3. 3 SATA revision 3.3 3 Cables , connectors , and ports 3.1 Data connector 3.2 Power connectors 3.2. 1 Standard connector 3.2. 2 Slimline connector 3.2. 3 Micro connector 3.3 eSATA 3.3. 1 eSATAp 3.3. 2 Pre-standard implementations 3.4 Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) 3.5 SFF - 8784 connector 3.6 SATA Express 3.7 M. 2 ( NGFF ) 3.8 U. 2 ( SFF - 8639 ) 4 Protocol 4.1 Physical layer 4.2 Link layer 4.3 Transport layer 5 Topology 6 Backward and forward compatibility 6.1 SATA and PATA 6.2 SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 3 Gbit / s 6.3 SATA 3 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s 6.4 SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s 7 Comparison to other interfaces 7.1 SATA and SCSI 7.2 Comparison with other buses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Features ( edit ) SATA 6 Gbit / s controller , a PCI Express × 1 card with Marvell chipset Hot plug ( edit ) The Serial ATA Spec requires SATA device hot plugging ; that is , devices that meet the specification are capable of insertion / removal of a device into / from a backplane connector ( combined signal and power ) that has power on . After insertion , the device initializes and then operates normally . Depending upon the operating system the host may also initialize resulting in a hot swap . The powered host or device are not necessarily in a quiescent state . Unlike PATA , both SATA and eSATA support hotplugging by design . However , this feature requires proper support at the host , device ( drive ) , and operating - system levels . In general , all SATA devices ( drives ) support hotplugging ( due to the requirements on the device - side ) , also most SATA host adapters support this function . Advanced host controller interface ( edit ) Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel , which has become a de facto standard . It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as hotplug and native command queuing ( NCQ ) . If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset , SATA controllers typically operate in `` IDE emulation '' mode , which does not allow access to device features not supported by the ATA ( also called IDE ) standard . Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode , in RAID mode , or a mode provided by a proprietary driver and command set that allowed access to SATA 's advanced features before AHCI became popular . Modern versions of Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , FreeBSD , Linux with version 2.6. 19 onward , as well as Solaris and OpenSolaris , include support for AHCI , but older operating systems such as Windows XP do not . Even in those instances , a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset , such as Intel 's . Revisions ( edit ) SATA revisions are often designated with a dash followed by roman numerals , e.g. `` SATA - III '' , to avoid confusion with the speed , which is always displayed in Arabic numerals , e.g. `` SATA 6 Gbit / s '' . SATA revision 10 ( 1.5 Gbit / s , 150 MB / s , Serial ATA - 150 ) ( edit ) Revision 1.0 a was released on January 7 , 2003 . First - generation SATA interfaces , now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit / s , communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit / s , and do not support Native Command Queuing ( NCQ ) . Taking 8b / 10b encoding overhead into account , they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit / s ( 150 MB / s ) . The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit / s is similar to that of PATA / 133 , but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ , which improve performance in a multitasking environment . During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit / s finalization , adapter and drive manufacturers used a `` bridge chip '' to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface . Bridged drives have a SATA connector , may include either or both kinds of power connectors , and , in general , perform identically to their native - SATA equivalents . However , most bridged drives lack support for some SATA - specific features such as NCQ . Native SATA products quickly took over the bridged products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives . As of April 2010 , the fastest 10,000 rpm SATA hard disk drives could transfer data at maximum ( not average ) rates of up to 157 MB / s , which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA / 133 specification and also exceeds the capabilities of SATA 1.5 Gbit / s . SATA revision 2.0 ( 3 Gbit / s , 300 MB / s , Serial ATA - 300 ) ( edit ) SATA revision 2.0 was released in April 2004 , introducing Native Command Queuing ( NCQ ) . It is backward compatible with SATA 1.5 Gbit / s . Second - generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 3.0 Gbit / s that , when accounted for the 8b / 10b encoding scheme , equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit / s ( 300 MB / s ) . The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0 , which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit / s , doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0 . All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit / s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance . However , high - performance flash - based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit / s transfer rate ; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit / s interoperability standard . SATA revision 25 ( edit ) Announced in August 2005 , SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document . SATA revision 26 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Announced in February 2007 , SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features : Slimline connector . SATA revision 3.0 ( 6 Gbit / s , 600 MB / s , Serial ATA - 600 ) ( edit ) Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA - IO ) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit / s physical layer in July 2008 , and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18 , 2008 . The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27 , 2009 . Third - generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit / s ; taking 8b / 10b encoding into account , the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit / s ( 600 MB / s ) . The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit / s is double that of SATA revision 2.0 . It is backward compatible with SATA 3 Gbit / s . The SATA 3.0 specification contains the following changes : 6 Gbit / s for scalable performance . Continued compatibility with SAS , including SAS 6 Gbit / s , as per `` a SAS domain may support attachment to and control of unmodified SATA devices connected directly into the SAS domain using the Serial ATA Tunneled Protocol ( STP ) '' from the SATA Revision 3.0 Gold specification . Isochronous Native Command Queuing ( NCQ ) streaming command to enable isochronous quality of service data transfers for streaming digital content applications . An NCQ management feature that helps optimize performance by enabling host processing and management of outstanding NCQ commands . Improved power management capabilities . A small low insertion force ( LIF ) connector for more compact 1.8 - inch storage devices . A 7 mm optical disk drive profile for the slimline SATA connector ( in addition to the existing 12.7 mm and 9.5 mm profiles ) . Alignment with the INCITS ATA8 - ACS standard . In general , the enhancements are aimed at improving quality of service for video streaming and high - priority interrupts . In addition , the standard continues to support distances up to one meter . The newer speeds may require higher power consumption for supporting chips , though improved process technologies and power management techniques may mitigate this . The later specification can use existing SATA cables and connectors , though it was reported in 2008 that some OEMs were expected to upgrade host connectors for the higher speeds . SATA revision 3.1 ( edit ) Released in July 2011 , SATA revision 3.1 introduced or changed the following features : mSATA , SATA for solid - state drives in mobile computing devices , a PCI Express Mini Card - like connector that is electrically SATA . Zero - power optical disk drive , idle SATA optical drive draws no power . Queued TRIM Command , improves solid - state drive performance . Required Link Power Management , reduces overall system power demand of several SATA devices . Hardware Control Features , enable host identification of device capabilities . Universal Storage Module ( USM ) , a new standard for cableless plug - in ( slot ) powered storage for consumer electronics devices . SATA revision 3.2 ( 16 Gbit / s , 1969 MB / s ) ( edit ) Released in August 2013 , SATA revision 3.2 introduced the following features : The SATA Express specification defines an interface that combines both SATA and PCI Express buses , making it possible for legacy SATA and PCI Express storage devices to coexist ; see the SATA Express section below for a more detailed summary . The SATA M. 2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface , with the addition of an internal USB 3.0 port ; see the M. 2 ( NGFF ) section below for a more detailed summary . microSSD introduces a ball grid array electrical interface for miniaturized , embedded SATA storage . USM Slim reduces thickness of Universal Storage Module ( USM ) from 14.5 millimetres ( 0.57 inches ) to 9 millimetres ( 0.35 inches ) . DevSleep enables lower power consumption for always - on devices while they are in low - power modes such as InstantGo ( which used to be known as Connected Standby ) . Hybrid Information provides higher performance for solid - state hybrid drives . SATA revision 3.3 ( edit ) Released in February 2016 , SATA revision 3.3 introduced the following features : Shingled magnetic recording ( SMR ) support that provides a 25 percent or greater increase in hard disk drive capacity by overlapping tracks on the media . Power Disable feature allows for remote power cycling of SATA drives and a Rebuild Assist function that speeds up the rebuild process to help ease maintenance in the data center . Transmitter Emphasis Specification increases interoperability and reliability between host and devices in electrically demanding environments . An activity indicator and staggered spin - up can be controlled by the same pin , adding flexibility and providing users with more choices . The new Power Disable feature ( similar to the SAS Power Disable feature ) uses Pin 3 of the SATA power connector . Some legacy power supplies that provide 3.3 V power on Pin 3 would force drives with Power Disable feature to get stuck in a hard reset condition preventing them from spinning up . The problem can usually be eliminated by using a simple `` Molex to SATA '' power adaptor to supply power to these drives . Cables , connectors , and ports ( edit ) 2.5 - inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5 - inch SATA drive , close - up of data and power connectors Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives . Unlike PATA , the same connectors are used on 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) SATA hard disks ( for desktop and server computers ) and 2.5 - inch ( 64 mm ) disks ( for portable or small computers ) . Standard SATA connectors for both data and power have a conductor pitch of 1.27 mm ( 0.050 inches ) . Low insertion force is required to mate a SATA connector . A smaller mini-SATA or mSATA connector is used by smaller devices such as 1.8 - inch SATA drives , some DVD and Blu - ray drives , and mini SSDs . A special eSATA connector is specified for external devices , and an optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place . SATA drives may be plugged into SAS controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as native SAS disks , but SATA controllers can not handle SAS disks . Female SATA ports ( on motherboards for example ) are for use with SATA data cables that have locks or clips to prevent accidental unplugging . Some SATA cables have right - or left - angled connectors to ease connection to circuit boards . Data connector ( edit ) See also : SATA Express connectors Standard connector , data segment Pin # Mating Function 1st Ground 2nd A+ ( transmit ) 2nd A − ( transmit ) 1st Ground 5 2nd B − ( receive ) 6 2nd B+ ( receive ) 7 1st Ground -- Coding notch The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors ( three grounds and four active data lines in two pairs ) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end . SATA cables can have lengths up to 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) , and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive . PATA ribbon cables , in comparison , connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives , carry either 40 or 80 wires , and are limited to 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) in length by the PATA specification ; however , cables up to 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) are readily available . Thus , SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling . Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA , users can purchase cables that have a locking feature , whereby a small ( usually metal ) spring holds the plug in the socket . SATA connectors may be straight , right - angled , or left angled . Angled connectors allow lower - profile connections . Right - angled ( also called 90 - degree ) connectors lead the cable immediately away from the drive , on the circuit - board side . Left - angled ( also called 270 - degree ) connectors lead the cable across the drive towards its top . One of the problems associated with the transmission of data at high speed over electrical connections is described as noise , which is due to electrical coupling between data circuits and other circuits . As a result , the data circuits can both affect other circuits and be affected by them . Designers use a number of techniques to reduce the undesirable effects of such unintentional coupling . One such technique used in SATA links is differential signaling . This is an enhancement over PATA , which uses single - ended signaling . The use of fully shielded twin - ax conductors , with multiple ground connections , for each differential pair improves isolation between the channels and reduces the chances of lost data in difficult electrical environments . A seven - pin SATA data cable ( left - angled version of the connector ) SATA connector on a 3.5 - inch hard drive , with data pins on the left and power pins on the right . The two different pin lengths ensure a specific mating order ; the longer lengths are ground pins and make contact first . SATA 3.0 ( 6 Gbit / s ) cable showing fully shielded twin - ax pairs Power connectors ( edit ) Standard connector ( edit ) Standard connector , power segment Pin # Mating Function -- Coding notch 3rd 3.3 V Power 3rd 2nd Enter / exit Power Disable ( PWDIS ) mode ( 3.3 V Power , Pre-charge prior to SATA 3.3 ) 1st Ground 5 2nd 6 2nd 7 2nd 5 V Power , Pre-charge 8 3rd 5 V Power 9 3rd 10 2nd Ground 11 3rd Staggered spinup / activity 12 1st Ground 13 2nd 12 V Power , Pre-charge 14 3rd 12 V Power 15 3rd A fifteen - pin SATA power connector ( this particular connector is missing the orange 3.3 V wire ) SATA specifies a different power connector than the four - pin Molex connector used on Parallel ATA ( PATA ) devices ( and earlier small storage devices , going back to ST - 506 hard disk drives and even to floppy disk drives that predated the IBM PC ) . It is a wafer - type connector , like the SATA data connector , but much wider ( fifteen pins versus seven ) to avoid confusion between the two . Some early SATA drives included the four - pin Molex power connector together with the new fifteen - pin connector , but most SATA drives now have only the latter . The new SATA power connector contains many more pins for several reasons : 3.3 V is supplied along with the traditional 5 V and 12 V supplies . However , very few drives actually use it , so they may be powered from a four - pin Molex connector with an adapter . Pin 3 in SATA revision 3.3 has been redefined as PWDIS and is used to enter and exit the POWER DISABLE mode for compatibility with SAS specification . If Pin 3 is driven HIGH ( 2.1 -- 3.6 V max ) , power to the drive circuitry is disabled . Drives with this feature do not power up in systems designed to SATA revision 3.1 or earlier . This is because Pin 3 driven HIGH prevents the drive from powering up . To reduce impedance and increase current capability , each voltage is supplied by three pins in parallel , though one pin in each group is intended for precharging ( see below ) . Each pin should be able to carry 1.5 A . Five parallel pins provide a low - impedance ground connection . Two ground pins and one pin for each supplied voltage support hot - plug precharging . Ground pins 4 and 12 in a hot - swap cable are the longest , so they make contact first when the connectors are mated . Drive power connector pins 3 , 7 , and 13 are longer than the others , so they make contact next . The drive uses them to charge its internal bypass capacitors through current - limiting resistances . Finally , the remaining power pins make contact , bypassing the resistances and providing a low - impedance source of each voltage . This two - step mating process avoids glitches to other loads and possible arcing or erosion of the SATA power - connector contacts . Pin 11 can function for staggered spinup , activity indication , both , or nothing . It is an open - collector signal , which may be pulled down by the connector or the drive . If pulled down at the connector ( as it is on most cable - style SATA power connectors ) , the drive spins up as soon as power is applied . If left floating , the drive waits until it is spoken to . This prevents many drives from spinning up simultaneously , which might draw too much power . The pin is also pulled low by the drive to indicate drive activity . This may be used to give feedback to the user through an LED . Passive adapters are available that convert a four - pin Molex connector to a SATA power connector , providing the 5 V and 12 V lines available on the Molex connector , but not 3.3 V. There are also four - pin Molex - to - SATA power adapters that include electronics to additionally provide the 3.3 V power supply . However , most drives do not require the 3.3 V power line . Slimline connector ( edit ) Slimline connector , power segment Pin # Mating Function -- Coding notch 3rd Device presence 2nd 5 V Power 2nd 2nd Manufacturing diagnostic 5 1st Ground 6 1st SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the slimline connector , intended for smaller form - factors such as notebook optical drives . Pin 1 of the slimline power connector , denoting device presence , is shorter than the others to allow hot - swapping . The slimline signal connector is identical and compatible with the standard version , while the power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only + 5 V , and not + 12 V or + 3.3 V . Low - cost adapters exist to convert from standard SATA to slimline SATA . A six - pin slimline SATA power connector The back of a SATA - based slimline optical drive Micro connector ( edit ) Micro connector , power segment Pin # Mating Function 3rd 3.3 V Power 2nd 1st Ground 1st 5 2nd 5 V Power 6 3rd 7 3rd Reserved -- Coding notch 8 3rd Vendor specific 9 2nd A 1.8 - inch ( 46 mm ) micro SATA hard drive with numbered data and power pins on the connector . The micro SATA connector ( sometimes called uSATA or μSATA ) originated with SATA 2.6 , and is intended for 1.8 - inch ( 46 mm ) hard disk drives . There is also a micro data connector , similar in appearance but slightly thinner than the standard data connector . ESATA ( edit ) Not to be confused with SATAe . The official eSATA logo SATA ( left ) and eSATA ( right ) connectors eSATA ports Standardized in 2004 , eSATA ( e standing for external ) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity . It uses a more robust connector , longer shielded cables , and stricter ( but backward - compatible ) electrical standards . The protocol and logical signaling ( link / transport layers and above ) are identical to internal SATA . The differences are : Minimum transmit amplitude increased : Range is 500 -- 600 mV instead of 400 -- 600 mV . Minimum receive amplitude decreased : Range is 240 -- 600 mV instead of 325 -- 600 mV . Maximum cable length increased to 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) from 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) . The eSATA cable and connector is similar to the SATA 1.0 a cable and connector , with these exceptions : The eSATA connector is mechanically different to prevent unshielded internal cables from being used externally . The eSATA connector discards the `` L '' - shaped key and changes the position and size of the guides . The eSATA insertion depth is deeper : 6.6 mm instead of 5 mm . The contact positions are also changed . The eSATA cable has an extra shield to reduce EMI to FCC and CE requirements . Internal cables do not need the extra shield to satisfy EMI requirements because they are inside a shielded case . The eSATA connector uses metal springs for shield contact and mechanical retention . The eSATA connector has a design - life of 5,000 matings ; the ordinary SATA connector is only specified for 50 . Aimed at the consumer market , eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces . The SATA interface has certain advantages . Most external hard - disk - drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and `` bridges '' to translate between the drives ' interfaces and the enclosures ' external ports ; this bridging incurs some inefficiency . Some single disks can transfer 157 MB / s during real use , about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 ( IEEE 1394a ) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800 . The S3200 FireWire 1394b specification reaches around 400 MB / s ( 3.2 Gbit / s ) , and USB 3.0 has a nominal speed of 5 Gbit / s . Some low - level drive features , such as S.M.A.R.T. , may not operate through some USB or FireWire or USB + FireWire bridges ; eSATA does not suffer from these issues provided that the controller manufacturer ( and its drivers ) presents eSATA drives as ATA devices , rather than as SCSI devices , as has been common with Silicon Image , JMicron , and NVIDIA nForce drivers for Windows Vista . In those cases SATA drives do not have low - level features accessible . The eSATA version of SATA 6G operates at 6.0 Gbit / s ( the term `` SATA III '' is avoided by the SATA - IO organization to prevent confusion with SATA II 3.0 Gbit / s , which was colloquially referred to as `` SATA 3G '' ( bit / s ) or `` SATA 300 '' ( MB / s ) since the 1.5 Gbit / s SATA I and 1.5 Gbit / s SATA II were referred to as both `` SATA 1.5 G '' ( bit / s ) or `` SATA 150 '' ( MB / s ) ) . Therefore , eSATA connections operate with negligible differences between them . Once an interface can transfer data as fast as a drive can handle them , increasing the interface speed does not improve data transfer . There are some disadvantages , however , to the eSATA interface : Devices built before the eSATA interface became popular lack external SATA connectors . For small form - factor devices ( such as external 2.5 - inch ( 64 mm ) disks ) , a PC - hosted USB or FireWire link can usually supply sufficient power to operate the device . However , eSATA connectors can not supply power , and require a power supply for the external device . The related eSATAp ( but mechanically incompatible , sometimes called eSATA / USB ) connector adds power to an external SATA connection , so that an additional power supply is not needed . As of mid 2017 few new computers have dedicated external SATA ( eSATA ) connectors , with USB3 dominating and USB3 Type C , often with the Thunderbolt alternate mode , starting to replace the earlier USB connectors . Still sometimes present are single ports supporting both USB3 and eSATA . Desktop computers without a built - in eSATA interface can install an eSATA host bus adapter ( HBA ) ; if the motherboard supports SATA , an externally available eSATA connector can be added . Notebook computers with the now rare Cardbus or ExpressCard could add an eSATA HBA . With passive adapters , the maximum cable length is reduced to 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal - levels . ESATAp ( edit ) Main article : eSATAp eSATAp stands for powered eSATA . It is also known as Power over eSATA , Power eSATA , eSATA / USB Combo , or eSATA USB Hybrid Port ( EUHP ) . An eSATAp port combines the four pins of the USB 2.0 ( or earlier ) port , the seven pins of the eSATA port , and optionally two 12 V power pins . Both SATA traffic and device power are integrated in a single cable , as is the case with USB but not eSATA . The 5 V power is provided through two USB pins , while the 12 V power may optionally be provided . Typically desktop , but not notebook , computers provide 12 V power , so can power devices requiring this voltage , typically 3.5 - inch disk and CD / DVD drives , in addition to 5 V devices such as 2.5 - inch drives . Both USB and eSATA devices can be used with an eSATAp port , when plugged in with a USB or eSATA cable , respectively . An eSATA device can not be powered via an eSATAp cable , but a special cable can make both SATA or eSATA and power connectors available from an eSATAp port . An eSATAp connector can be built into a computer with internal SATA and USB , by fitting a bracket with connections for internal SATA , USB , and power connectors and an externally accessible eSATAp port . Though eSATAp connectors have been built into several devices , manufacturers do not refer to an official standard . Pre-standard implementations ( edit ) Prior to the final eSATA 3 Gbit / s specification , a number of products were designed for external connection of SATA drives . Some of these use the internal SATA connector , or even connectors designed for other interface specifications , such as FireWire . These products are not eSATA compliant . The final eSATA specification features a specific connector designed for rough handling , similar to the regular SATA connector , but with reinforcements in both the male and female sides , inspired by the USB connector . eSATA resists inadvertent unplugging , and can withstand yanking or wiggling , which could break a male SATA connector ( the hard - drive or host adapter , usually fitted inside the computer ) . With an eSATA connector , considerably more force is needed to damage the connector -- and if it does break , it is likely to be the female side , on the cable itself , which is relatively easy to replace . Prior to the final eSATA 6 Gbit / s specification many add - on cards and some motherboards advertised eSATA 6 Gbit / s support because they had 6 Gbit / s SATA 3.0 controllers for internal - only solutions . Those implementations are non-standard , and eSATA 6 Gbit / s requirements were ratified in the July 18 , 2011 SATA 3.1 specification . Some products might not be fully eSATA 6 Gbit / s compliant . Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) ( edit ) See also : PCI Express § Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) variant An mSATA SSD on top of a 2.5 - inch SATA drive Mini-SATA ( abbreviated as mSATA ) , which is distinct from the micro connector , was announced by the Serial ATA International Organization on September 21 , 2009 . Applications include netbooks , laptops and other devices that require a solid - state drive in a small footprint . The connector is similar in appearance to a PCI Express Mini Card interface , but is not electrically compatible ; the data signals ( TX ± / RX ± SATA , PETn0 PETp0 PERn0 PERp0 PCI Express ) need a connection to the SATA host controller instead of the PCI Express host controller . SFF - 8784 connector ( edit ) SFF - 8784 connector Bottom Top Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function Ground 6 Unused 11 Ground 16 + 5 V Ground 7 + 5 V 12 B+ ( transmit ) 17 Ground Ground 8 Unused 13 B − ( transmit ) 18 A − ( receive ) Ground 9 Unused 14 Ground 19 A+ ( receive ) 5 LED 10 Ground 15 + 5 V 20 Ground Slim 2.5 - inch SATA devices , 5 mm ( 0.20 inches ) in height , use the twenty - pin SFF - 8784 edge connector to save space . By combining the data signals and power lines into a slim connector that effectively enables direct connection to the device 's printed circuit board ( PCB ) without additional space - consuming connectors , SFF - 8784 allows further internal layout compaction for portable devices such as ultrabooks . Pins 1 to 10 are on the connector 's bottom side , while pins 11 to 20 are on the top side . SATA Express ( edit ) Two SATA Express connectors ( light gray ) on a computer motherboard ; to the right of them are common SATA connectors ( dark gray ) Main article : SATA Express SATA Express , initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification , is an interface that supports either SATA or PCI Express storage devices . The host connector is backward compatible with the standard 3.5 - inch SATA data connector , allowing up to two legacy SATA devices to connect . At the same time , the host connector provides up to two PCI Express 3.0 lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the storage device , allowing bandwidths of up to 2 GB / s . Instead of the otherwise usual approach of doubling the native speed of the SATA interface , PCI Express was selected for achieving data transfer speeds greater than 6 Gbit / s . It was concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time , too many changes would be required to the SATA standard , and would result in a much greater power consumption when compared to the existing PCI Express bus . In addition to supporting legacy Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) , SATA Express also makes it possible for NVM Express ( NVMe ) to be used as the logical device interface for connected PCI Express storage devices . M. 2 ( NGFF ) ( edit ) Size comparison of mSATA ( left ) and M. 2 ( size 2242 , right ) SSDs Main article : M. 2 M. 2 , formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor ( NGFF ) , is a specification for computer expansion cards and associated connectors . It replaces the mSATA standard , which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical layout . Having a smaller and more flexible physical specification , together with more advanced features , the M. 2 is more suitable for solid - state storage applications in general , especially when used in small devices such as ultrabooks or tablets . The M. 2 standard is designed as a revision and improvement to the mSATA standard , so that larger printed circuit boards ( PCBs ) can be manufactured . While mSATA took advantage of the existing PCI Express Mini Card form factor and connector , M. 2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space , while minimizing the footprint . Supported host controller interfaces and internally provided ports are a superset to those defined by the SATA Express interface . Essentially , the M. 2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface , with the addition of an internal USB 3.0 port . U. 2 ( SFF - 8639 ) ( edit ) U. 2 , formerly known as SFF - 8639 . Like its predecessor it carries a PCI Express electrical signal , however U. 2 uses a PCIe 3.0 × 4 link providing a higher bandwidth of 32 Gbit / s in each direction . In order to provide maximum backward compatibility the U. 2 connector also supports SATA and multi-path SAS . Protocol ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The SATA specification defines three distinct protocol layers : physical , link , and transport . Physical layer ( edit ) The physical layer defines SATA 's electrical and physical characteristics ( such as cable dimensions and parasitics , driver voltage level and receiver operating range ) , as well as the physical coding subsystem ( bit - level encoding , device detection on the wire , and link initialization ) . Physical transmission uses differential signaling . The SATA PHY contains a transmit pair and receive pair . When the SATA - link is not in use ( example : no device attached ) , the transmitter allows the transmit pins to float to their common - mode voltage level . When the SATA - link is either active or in the link - initialization phase , the transmitter drives the transmit pins at the specified differential voltage ( 1.5 V in SATA / I ) . SATA physical coding uses a line encoding system known as 8b / 10b encoding . This scheme serves multiple functions required to sustain a differential serial link . First , the stream contains necessary synchronization information that allows the SATA host / drive to extract clocking . The 8b / 10b encoded sequence embeds periodic edge transitions to allow the receiver to achieve bit - alignment without the use of a separately transmitted reference clock waveform . The sequence also maintains a neutral ( DC - balanced ) bitstream , which lets transmit drivers and receiver inputs be AC - coupled . Generally , the actual SATA signalling is half - duplex , meaning that it can only read or write data at any one time . Also , SATA uses some of the special characters defined in 8b / 10b . In particular , the PHY layer uses the comma ( K28. 5 ) character to maintain symbol - alignment . A specific four - symbol sequence , the ALIGN primitive , is used for clock rate - matching between the two devices on the link . Other special symbols communicate flow control information produced and consumed in the higher layers ( link and transport ) . Separate point - to - point AC - coupled low - voltage differential signaling ( LVDS ) links are used for physical transmission between host and drive . The PHY layer is responsible for detecting the other SATA / device on a cable , and link initialization . During the link - initialization process , the PHY is responsible for locally generating special out - of - band signals by switching the transmitter between electrical - idle and specific 10b - characters in a defined pattern , negotiating a mutually supported signalling rate ( 1.5 , 3.0 , or 6.0 Gbit / s ) , and finally synchronizing to the far - end device 's PHY - layer data stream . During this time , no data is sent from the link - layer . Once link - initialization has completed , the link - layer takes over data - transmission , with the PHY providing only the 8b / 10b conversion before bit transmission . Link layer ( edit ) After the PHY - layer has established a link , the link layer is responsible for transmission and reception of Frame Information Structures ( FISs ) over the SATA link . FISs are packets containing control information or payload data . Each packet contains a header ( identifying its type ) , and payload whose contents are dependent on the type . The link layer also manages flow control over the link . Transport layer ( edit ) Layer number three in the serial ATA specification is the transport layer . This layer has the responsibility of acting on the frames and transmitting / receiving the frames in an appropriate sequence . The transport layer handles the assembly and disassembly of FIS structures , which includes , for example , extracting content from register FISs into the task - file and informing the command layer . In an abstract fashion , the transport layer is responsible for creating and encoding FIS structures requested by the command layer , and removing those structures when the frames are received . When DMA data is to be transmitted and is received from the higher command layer , the transport layer appends the FIS control header to the payload , and informs the link layer to prepare for transmission . The same procedure is performed when data is received , but in reverse order . The link layer signals to the transport layer that there is incoming data available . Once the data is processed by the link layer , the transport layer inspects the FIS header and removes it before forwarding the data to the command layer . Topology ( edit ) See also : Port multiplier SATA topology : host ( H ) , multiplier ( M ) , and device ( D ) SATA uses a point - to - point architecture . The physical connection between a controller and a storage device is not shared among other controllers and storage devices . SATA defines multipliers , which allows a single SATA controller port to drive up to fifteen storage devices . The multiplier performs the function of a hub ; the controller and each storage device is connected to the hub . This is conceptually similar to SAS expanders . Modern PC systems have SATA controllers built into the motherboard , typically featuring two to eight ports . Additional ports can be installed through add - in SATA host adapters ( available in variety of bus - interfaces : USB , PCI , PCIe ) . Backward and forward compatibility ( edit ) SATA and PATA ( edit ) PATA hard disk with SATA converter attached . At the hardware interface level , SATA and PATA ( Parallel AT Attachment ) devices are completely incompatible : they can not be interconnected without an adapter . At the application level , SATA devices can be specified to look and act like PATA devices . Many motherboards offer a `` Legacy Mode '' option , which makes SATA drives appear to the OS like PATA drives on a standard controller . This Legacy Mode eases OS installation by not requiring that a specific driver be loaded during setup , but sacrifices support for some ( vendor specific ) features of SATA . Legacy Mode often if not always disables some of the boards ' PATA or SATA ports , since the standard PATA controller interface supports only four drives . ( Often , which ports are disabled is configurable . ) The common heritage of the ATA command set has enabled the proliferation of low - cost PATA to SATA bridge chips . Bridge chips were widely used on PATA drives ( before the completion of native SATA drives ) as well in standalone converters . When attached to a PATA drive , a device - side converter allows the PATA drive to function as a SATA drive . Host - side converters allow a motherboard PATA port to connect to a SATA drive . The market has produced powered enclosures for both PATA and SATA drives that interface to the PC through USB , Firewire or eSATA , with the restrictions noted above . PCI cards with a SATA connector exist that allow SATA drives to connect to legacy systems without SATA connectors . SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 3 Gbit / s ( edit ) The designers of SATA standard as an overall goal aimed for backward and forward compatibility with future revisions of the SATA standard . To prevent interoperability problems that could occur when next generation SATA drives are installed on motherboards with standard legacy SATA 1.5 Gbit / s host controllers , many manufacturers have made it easy to switch those newer drives to the previous standard 's mode . Examples of such provisions include : Seagate / Maxtor has added a user - accessible jumper - switch , known as the `` force 150 '' , to enable the drive switch between forced 1.5 Gbit / s and 1.5 / 3 Gbit / s negotiated operation . Western Digital uses a jumper setting called OPT1 enabled to force 1.5 Gbit / s data transfer speed ( OPT1 is enabled by putting the jumper on pins 5 and 6 ) . Samsung drives can be forced to 1.5 Gbit / s mode using software that may be downloaded from the manufacturer 's website . Configuring some Samsung drives in this manner requires the temporary use of a SATA - 2 ( SATA 3.0 Gbit / s ) controller while programming the drive . The `` force 150 '' switch ( or equivalent ) is also useful for attaching SATA 3 Gbit / s hard drives to SATA controllers on PCI cards , since many of these controllers ( such as the Silicon Image chips ) run at 3 Gbit / s , even though the PCI bus can not reach 1.5 Gbit / s speeds . This can cause data corruption in operating systems that do not specifically test for this condition and limit the disk transfer speed . SATA 3 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2011 ) SATA 3 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s are compatible with each other . Most devices that are only SATA 3 Gbit / s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit / s , and vice versa , though SATA 3 Gbit / s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit / s devices at the slower 3 Gbit / s speed . SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s are compatible with each other . Most devices that are only SATA 1.5 Gbit / s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit / s , and vice versa , though SATA 1.5 Gbit / s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit / s devices at the slower 1.5 Gbit / s speed . Comparison to other interfaces ( edit ) SATA and SCSI ( edit ) Parallel SCSI uses a more complex bus than SATA , usually resulting in higher manufacturing costs . SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives on one shared channel , whereas SATA allows one drive per channel , unless using a port multiplier . Serial Attached SCSI uses the same physical interconnects as SATA , and most SAS HBAs also support 3 and 6 Gbit / s SATA devices ( an HBA requires support for Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol ) . SATA 3 Gbit / s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB / s per device , which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB / s total for all devices on a bus . SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple ( i.e. , command - based ) port multiplier because of disconnect - reconnect and aggregating performance . In general , SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters , whereas SCSI devices can not be directly connected to a SATA bus . SCSI , SAS , and fibre - channel ( FC ) drives are more expensive than SATA , so they are used in servers and disk arrays where the better performance justifies the additional cost . Inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the home - computer market , hence there is a view that they are less reliable . As those two worlds overlapped , the subject of reliability became somewhat controversial . Note that , in general , the failure rate of a disk drive is related to the quality of its heads , platters and supporting manufacturing processes , not to its interface . Use of serial ATA in the business market increased from 22 % in 2006 to 28 % in 2008 . Comparison with other buses ( edit ) See also : List of device bit rates SCSI - 3 devices with SCA - 2 connectors are designed for hot swapping . Many server and RAID systems provide hardware support for transparent hot swapping . The designers of the SCSI standard prior to SCA - 2 connectors did not target hot swapping , but in practice , most RAID implementations support hot swapping of hard disks . Name Raw data rate Data rate Max . cable length Power provided Devices per channel eSATA 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s 2 m 1 m with passive SATA adapter No 1 ( 15 with a port multiplier ) eSATAp 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s 5 V , and , optionally , 12 V SATA revision 3.2 16 Gbit / s 1.97 GB / s 1 m No SATA revision 3.0 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s SATA revision 2.0 3 Gbit / s 300 MB / s SATA revision 1.0 1.5 Gbit / s 150 MB / s PATA ( IDE ) 133 1.064 Gbit / s 133.3 MB / s 0.46 m ( 18 in ) 5 V ( only 2.5 - inch drive 44 - pin connector ) SAS - 3 12 Gbit / s 1.2 GB / s 10 m Backplane connectors only 1 ( > 65k with expanders ) SAS - 2 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s SAS - 1 3 Gbit / s 300 MB / s IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 3200 3.144 Gbit / s 393 MB / s 100 m ( more with special cables ) 15 W , 12 -- 25 V 63 ( with a hub ) IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 800 786 Mbit / s 98.25 MB / s 100 m IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 400 393 Mbit / s 49.13 MB / s 4.5 m USB 3.1 ( Generation 2 ) 10 Gbit / s 1.21 GB / s 1 m ( Passive cable USB - IF Standard ) 100 W , 5 , 12 or 20 V 127 ( with a hub ) USB 3.0 ( USB 3.1 , Generation 1 ) 5 Gbit / s 400 MB / s or more ( excl . protocol overhead , flow control , and framing ) style = `` background : # 9F9 ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` table - yes '' 4.5 W , 5 V USB 2.0 480 Mbit / s 35 MB / s 5 m 2.5 W , 5 V USB 1.1 12 Mbit / s 1.5 MB / s 3 m Yes SCSI Ultra-320 2.56 Gbit / s 320 MB / s 12 m Backplane connector only 15 excl . host bus adapter / host 10GFC Fibre Channel 10.52 Gbit / s 1.195 GB / s 2 m -- 50 km No 126 ( 16,777,216 with switches ) 4GFC Fibre Channel 4.25 Gbit / s 398 MB / s 12 m InfiniBand Quad Rate 10 Gbit / s 0.98 GB / s 5 m ( copper ) < 10 km ( fiber ) 1 with point - to - point , many with switched fabric Thunderbolt 1.22 GB / s 3 m ( copper ) 100 m ( fiber ) 10 W ( only copper ) 7 Thunderbolt 2 20 Gbit / s 2.44 GB / s Thunderbolt 3 40 Gbit / s 4.88 GB / s 100 W ( only copper ) See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Information technology portal FATA ( hard disk drive ) libATA List of device bit rates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ AT Attachment ( ATA ) interface was initially developed as Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) for use in early PC AT equipment . With the introduction of SATA , the AT Attachment interface was renamed to Parallel ATA ( PATA ) . Jump up ^ Integrated Drive Electronics Jump up ^ Disk - based memory ( hard drives ) , solid state disk devices such as USB drives , DVD - based storage , bit rates , bus speeds , and network speeds , are specified using decimal meanings for K ( 1000 ) , M ( 1000 ) , G ( 1000 ) , ... Jump up ^ Drive present Jump up ^ 16 Gbit / s raw bit rate , with 128b / 130b encoding Jump up ^ 15 ns cycles , 16 - bit transfers Jump up ^ 10 Gbit / s raw bit rate , with 128b / 132b encoding Jump up ^ USB 3.0 specification was released to hardware vendors on 17 November 2008 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Software status - ata Wiki '' . ata.wiki.kernel.org. 2008 - 08 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Serial ATA : High Speed Serialized AT Attachment '' ( PDF ) . www.serialata.org . Serial ATA Working Group . January 7 , 2003 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate , APT and Vitesse Unveil the First Serial ATA Disc Drive at Intel Developer Forum '' , Seagate Technology , Aug. 22 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Lamars , Lawrence J. , Information technology - AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives , Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association , 1994 , xi ( introduction ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Govindarajalu , B. , IBM PC And Clones : Hardware , Troubleshooting And Maintenance '' . Amazon.com . Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company . 2002 . p. xxxi . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA : Meeting Storage Needs Today and Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Donald Melanson ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in `` 18 to 24 months '' `` . Engadget . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface '' . DPReview. 8 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA ) Linux hardware / driver status report '' . linux-ata.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Matrix Storage Technology - Unattended Installation Instructions Under Windows * XP '' . Intel . 2 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ http://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i,-sata-ii-and-sata-iii www.sandisk.com . Sandisk . Retrieved April 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoff Gasior ( 2004 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Western Digital 's Raptor WD740GD SATA hard drive : Single - user performance , multi-user potential '' . techreport.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos ( 2010 - 04 - 06 ) . `` VelociRaptor Returns : 6Gbit / s , 600GB , And 10,000 RPM '' . tomshardware.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` SATA - IO Specifications and Naming Conventions '' . sata-io.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Completes SATA Revision 2.5 Integrated Spec ; Slimline Connector Spec and Interoperability Program Plans Also Released '' . www.businesswire.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Serial ATA Revision 2.6 '' ( PDF ) . Serial ATA International Organization . p. 115 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New SATA Spec Will Double Data Transfer Rates to 6 Gbit / s '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . SATA - IO. 2008 - 08 - 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` SATA Revision 3.0 '' . SATA - IO. 27 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Releases SATA Revision 3.0 Specification '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Serial ATA International Organization . May 27 , 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rick Merritt ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Serial ATA doubles data rate to 6 Gbit / s ( EETimes news report ) '' . eetimes.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Releases Revision 3.1 Specification '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2011 - 07 - 18 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hilbert Hagedoorn ( 2011 - 07 - 20 ) . `` SATA 3.1 specifications have been published '' . guru3d.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Msata Faq '' . forum.notebookreview.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA International Organization : SATA Universal Storage Module ( USM ) '' . sata-io.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Perenson , Melissa J. `` New Universal Storage Module Promises to Evolve Portable Data '' . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` SATA - IO Unveils Revision 3.2 Specification '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2013 - 08 - 08 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express Archived 2012 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Serial ATA International Organization . Jump up ^ SATA - IO announces 16Gb / s SATA 3.2 specification Archived 2014 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` SATA M. 2 Card '' . SATA - IO . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ SATA μSSD Archived 2013 - 05 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Serial ATA International Organization . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Rolls Out USM Slim Specification for Thinner , Lighter External Storage '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SATA Enables Life Unplugged '' . SATA - IO . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO FAQ '' ( PDF ) . What else is new in SATA specification v3. 2 ? . SATA - IO . p. 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ First specifications leaked from SATA - IO Archived 2013 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Serial ATA International Organization , GuruHT.com Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Expands Supported Features in Revision 3.3 Specification '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2016 - 02 - 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2016 - 11 - 11 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Disable Feature Tech Brief '' ( PDF ) . HGST. 2016 - 08 - 04 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Can I install a laptop 2.5 '' SATA drive on a desktop without any adapters ? `` . superuser.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for mini-SATA '' . The Tech Report . 2009 - 09 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA ) pinout diagram '' . pinoutsguide.com. 2013 - 12 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA , Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ) '' . allpinouts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Example of active power adapter Archived 2017 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA ) power connector pinout and connections @ '' . pinouts.ru. 2013 - 05 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Understand the difference : micro-SATA vs. mSATA '' . amazon.com. 2013 - 02 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` USB -- smartmontools '' . sourceforge.net . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Questions about the indicators of health / performance ( in percent ) '' . hddlife.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` External Serial ATA '' ( PDF ) . Silicon Image , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CardBus SATA adapter '' . addonics.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ExpressCard SATA adapter '' . addonics.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Addonics Technology : Hybrid eSATA ( eSATA USB hybrid ) interface '' . addonics.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About SATA 6 Gbit / s and the SATA Revision 3.0 Specification '' ( PDF ) . May -- June 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` mSATA Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 310 SSD '' ( PDF ) . Intel . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SFF - 8784 Edge Connector Pin Definitions : Information Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Western Digital . 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SATA Revision 3.2 '' . SATA - IO . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Connector Mating Matrix '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express '' . SATA - IO. 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Paul Wassenberg ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) . `` SATA Express : PCIe Client Storage '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dave Landsman . `` AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices -- Overview '' ( PDF ) . SanDisk . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` SATA M. 2 Card '' . SATA - IO . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Intel SSD 530 Series Arriving Next Week -- Feature NGFF M. 2 Interface '' . WCCF Tech . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` M. 2 ( NGFF ) Quick Reference Guide '' ( PDF ) . Tyco Electronics . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` U. 2 connector SATA , SAS , PCI - e signals assignments '' . pinoutguide.com . Jump up ^ `` Port Multipliers '' . SATA - IO . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A comparison with Ultra ATA Technology '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ultra-640 is specified , but devices do not exist Jump up ^ FIS - based switching is comparable to SCSI 's tagged command queueing Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA : Meeting Storage Needs Today and Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` eSATAp Application '' . delock.de . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Just Got Faster : SATA 6Gbit / s '' ( PDF ) . sata-io.org . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Designing Serial ATA For Today 's Applications and Tomorrow 's Storage Needs '' ( PDF ) . sata-io.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` FireWire Developer Note : FireWire Concepts '' . Apple Developer Connection . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ 16 cables can be daisy chained up to 72 m Jump up ^ Howse , Brett ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` USB Power Delivery v2. 0 Specification Finalized - USB Gains Alternate Modes '' . AnandTech . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Frenzel , Louis E. ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` USB 3.0 Protocol Analyzer Jumpstarts 4.8 - Gbit / s I / O Projects '' . Electronic Design . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 3.0. 20 December 2012 . p. 75 ( 4 -- 4.11 ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ USB hubs can be daisy chained up to 25 m Jump up ^ Minich , Makia ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Infiniband Based Cable Comparison '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Michael ( 17 July 2007 ) . `` Optical Cables Light Up InfiniBand '' . HPCwire . Tabor Publications & Events . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Serial ATA ( category ) Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA - IO ) EETimes Serial ATA and the evolution in data storage technology , Mohamed A. Salem `` SATA - 1 '' specification , as a zipped pdf ; Serial ATA : High Speed Serialized AT Attachment , Revision 1.0 a , 7 - January - 2003 . Errata and Engineering Change Notices to above `` SATA - 1 '' specification , as a zip of pdfs Dispelling the Confusion : SATA II does not mean 3 Gbit / s `` External Serial ATA -- White Paper '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 515 kB -- on eSATA SATA motherboard connector pinout `` Serial ATA ( SATA , Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ) Connector Pinout '' . allpinouts.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Serial ATA server and storage use cases How to Install and Troubleshoot SATA Hard Drives Serial ATA and the 7 Deadly Sins of Parallel ATA Everything You Need to Know About Serial ATA USB 3.0 vs. eSATA : Is faster better ? Universal ATA driver for Windows NT3. 51 / NT4 / 2000 / XP / 2003 / Vista / 7 / ReactOS : With PATA / SATA / AHCI support -- a universal , free and open - source ATA driver with PATA / SATA support Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Bus mastering Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS. bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . Category Solid - state drives Key terminology Encryption ECC Flash file system Flash memory SLC / MLC Flash memory controller Garbage collection IOPS MB / s Memory wear Open - channel SSD Over-provisioning Read disturb Secure erase Solid - state storage Trim command Wear leveling Write amplification Flash manufacturers IM Flash Technologies Micron Samsung SK hynix Flash Forward ( joint venture between SanDisk and Toshiba ) Controllers Captive Western Digital SanDisk Fusion - io HGST sTec Intel Micron Samsung Seagate SandForce Toshiba OCZ Indilinx ( bankrupt , assets sold to Toshiba ) Independent Greenliant Systems JMicron Marvell Phison PMC - Sierra SMI SSD manufacturers List of solid - state drive manufacturers Interfaces Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) Fibre Channel ( FC ) NVM Express ( NVMe ) PCI Express ( PCIe ) SATA Express Serial ATA ( SATA ) Serial attached SCSI ( SAS ) Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) Configurations HDD form factors mSATA M. 2 PCI Express expansion card USB Type - C Thunderbolt Mini DisplayPort U. 2 Related organizations INCITS JEDEC / JC - 42 , JC - 64.8 ONFI NVMHCI Work Group USB - IF SATA - IO SFF Committee SNIA SSSI T10 / SCSI T11 / FC T13 / ATA Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial_ATA&oldid=854252026 '' Categories : Serial ATA Computer - related introductions in 2003 Computer connectors Serial buses Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2014 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from November 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles to be expanded from October 2011 Articles to be expanded from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 00 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	full form of sata and pata in computer	[]	[]
573633295315267817	List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine episodes	List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes - wikipedia List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes Brooklyn Nine - Nine is an American comedy series which premiered on September 17 , 2013 , on Fox . The series , created by Dan Goor and Michael Schur , follows a team of detectives and a newly appointed captain in the 99th Precinct of the New York City Police Department in Brooklyn . On May 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , which premiered on September 26 , 2017 . On May 10 , 2018 , Fox canceled the series after five seasons . The following day , NBC picked up the series for a sixth season of thirteen episodes . As of May 20 , 2018 , 112 episodes of Brooklyn Nine - Nine have aired , concluding the fifth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 − 18 ) 2.6 Season 6 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) Fox 98 4.80 23 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 113 4.87 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 118 3.98 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 137 2.87 5 22 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 161 196 2.71 1.20 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Dan Goor & Michael Schur September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 101 6.17 `` The Tagger '' Craig Zisk Norm Hiscock September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 102 4.03 `` The Slump '' Julie Anne Robinson Prentice Penny October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 105 3.43 `` M.E. Time '' Troy Miller Gil Ozeri October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 106 3.34 5 5 `` The Vulture '' Jason Ensler Laura McCreary October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 104 3.43 6 6 `` Halloween '' Dean Holland Lesley Arfin October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 107 3.77 7 7 `` 48 Hours '' Peter Lauer Luke Del Tredici November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 103 3.84 8 8 `` Old School '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Gabe Liedman November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 109 3.26 9 9 `` Sal 's Pizza '' Craig Zisk Lakshmi Sundaram November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 108 3.36 10 10 `` Thanksgiving '' Jorma Taccone Luke Del Tredici November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 110 3.69 11 11 `` Christmas '' Jake Szymanski Dan Goor December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 111 3.66 12 12 `` Pontiac Bandit '' Craig Zisk Norm Hiscock & Lakshmi Sundaram January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 113 3.44 13 13 `` The Bet '' Julian Farino Laura McCreary January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 112 3.53 14 14 `` The Ebony Falcon '' Michael Blieden Prentice Penny January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 114 4.55 15 15 `` Operation : Broken Feather '' Julie Anne Robinson Dan Goor & Michael Schur February 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) 116 15.07 16 16 `` The Party '' Michael Engler Gil Ozeri & Gabe Liedman February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 115 3.22 17 17 `` Full Boyle '' Craig Zisk Norm Hiscock February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 117 2.88 18 18 `` The Apartment '' Tucker Gates David Quandt February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 118 2.66 19 19 `` Tactical Village '' Fred Goss Luke Del Tredici March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 119 2.61 20 20 `` Fancy Brudgom '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Laura McCreary March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 120 2.49 21 21 `` Unsolvable '' Ken Whittingham Prentice Penny March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 121 2.50 22 22 `` Charges and Specs '' Akiva Schaffer Gabe Liedman & Gil Ozeri March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 122 2.59 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Undercover '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 201 5.46 24 `` Chocolate Milk '' Fred Goss Gabe Liedman October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 202 3.31 25 `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' Rebecca Asher Lakshmi Sundaram October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 203 4.51 26 `` Halloween II '' Eric Appel Prentice Penny October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 204 5.22 27 5 `` The Mole '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Laura McCreary November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 205 3.41 28 6 `` Jake and Sophia '' Michael McDonald Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 206 3.99 29 7 `` Lockdown '' Linda Mendoza Luke Del Tredici November 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 208 4.53 30 8 `` USPIS '' Ken Whittingham Brian Reich November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 207 3.04 31 9 `` The Road Trip '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Brigitte Munoz - Liebowitz November 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) 209 3.11 32 10 `` The Pontiac Bandit Returns '' Max Winkler Matt O'Brien December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 210 4.32 33 11 `` Stakeout '' Tristram Shapeero Laura McCreary & Tricia McAlpin December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 211 3.52 34 12 `` Beach House '' Tim Kirkby Lakshmi Sundaram & David Phillips January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) 212 6.12 35 13 `` Payback '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Norm Hiscock & Brigitte Munoz - Liebowitz January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 213 3.29 36 14 `` The Defense Rests '' Jamie Babbit Prentice Penny & Matt O'Brien January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 214 2.79 37 15 `` Windbreaker City '' Craig Zisk Gabe Liedman February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 215 2.59 38 16 `` The Wednesday Incident '' Claire Scanlon Laura McCreary February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 216 2.08 39 17 `` Boyle - Linetti Wedding '' Dean Holland Matt O'Brien March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 217 3.61 40 18 `` Captain Peralta '' Eric Appel Dan Goor March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 218 3.11 41 19 `` Sabotage '' Jay Karas Brian Reich March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 219 2.96 42 20 `` AC / DC '' Linda Mendoza Kylie Condon April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 222 2.78 43 21 `` Det . Dave Majors '' Michael McDonald Gabe Liedman & Lakshmi Sundaram May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 220 2.72 44 22 `` The Chopper '' Phil Traill Tricia McAlpin & David Phillips May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 221 2.56 45 23 `` Johnny and Dora '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 223 2.35 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` New Captain '' Michael Schur Matt Murray September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 301 3.14 47 `` The Funeral '' Claire Scanlon Luke Del Tredici October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 302 4.10 48 `` Boyle 's Hunch '' Trent O'Donnell Tricia McAlpin October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 304 2.75 49 `` The Oolong Slayer '' Michael McDonald Gabe Liedman October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 303 2.57 50 5 `` Halloween III '' Michael McDonald David Phillips October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 305 4.38 51 6 `` Into the Woods '' Linda Mendoza Andrew Guest November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 306 2.65 52 7 `` The Mattress '' Dean Holland Laura McCreary November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 307 2.69 53 8 `` Ava '' Tristram Shapeero Matt O'Brien November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 308 3.88 54 9 `` The Swedes '' Eric Appel Matt Murray December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 309 3.95 55 10 `` Yippie Kayak '' Rebecca Asher Lakshmi Sundaram December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 310 3.82 56 11 `` Hostage Situation '' Max Winkler Phil Augusta Jackson January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 312 2.73 57 12 `` 9 Days '' Dean Holland Justin Noble January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 311 2.37 58 13 `` The Cruise '' Michael Spiller Tricia McAlpin January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 313 2.38 59 14 `` Karen Peralta '' Bruce McCulloch Alison Agosti & Gabe Liedman February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 314 2.24 60 15 `` The 9 -- 8 '' Nisha Ganatra David Phillips February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 315 2.28 61 16 `` House Mouses '' Claire Scanlon Andrew Guest February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 316 2.18 62 17 `` Adrian Pimento '' Maggie Carey Luke Del Tredici February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 317 2.13 63 18 `` Cheddar '' Alex Reid Jessica Polonsky March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 318 1.85 64 19 `` Terry Kitties '' Michael McDonald Phil Augusta Jackson & Tricia McAlpin March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 319 1.95 65 20 `` Paranoia '' Payman Benz Gabe Liedman March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 320 2.02 66 21 `` Maximum Security '' Victor Nelli , Jr . Laura McCreary April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 321 2.71 67 22 `` Bureau '' Ryan Case David Phillips & Alison Agosti April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 322 2.07 68 23 `` Greg and Larry '' Dan Goor Andrew Guest & Phil Augusta Jackson April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 323 2.02 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 69 `` Coral Palms : Part 1 '' Michael McDonald Dan Goor September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 401 2.39 70 `` Coral Palms : Part 2 '' Trent O'Donnell Tricia McAlpin September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 402 2.34 71 `` Coral Palms : Part 3 '' Payman Benz Justin Noble October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 403 2.40 72 `` The Night Shift '' Tristram Shapeero Matt Murray October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 404 2.13 73 5 `` Halloween IV '' Claire Scanlon Phil Augusta Jackson October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 405 2.05 74 6 `` Monster in the Closet '' Nisha Ganatra Andrew Guest November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 407 2.18 75 7 `` Mr. Santiago '' Alex Reid Neil Campbell November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 408 2.19 76 8 `` Skyfire Cycle '' Michael McDonald David Phillips November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 406 2.34 77 9 `` The Overmining '' Dean Holland Luke Del Tredici December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 409 2.31 78 10 `` Captain Latvia '' Jaffar Mahmood Matt Lawton December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 410 2.15 79 80 11 12 `` The Fugitive '' Rebecca Asher Ryan Case Carol Kolb Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky January 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) 411 412 3.49 81 13 `` The Audit '' Beth McCarthy Miller Carly Hallam Tosh April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 413 1.91 82 14 `` Serve & Protect '' Michael Schur Andrew Guest & Alexis Wilkinson April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 414 1.91 83 15 `` The Last Ride '' Linda Mendoza David Phillips April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 415 1.88 84 16 `` Moo Moo '' Maggie Carey Phil Augusta Jackson May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 418 1.72 85 17 `` Cop - Con '' Giovani Lampassi Andy Gosche May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 416 1.61 86 18 `` Chasing Amy '' Luke Del Tredici Matt Lawton May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 417 1.61 87 19 `` Your Honor '' Michael McDonald David Phillips & Carly Hallam Tosh May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 419 1.65 88 20 `` The Slaughterhouse '' Victor Nelli Jr . Neil Campbell May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 420 1.38 89 21 `` The Bank Job '' Matthew Nodella Carol Kolb May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 421 1.78 90 22 `` Crime and Punishment '' Dan Goor Justin Noble & Jessica Polonsky May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 422 1.50 Season 5 ( 2017 − 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 91 `` The Big House : Part 1 '' Tristram Shapeero Luke Del Tredici September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 501 2.00 92 `` The Big House : Part 2 '' Michael McDonald Justin Noble October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 502 1.74 93 `` Kicks '' Eric Appel Andrew Guest October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 503 1.68 94 `` HalloVeen '' Jamie Babbit Dan Goor October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 504 1.69 95 5 `` Bad Beat '' Kat Coiro Carol Kolb November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 505 1.50 96 6 `` The Venue '' Cortney Carrillo Matt Lawton November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 506 1.65 97 7 `` Two Turkeys '' Alex Reid David Phillips November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 508 1.66 98 8 `` Return to Skyfire '' Linda Mendoza Neil Campbell November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 507 1.73 99 9 `` 99 '' Payman Benz Andy Bobrow December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 509 1.94 100 10 `` Game Night '' Tristram Shapeero Justin Noble & Carly Hallam Tosh December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 510 1.81 101 11 `` The Favor '' Victor Nelli Jr . Aeysha Carr December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 511 1.81 102 12 `` Safe House '' Nisha Ganatra Andy Gosche March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 512 1.92 103 13 `` The Negotiation '' Linda Mendoza Phil Augusta Jackson March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 513 1.83 104 14 `` The Box '' Claire Scanlon Luke Del Tredici April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 516 1.78 105 15 `` The Puzzle Master '' Akiva Schaffer Lang Fisher April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 514 1.74 106 16 `` NutriBoom '' Trent O'Donnell David Phillips April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 515 1.79 107 17 `` DFW '' Jaffar Mahmood Jeff Topolski April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 518 1.48 108 18 `` Gray Star Mutual '' Giovani Lampassi Jessica Polonsky April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 517 1.77 109 19 `` Bachelor / ette Party '' Beth McCarthy Miller Carly Hallam Tosh April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 519 1.97 110 20 `` Show Me Going '' Maggie Carey Phil Augusta Jackson May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 520 1.67 111 21 `` White Whale '' Matthew Nodella Matt Lawton & Carol Kolb May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 521 1.75 112 22 `` Jake & Amy '' Dan Goor Dan Goor & Luke Del Tredici May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 522 1.79 Season 6 ( edit ) On May 10 , 2018 , it was announced that Fox officially cancelled Brooklyn Nine - Nine , along with The Last Man on Earth and The Mick . Following the cancellation announcement , other networks including Netflix , Hulu and TBS expressed interest in picking up the series for a sixth season . However , it was later announced that all three networks declined in picking up the series . Various Change.org petitions were started and received overwhelming support for a renewal . A hashtag supporting the renewal of the series also became the number one trend on Twitter . The next day , on May 11 , 2018 , NBC officially picked up the series for a 13 - episode sixth season . An NBC executive stated about the series , `` Ever since we sold this show to Fox I 've regretted letting it get away , and it 's high time it came back to its rightful home . '' All current main cast members are also expected to return for the sixth season . It was later announced that the series would premiere mid-season in the 2018 -- 19 television season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Cops Season 5 Renewal at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' to Continue on NBC '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 -- 2015 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 -- 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Adjusted Up & Final Super Bowl Numbers ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' Adjusted Down + Final Olympics Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mind Games ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Oncetogether Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mulaney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , Resurrection ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for The Golden Globe Awards & NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Galavant ' Rises for Finale , ' Revenge ' & ' CSI ' Flat + ' Miss Universe ' Pageant Tops Night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Grammy Awards Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' or ' Bob 's Burgers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary ' , ' The Bachelor ' or ' CSI ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man in Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil , ' ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusted down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Madam Secretary ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , plus Final NFL Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' Once Upon a Time ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts up , ' CSI : Cyber ' rises vs. last week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : AMAs and scripted shows steady , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down , ' Quantico ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil ' finale adjusts up ( not that it matters ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Crowded ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Game of Silence ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts down , ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ransom ' premiere adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Little Big Shots ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' and ' Genius Junior ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Genius Junior ' finale adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Family Guy ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' canceled '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Cancelled at Fox '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` Fans are furious about ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' being canceled , but it could get picked up by Hulu '' . Business Insider Australia . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Could Continue on Hulu After Fox Cancellation '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' May Find New Home ; Hulu , Others Eye Fox Comedy Amid Massive Outpouring After Cancellation '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Move Looking Unlikely After Fox Cancellation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mavadiya , Madhvi ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine fans react to cancellation news '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' canceled by Fox , but may find new home at Hulu '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joeseph , Yonette ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Is Picked Up by NBC , and Fans Rejoice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' is not dead ! NBC steps in for the save '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Saved From Cancellation ! Season 6 to Air on NBC '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` NBC Fall 2018 -- 19 Schedule : ' Chicago ' - Branded Wednesday , ' SVU ' To Thursday , ' The Blacklist ' Held For Midseason , ' World Of Dance ' Moves In - Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes on IMDb Brooklyn Nine - Nine Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Tagger '' `` The Slump '' `` M.E. Time '' `` The Vulture '' `` Halloween '' `` 48 Hours '' `` Old School '' `` Sal 's Pizza '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Christmas '' `` Pontiac Bandit '' `` The Bet '' `` The Ebony Falcon '' `` Operation : Broken Feather '' `` The Party '' `` Full Boyle '' `` The Apartment '' `` Tactical Village '' `` Fancy Brudgom '' `` Unsolvable '' `` Charges and Specs '' Season 2 `` Undercover '' `` Chocolate Milk '' `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' `` Halloween II '' `` The Mole '' `` Jake and Sophia '' `` Lockdown '' `` USPIS '' See also Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Other Characters Crossovers New Girl `` Homecoming '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_episodes&oldid=853723781 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Gaeilge Magyar Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 16 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	brooklyn 99 season 2 episode 7 watch series	[]	[]
8975799977360352846	Unemployment in the United States	Unemployment in the United States - wikipedia Unemployment in the United States Jump to : navigation , search U.S. employment levels by two key measures , the civilian employment level and total non-farm payroll . Changes in the latter are commonly reported as the number of jobs created or lost from month to month . US employment statistics ( unemployment rate and monthly changes in net employment ) , 2009 -- 2016 The rate of U.S. unemployment under various definitions . Unemployment rate by county in the United States ( March 2017 ) The rate of unemployment in the US with incarceration 1892 - 2016 . Post-WW2 , Democratic administrations have pushed the unemployment rate persistently down , while under Republican presidents the unemployment rate consistently rose . Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it . Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions , global competition , education , automation , and demographics . These factors can affect the number of workers , the duration of unemployment , and wage levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Definitions of unemployment 2.1 Employed 2.2 Unemployed 2.3 Labor force 3 U.S. employment history 3.1 Jobs created by Presidential term 4 Recent employment trends 4.1 Unemployment rates 4.2 Level of employment and job creation 4.3 Labor force participation 4.4 Mix of full - time and part - time jobs 4.5 Other measures 4.6 Pace of recovery 5 Demographics and employment trends 5.1 Age 5.2 Gender 5.3 Education 5.4 Race 5.5 Native - or foreign - born 5.6 Incarceration 6 Causes of unemployment 7 Fiscal and monetary policy 7.1 Fiscal policy 7.2 Monetary policy 8 Political debates 8.1 Liberal position 8.2 Conservative position 8.3 Poll data 8.4 2008 -- 2009 debates 8.5 2010 -- present debates 8.5. 1 Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act 8.5. 2 American Jobs Act 8.5. 3 Fiscal cliff 8.6 Tax policy 8.6. 1 Individual income taxes 8.6. 2 Corporate income taxes 9 Solutions for creating more U.S. jobs 9.1 Infrastructure investment 9.2 Tax policy 9.3 Lower healthcare costs 9.4 Energy policy and carbon price certainty 9.5 Employment policies and the minimum wage 9.6 Regulatory reform 9.7 Education policy 9.8 Income inequality 9.9 Trade policy 9.10 Long - term unemployment 9.11 President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness 10 Analytical perspectives 10.1 Labor market recovery following 2007 -- 2009 recession 10.2 Comparison of employment recovery across recessions and financial crises 10.3 Share of full - time and part - time workers 10.4 What job creation rate is required to lower the unemployment rate ? 10.4. 1 Estimates 10.4. 2 Empirical data 10.5 International labor force size comparisons 10.6 Effect of disability recipients on labor force participation measures 10.7 Effects on health and mortality 10.8 Effects of healthcare reform 10.9 Job growth projections 2016 -- 2026 11 Obtaining data 11.1 Monthly jobs reports 11.2 Federal Reserve Database ( FRED ) 11.3 Unemployment rate forecasts 11.4 Off - shoring statistics 12 Historical unemployment rate charts 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Unemployment generally falls during periods of economic prosperity and rises during recessions , creating significant pressure on public finances as tax revenue falls and social safety net costs increase . Government spending and taxation decisions ( fiscal policy ) and U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments ( monetary policy ) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate . There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation , as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure , and vice versa . The U.S. Federal Reserve ( the Fed ) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation . The major political parties debate appropriate solutions for improving the job creation rate , with liberals arguing for more government spending and conservatives arguing for lower taxes and less regulation . Polls indicate that Americans believe job creation is the most important government priority , with not sending jobs overseas the primary solution . Unemployment can be measured in several ways . A person is defined as unemployed in the United States if they are jobless , but have looked for work in the last four weeks and are available for work . People who are neither employed nor defined as unemployed are not included in the labor force calcualation . For example , as of September 2017 , the unemployment rate in the United States was 4.2 % or 6.8 million people , while the government 's broader U-6 unemployment rate , which includes the part - time underemployed was 8.3 % . Both of these rates were below the November 2007 level that preceded the Great Recession . These figures were calculated with a civilian labor force of approximately 159.6 million people , relative to a U.S. population of approximately 326 million people . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) publishes a monthly `` Employment Situation Summary '' with key statistics and commentary . As of January 2018 , approximately 125 million people in the United States have found full - time work ( at least 35 hours a week in total ) . In contrast , there are approximately 206 million working age people ( people ages 15 - 64 ) in the United States . The number of job openings as of the last business day of January 2018 was 6.3 million . Definitions of unemployment ( edit ) Key employment statistics and ratios for November 2016 Number of persons in U.S. labor force and number employed . The gap is the number unemployed , which peaked at 15.4 million in October 2009 and fell to 7.4 million by November 2016 . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has defined the basic employment concepts as follows : People with jobs are employed . People who are jobless , looking for jobs within the last 4 weeks , and available for work are unemployed . People who are neither employed nor have looked for a job within the last 4 weeks are not included in the labor force . Employed ( edit ) Employed persons consist of : All persons who did any work for pay or profit during the survey reference week . All persons who did at least 15 hours of unpaid work in a family - owned enterprise operated by someone in their household . All persons who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs , whether they were paid or not . Full - time employed persons work 35 hours or more , considering all jobs , while part - time employed persons work less than 35 hours . Unemployed ( edit ) Who is counted as unemployed ? Persons are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job , have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks , and are currently available for work . Workers expecting to be recalled from layoff are counted as unemployed , whether or not they have engaged in a specific job - seeking activity . In all other cases , the individual must have been engaged in at least one active job search activity in the 4 weeks preceding the interview and be available for work ( except for temporary illness ) in order to be counted as unemployed . Labor force ( edit ) Who is not in the labor force ? Persons not in the labor force are those who are not classified as employed or unemployed during the survey reference week . Labor force measures are based on the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years old and over . ( Excluded are persons under 16 years of age , all persons confined to institutions such as nursing homes and prisons , and persons on active duty in the Armed Forces . ) The labor force is made up of the employed and those defined as unemployed . Expressed as a formula , the labor force equals employed plus unemployed persons . The remainder ( those who have no job and have not looked for one in the last 4 weeks ) are counted as `` not in the labor force . '' Many who are not in the labor force are going to school or are retired . Family responsibilities keep some others out of the labor force . `` Marginally attached '' workers are those not in the labor force because they have not searched for a job in the prior 4 weeks . However , they have searched in the prior 12 months and are both available for work and want to do so . Most marginally attached workers are not searching due to being discouraged over job prospects or due to being in school . U.S. employment History ( edit ) Job Growth by U.S. President , measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term . Monthly job numbers and unemployment During the 1940s , the U.S Department of Labor , specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys . Other data series are available back to 1912 . The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1 % during World War I to as high as 25 % during the Great Depression . More recently , it reached peaks of 10.8 % in November 1982 and 10.0 % in October 2009 . Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions . From 1948 to 2015 , unemployment averaged about 5.8 % . There is always some unemployment , with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs . This is referred to as frictional unemployment . For this reason , the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU , which was around 5 % in 2015 . A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory , as a shortage of workers would bid wages ( and thus prices ) upward . Jobs created by Presidential term ( edit ) Main article : Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms Various sources summarize the number of jobs created by Presidential term . The figures may include private or public job creation or combination . The Federal Reserve Economic Data ( FRED ) database contains the total nonfarm employment level , a measure of private sector job creation . For President Obama , between February 2009 and December 2015 , the private sector added a total of 10 million jobs . The Calculated Risk blog also reported the number of private sector jobs created by Presidential term . Over 10 million jobs were created in each of President Clinton 's two terms during the 1990s , by far the largest number among recent Presidents . President Reagan averaged over 7 million in each term during the 1980s , while George W. Bush had negative job creation in the 2000s . Each of these Presidents added net public sector ( i.e. , government ) jobs , except President Obama . Recent employment trends ( edit ) Line chart showing unemployment rate trends from 2000 - 2017 , for the U3 and U6 measures . Analyzing employment ratios for prime working age ( 25 -- 54 yrs ) helps remove the effects of aging demographics . Both ratios have the same denominator , the civilian population . The numerator of the upper line is the labor force ( i.e. , both employed and unemployed ) , while the numerator of the lower line is the employed only . U.S. proportion of the civilian labor force aged 16 years and older that was not in the labor force by reason , 2004 and 2014 There are a variety of measures used to track the state of the U.S. labor market . Each provides insight into the factors affecting employment . The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides a `` chartbook '' displaying the major employment - related variables in the economy . Members of the Federal Reserve also give speeches and Congressional testimony that explain their views of the economy , including the labor market . As of September 2017 , the employment recovery relative to the November 2007 ( pre-recession ) level was generally complete . Variables such as the unemployment rates ( U-3 and U-6 ) and number of employed have improved beyond their pre-recession levels . However , measures of labor force participation ( even among the prime working age group ) , and the share of long - term unemployed were worse than pre-crisis levels . Further , the mix of jobs has shifted , with a larger share of part - time workers than pre-crisis . For example : Unemployment rates ( edit ) The unemployment rate ( U-3 ) , measured as the number of persons unemployed divided by the civilian labor force , rose from 5.0 % in December 2007 to peak at 10.0 % in October 2009 , before falling to the low level of 4.2 % by September 2017 . This measure excludes those who have not looked for work in the last 4 weeks and all other persons not considered as part of the labor force , which can distort its interpretation if a large number of working - aged persons become discouraged and stop looking for work . The unemployment rate ( U-6 ) is a wider measure of unemployment , which treats additional workers as unemployed ( e.g. , those employed part - time for economic reasons and certain `` marginally attached '' workers outside the labor force , who have looked for a job within the last year , but not within the last 4 weeks ) . The U-6 rate rose from 8.8 % in December 2007 to a peak of 17.1 % in November 2009 , before steadily falling to 8.3 % in September 2017 . The share of unemployed who have been out of work for 27 or more weeks ( i.e. , long - term unemployed ) averaged approximately 19 % pre-crisis ; this peaked at 48.1 % in April 2010 and fell to 25.5 % by September 2017 . Some research indicates the long - term unemployed may be stigmatized as having out - of - date skills , facing an uphill battle to return to the workforce . Level of employment and job creation ( edit ) Civilian employment , one measure of the size of the employed workforce , expanded consistently during the 1990s , but was inconsistent during the 2000s due to recessions in 2001 and 2008 -- 2009 . From 2010 onward , it steadily rose through October 2017 . For example , employment did not recover its January 2001 peak of 137.8 million until June 2003 . Then , from the bubble - assisted peak in November 2007 of 146.6 million , 8.6 million jobs were lost due to the global economic crisis , with employment falling to 138.0 million . U.S. employment began rising thereafter and regained the pre-crisis peak by September 2014 . By December 2016 , civilian employment was 152.1 million , 5.5 million above the pre-crisis level and 14.1 million above the trough . By October 2017 , 153.9 million were employed . From October 2010 to November 2015 , the U.S. added a total of 12.4 million jobs , with positive job growth each month averaging 203,000 , a robust rate by historical standards . Analysis of labor force trends for 2015 indicated that it was mainly persons that did not want jobs , rather than discouraged or marginally attached workers , which was slowing the rate of growth of the labor force . Job creation in 2014 was the best since 1999 . As of October , the economy had added 2.225 million private sector jobs , and 2.285 million total jobs . Government employment ( federal , state and local ) was 22.0 million in November 2015 , similar to August 2006 levels . This contrasts with steady increases in government employment 1980 -- 2008 . Federal government employment was 2.7 million in November 2015 , also similar to pre-recession ( 2007 ) levels . It had risen roughly 200,000 workers in the aftermath of the crisis then fell back again . Labor force participation ( edit ) Further information : Labor force in the United States The labor force participation rate ( LFPR ) is defined as the number of persons in the labor force ( i.e. , employed and unemployed ) divided by the civilian population ( aged 16 + ) . This ratio has steadily fallen from 67.3 % in March 2000 to 62.5 % by May 2016 . The decline is long - term in nature and is primarily driven by an aging country , as the Baby Boomers move into retirement ( i.e. , they are no longer in the labor force but are in the civilian population ) . Other factors include a higher proportion of working aged persons on disability or in school . Another measure of workforce participation is the civilian employment - to - population ratio ( EM Ratio ) , which fell from its 2007 pre-crisis peak of approximately 63 % to 58 % by November 2010 and partially recovered to 60 % by May 2016 . This is computed as the number of persons employed divided by the civilian population . This measure is also affected by demographics . Analysts can adjust for the effect of demographics by examining the ratio for those `` prime - working aged '' persons aged 25 -- 54 . For this group , LFPR fell from 83.3 % in November 2007 to a trough of 80.5 % in July 2015 , before partially recovering to 81.8 % in October 2017 . The EM ratio for this group fell from its November 2007 level of 79.7 % to a trough of 74.8 % in December 2009 , before recovering steadily towards 78.8 % in October 2017 . In both cases , the ratios had yet to reach their pre-crisis peaks , a possible indicator of `` slack '' in the labor market with some working - age persons on the sidelines . The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the U.S. was approximately 2.5 million workers below full employment as of the end of 2015 and 1.6 million at December 31 , 2016 , mainly due to lower labor force participation . In December 2015 , the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported the reasons why persons aged 16 + were outside the labor force , using the 2014 figure of 87.4 million : 1 ) Retired - 38.5 million or 44 % ; 2 ) Disabled or Illness - 16.3 million or 19 % ; 3 ) Attending school - 16.0 million or 18 % ; 4 ) Home responsibilities - 13.5 million or 15 % ; and 4 ) Other Reasons - 3.1 million or 5 % . As of February 2018 , BLS characterizes an estimated 90 million of the 95 million people outside of the labor force as people who `` do not want a job now '' and stipulates that this number `` includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job . '' BLS defines those who `` do not want a job now '' as people who have not looked for work within the last 4 weeks . Economist Alan Krueger estimated in 2017 that `` the increase in opioid prescriptions from 1999 to 2015 could account for about 20 percent of the observed decline in men 's labor force participation during that same period , and 25 percent of the observed decline in women 's labor force participation . '' An estimated 2 million men in the age 25 - 54 age range who are outside the labor force took prescription pain medication daily during 2016 . Mix of full - time and part - time jobs ( edit ) The number of part - time workers jumped during 2008 and 2009 as a result of the recession , while the number of full - time workers fell . This pattern is consistent with previous recessions . From November 2007 to January 2010 , the number of part - time workers increased by 3.0 million ( from 24.8 million to 27.8 million ) , while the number of full - time workers fell by 11.3 million ( from 121.9 million to 110.6 million ) . Between 2010 and May 2016 , the number of part - time workers fluctuated between approximately 27 -- 28 million , while the number of full - time workers recovered steadily to 123.1 million , above the pre-crisis peak . In other words , nearly all of the post-recession job creation was full - time . The share of full - time jobs was 83 % in 2007 , but fell to 80 % by February 2010 , recovering steadily to 81.5 % by May 2016 . The number of persons working part - time for economic reasons remained above the pre-crisis level as of August 2016 . The number rose from 4.6 million in December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to a peak of 9.7 million in March 2010 , before falling to 6.0 million in August 2016 . Measured as a percent of total employed in the private sector , the figures were 3.3 % , 7.1 % , and 4.0 % , respectively . Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard cited this as an indicator of labor market slack in a September 2016 speech . Measured between 2005 and 2015 , the net job creation was in alternative work arrangements ( i.e. , contract , temporary help , on - call , independent contractors or freelancers ) . Some of these workers may qualify as full - time ( greater than 35 hours / week ) while others are part - time . In other words , the number of workers in traditional jobs was essentially unchanged for 2005 and 2015 , while the alternative work arrangement level increased by 9.4 million . Gallup measured the percent of workers with `` good jobs '' defined as `` 30 + hours per week for an employer who provides a regular paycheck . '' The ratio was around 42 % during 2010 and rose to close to 48 % during 2016 and 2017 . This was measured between 2010 and July 31 , 2017 , after which Gallup discontinued routinely measuring it . Other measures ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Reserve tracks a variety of labor market metrics , which affect how it sets monetary policy . One `` dashboard '' includes nine measures , only three of which had returned to their pre-crisis ( 2007 ) levels as of June 2014 . The Fed also publishes a `` Labor market conditions index '' that includes a score based on 19 other employment statistics . Pace of recovery ( edit ) Research indicates recovery from financial crises can be protracted relative to typical recessions , with lengthy periods of high unemployment and substandard economic growth . Compared against combined financial crises and recessions in other countries , the U.S. employment recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession was relatively fast . Demographics and employment trends ( edit ) The line chart shows the long - term decline in labor force participation for males of prime - working age ( 25 -- 54 years ) , based on educational attainment . Employment trends by race and education , comparing pre-crisis ( Dec 2007 ) levels with November 2016 . The white working - age population fell by 4.8 million over this period as the Boomer 's aged , while the working age populations of the other races increased . Employment trends can be analyzed by any number of demographic factors individually or in combination , such as age , gender , educational attainment , and race . A major trend underlying the analysis of employment numbers is the aging of the white workforce , which is roughly 70 % of the employment total by race as of November 2016 . For example , the prime working age ( 25 -- 54 ) white population declined by 4.8 million between December 2007 and November 2016 , roughly 5 % , while non-white populations are increasing . This is a major reason why non-white and foreign - born workers are increasing their share of the employed . However , white prime - age workers have also had larger declines in labor force participation than some non-white groups , for reasons not entirely clear . Such changes may have important political implications . Age ( edit ) The 2007 -- 2009 recession resulted in the number employed falling across all age groups except those aged 55 and over , which continued to increase steadily . Those aged 16 -- 19 were hit the hardest , with the number employed falling nearly 30 % from pre-crisis levels , while other groups under 55 fell 5 -- 10 % . While the number employed in the 25 -- 34 age group recovered to its pre-crisis ( December 2007 ) level by January 2014 and continued to slowly rise , several under age 55 groups remained below pre-crisis levels as of May 2016 . Unemployment rates for all age groups rose during the crisis , with the 16 -- 24 year group rising from around 10 % during 2007 to peak at 19.5 % in 2010 , before falling back to 10 % by May 2016 . Gender ( edit ) Men accounted for at least 7 of 10 workers who lost jobs during the 2007 -- 2009 recession , according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data . Men aged 25 -- 54 have seen their labor force participation rate fall at all education levels for decades , although the decline was much more severe for those with less than a college education . As of September 2016 , seven million US men between 25 and 54 were neither employed nor looking for work . These men tend to be younger , single , non-parents , and less educated . School , disability , level of education , incarceration , and a shift in industry mix away from traditionally male jobs like construction are among potential contributing factors . An estimated 40 % of the prime working - age men not in the labor force report having pain that prevents them from working . Education ( edit ) Unemployment rates historically are lower for those groups with higher levels of education . For example , in May 2016 the unemployment rate for workers over 25 years of age was 2.5 % for college graduates , 5.1 % for those with a high school diploma , and 7.1 % for those without a high school diploma . Unemployment rates roughly doubled for all three groups during the 2008 -- 2009 period , before steadily falling back to approximately their pre-crisis levels as of May 2016 . The recovery has also favored the more educated in terms of employment and job creation . One study indicated that nearly all the 11.6 million net jobs created between 2010 and January 2016 were filled by those with at least some college education . Only 80,000 net jobs were created for those with a high school education or less . Employment levels have risen proportionally to educational attainment . From December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to June 2016 , the number of persons employed changed as follows : Bachelor 's degree or higher + 21 % ; some college or associate degree + 4 % ; High school diploma only − 9 % ; and less than high school diploma − 14 % . Labor force participation rates have also fallen more for men aged 25 -- 54 with lower levels of education , as part of a long - term trend in lower labor force participation for men in that age group . Race ( edit ) In recent decades , Asians had the lowest unemployment rate as a racial group , followed by whites , hispanics , and blacks . The New York Times reported some of the causes and consequences of higher black unemployment in February 2018 : `` Even at the low of 6.8 percent recorded in December ( 2017 ) -- it climbed back to 7.7 percent in January -- the unemployment level for black Americans would qualify as a near crisis for whites . And the relative gains have not erased disparities in opportunity and pay . A tight labor market alone ca n't undo a legacy of unequal school funding , residential segregation or the disproportionate rate of incarceration for black Americans . Nor can it reverse the gradual shift of well - paying jobs from inner cities to mostly white suburbs . Studies have found that discrimination in hiring and pay persists even in good economic times , making parity an elusive goal . '' The unemployment rate for African Americans rose from 7.6 % in August 2007 to a peak of 17.3 % in January 2010 , before falling back to 8.2 % by May 2016 . For Latinos over the same periods , the rates were 5.5 % , 12.9 % and 5.6 % respectively . For Asians , the rates were 3.4 % , 8.4 % , and 3.9 % . Whites saw their employment levels fall more than non-whites over the 2007 -- 2016 period , as a relatively larger number of white persons moves out of the prime working age ( 25 -- 54 ) and into retirement . The number of white workers fell by approximately 700,000 from November 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to November 2016 , while the number of workers of other races rose . Hispanics added approximately 4.9 million ( + 24 % ) , Asian 2.3 million ( + 34 % ) , and African Americans 2.3 million ( + 14 % ) . These racial disparities may have helped the Trump campaign with the white working class voters in 2016 . While the age 25 -- 54 white population fell about 5 % from November 2007 to November 2016 , which would correspond with a declining number of whites employed , whites also had a larger decline in the employment to population ratio than non-whites . Native - or foreign - born ( edit ) BLS statistics indicate foreign - born workers have filled jobs dis - proportionally to their share in the population . From 2000 to 2015 : 1 ) Foreign - born represented 33 % of the aged 16 + population increase , but represented 53 % of the labor force increase and 59 % of the employment increase ; 2 ) The number of native - born employed increased by 5.6 million ( 5 % ) while the number of foreign - born employed increased by 8.0 million ( 47 % ) ; and 3 ) Labor force participation declined more for native - born ( 5 percentage points ) versus foreign - born ( 2 percentage points ) . Comparing December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to June 2016 , the number of employed foreign - born is up 13.3 % , while the number of native - born employed is up 2.1 % . Incarceration ( edit ) The average annual weeks of work for ex-offenders are reduced by 5 weeks relative to a 42 week baseline , resulting in a 12 % decrease in employment . Decline in employment for those who spent time in either jail or prison was 9.7 % for young white men , 15.1 % for young black men , and 13.7 % for young Hispanic men . Causes of unemployment ( edit ) Main article : Causes of Unemployment in the United States There are a variety of domestic , foreign , market and government factors that impact unemployment in the United States . These may be characterized as cyclical ( related to the business cycle ) or structural ( related to underlying economic characteristics ) and include , among others : Economic conditions : The U.S. faced the subprime mortgage crisis and resulting recession of 2007 -- 2009 , which significantly increased the unemployment rate to a peak of 10 % in October 2009 . The unemployment rate fell steadily thereafter , returning to 5 % by December 2015 as economic conditions improved . Demographic trends : The U.S. has an aging population , which is moving more persons out of the labor force relative to the civilian population . This has resulted in a long - term downward trend in the labor force participation rate that began around 2000 , as the Baby Boomer generation began to retire . Level of education : Historically , as educational attainment rises , the unemployment rate falls . For example , the unemployment rate for college graduates was 2.4 % in May 2016 , versus 7.1 % for those without a high school diploma . Technology trends , with automation replacing workers in many industries while creating jobs in others . Globalization and sourcing trends , with employers creating jobs in overseas markets to reduce labor costs or avoid regulations . International trade policy , which has resulted in a sizable trade deficit ( imports greater than exports ) since the early 2000s , which reduces GDP and employment relative to a trade surplus . Immigration policy , which affects the nature and number of workers entering the country . Monetary policy : The Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy , adjusting interest rates to move the economy towards a full employment target of around a 5 % unemployment rate and 2 % inflation rate . The Federal Reserve has maintained near - zero interest rates since the 2007 -- 2009 recession , in efforts to boost employment . It also injected a sizable amount of money into the economy via quantitative easing to boost the economy . In December 2015 , it raised interest rates for the first time moderately , with guidance that it intended to continue doing if economic conditions were favorable . Fiscal policy : The Federal government has reduced its budget deficit significantly since the 2007 -- 2009 recession , which resulted from a combination of improving economic conditions and recent steps to reduce spending and raise taxes on higher income taxpayers . Reducing the budget deficit means the government is doing less to support employment , other things equal . Unionization : The ratio of persons represented by unions has fallen consistently since the 1960s , weakening the power of labor ( workers ) relative to capital ( owners ) . This is due to a combination of economic trends and policy choices . A trend towards more workers in the `` gig '' or access economy , in alternative ( part - time or contract ) work arrangements rather than full - time ; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015 . This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy ( about 9 million jobs between 2005 and 2015 ) occurred in alternative work arrangements , while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined . Fiscal and monetary policy ( edit ) Typical intervention strategies under different conditions Employment is both cause and response to the economic growth rate , which can be affected by both government fiscal policy ( spending and tax decisions ) and monetary policy ( Federal Reserve action . ) Fiscal policy ( edit ) The U.S. ran historically large annual debt increases from 2008 to 2013 , adding over $1 trillion in total national debt annually from fiscal year 2008 to 2012 . The deficit expanded primarily due to a severe financial crisis and recession . With a U.S. GDP of approximately $17 trillion , the spending implied by this deficit comprises a significant amount of GDP . Keynesian economics argues that when the economic growth is slow , larger budget deficits are stimulative to the economy . This is one reason why the significant deficit reduction represented by the fiscal cliff was expected to result in a recession . However , the deficit from 2014 to 2016 was in line with historical average , meaning it was not particularly stimulative . For example , CBO reported in October 2014 : `` The federal government ran a budget deficit of $486 billion in fiscal year 2014 ... $195 billion less than the shortfall recorded in fiscal year 2013 , and the smallest deficit recorded since 2008 . Relative to the size of the economy , that deficit -- at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) -- was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years , and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009 . By CBO 's estimate , revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year . '' As part of the economic policy of Barack Obama , the United States Congress funded approximately $800 billion in spending and tax cuts via the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to stimulate the economy . Monthly job losses began slowing shortly thereafter . By March 2010 , employment again began to rise . From March 2010 to September 2012 , over 4.3 million jobs were added , with consecutive months of employment increases from October 2010 to December 2015 . As of December 2015 , employment of 143.2 million was 4.9 million above the pre-crisis peak in January 2008 of 138.3 million . Monetary policy ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Reserve ( the Fed ) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation . U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments ( monetary policy ) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate . There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation , as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure , and vice versa . Debates regarding monetary policy during 2014 -- 2015 centered on the timing and extent of interest rate increases , as a near - zero interest rate target had remained in place since the 2007 -- 2009 recession . Ultimately , the Fed decided to raise interest rates marginally in December 2015 . The Fed describes the type of labor market analyses it performs in making interest rate decisions in the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee , its policy governing body , among other channels . The U.S. Federal Reserve has taken significant action to stimulate the economy after the 2007 -- 2009 recession . The Fed expanded its balance sheet significantly from 2008 to 2014 , meaning it essentially `` printed money '' to purchase large quantities of mortgage - backed securities and U.S. treasury bonds . This bids up bond prices , helping keep interest rates low , to encourage companies to borrow and invest and people to buy homes . It planned to end its quantitative easing in October 2014 but was undecided on when it might raise interest rates from near record lows . The Fed also tied its actions to its outlook for unemployment and inflation for the first time in December 2012 . Political debates ( edit ) Liberal position ( edit ) Liberals typically argue for government action or partnership with the private sector to improve job creation . Typical proposals involve stimulus spending on infrastructure construction , clean energy investment , unemployment compensation , educational loan assistance , and retraining programs . Liberals historically supported labor unions and protectionist trade policies . Liberals tend to be less concerned with budget deficits and debt and have a higher tolerance for inflation or currency devaluation to improve trade competitiveness , as a weaker currency makes exports relatively less expensive . During recessions , liberals generally advocate solutions based on Keynesian economics , which argues for additional government spending when the private sector is unable or unwilling to support sufficient levels of economic growth . Conservative position ( edit ) Conservatives typically argue for free market solutions , with less government restriction of the private sector . Conservatives tend to oppose stimulus spending or bailouts , letting the free market determine success and failure . Typical proposals involve deregulation and income tax rate reduction . Conservatives historically have opposed labor unions and encouraged free trade agreements . Fiscal conservatives express concern that higher budget deficits and debt damage confidence , reducing investment and spending . Conservatives argue for policies that reduce or lower inflation . Conservatives generally advocate supply - side economics . Poll data ( edit ) The affluent are much less inclined than other groups of Americans to support an active role for government in addressing high unemployment . Only 19 % of the wealthy say that Washington should insure that everyone who wants to work can find a job , but 68 % of the general public support that proposition . Similarly , only 8 % of the rich say that the federal government should provide jobs for everyone able and willing to work who can not find a job in private employment , but 53 % of the general public thinks it should . A September 2012 survey by The Economist found those earning over $100,000 annually were twice as likely to name the budget deficit as the most important issue in deciding how they would vote than middle - or lower - income respondents . Among the general public , about 40 % say unemployment is the most important issue while 25 % say that the budget deficit is . A March 2011 Gallup poll reported : `` One in four Americans say the best way to create more jobs in the U.S. is to keep manufacturing in this country and stop sending work overseas . Americans also suggest creating jobs by increasing infrastructure work , lowering taxes , helping small businesses , and reducing government regulation . '' Further , Gallup reported that : `` Americans consistently say that jobs and the economy are the most important problems facing the country , with 26 % citing jobs specifically as the nation 's most important problem in March . '' Republicans and Democrats agreed that bringing the jobs home was the number one solution approach , but differed on other poll questions . Republicans next highest ranked items were lowering taxes and reducing regulation , while Democrats preferred infrastructure stimulus and more help for small businesses . Further , U.S. sentiment on free trade has been turning more negative . An October 2010 Wall Street Journal / NBC News poll reported that : `` ( M ) ore than half of those surveyed , 53 % , said free - trade agreements have hurt the U.S. That is up from 46 % three years ago and 32 % in 1999 . '' Among those earning $75,000 or more , 50 % now say free - trade pacts have hurt the U.S. , up from 24 % who said the same in 1999 . Across party lines , income , and job type , 76 -- 95 % of Americans surveyed agreed that `` outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people are n't being hired '' . The Pew Center reported poll results in August 2012 : `` Fully 85 % of self - described middle - class adults say it is more difficult now than it was a decade ago for middle - class people to maintain their standard of living . Of those who feel this way , 62 % say `` a lot '' of the blame lies with Congress , while 54 % say the same about banks and financial institutions , 47 % about large corporations , 44 % about the Bush administration , 39 % about foreign competition and 34 % about the Obama administration . '' 2008 -- 2009 debates ( edit ) The debate around the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) , the approximately $800 billion stimulus bill passed due to the subprime mortgage crisis , highlighted these views . Democrats generally advocated the liberal position and Republicans advocated the conservative position . Republican pressure reduced the overall size of the stimulus while increasing the ratio of tax cuts in the law . These historical positions were also expressed during the debate around the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which authorized the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , an approximately $700 billion bailout package ( later reduced to $430 billion ) for the banking industry . The initial attempt to pass the bill failed in the House of Representatives due primarily to Republican opposition . Following a significant drop in the stock market and pressure from a variety of sources , a second vote passed the bill in the House . 2010 -- present debates ( edit ) Creating American jobs and Ending Offshoring Act ( edit ) Senator Dick Durbin proposed a bill in 2010 called the `` Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act '' that would have reduced tax advantages from relocating U.S. plants abroad and limited the ability to defer profits earned overseas . However , the bill was stalled in the Senate primarily due to Republican opposition . It was supported by the AFL - CIO but opposed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . The Congressional Research Service summarized the bill as follows : `` Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act -- Amends the Internal Revenue Code to : ( 1 ) exempt from employment taxes for a 24 - month period employers who hire an employee who replaces another employee who is not a citizen or permanent resident of the United States and who performs similar duties overseas ; ( 2 ) deny any tax deduction , deduction for loss , or tax credit for the cost of an American jobs offshoring transaction ( defined as any transaction in which a taxpayer reduces or eliminates the operation of a trade or business in connection with the start - up or expansion of such trade or business outside the United States ) ; and ( 3 ) eliminate the deferral of tax on income of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to property imported into the United States by such corporation or a related person , except for property exported before substantial use in the United States and for agricultural commodities not grown in the United States in commercially marketable quantities . '' American jobs Act ( edit ) President Barack Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in September 2011 , which included a variety of tax cuts and spending programs to stimulate job creation . The White House provided a fact sheet which summarized the key provisions of the $447 billion bill . However , neither the House nor the Senate has passed the legislation as of December 2012 . President Obama stated in October 2011 : `` In the coming days , members of Congress will have to take a stand on whether they believe we should put teachers , construction workers , police officers and firefighters back on the job ... They 'll get a vote on whether they believe we should protect tax breaks for small business owners and middle - class Americans , or whether we should protect tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires . '' Fiscal cliff ( edit ) Main article : United States fiscal cliff During 2012 , there was significant debate regarding approximately $560 billion in tax increases and spending cuts scheduled to go into effect in 2013 , which would reduce the 2013 budget deficit roughly in half . Critics argued that with an employment crisis , such fiscal austerity was premature and misguided . The Congressional Budget Office projected that such sharp deficit reduction would likely cause the U.S. to enter recession in 2013 , with the unemployment rate rising to 9 % versus approximately 8 % in 2012 , costing over 1 million jobs . The fiscal cliff was partially addressed by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 . Tax policy ( edit ) Individual income taxes ( edit ) It is unclear whether lowering marginal income tax rates boosts job growth , or whether increasing tax rates slows job creation . This is due to many other variables that impact job creation . Economic theory suggests that ( other things equal ) tax cuts are a form of stimulus ( they increase the budget deficit ) and therefore create jobs , much like spending . However , tax cuts as a rule have less impact per additional deficit dollar than spending , as a portion of tax cuts can be saved rather than spent . Since income taxes are primarily paid by higher income taxpayers ( the top 1 % pay roughly half of them ) and these taxpayers tend to save a higher portion of any incremental dollars returned to them via tax cuts than lower income taxpayers , income tax cuts are a less effective form of stimulus than payroll tax cuts , infrastructure investment , and unemployment compensation . One study indicated that tax cuts do create employment growth , particularly tax cuts for the lower earners . However , the historical record indicates that marginal income tax rate changes have little impact on job creation , economic growth or employment . During the 1970s , marginal income tax rates were far higher than subsequent periods and the U.S. created 19.6 million net new jobs . During the 1980s , marginal income tax rates were lowered and the U.S. created 18.3 million net new jobs . During the 1990s , marginal income tax rates rose and the U.S. created 21.6 million net new jobs . From 2000 to 2010 , marginal income tax rates were lowered due to the Bush tax cuts and the U.S. created no net new jobs . The 7.5 million created 2000 -- 2007 represent slow job growth by historical standards . President Obama raised income tax rates on the top 1 % via partial expiration of the Bush tax cuts in January 2013 . He also raised payroll taxes on the top 5 % as part of the Affordable Care Act at that time . Despite these tax increases , average monthly job creation increased from 179,000 in 2012 to 192,000 in 2013 and 250,000 in 2014 . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) wrote in March 2009 : `` Small business employment rose by an average of 2.3 percent ( 756,000 jobs ) per year during the Clinton years , when tax rates for high - income filers were set at very similar levels to those that would be reinstated under President Obama 's budget . But during the Bush years , when the rates were lower , employment rose by just 1.0 percent ( 367,000 jobs ) . '' CBPP reported in September 2011 that both employment and GDP grew faster in the seven - year period following President Clinton 's income tax rate increase of 1993 , than a similar period after the Bush tax cuts of 2001 . Corporate income taxes ( edit ) Conservatives typically argue for lower U.S. tax income rates , arguing that it would encourage companies to hire more workers . Liberals have proposed legislation to tax corporations that offshore jobs and to limit corporate tax expenditures . U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during 2012 while corporate tax revenue was below its historical average relative to GDP . For example , U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during the third quarter of 2012 , at an annualized $1.75 trillion . U.S. corporations paid approximately 1.2 % GDP in taxes during 2011 . This was below the 2.7 % GDP level in 2007 pre-crisis and below the 1.8 % historical average for the 1990 -- 2011 period . In comparing corporate taxes , the Congressional Budget Office found in 2005 that the top statutory tax rate was the third highest among OECD countries behind Japan and Germany . However , the U.S. ranked 27th lowest of 30 OECD countries in its collection of corporate taxes relative to GDP , at 1.8 % vs. the average 2.5 % . Solutions for creating more U.S. jobs ( edit ) A variety of options for creating jobs exist , but these are strongly debated and often have tradeoffs in terms of additional government debt , adverse environmental impact , and impact on corporate profitability . Examples include infrastructure investment , tax reform , healthcare cost reduction , energy policy and carbon price certainty , reducing the cost to hire employees , education and training , deregulation , and trade policy . Authors Bittle & Johnson of Public agenda explained the pros and cons of 14 job creation arguments frequently discussed , several of which are summarized below by topic . These are hotly debated by experts from across the political spectrum . Infrastructure investment ( edit ) Many experts advocate infrastructure investment , such as building roads and bridges and upgrading the electricity grid . Such investments have historically created or sustained millions of jobs , with the offset to higher state and federal budget deficits . In the wake of the 2008 -- 2009 recession , there were over 2 million fewer employed housing construction workers . The American Society of Civil Engineers rated U.S. infrastructure a `` D + '' on their scorecard for 2013 , identifying an estimated $3.6 trillion in investment ideas by 2020 . CBO estimated in November 2011 that increased investment in infrastructure would create between 1 and 6 jobs per $1 million invested ; in other words , a $100 billion investment would generate between 100,000 and 600,000 additional jobs . President Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in 2011 , which included infrastructure investment and tax breaks offset by tax increases on high income earners . However , it did not receive sufficient support in the Senate to receive a floor vote . During late 2015 , the House and Senate , in rare bipartisan form , passed the largest infrastructure package in a decade , costing $305 billion over five years , less than the $478 billion in Obama 's initial request . He signed the Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act into law in December 2015 . Tax policy ( edit ) Lowering the costs of workers also encourages employers to hire more . This can be done via reducing existing Social Security or Medicare payroll taxes or by specific tax incentives for hiring additional workers . CBO estimated in 2011 that reducing employers ' payroll taxes ( especially if limited to firms that increase their payroll ) , increasing aid to the unemployed , and providing additional refundable tax credits to lower - income households , would generate more jobs per dollar of investment than infrastructure . President Obama reduced the Social Security payroll tax on workers during the 2011 -- 2012 period , which added an estimated $100 billion to the deficit while leaving these funds with consumers to spend . The U.S. corporate tax rate is among the highest in the world , although U.S. corporations pay among the lowest amount relative to GDP due to loopholes . Reducing the rate and eliminating loopholes may make U.S. businesses more competitive , but may also add to the deficit . The Tax Policy Center estimated during 2012 that reducing the corporate tax rate from 35 % to 20 % would add $1 trillion to the debt over a decade , for example . Lower healthcare costs ( edit ) Businesses are faced with paying the significant and rising healthcare costs of their employees . Many other countries do not burden businesses , but instead tax workers who pay the government for their healthcare . This significantly reduces the cost of hiring and maintaining the work force . Energy policy and carbon price certainty ( edit ) Various studies place the cost of environmental regulations in the thousands of dollars per employee . Americans are split on whether protecting the environment or economic growth is a higher priority . Regulations that would add costs to petroleum and coal may slow the economy , although they would provide incentives for clean energy investment by addressing regulatory uncertainty regarding the price of carbon . President Obama advocated a series of clean energy policies during June 2013 . These included : Reducing carbon pollution from power plants ; Continue expanding usage of clean energy ; raising fuel economy standards ; and energy conservation through more energy - efficient homes and businesses . Employment policies and the minimum wage ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Raising the minimum wage would provide households with more money to spend , in an era with record corporate profits and a reluctance of corporations to invest . Critics argue raising employment costs deters hiring . During 2009 , the minimum wage was $7.25 per hour , or $15,000 per year , below poverty level for some families . The New York Times editorial board wrote in August 2013 : `` As measured by the federal minimum wage , currently $7.25 an hour , low - paid work in America is lower paid today than at any time in modern memory . If the minimum wage had kept pace with inflation or average wages over the past nearly 50 years , it would be about $10 an hour ; if it had kept pace with the growth in average labor productivity , it would be about $17 an hour . '' President Obama advocated raising the minimum wage during February 2013 : `` The President is calling on Congress to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $9 in stages by the end of 2015 and index it to inflation thereafter , which would directly boost wages for 15 million workers and reduce poverty and inequality ... A range of economic studies show that modestly raising the minimum wage increases earnings and reduces poverty without jeopardizing employment . In fact , leading economists like Lawrence Katz , Richard Freeman , and Laura Tyson and businesses like Costco , Wal - Mart , and Stride Rite have supported past increases to the minimum wage , in part because increasing worker productivity and purchasing power for consumers will also help the overall economy . '' The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... America 's federal minimum wage , at 38 % of median income , is one of the rich world 's lowest . Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage . '' The U.S. minimum wage was last raised to $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . As of December 2013 , there were 21 states with minimum wages above the Federal minimum , with the State of Washington the highest at $9.32 . Ten states index their minimum wage to inflation . The CBO reported in February 2014 that increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour between 2014 and 2016 would reduce employment by an estimated 500,000 jobs , while about 16.5 million workers would have higher pay . A smaller increase to $9.00 per hour would reduce employment by 100,000 , while about 7.6 million workers would have higher pay . Regulatory reform ( edit ) Regulatory costs on business start - ups and going concerns are significant . Requiring laws to have sunset provisions ( end - dates ) would help ensure only worthwhile regulations are renewed . New businesses account for about one - fifth of new jobs added . However , the number of new businesses starting each year dropped by 17 % after the recession . Inc. magazine published 16 ideas to encourage new startups , including cutting red tape , approving micro-loans , allowing more immigration , and addressing tax uncertainty . Education policy ( edit ) Education policy reform could make higher education more affordable and more attuned to job needs . Unemployment is considerably lower for those with a college education . However , college is increasingly unaffordable . Providing loans contingent on degrees focused on fields with worker shortages such as healthcare and accounting would address structural workforce imbalances ( i.e. , a skills mismatch ) . Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen stated in 2014 : `` Public funding of education is another way that governments can help offset the advantages some households have in resources available for children . One of the most consequential examples is early childhood education . Research shows that children from lower - income households who get good - quality pre-Kindergarten education are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college as well as hold a job and have higher earnings , and they are less likely to be incarcerated or receive public assistance . '' Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States Real GDP per household has increased while the real median income per household has not , indicating a trend of greater income inequality . Income inequality , expressed by wage stagnation for middle - and lower - income families coupled with a shift in income growth to the top earners , can adversely affect economic growth , as wealthier families tend to save more . The quality or pay of the job matters , not just creating more jobs . The union movement has declined considerably , one factor contributing to more income inequality and off - shoring . Reinvigorating the labor movement could help create more higher - paying jobs , shifting some of the economic pie back to workers from owners . However , by raising employment costs , employers may choose to hire fewer workers . Trade policy ( edit ) Creating a level playing field with trading partners could help create more jobs in the U.S. Wage and living standard differentials and currency manipulation can make `` free trade '' something other than `` fair trade . '' Requiring countries to allow their currencies to float freely on international markets would reduce significant trade deficits , adding jobs in developed countries such as the U.S. and Western Europe . Long - term unemployment ( edit ) CBO reported several options for addressing long - term unemployment during February 2012 . Two short - term options included policies to : 1 ) Reduce the marginal cost to businesses of adding employees ; and 2 ) Tax policies targeted towards people most likely to spend the additional income , mainly those with lower income . Over the long - run , structural reforms such as programs to facilitate re-training workers or education assistance would be helpful . President 's Council on jobs and competitiveness ( edit ) President Obama established the President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2009 . The Council released an interim report with a series of recommendations in October 2011 . The report included five major initiatives to increase employment while improving competitiveness : Measures to accelerate investment into job - rich projects in infrastructure and energy development ; A comprehensive drive to ignite entrepreneurship and accelerate the number and scale of young , small businesses and high - growth firms that produce an outsized share of America 's new jobs ; A national investment initiative to boost jobs - creating inward investment in the United States , both from global firms headquartered elsewhere and from multinational corporations headquartered here ; Ideas to simplify regulatory review and streamline project approvals to accelerate jobs and growth ; and , Steps to ensure America has the talent in place to fill existing job openings as well as to boost future job creation . Analytical Perspectives ( edit ) Employment statistics from the FRED database , comparing June 2015 and October 2009 . Many of the mathematical relationships between the variables are shown . Employment trends in key variables indexed to show relative changes in the number of persons ( starting point = 100 ) . For example , from June 2009 ( the official end of the Great Recession ) to January 2018 , the number of persons not in the labor force increased by 21 % , but the labor force only increased 4 % . CBO explanation for shortfall in employment of 2.5 million relative to a theoretical full employment level in 2015 ; it fell to 1.6 million in 2016 . Analyzing the true state of the U.S. labor market is very complex and a challenge for leading economists , who may arrive at different conclusions . For example , the main gauge , the unemployment rate , can be falling ( a positive sign ) while the labor force participation rate is falling as well ( a negative sign ) . Further , the reasons for persons leaving the labor force may not be clear , such as aging ( more people retiring ) or because they are discouraged and have stopped looking for work . The extent to which persons are not fully utilizing their skills is also difficult to determine when measuring the level of underemployment . A rough comparison of September 2014 ( when the unemployment rate was 5.9 % ) versus October 2009 ( when the unemployment rate peaked at 10.0 % ) helps illustrate the analytical challenge . The civilian population increased by roughly 10 million during that time , with the labor force increasing by about 2 million and those not in the labor force increasing by about 8 million . However , the 2 million increase in the labor force represents the net of an 8 million increase in those employed , partially offset by a 6 million decline in those unemployed . So is the primary cause of improvement in the unemployment rate due to : a ) increased employment of 8 million ; or b ) the increase in those not in the workforce , also 8 million ? Did the 6 million fewer unemployed obtain jobs or leave the workforce ? Labor market recovery following 2007 -- 2009 recession ( edit ) CBO issued a report in February 2014 analyzing the causes for the slow labor market recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession . CBO listed several major causes : `` To a large degree , the slow recovery of the labor market reflects the slow growth in the demand for goods and services , and hence gross domestic product ( GDP ) . CBO estimates that GDP was 71⁄2 percent smaller than potential ( maximum sustainable ) GDP at the end of the recession ; by the end of 2013 , less than one - half of that gap had been closed . With output growing so slowly , payrolls have increased slowly as well -- and the slack in the labor market that can be seen in the elevated unemployment rate and part of the reduction in the rate of labor force participation mirrors the gap between actual and potential GDP . '' `` Of the roughly 2 percentage - point net increase in the rate of unemployment between the end of 2007 and the end of 2013 , about 1 percentage point was the result of cyclical weakness in the demand for goods and services , and about 1 percentage point arose from structural factors ; those factors are chiefly the stigma workers face and the erosion of skills that can stem from long - term unemployment ( together worth about one - half of a percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate ) and a decrease in the efficiency with which employers are filling vacancies ( probably at least in part as a result of mismatches in skills and locations , and also worth about one - half of a percentage point of the increase in the unemployment rate ) . '' `` Of the roughly 3 percentage - point net decline in the labor force participation rate between the end of 2007 and the end of 2013 , about 11⁄2 percentage points was the result of long - term trends ( primarily the aging of the population ) , about 1 percentage point was the result of temporary weakness in employment prospects and wages , and about one - half of a percentage point was attributable to unusual aspects of the slow recovery that led workers to become discouraged and permanently drop out of the labor force . '' `` Employment at the end of 2013 was about 6 million jobs short of where it would be if the unemployment rate had returned to its prerecession level and if the participation rate had risen to the level it would have attained without the current cyclical weakness . Those factors account roughly equally for the shortfall . '' Comparison of employment recovery across recessions and financial crises ( edit ) One method of analyzing the impact of recessions on employment is to measure the period of time it takes to return to the pre-recession employment peak . By this measure , the 2008 -- 2009 recession was considerably worse than the five other U.S. recessions from 1970 to present . By May 2013 , U.S. employment had reached 98 % of its pre-recession peak after approximately 60 months . Employment recovery following a combined recession and financial crisis tends to be much longer than a typical recession . For example , it took Norway 8.5 years to return to its pre-recession peak employment after its 1987 financial crisis and it took Sweden 17.8 years after its 1991 financial crisis . The U.S. is recovering considerably faster than either of these countries . Share of full - time and part - time workers ( edit ) The ratio of full - time workers was 86.5 % in January 1968 and hit a historical low of 79.9 % in January 2010 . There is a long - term trend of gradual reduction in the share of full - time workers since 1970 , with recessions resulting in a decline in the full - time share of the workforce faster than the overall trend , with partial reversal during recovery periods . For example , as a result of the 2007 -- 2009 recession , the ratio of full - time employed to total employed fell from 83.1 % in December 2007 to a trough of 79.9 % in January 2010 , before steadily rising to 81.6 % by April 2016 . Stated another way , the share of part - time employed to total employed rose from 16.9 % in December 2007 to a peak of 20.1 % in January 2010 , before steadily falling to 18.4 % in April 2016 . There is a trend towards more workers in alternative ( part - time or contract ) work arrangements rather than full - time ; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015 . This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy ( 9.1 million jobs between 2005 and 2015 ) occurred in alternative work arrangements , while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined . What job creation rate is required to lower the unemployment rate ? ( edit ) Estimates ( edit ) Estimates vary for the number of jobs that must be created to absorb the inflow of persons into the labor force , to maintain a given rate of unemployment . This number is significantly affected by demographics and population growth . For example , economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson estimated this figure at 125,000 jobs per month during 2011 . Economist Paul Krugman estimated it around 90,000 during 2012 , mentioning also it used to be higher . One method of calculating this figure follows , using data as of September 2012 : U.S. population 314,484,000 x 0.90 % annual population growth x 63 % of population is working age x 63 % work force participation rate / 12 months per year = 93,614 jobs / month . This approximates the Krugman figure . Wells Fargo economists estimated the figure around 150,000 in January 2013 : `` Over the past three months , labor force participation has averaged 63.7 percent , the same as the average for 2012 . If the participation rate holds steady , how many new jobs are needed to lower the unemployment rate ? The steady employment gains in recent months suggest a rough answer . The unemployment rate has been 7.9 percent , 7.8 percent and 7.8 percent for the past three months , while the labor force participation rate has been 63.8 percent , 63.6 percent and 63.6 percent . Meanwhile , job gains have averaged 151,000 . Therefore , it appears that the magic number is something above 151,000 jobs per month to lower the unemployment rate . '' Reuters reported a figure of 250,000 in February 2013 , stating sustained job creation at this level would be needed to `` significantly reduce the ranks of unemployed . '' Federal Reserve analysts estimated this figure around 80,000 in June 2013 : `` According to our analysis , job growth of more than about 80,000 jobs per month would put downward pressure on the unemployment rate , down significantly from 150,000 to 200,000 during the 1980s and 1990s . We expect this trend to fall to around 35,000 jobs per month from 2016 through the remainder of the decade . '' Empirical data ( edit ) During the 41 months from January 2010 to May 2013 , there were 19 months where the unemployment rate declined . On average , 179,000 jobs were created in those months . The median job creation during those months was 166,000 . International labor force size comparisons ( edit ) The U.S. civilian labor force was approximately 155 million people during October 2012 . This was the world 's third largest , behind China ( 795.5 million ) and India ( 487.6 million ) . The entire European Union employed 228.3 million . Effect of disability recipients on labor force participation measures ( edit ) The number of people receiving Social Security disability benefits ( SSDI ) increased from 7.1 million in December 2007 to 8.7 million in April 2012 , a 22 % increase . Recipients are excluded from the labor force . Economists at JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Morgan Stanley estimated this explained as much as 0.5 of the 2.0 percentage point decline in the U.S. labor - force participation rate during the period . Effects on health and mortality ( edit ) Unemployment can have adverse health effects . One study indicated that a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate can increase mortality among working - aged males by 6 % . Similar effects were not noted for women or the elderly , who had lower workforce attachment . The mortality increase was mainly driven by circulatory health issues ( e.g. , heart attacks ) . Another study concluded that : `` Losing a job because of an establishment closure increased the odds of fair or poor health by 54 % , and among respondents with no preexisting health conditions , it increased the odds of a new likely health condition by 83 % . This suggests that there are true health costs to job loss , beyond sicker people being more likely to lose their jobs . '' Extended job loss can add the equivalent of ten years to a persons age . Studies have also indicated that worsening economic conditions can be associated with lower mortality across the entire economy , with slightly lower mortality in the much larger employed group offsetting higher mortality in the unemployed group . For example , recessions might include fewer drivers on the road , reducing traffic fatalities and pollution . Effects of healthcare reform ( edit ) CBO estimated in December 2015 that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( also known colloquially as `` Obamacare '' ) would reduce the labor supply by approximately 2 million full - time worker equivalents ( measured as a combination of persons and hours worked ) by 2025 , relative to a baseline without the law . This is driven by the law 's health insurance coverage expansions ( e.g. , subsidies and Medicaid expansion ) plus taxes and penalties . With access to individual marketplaces , fewer persons are dependent on health insurance offered by employers . Job growth projections 2016 -- 2026 ( edit ) BLS forecast ranking of the top 10 fastest growing occupations over the 2016 - 2026 period is dominated by healthcare jobs . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported on October 24 , 2017 its projections of job growth by industry and job type over the 2016 -- 2026 period . Healthcare was the industry expected to add the most jobs , driven by demand from an aging population . The top three occupations were : personal care aides with 754,000 jobs added or a 37 % increase ; home health aids with 425,600 or 47 % ; and software developers at 253,400 or 30.5 % . BLS also reported that : `` About 9 out of 10 new jobs are projected to be added in the service - providing sector from 2016 to 2026 , resulting in more than 10.5 million new jobs , or 0.8 percent annual growth . The goods - producing sector is expected to increase by 219,000 jobs , growing at a rate of 0.1 percent per year over the projections decade . '' BLS predicted that manufacturing jobs would decline by over 700,000 over that period . Obtaining data ( edit ) Monthly jobs reports ( edit ) U.S. employment statistics are reported by government and private primary sources monthly , which are widely quoted in the news media . These sources use a variety of sampling techniques that yield different measures . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) provides a monthly `` Employment Situation Summary . '' For example , BLS reported for December 2012 that : `` Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 155,000 in December , and the unemployment rate was unchanged at 7.8 percent ... Employment increased in health care , food services and drinking places , construction , and manufacturing . '' Automatic Data Processing ( ADP ) also provides a `` National Employment Report . '' For the December 2012 period , ADP reported a 215,000 non-farm payroll increase . Several secondary sources also interpret the primary data released . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities provides a monthly `` Statement '' on the BLS Situation Summary . The CBPP wrote in January 2013 : `` ( December 2012 ) is the 34th straight month of private - sector job creation , with payrolls growing by 5.3 million jobs ( a pace of 157,000 jobs a month ) since February 2010 ; total nonfarm employment ( private plus government jobs ) has grown by 4.8 million jobs over the same period , or 141,000 a month . Total government jobs fell by 546,000 over this period , dominated by a loss of 395,000 local government jobs . '' Federal Reserve Database ( FRED ) ( edit ) The FRED database contains a variety of employment statistics organized as data series . It can be used to generate charts or download historical information . Data series include labor force , employment , unemployment , labor force participation , etc . The Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) also releases employment statistics . Some popular data series include : FRED -- Civilian Labor Force FRED -- Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate CIVPART FRED -- Civilian Unemployment Rate UNRATE FRED -- Civilian Unemployed UNEMPLOY Job creation in the U.S. is typically measured by changes in the `` Total Non-Farm '' employees . FRED -- Total Non-Farm Employment FRED has gathered many of the employment statistics on one page for easy access : FRED - Unemployment Series Unemployment rate forecasts ( edit ) The Congressional Budget Office provides an unemployment rate forecast in its long term budget outlook . During August 2012 , it projected that the unemployment rate would be 8.8 % in 2013 and 8.7 % in 2014 . CBO projected the rate would then begin falling steadily to 5.5 % by 2018 and remain around that level through 2022 . This forecast assumes annual real GDP growth will exceed 3 % between 2014 and 2018 . During December 2012 , Wells Fargo Economics forecast that the unemployment rate would be 7.8 % in 2013 and 7.6 % in 2014 . This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4 % in 2013 and 2.5 % in 2014 . Off - shoring Statistics ( edit ) The Department of Labor 's Employment and Training Administration ( ETA ) prepares an annual report on those petitioning for trade adjustment assistance , due to jobs lost from international trade . This represents a fraction of jobs actually off - shored and does not include jobs that are placed overseas initially or the collateral impact on surrounding businesses when , for example , a manufacturing plant moves overseas . During 2011 , there were 98,379 workers covered by petitions filed with ETA . The figure was 280,873 in 2010 , 201,053 in 2009 and 126,633 in 2008 . Historical unemployment rate charts ( edit ) The estimated U.S. Unemployment rate from 1800 to 1890 . All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott . See limitations section below regarding how to interpret unemployment statistics in self - employed , agricultural economies . See image info for complete data . The estimated U.S. Unemployment rate from 1890 to 2010 . 1890 -- 1930 data are from Romer ( who modified Lebergott 's work after finding some errors in it ) . 1930 -- 1940 data are from Coen. 1940 -- 2009 data are from Bureau of Labor Statistics . See image info for complete data . See also ( edit ) Bureau of Labor Statistics Economy of the United States Income inequality in the United States Job Creation Index Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms Unemployment benefits in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Rate '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1 - month net change in employment '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ E McGaughey , ' Will Robots Automate Your Job Away ? Full Employment , Basic Income , and Economic Democracy ' ( 2018 ) Centre for Business Research , University of Cambridge , Working Paper no . 496 , 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallup Poll - Americans ' Top Job - Creation Idea : Stop Sending Work Overseas - March 31 , 2011 '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Database - FRED - Data Series UNRATE '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Database - FRED - Data Series Unemploy '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Database - FRED - Data Series U6RATE - August 2015 '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary Table A. Household data , seasonally adjusted '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Reserve Database - CLF160V Data Series '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - POP Data Series - U.S. Population '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Survey ( CPS ) '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Employment Situation - February 2018 '' ( PDF ) . BLS . BLS . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Working Age Population : Aged 15 - 64 : All Persons for the United States '' . St. Louis FRED . St. Louis FRED . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Job Openings and Labor Turnover Summary '' . BLS . BLS . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . fred.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics -- How the Government Measures Unemployment '' . Bls.gov. 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiang , Eric ( 2014 ) . Core Macroeconomics . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 7849 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` All Employees : Total Nonfarm Payrolls '' . Research.stlouisfed.org. 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public and Private Sector Payroll Jobs : Carter , Reagan , Bush , Clinton , Bush , Obama '' . Calculatedriskblog.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Survey ( CPS ) '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLS - Charting the Labor Market - As of October 2 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fed - Speeches of Federal Reserve Officials '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - Unemployment Rate '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - Long Term Unemployed '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Catherine Rampbell ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Long - Term Unemployed '' . NYT . Jump up ^ Tyson , Laura D'Andrea . `` Jobs Deficit , Investment Deficit , Fiscal Deficit '' . Economix.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRED Database - Civilian Employment '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - Payems Data Series '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` macroblog : Should We Be Concerned about Declines in Labor Force Growth ? '' . macroblog.typepad.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calculated Risk : Employment : Party Like It 's 1999 ! '' . calculatedriskblog.com . Jump up ^ `` All Employees : Government '' . Research.stlouisfed.org. 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Employees : Government : Federal '' . Research.stlouisfed.org. 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipple , Steven F. `` People who are not in the labor force : why are n't they working ? : Beyond the Numbers : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - EMRATIO '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FiveThirtyEight - The Job Market Five Year Recovery in Ten Charts - June 6 , 2014 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - Employment Rate and EM Ratio Aged 25 -- 54 '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Budget and Economic Outlook : 2016 to 2026 '' . Cbo.gov. 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People who are not in the labor force : why are n't they working ? '' . BLS . December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A-38 Persons not the labor force by desire and availability for work '' . BLS. April 2018 . Jump up ^ Brookings Institution - Fred Dews - How the opioid epidemic has affected the U.S. labor force , county - by - county - September 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - Full and Part Time Jobs '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . fred.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Speeches - Lael Brainard - The New Normal and What is Means for Economic Policy - September 12 , 2016 '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gig Economy Is Just Part of the Unsettling New World of Work '' . Bloomberg.com. 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallup - Good Jobs - Retrieved December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Fed Chair Janet Yellen 's Labor Market Dashboard - July 2014 '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Clive Crook - Yellen and the Fed on Target - August 1 , 2014 '' . BloombergView.com . Jump up ^ `` This Job Market Slump Started a While Ago '' . Bloomberg.com. 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Change in Labor Market Conditions Index ( DISCONTINUED ) '' . Research.stlouisfed.org. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Reinhart & Rogoff - Sorry , U.S. Recoveries Really Are n't Different - October 2012 '' . BloombergView.com . ^ Jump up to : Catherine Rampell ( September 2012 ) . `` Comparing the Job Losses in Financial Crises '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Employment Recovery : Great Recession , Great Depression , and other Financial Crises '' . Calculatedriskblog.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Council of Economic Advisors - The Long - Term Decline in Prime - Age Male Labor Force Participation - June 2016 - Page 13 '' ( PDF ) . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYT - Across Age Groups , Whites Fared Worse in Employment Rates - December 16 , 2016 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Employment and Unemployment Among Youth Summary '' . United States Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Teens getting squeezed out of labor market , study finds -- Business -- The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Jump up ^ Badger , Emily . `` The last decade was a historically awful time to enter the job market - March 18 , 2014 '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the white men '' . Los Angeles Times . March 22 , 2010 ( Page 2 of 2 ) . Jump up ^ Eberstadt , Nicholas ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Idle Army : America 's Unworking Men '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek . `` Why Are Millions of Prime - Age Men Missing From the Economy ? '' . Theatlantic.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Board , The Editorial ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Opinion - Millions of Men Are Missing From the Job Market '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Americans With More Education Have Taken Almost Every Job Created in the Recovery '' . Bloomberg.com. 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . fred.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White House Council of Economic Advisors - The Long - Term Decline in Prime - Age Male Labor Force Participation - June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ FRED - Unemployment by Race - Retrieved April 28 , 2018 Jump up ^ NYT - Kitroeff and Casselman - Lowest Ever Black Jobless Rate Is Still Twice That of Whites - February 23 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blacks hit hard by economy 's punch '' . The Washington Post . November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Employment Level by Racial Group '' . December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYT - Eduardo Porter - Where Were Trump 's Votes ? Where the Jobs Were n't - December 13 , 2016 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` BLS - The Role of Foreign Born Workers - May 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLS - News Release - Foreign Born Workers : Labor Force Characteristics 2015 - See Table 1 '' ( PDF ) . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . fred.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ John , Schmitt , and Kris Warner . `` Ex-offenders and the Labor Market . '' ( 2010 ) : 1 - 22. Center for Economic and Policy Research . Web . 5 Feb. 2018 . < http://cepr.net/documents/publications/ex-offenders-2010-11.pdf > . Jump up ^ Bittle , Scott ; Johnson , Jean ( 2012 ) . Where did the jobs go and how do we get them back ? . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 171566 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katz & Kruger - Princeton - The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States 1995 - 2015 - Retrieved June 2 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Krueger.princeton.edu . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Gig Economy : Implications of the Growth of Contingent Work '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Christina Hawley Anthony ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Updated Budget Projections : Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022 '' . Congressional Budget Office . p. 3 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwabish , Jonathan ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Fiscal Tightening in 2013 and Its Economic Consequences '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Monthly Budget Review for September 2014 -- October 8 , 2014 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Database - Total Non-Farm Payroll '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fed - Meeting calendars and information '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Bernanke Wields New Tools to Reduce Unemployment Rate - December 2012 '' . Bloomberg. 13 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . W.W. Norton Company Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06069 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Moyers - Paul Krugman Interview - January 11 , 2013 '' . BillMoyers.com . Jump up ^ Cha , J.M. ( December 7 , 2012 ) `` Why is Washington Reducing the Deficit Instead of Creating Jobs ? '' Demos Explainer Jump up ^ `` WSJ - Americans Sour on Free Trade - October 2010 '' . WSJ . 2 October 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Pew Center - The Lost Decade of the Middle Class - August 2012 '' . Pew Research Center 's Social & Demographic Trends Project . 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 674 '' . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . 2008 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ SOLUTIONS , Syed M. Zubair Bokhari - XDIMENSION . `` Supply Chain News : Bill Targeted to Reduce Offshoring will not Make it Out of US Senate '' . Scdigest.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Open Congress - S. 3816 -- Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act '' . OpenCongress . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S. 3816 ( 111th ) : Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act '' . GovTrack.us . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the White House Press Secretary . `` Fact Sheet : The American Jobs Act '' . White House . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Silverleib , Alan ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Obama vows to break jobs plan into separate bills after Senate setback '' . CNN . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Krugman ( December 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Millions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Zombie Idea '' . Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ CBO - The Fiscal Multiplier and Economic Policy Analysis in the United States - February 2015 Jump up ^ Tyson , Laura D'Andrea . `` Jobs Deficit , Investment Deficit , Fiscal Deficit '' . economix.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Worstall , Tim . `` Tax Cuts Do Increase Employment , Do Create Jobs , The Science Is In '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2011 to 2021 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` McKinsey Global Institute - An Economy that Works - June 2011 '' . Mckinsey.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Foundation - Historical Tax Tables - Retrieved December 2011 '' . Taxfoundation.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Data - Non Farm Payrolls - Retrieved October 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` CBPP - History Contradicts Claim That President 's Budget Would Harm Small Business Job Creation - March 2009 '' . Cbpp.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBPP - Supercommittee Should Develop Balanced Package - September 2011 '' . Cbpp.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - Corporate Profits After Tax '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBO Historical Tables - January 2012 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Income Tax Rates International Comparison '' ( PDF ) . CBO . November 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Where Did the Jobs Go ? '' . Wheredidthejobsgo.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bittle , Scott , Johnson , Jean ( 2012 ) . Where Did the Jobs Go ? And How Do We Get Them Back ? . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 171566 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` ASCE 's 2017 Infrastructure Report Card - GPA : D + '' . ASCE 's 2017 Infrastructure Report Card . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Letter to Senator Harry Reid - October 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Cbo.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Major Infrastructure Bill Clears Congress '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Policies for Increasing Economic Growth and Employment in 2012 and 2013 -- November 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Cbo.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Cap of $25,000 on Deductions Would Cover 32 % of Tax Cuts '' . Bloomberg. 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Board , The Editorial ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Opinion - Fast - Food Fight '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama - Fact Sheet '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist - The Logical Floor - December 2013 '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor - History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor - Minimum Wage Laws in the States - See commentary at bottom of web page '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - The Effects of a Minimum - Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income - February 18 , 2014 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances '' . Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neil Irwin ( September 2014 ) . `` You Ca n't Feed a Family with GDP '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Understanding and Responding to Persistently High Unemployment - February 2012 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mathew Klein ( January 2014 ) . `` Is the Jobless Rate Really Falling ? '' ( PDF ) . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Victoria Stilwell ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` Bloomberg - Victoria Stillwell - Secret Job - Market Slack Complicates Fed Rate Decision -- October 20 , 2014 '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - The Slow Recovery of the Labor Market -- February 4 , 2014 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ Rampell , Catherine . `` Comparing Jobs in Recessions and Recoveries '' . Economix.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura D'Andrea Tyson ( July 2011 ) . `` Jobs Deficit , Investment Deficit , Budget Deficit '' . Economix . NYT . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` Opinion - Truth About Jobs '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Commentary -- Wells Fargo Commercial '' . Wellsfargo.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , The Associated ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` Economic Data Points To a Steady Fed Policy '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aaronson and Brave ( June 2013 ) . `` Estimating the Trend in Employment Growth '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - Unemploy and Payems Data Series for January 2010 to May 2013 '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook - Country Comparison : Labor Force '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Disabled Americans Shrink Size of U.S. Labor Force - May 2012 '' . Bloomberg. 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Halliday - Unemployment and Mortality : Evidence from the PSID - January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Ftp.iza.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Strully , KW . `` Job loss and health in the U.S. labor market '' . Demography. 46 : 221 -- 46 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0050 . PMC 2831278 . PMID 21305391 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Is It Possible that Joblessness Could Kill You , But Recessions Could Be Good For Your Health ? '' . Drexel.edu = . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How CBO Estimates the Effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Labor Market : Working Paper 2015 - 09 '' . Cbo.gov. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Employment Projections : 2016 - 26 Summary '' . BLS.gov . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ADP - National Employment Report for December 2012 '' . Adpemploymentreport.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Statement on December Employment Report '' . Cbpp.org . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022 -- August 2012 '' ( PDF ) . CBO . Jump up ^ Wells Fargo Economics - 2013 Economic Outlook - December 2013 Jump up ^ `` DOL - Employment and Training Administration - Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Fiscal Year 2011 Report to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives - Page 4 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Doleta.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DOL - Employment and Training Administration - Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Fiscal Year 2010 Report to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives - Page 4 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Doleta.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Employment and Training Administration . `` Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Fiscal Year 2009 Report to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . DOL . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lebergott ( 1964 ) . Manpower in Economic Growth : The American Record since 1800 . Pages 164 -- 190 . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Christina Romer ( 1986 ) . `` Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data '' , The Journal of Political Economy , 94 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Coen ( 1973 ) . `` Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s : A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience '' , The Review of Economics and Statistics , 55 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population , 1940 to date . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Comparability '' ( 2006 ) . Employment and Earnings . Household Data Explanatory Notes , February 2006 . References ( edit ) E McGaughey , ' Will Robots Automate Your Job Away ? Full Employment , Basic Income , and Economic Democracy ' ( 2018 ) SSRN , part 2 DH Autor , ' Why Are There Still So Many Jobs ? The History and Future of Workplace Automation ' ( 2015 ) 29 ( 3 ) Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unemployment in the United States . Graphs and data BLS Chartbook on Employment Measures -- December 2016 Bloomberg - Fed Chair Janet Yellen 's Employment Dashboard - August 2015 Bureau of Labor Statistics US Unemployment Data -- Current and historical unemployment data by various demographics Historical US Unemployment Rate Chart -- interactive chart for U.S. unemployment rate data -- 1948 to present including subcategories BLS - Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey - October 2013 FRB Atlanta - Labor Force Participation Dynamics - Interactive Data Other resources Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis -- Making Sense of Unemployment Data -- February , 2016 Summers , Lawrence H. ( 2008 ) . `` Unemployment '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Unemployment Benefits Comparison By State Looking for Work : A History of Unemployment -- an hour - long history public radio program exploring U.S. unemployment over more than three centuries Ben Bernanke - Recent Developments in the Labor Market -- March 2012 NYT Graphic - Pay and Productivity Trends 1947 to Present Monthly Labor Review - The Compensation - Productivity Gap : A Visual Essay - January 2011 Demos - Why is Washington Reducing the Deficit Instead of Creating Jobs ? -- December 2012 Economic Policy Institute - State of Working America 12th Edition - 2012 BLS Economists Moncarz and Wolf : Service - providing occupations , offshoring and the labor market - Monthly Labor Review - December 2008 Wells Fargo Economics - 2013 Economics Outlook - December 2013 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - December 2012 Jobs Report President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness - Interim Report - October 2011 Economic Report of the President -- Chapter 4 -- Jobs , Workers and Skills McKinsey Global Institute - An Economy that Works , Job Creation and America 's Future - June 2011 Congressional Research Service -- The Increase in Unemployment Since 2007 -- Is it Cyclical or Structural ? - April 2011 United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_the_United_States&oldid=842806824 '' Categories : Unemployment in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia	when did the us have the highest unemployment rate	[ "During the 1940s, the U.S Department of Labor, specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys. Other data series are available back to 1912. The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1% during World War I to as high as 25% during the Great Depression. More recently, it reached peaks of 10.8% in November 1982 and 10.0% in October 2009. Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions. From 1948 to 2015, unemployment averaged about 5.8%. There is always some unemployment, with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs. This is referred to as frictional unemployment. For this reason, the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU, which was around 5% in 2015. A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory, as a shortage of workers would bid wages (and thus prices) upward.[17]" ]	[ "the Great Depression" ]
-6024499771246393539	Original sin	Original sin - wikipedia Original sin Not to be confused with Eternal sin . For other uses , see Original Sin ( disambiguation ) . Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens . Original sin , also called ancestral sin , is a Christian belief of the state of sin in which humanity exists since the fall of man , stemming from Adam and Eve 's rebellion in Eden , namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil . This condition has been characterized in many ways , ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency , or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt , referred to as a `` sin nature '' , to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt . The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics . Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine , seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 21 - 22 ) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51 : 5 . Tertullian , Cyprian , Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam 's sin , transmitted by human generation . Augustine 's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers , such as Martin Luther and John Calvin , who equated original sin with concupiscence ( or `` hurtful desire '' ) , affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom , although Augustine said that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin . The Jansenist movement , which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical , also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will . Instead the Catholic Church declares `` Baptism , by imparting the life of Christ 's grace , erases original sin and turns a man back towards God , but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man and summon him to spiritual battle . '' `` Weakened and diminished by Adam 's fall , free will is yet not destroyed in the race . '' Contents 1 History of the doctrine 1.1 Apocryphal books 1.2 Augustine 1.3 Cassian 1.4 Church reaction 1.5 Protestant reformation 1.6 Council of Trent 2 Denominational views 2.1 Catholicism 2.1. 1 Criticism 2.2 Lutheranism 2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy 2.4 Classical Anglicanism 2.5 Methodism 2.6 Seventh - day Adventism 2.7 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.8 Latter - day Saints 2.9 Swedenborgianism 2.10 Quakerism 3 In Judaism 4 In Islam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the doctrine ( edit ) Michelangelo 's painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the Sistine Chapel ceiling The doctrine of ancestral fault ( προγονικὸν ἁμάρτημα progonikon hamartema ) , i.e. the sins of the forefathers leading to punishment of their descendants , was presented as a tradition of immemorial antiquity in ancient Greek religion by Celsus in his True Doctrine , a polemic attacking Christianity . Celsus is quoted as attributing to `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' the saying that `` the mills of the gods grind slowly , even to children 's children , and to those who are born after them '' . The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible . St Paul 's idea of redemption hinged upon the contrast between the sin of Adam and the death and resurrection of Jesus . `` Therefore , just as sin entered the world through one man , and death through sin , and in this way death came to all people , because all sinned . '' `` For as in Adam all die , so in Christ all will be made alive . '' Up till then the transgression in the Garden of Eden had not been given great significance . According to the Jesus scholar Geza Vermes : Paul believed that Adam 's transgression in a mysterious way affected the nature of the human race . The primeval sin , a Pauline creation with no biblical or post-biblical Jewish precedent , was irreparable by ordinary human effort . The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , the Bishop of Lyon , in his struggle against Gnosticism . Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam , with whom , Irenaeus believed , his descendants had some solidarity or identity . However , Irenaeus did not believe that Adam 's sin had tremendously grave consequences for humanity as the later tradition would hold , nor that his sin was the source of universal human sinfulness . That all human beings participate in Adam 's sin and share his guilt are totally foreign concepts for Irenaeus ; Adam 's sin belonged to Adam alone . Adam in his transgression is likened to a child who merely partook of the tree ahead of his time . For Irenaeus , knowing good and evil was an integral aspect of human nature ; the ' sin ' of Adam was snatching at the fruit of the tree rather than waiting for it as a gift from God . Other Greek Fathers would come to emphasize the cosmic dimension of the Fall , namely that since Adam human beings are born into a fallen world , but held fast to belief that man , though fallen , is free . They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in total depravity , which is one understanding of original sin among the leaders of the Reformation . During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by Gnostics , and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them . Christian apologists insisted that God 's future judgment of humanity implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously . Historian Robin Lane Fox argues that the foundation of the doctrine of original sin as accepted by the Church was ultimately based on a mistranslation of Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Romans ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 ) by Augustine , in his On the Grace of Christ , and on Original Sin `` . Apocryphal Books ( edit ) The original sin doctrine can be found fourth Book of Esdras , which refers Adam being responsible for the Fall of man whose offspring inherited the disease and evil . O Adam , what have you done ? For though it was you who sinned , the fall was not yours alone , but ours also who are your descendants. ─ 4 Esdras 7 : 48 ( 118 ) For the first Adam , burdened with an evil heart , transgressed and was overcome , as were also all who were descended from him . Thus the disease became permanent ; the law was in the hearts of the people along with the evil root ; but what was good departed , and the evil remained . ─ 4 Esdras 3 : 21 - 22 For a grain of evil seed was sown in Adam 's heart from the beginning , and how much ungodliness it has produced until now -- and will produce until the time of threshing comes ! ─ 4 Esdras 4 : 30 Augustine ( edit ) Augustine of Hippo wrote that original sin is transmitted by concupiscence and enfeebles freedom of the will without destroying it . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . When Adam sinned , human nature was thenceforth transformed . Adam and Eve , via sexual reproduction , recreated human nature . Their descendants now live in sin , in the form of concupiscence , a term Augustine used in a metaphysical , not a psychological sense . Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not a being but a bad quality , the privation of good or a wound . He admitted that sexual concupiscence ( libido ) might have been present in the perfect human nature in paradise , and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple 's disobedience to God 's will in the original sin . In Augustine 's view ( termed `` Realism '' ) , all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned , and therefore all have sinned . Original sin , according to Augustine , consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit . Justo Gonzalez interprets Augustine 's teaching that humans are utterly depraved in nature and grace is irresistible , results in conversion , and leads to perseverance . Augustine articulated his explanation in reaction to Pelagianism , which insisted that humans have of themselves , without the necessary help of God 's grace , the ability to lead a morally good life , and thus denied both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good . Pelagius claimed that the influence of Adam on other humans was merely that of bad example . Augustine held that the effects of Adam 's sin are transmitted to his descendants not by example but by the very fact of generation from that ancestor . A wounded nature comes to the soul and body of the new person from his / her parents , who experience libido ( or concupiscence ) . Augustine 's view was that human procreation was the way the transmission was being effected . He did not blame , however , the sexual passion itself , but the spiritual concupiscence present in human nature , soul and body , even after baptismal regeneration . Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children , because they give them birth , not the `` re-birth '' . Augustine used Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions , to interpret St. Paul 's doctrine of universal sin and redemption . In that view , also sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequence of the original sin , in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will . As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul they constitute moral evil , but since they do not presuppose consent , one can not call them sins . Humanity will be liberated from passions , and pure affections will be restored only when all sin has been washed away and ended , that is in the resurrection of the dead . Augustine believed that unbaptized infants go to hell as a consequence of original sin . The Latin Church Fathers who followed Augustine adopted his position , which became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages . In the later medieval period , some theologians continued to hold Augustine 's view , others held that unbaptized infants suffered no pain at all : unaware of being deprived of the beatific vision , they enjoyed a state of natural , not supernatural happiness . Starting around 1300 , unbaptized infants were often said to inhabit the `` limbo of infants '' . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1261 declares : `` As regards children who have died without Baptism , the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God , as she does in her funeral rites for them . Indeed , the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved , and Jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : ' Let the children come to me , do not hinder them ' , allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism . All the more urgent is the Church 's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism . '' But the theory of Limbo , while it `` never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium ... remains ... a possible theological hypothesis '' . Cassian ( edit ) In the works of John Cassian ( c. 360 -- 435 ) , Conference XIII recounts how the wise monk Chaeremon , of whom he is writing , responded to puzzlement caused by his own statement that `` man even though he strive with all his might for a good result , yet can not become master of what is good unless he has acquired it simply by the gift of Divine bounty and not by the efforts of his own toil '' ( chapter 1 ) . In chapter 11 , Cassian presents Chaeremon as speaking of the cases of Paul the persecutor and Matthew the publican as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of free will is in our own power '' , and the cases of Zaccheus and the good thief on the cross as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of our free will is always due to the inspiration of the grace of God '' , and as concluding : `` These two then ; viz. , the grace of God and free will seem opposed to each other , but really are in harmony , and we gather from the system of goodness that we ought to have both alike , lest if we withdraw one of them from man , we may seem to have broken the rule of the Church 's faith : for when God sees us inclined to will what is good , He meets , guides , and strengthens us : for ' At the voice of thy cry , as soon as He shall hear , He will answer thee ' ; and : ' Call upon Me ' , He says , ' in the day of tribulation and I will deliver thee , and thou shalt glorify Me ' . And again , if He finds that we are unwilling or have grown cold , He stirs our hearts with salutary exhortations , by which a good will is either renewed or formed in us . '' Cassian did not accept the idea of total depravity , on which Martin Luther was to insist . He taught that human nature is fallen or depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that , at the same time , Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian pointed out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , but in Cassian 's view , according to Casiday , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress ; and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Church reaction ( edit ) Opposition to Augustine 's ideas about original sin , which he had developed in reaction to Pelagianism , arose rapidly . After a long and bitter struggle several councils , especially the Second Council of Orange in 529 , confirmed the general principles of Augustine 's teaching within Western Christianity . However , while the western Church condemned Pelagius , it did not endorse Augustine entirely and , while Augustine 's authority was accepted , he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian . Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with concupiscence in the psychological sense , but Saint Anselm of Canterbury challenged this identification in the 11th - century , defining original sin as `` privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess '' , thus separating it from concupiscence . In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by Peter Lombard and others , but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century , most notably by Thomas Aquinas . Aquinas distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the Fall from what was merely natural , and said that it was the former that were lost , privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end . Even after the fall , man thus kept his natural abilities of reason , will and passions . Rigorous Augustine - inspired views persisted among the Franciscans , though the most prominent Franciscan theologians , such as Duns Scotus and William of Ockham , eliminated the element of concupiscence and identified original sin with the loss of sanctifying grace . Eastern Orthodox theology has questioned Western Christianity 's ideas on original sin from the outset and does not promote the idea of inherited guilt . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . The second article in Lutheranism 's Augsburg Confession presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form : It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin . That is , all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers ' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God . Moreover , this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit . Rejected in this connection are the Pelagians and others who deny that original sin is sin , for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers , thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ . Luther , however , also agreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception ( that Mary was conceived free from original sin ) by saying : ( Mary ) is full of grace , proclaimed to be entirely without sin . God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil . God is with her , meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her . Moreover , God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her . Protestant Reformer John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) developed a systematic theology of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of Augustine of Hippo 's notion of original sin . Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . This inherently sinful nature ( the basis for the Calvinistic doctrine of `` total depravity '' ) results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities . Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam 's fall , but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race , all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation . Redemption by Jesus Christ is the only remedy . John Calvin defined original sin in his Institutes of the Christian Religion as follows : Original sin , therefore , seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature , diffused into all parts of the soul , which first makes us liable to God 's wrath , then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls `` works of the flesh '' ( Gal 5 : 19 ) . And that is properly what Paul often calls sin . The works that come forth from it -- such as adulteries , fornications , thefts , hatreds , murders , carousings -- he accordingly calls `` fruits of sin '' ( Gal 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , although they are also commonly called `` sins '' in Scripture , and even by Paul himself . Council of Trent ( edit ) The Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians , condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away , but is only cancelled or not imputed , and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly `` sin '' in the baptized , but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin . In 1567 , soon after the close of the Council of Trent , Pope Pius V went beyond Trent by sanctioning Aquinas 's distinction between nature and supernature in Adam 's state before the Fall , condemned the identification of original sin with concupiscence , and approved the view that the unbaptized could have right use of will . The Catholic Encyclopedia refers : `` Whilst original sin is effaced by baptism concupiscence still remains in the person baptized ; therefore original sin and concupiscence can not be one and the same thing , as was held by the early Protestants ( see Council of Trent , Sess . V , can . v ) . '' . Denominational views ( edit ) Illuminated parchment , Spain , circa AD 950 -- 955 , depicting the Fall of Man , cause of original sin Catholicism ( edit ) The Catechism of the Catholic Church says : By his sin Adam , as the first man , lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God , not only for himself but for all humans . Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice ; this deprivation is called `` original sin '' . As a result of original sin , human nature is weakened in its powers , subject to ignorance , suffering and the domination of death , and inclined to sin ( this inclination is called `` concupiscence '' ) . St. Anselm refers : `` the sin of Adam was one thing but the sin of children at their birth is quite another , the former was the cause , the latter is the effect '' In a child original sin is distinct from the fault of Adam , it is one of its effects . The effects of Adam 's sin according to the Catholic Encyclopedia are : Death and Suffering : `` One man has transmitted to the whole human race not only the death of the body , which is the punishment of sin , but even sin itself , which is the death of the soul . '' Concupiscence or Inclination to sin . Baptism erases original sin but the inclination to sin remains . The absence of sanctifying grace in the new - born child is also an effect of the first sin , for Adam , having received holiness and justice from God , lost it not only for himself but also for us . Baptism confers original sanctifying grace , lost through the Adam 's sin , thus eliminating original sin and any personal sin . The Catholic Church teaches that every human person born on this earth is made in the image of God . Within man `` is both the powerful surge toward the good because we are made in the image of God , and the darker impulses toward evil because of the effects of Original Sin '' . Furthermore , it explicitly denies that we inherit guilt from anyone , maintaining that instead we inherit our fallen nature . In this it differs from the Calvinist position that each person actually inherits Adam 's guilt , and teaches instead that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants ... but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man '' . `` In other words , human beings do not bear any ' original guilt ' from Adam and Eve 's particular sin . '' The Church has always held baptism to be for the remission of sins including the original sin , and , as mentioned in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 403 , infants too have traditionally been baptized , though not guilty of any actual personal sin . The sin that through baptism is remitted for them could only be original sin . Baptism confers original sanctifying grace which erases original sin and any actual personal sin . The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants , guilty of no actual personal sin , was given by Saint Augustine of Hippo , not all of whose ideas on original sin have been adopted by the Catholic Church . Indeed , the Church has condemned the interpretation of some of his ideas by certain leaders of the Protestant Reformation . The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that in `` yielding to the tempter , Adam and Eve committed a personal sin , but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state ... original sin is called `` sin '' only in an analogical sense : it is a sin `` contracted '' and not `` committed '' -- a state and not an act '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 404 ) . This `` state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature '' ( Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 76 ) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam 's , who because of his sin , was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed , in this way implicating them in his sin . The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children , but merely states that they inherit from him a `` human nature deprived of original holiness and justice '' , which is `` transmitted by propagation to all mankind '' . In the theology of the Catholic Church , original sin is the absence of original holiness and justice into which humans are born , distinct from the actual sins that a person commits . The absence of sanctifying grace or holiness in the new - born child is an effect of the first sin , for Adam , having received holiness and justice from God , lost it not only for himself but also for us . This teaching explicitly states that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' . In other words , human beings do not bear any `` original guilt '' from Adam 's particular sin , which is his alone . The prevailing view , also held in Eastern Orthodoxy , is that human beings bear no guilt for the sin of Adam . The Catholic Church teaches : `` By our first parents ' sin , the devil has acquired a certain domination over man , even though man remains free . '' The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary is that Mary was conceived free from original sin : `` the most Blessed Virgin Mary was , from the first moment of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , Savior of the human race , preserved immune from all stain of original sin '' . The doctrine sees her as an exception to the general rule that human beings are not immune from the reality of original sin . Criticism ( edit ) Soon after the Second Vatican Council , biblical theologian Herbert Haag raised the question : Is original sin in Scripture ? According to his exegesis , Genesis 2 : 25 would indicate that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace , an originary grace that , then , they would never have had and even less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated . On the other hand , while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of preternatural gifts ( Latin : dona praeternaturalia ) with regard to the ophitic event , Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the tree of life . Lutheranism ( edit ) The Lutheran Churches teach that original sin `` is a root and fountain - head of all actual sins . '' The stain of original sin is removed through the sacrament of baptism . Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox version of original sin is the view that sin originates with the Devil , `` for the devil sinneth from the beginning ( 1 John iii. 8 ) '' . They acknowledge that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for humanity ( see also traducianism ) . However , they never accepted Augustine of Hippo 's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt . Orthodox Churches accept the teachings of John Cassian , as do Catholic Churches eastern and western , in rejecting the doctrine of total depravity , by teaching that human nature is `` fallen '' , that is , depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian points out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , while Augustine Casiday says that , in Cassian 's view , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress . and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the doctrine of ancestral sin : `` Original sin is hereditary . It did not remain only Adam and Eve 's . As life passes from them to all of their descendants , so does original sin . '' `` As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream , so from a father infected with sin , and consequently mortal , there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin , and like him mortal . '' The Orthodox Church in America makes clear the distinction between `` fallen nature '' and `` fallen man '' and this is affirmed in the early teaching of the Church whose role it is to act as the catalyst that leads to true or inner redemption . Every human person born on this earth bears the image of God undistorted within themselves . In the Orthodox Christian understanding , they explicitly deny that humanity inherited guilt from anyone . Rather , they maintain that we inherit our fallen nature . While humanity does bear the consequences of the original , or first , sin , humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin . Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action ; we bear the consequences , chief of which is death . '' The view of the Eastern Orthodox Church varies on whether Mary is free of all actual sin or concupiscence . Some Patristic sources imply that she was cleansed from sin at the Annunciation , while the liturgical references are unanimous that she is all - holy from the time of her conception . Classical anglicanism ( edit ) The original formularies of the Church of England also continue in the Reformation understanding of original sin . In the Thirty - Nine Articles , Article IX `` Of Original or Birth - sin '' states : Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam , ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) ; but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man , that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam ; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and is of his own nature inclined to evil , so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit ; and therefore in every person born into this world , it deserveth God 's wrath and damnation . And this infection of nature doth remain , yea in them that are regenerated ; whereby the lust of the flesh , called in the Greek , Φρονεμα σαρκος , which some do expound the wisdom , some sensuality , some the affection , some the desire , of the flesh , is not subject to the Law of God . And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized , yet the Apostle doth confess , that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin . However , more recent doctrinal statements ( e.g. the 1938 report Doctrine in the Church of England ) permit a greater variety of understandings of this doctrine . The 1938 report summarizes : Man is by nature capable of communion with God , and only through such communion can he become what he was created to be . `` Original sin '' stands for the fact that from a time apparently prior to any responsible act of choice man is lacking in this communion , and if left to his own resources and to the influence of his natural environment can not attain to his destiny as a child of God . Methodism ( edit ) The Methodist Church upholds Article VII in the Articles of Religion in the Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church : Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) , but it is the corruption of the nature of every man , that naturally is engendered of the offspring of Adam , whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and of his own nature inclined to evil , and that continually . Methodist theology teaches that a believer is made free from original sin when he / she is entirely sanctified : We believe that entire sanctification is that act of God , subsequent to regeneration , by which believers are made free from original sin , or depravity , and brought into a state of entire devotement to God , and the holy obedience of love made perfect . It is wrought by the baptism with or infilling of the Holy Spirit , and comprehends in one experience the cleansing of the heart from sin and the abiding , indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit , empowering the believer for life and service . Entire sanctification is provided by the blood of Jesus , is wrought instantaneously by grace through faith , preceded by entire consecration ; and to this work and state of grace the Holy Spirit bears witness . Seventh - day adventism ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam , but they do not totally accept the Augustinian / Calvinistic understanding of original sin , taught in terms of original guilt , but hold more to what could be termed the `` total depravity '' tradition . Seventh - day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness , but not a doctrine of inherited guilt . According to Augustine and Calvin , humanity inherits not only Adam 's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression , and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model . In part , the Adventist position on original sin reads : The nature of the penalty for original sin , i.e. , Adam 's sin , is to be seen as literal , physical , temporal , or actual death -- the opposite of life , i.e. , the cessation of being . By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity . God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner . That was Adam 's own doing . All die the first death because of Adam 's sin regardless of their moral character -- children included . Early Adventists Pioneers ( such as George Storrs and Uriah Smith ) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam , while stressing the importance of actual , personal sins committed by the individual . They thought of the `` sinful nature '' in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity . Traditionally , Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions , and that Christ triumphed over sin . Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam , there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) According to the theology of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses , all humans are born sinners , because of inheriting sin , corruption , and death from Adam . They teach that Adam was originally created perfect and sinless , but with free will ; that the Devil , who was originally a perfect angel , but later developed feelings of pride and self - importance , seduced Eve , and then through her , persuaded Adam to disobey God , and to obey the Devil instead , rebelling against God 's sovereignty , thereby making themselves sinners , and because of that , transmitting a sinful nature to all of their future offspring . Instead of destroying the Devil right away , as well as destroying the disobedient couple , God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind , and to prove that man can not be independent of God successfully , that man is lost without God 's laws and standards , and can never bring peace to the earth , and that Satan was a deceiver , murderer , and liar . Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that all men possess `` inherited sin '' from the `` one man '' Adam and they teach that verses such as Romans 5 : 12 - 22 , Psalm 51 : 5 , Job 14 : 4 , and 1st Corinthians 15 : 22 show that man is born corrupt , and dies because of inherited sin and imperfection , that inherited sin is the reason and cause for sickness and suffering , made worse by the Devil 's wicked influence . They believe Jesus is the `` second Adam '' , being the sinless Son of God and the Messiah , and that he came to undo Adamic sin ; and that salvation and everlasting life can only be obtained through faith and obedience to the second Adam . They believe that `` sin '' is `` missing the mark '' of God 's standard of perfection , and that everyone is born a sinner , due to being the offspring of sinner Adam . Latter - day Saints ( edit ) The Book of Mormon , a text sacred to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , explains that the opportunity to live here in a world where we can learn good and bad is a gift from God , and not a punishment for Adam 's and Eve 's choice . As the Church 's founder Joseph Smith taught , humans had an essentially godlike nature , and were not only holy in a premortal state , but had the potential to progress eternally to become like God . He wrote as one of his church 's Articles of Faith , `` We believe that men will be punished for their own sins , and not for Adam 's transgression . '' Overtime Latter - day Saints took this creed as a rejection of the doctrine of original sin and any notion of inherited sinfulness . Thus , while modern members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints will agree that the fall of Adam brought consequences to the world , including the possibility of sin , they generally reject the idea that any culpability is automatically transmitted to Adam and Eve 's offspring . Children under the age of eight are regarded as free of all sin and therefore do not require baptism . Children who die prior to age eight are believed to be saved in the highest degree of heaven . Swedenborgianism ( edit ) In Swedenborgianism , exegesis of the first 11 chapters of Genesis from The First Church , has a view that Adam is not an individual person . Rather , he is a symbolic representation of the `` Most Ancient Church '' , having a more direct contact with heaven than all other successive churches . Swedenborg 's view of original sin is referred to as hereditary evil , which passes from generation to generation . It can not be completely abolished by an individual man , but can be tempered when someone reforms their own life , and are thus held accountable only for their own sins . Quakerism ( edit ) Most Quakers ( also known as the Religious Society of Friends ) , including the founder of Quakerism , George Fox , believe in the doctrine of Inward light , a doctrine which states that there is `` that of God in everyone '' . This has led to a common belief among many liberal and universalist Quakers affiliated with the Friends General Conference and Britain Yearly Meeting , based on the ideas of Quaker Rufus Jones among others , that rather than being burdened by original sin , human beings are inherently good , and the doctrine of universal reconciliation , that is , that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled with God . However , this rejection of the doctrine of original sin or the necessity of salvation is not something that most conservative or evangelical Quakers affiliated with Friends United Meeting or Evangelical Friends Church International tend to agree with . Although the more conservative and evangelical Quakers also believe in the doctrine of inward light , they interpret it in a manner consistent with the doctrine of original sin , namely , that people may or may not listen to the voice of God within them and be saved , and people who do not listen will not be saved . In Judaism ( edit ) The doctrine of `` inherited sin '' is not found in most of mainstream Judaism . Although some in Orthodox Judaism place blame on Adam and Eve for overall corruption of the world , and though there were some Jewish teachers in Babylon who believed that mortality was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , that is not the dominant view in most of Judaism today . Modern Judaism generally teaches that humans are born sin - free and untainted , and choose to sin later and bring suffering to themselves . Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called `` original sin '' . Others teach that it was due to Adam 's yielding to temptation in eating of the forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants ; the majority of chazalic opinions , however , do not hold Adam responsible for the sins of humanity , teaching that , in Genesis 8 : 21 and 6 : 5 - 8 , God recognized that Adam did not willfully sin . However , Adam is recognized by some as having brought death into the world by his disobedience . Because of his sin , his descendants will live a mortal life , which will end in death of their bodies . According to book Legends of the Jews , in Judgement Day , Adam will disavow any complaints of all men who accuse him as the cause of death of every human on earth . Instead , Adam will reproach their mortality because of their sins . In Islam ( edit ) The concept of inherited sin does not exist in Islam . Islam teaches that Adam and Eve sinned , but then sought forgiveness and thus were forgiven by God . Quotes from the Qur'an : But Satan caused them to slip out of it and removed them from that ( condition ) in which they had been . And We said , `` Go down , ( all of you ) , as enemies to one another , and you will have upon the earth a place of settlement and provision for a time . '' Then Adam received from his Lord ( some ) words , and He accepted his repentance . Indeed , it is He who is the Accepting of repentance , the Merciful . -- Surah al - Baqara : 36 -- 37 They said : `` Our Lord , we have wronged ourselves souls . If You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy , we shall certainly be of the losers . -- Surah al - Aʻrāf : 23 Thus did Adam disobey his Lord , so he went astray . Then his Lord chose him , and turned to him with forgiveness , and gave him guidance . -- Surah Ṭā Hāʼ : 121 -- 122 The Qur'an further says about individual responsibility : That no burdened person ( with sins ) shall bear the burden ( sins ) of another . And that man can have nothing but what he does ( of good and bad ) . And that his deeds will be seen , Then he will be recompensed with a full and the best ( fair ) recompense . -- Surah an - Najm : 38 -- 41 See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Religion portal Actual sin Ancestral sin Christian views on sin Deadly sin Divine grace Fall of man Hamartiology Immaculate Conception Incurvatus in se Internal sin Justification ( theology ) Mortal sin Pandora 's box Prevenient grace Problem of evil Sin The Antichrist ( book ) Theodicy and the Bible § The Fall and freedom of the will Venial sin Yetzer hara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Examples : Alexander Golitzin , On the Mystical Life by Saint Symeon ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 144 - 7 ) , p. 119 Adam L. Tate , Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals , 1789 -- 1861 ( University of Missouri Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1567 - 3 ) , p. 190 Marcelle Bartolo - Abel , God 's Gift to Humanity ( Apostolate -- The Divine Heart 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9833480 - 1 - 6 ) , p. 32 Ann Hassan , Annotations to Geoffrey Hill 's Speech ! Speech ! ( Punctum Books 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4681 - 2984 - 7 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : ODCC 2005 , p . Original sin . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) . World Religions . Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` In the person of the first Adam we offend God , disobeying His precept '' ( Haeres. , V , xvi , 3 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Nathan . `` The Original View of Original Sin '' . Vision.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Original Sin Explained and Defended : Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor '' . Philvaz.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Preamble and Articles of Faith Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - V. Sin , Original and Personal - Church of the Nazarene . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Are Babies Born with Sin ? Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - Topical Bible Studies . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Original Sin - Psalm 51 : 5 - Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jansenius and Jansenism '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Catechism Catholic Church 405 Jump up ^ Council of Trent ( Sess . VI , cap . i and v ) Jump up ^ Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται . Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ten Plagues of Egypt , destruction of Shechem , etc. and most notably the punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism ; explicitly in Isaiah 14 : 21 , Exodus 20 : 5 , Exodus 34 : 6 - 7 , Jeremiah 32 : 18 . Krašovec , Jože , Reward , punishment , and forgiveness : the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views , BRILL , 1999 , p 113 . Jump up ^ Rom. 5 : 12 Jump up ^ 1 Cor. 15 : 22 Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza ( 2012 ) . Christian Beginnings from Nazareth to Nicea . Allen Lane , Penguin Books . p. 100 . Jump up ^ J.N.D. Kelly . Early Christian Doctrines ( San Francisco : Harper Collins , 1978 ) p. 171 , referred to in Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church , p. 433 Jump up ^ Tatha Wiley , `` Original Sin : Origins , Developments , Contemporary Meanings ( Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press , 2002 ) , 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Bouteneff , `` Beginnings '' ( Grand Rapids : Baker , 2008 ) , 79 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , `` Against Heresies '' , IV. 39 . Accessed at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103439.htm Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 255 , 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ H.E.W. Turner , The Patristic Doctrine of the Redemption : A Study of the Development of Doctrine During the First Five Centuries ( Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock Publishers , 2004 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Bernhard Lohse , A Short History of Christian Doctrine ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Fortress Press , 1966 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Arthur C. McGiffert , A History of Christian Thought : Volume 1 , Early and Eastern ( New York ; London : C. Scribner 's sons , 1932 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Fox , Robin Lane ( 2006 ) . The Unauthorized Version : Truth and Fiction in the Bible . London : Penguin . ISBN 9780141022963 . Jump up ^ Bible Gateway passage : 2 Esdras 7 - New Revised Standard Version . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bible Gateway passage : 2 Esdras 3 - New Revised Standard Version . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bible Gateway passage : 2 Esdras 4 - New Revised Standard Version . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Augustine taught that Adam 's sin was both an act of foolishness ( insipientia ) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve . He thought it was a most subtle job to discern what came first : self - centeredness or failure in seeing truth . Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est , ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos , an insipientes superbia fecerit ( Contra Julianum , V , 4.18 ; PL 44 , 795 ) . This particular sin would not have taken place if Satan had not sown into their senses `` the root of evil '' ( radix Mali ) : Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus ( Contra Julianum , I , 9.42 ; PL 44 , 670 ) Jump up ^ `` Original Sin '' . Biblical Apologetic Studies . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , sexual desire and all sensual feelings resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . Jump up ^ William Nicholson . A Plain But Full Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England , page 118 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas explained Augustine 's doctrine pointing out that the libido ( concupiscence ) , which makes the original sin pass from parents to children , is not a libido actualis , i.e. sexual lust , but libido habitualis , i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature : Libido quae transmittit peccatum originale in prolem , non est libido actualis , quia dato quod virtute divina concederetur alicui quod nullam inordinatam libidinem in actu generationis sentiret , adhuc transmitteret in prolem originale peccatum . Sed libido illa est intelligenda habitualiter , secundum quod appetitus sensitivus non continetur sub ratione vinculo originalis iustitiae . Et talis libido in omnibus est aequalis ( STh Ia -- IIae q. 82 a . 4 ad 3 ) . Jump up ^ Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam , sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum ; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis , sicut est languor . ( De nuptiis et concupiscentia , I , 25 . 28 ; PL 44 , 430 ; cf . Contra Julianum , VI , 18.53 ; PL 44 , 854 ; ibid . VI , 19.58 ; PL 44 , 857 ; ibid. , II , 10.33 ; PL 44 , 697 ; Contra Secundinum Manichaeum , 15 ; PL 42 , 590 . Jump up ^ Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Quis enim negat futurum fuisse concubitum , etiamsi peccatum non praecessisset ? Sed futurus fuerat , sicut aliis membris , ita etiam genitalibus voluntate motis , non libidine concitatis ; aut certe etiam ipsa libidine -- ut non vos de illa nimium contristemus -- non qualis nunc est , sed ad nutum voluntarium serviente ( Contra Julianum , IV . 11 . 57 ; PL 44 , 766 ) . See also his late work : Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus , II , 42 ; PL 45 , 1160 ; ibid. II , 45 ; PL 45 , 1161 ; ibid. , VI , 22 ; PL 45 , 1550 -- 1551 . Cf . Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Justo L. Gonzalez ( 1970 -- 1975 ) . A History of Christian Thought : Volume 2 ( From Augustine to the eve of the Reformation ) . Abingdon Press . Jump up ^ Sexual desire is , according to bishop of Hippo , only one -- though the strongest -- of many physical realisations of that spiritual libido : Cum igitur sint multarum libidines rerum , tamen , cum libido dicitur neque cuius rei libido sit additur , non fere assolet animo occurrere nisi illa , qua obscenae partes corporis excitantur . Haec autem sibi non solum totum corpus nec solum extrinsecus , verum etiam intrinsecus vindicat totumque commovet hominem animi simul affectu cum carnis appetitu coniuncto atque permixto , ut ea voluptas sequatur , qua maior in corporis voluptatibus nulla est ; ita ut momento ipso temporis , quo ad eius pervenitur extremum , paene omnis acies et quasi vigilia cogitationis obruatur . ( De civitate Dei , XIV , 16 ; CCL 48 , 438 -- 439 ( 1 -- 10 ) ) . See also : Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 97 ... See also Augustine 's : De continentia , 8.21 ; PL 40 , 363 ; Contra Iulianum VI , 19.60 ; PL 44 , 859 ; ibid. IV , 14.65 , z. 2 , s . 62 ; PL 44 , 770 ; De Trinitate , XII , 9 . 14 ; CCL 50 , 368 ( verse : IX 1 -- 8 ) ; De Genesi contra Manicheos , II , 9.12 , s . 60 ; CSEL 91 , 133 ( v. 31 -- 35 ) ) . Jump up ^ Regeneratus quippe non regenerat filios carnis , sed generat ; ac per hoc in eos non quod regeneratus , sed quod generatus est , trajicit . ( De gratia Christi et de peccato originali , II , 40.45 ; CSEL 42 , 202 ( 23 -- 25 ) ; PL 44 , 407 . Jump up ^ Cf . De civitate Dei , ch . IX and XIV ; On the Gospel of John , LX ( Christ 's feelings at the death of Lazarus , Jn 11 ) Jump up ^ J. Brachtendorf ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' : 307 . hdl : 2042 / 23075 . Jump up ^ `` Infernum '' , literally `` underworld '' , later identified as limbo . Jump up ^ `` Past Roman Catholic statements about Limbo and the destination of unbaptised infants who die ? '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Mark 10 : 14 ; cf. 1 Tim 2 : 4 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , secondary preliminary paragraph ; cf . paragraph 41 . Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 s : Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Rudolph Elton , Reformation Europe ( Wiley - Blackwell 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21384 - 0 ) , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Augustine Casiday , Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian ( Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 929718 - 5 ) , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : John Cassian . Conferences . Books.google.com . p. 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STUDIA HISTORIAE ECCLESIASTICAE May / Mei 2009 Volume XXXV No / Nr 1 ^ Jump up to : Lauren Pristas , The Theological Anthropology of John Cassian Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 284 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Edwin Zackrison , In the Loins of Adam ( iUniverse 2004 ISBN 9780595307166 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Justo L. González , A History of Christian Thought ( Abingdon Press 2010 ISBN 9781426721915 ) , vol. 2 , p. 58 Jump up ^ In Catholic theology , the meaning of the word `` concupiscence '' is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason . The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the `` flesh '' against the `` spirit '' . `` Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin . It unsettles man 's moral faculties and , without being in itself an offence , inclines man to commit sins '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , n . 2515 ) . Jump up ^ McGuckin , John Anthony , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781444392548 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . The doctrine of original sin originates largely from St. Augustine and certain other writers of the patristic Latin West , such as Tertullian . From the outset it has been questioned by exponents of Orthodox theology . ( ... ) Orthodox writers ( ... ) have resisted strongly the conceptions of inherited guilt that are often central to western expositions of original sin . Jump up ^ Theodore G. Tappert , The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1959 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , American edition , vol. 43 , p. 40 , ed. H. Lehmann , Fortress , 1968 Jump up ^ John Calvin , The Institutes of the Christian Religion , II. 1.8 , LCC , 2 vols. , trans . Ford Lewis Battles , ed . John T. McNeill ( Philadelphia : Westminster , 1960 ) , 251 ( page 217 of CCEL edition ) . Cf . Institutes of the Christian Religion at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ `` Paul III Council of Trent - 5 '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Original Sin '' . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ De conceptu virginali , xxvi Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man , The Image of God Paperback - Christoph Cardinal Schoenborn : Ignatius Press '' . Ignatius.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morality '' . Usccb.org. 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 404 Jump up ^ Item 407 in section 1.2. 1.7 . Emphasis added . Jump up ^ Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 491 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Haag , Herbert ( 1969 ) . Is original sin in Scripture ? . New York : Sheed and Ward . German or . ed. : 1966 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Haag , Herbert ( 1966 ) . pp. 9 , 49ff . Jump up ^ `` The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord '' . Book of Concord . 1580 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Quivik , Melinda A. `` '' Butter in the Sunshine `` : The Fragility of Faith and the Gift of Baptism '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church of America . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Catechism of St. Philaret , questions 157 Jump up ^ The term `` ancestral sin '' is also used , as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία ( e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια -- η ορθόδοξη άποψη , Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής , Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού -- του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ ) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα ( e.g. , Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά -- Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου , εκδ . Αποστολικής Διακονίας , 1997 , σελ. 156 -- 161 , Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Stavros Moschos . `` Original Sin And Its Consequences '' . Biserica.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church , 168 Jump up ^ `` Do Not Resent , Do Not React , Keep Inner Stillness Glory to God for All Things '' . Fatherstephen.wordpress.com. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fr . John Matusiak , http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=4&SID=3 Jump up ^ Mother Mary and Ware , Kallistos , `` The Festal Menaion '' , p. 47 . St. Tikhon 's Seminary Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Laurent Cleenewerck , His Broken Body ( Euclid University Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 61518361 - 9 ) , p. 410 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty - Nine Articles '' . Anglicans Online . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctrine in the Church of England , 1938 , London : SPCK ; p. 64 Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church : The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church -- Article V -- Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : `` Christian Holiness and Entire Sanctification '' . Church of the Nazarene Manual 2017 -- 2021 . Church of the Nazarene . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ The SDA Bible Commentary , vol. 5 , p. 1131 . Jump up ^ Woodrow W. Whidden . `` Adventist Theology : The Wesleyan Connection '' ( PDF ) . Bibelschule.info . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ E.G. White , Signs of the Times , 29 August 1892 ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Pfandl . `` Some thoughts on Original Sin '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute ^ Jump up to : Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 1993 . pp. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 2005 . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Watchtower 1973 , page 724 '' -- `` Declaration and resolution '' , The Watchtower , 1 December 1973 , page 724 . Jump up ^ Penton , M.J. ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed . University of Toronto Press . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780802079732 . Jump up ^ `` Angels -- How They Affect Us '' . The Watchtower : 7 . 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ ADAM -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam 's Sin -- The Time for True Submission to God -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Book of Mormon , 2 Nephi 2 : 11 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Articles of Faith 1 : 2 Jump up ^ Merrill , Byron R. ( 1992 ) . `` Original sin '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan Publishing . pp. 1052 -- 1053 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 . OCLC 24502140 . Jump up ^ Moroni 8 ; `` Chapter 20 : Baptism '' , Gospel Principles , ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2011 ) pp. 114 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 137 : 10 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Swedenborg . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 96 , n . 313 : `` But as to hereditary evil , the case is this . Everyone who commits actual sin thereby induces on himself a nature , and the evil from it is implanted in his children , and becomes hereditary . It thus descends from every parent , from the father , grandfather , great - grandfather , and their ancestors in succession , and is thus multiplied and augmented in each descending posterity , remaining with each person , and being increased in each by his actual sins , and never being dissipated so as to become harmless except in those who are being regenerated by the Lord . Every attentive observer may see evidence of this truth in the fact that the evil inclinations of parents remain visibly in their children , so that one family , and even an entire race , may be thereby distinguished from every other . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 229 , n. 719 : `` There are evils in man which must be dispersed while he is being regenerated , that is , which must be loosened and attempered by goods ; for no actual and hereditary evil in man can be so dispersed as to be abolished . It still remains implanted ; and can only be so far loosened and attempered by goods from the Lord that it does not injure , and does not appear , which is an arcanum hitherto unknown . Actual evils are those which are loosened and attempered , and not hereditary evils ; which also is a thing unknown . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 336 , n. 966 : `` It is to be observed that in the other life no one undergoes any punishment and torture on account of his hereditary evil , but only on account of the actual evils which he himself has committed . '' . Jump up ^ John L. Nickals , ed. ( 1975 ) . Journal of George Fox . Religious Society of Friends . p. 774 . light of Christ , xl , xliii , xliv , 12 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 33 -- 5 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 88 , 92 , 115 , 117 , 135 , 143 -- 4 , 150 , 155 , 173 , 174 -- 6 , 188 , 191 , 205 , 225 -- 6 , 234 -- 7 , 245 , 274 -- 5 , 283 -- 4 , 294 -- 6 , 303 -- 5 , 309 , 312 , 317 - 335 , 339 -- 40 , 347 -- 8 , 361 , 471 -- 2 , 496 -- 7 , 575 , 642 ^ Jump up to : Babylonian Talmud . Tractate Shabbat 55b . Jump up ^ Kolatch , Alfred J. ( 1989 ) . The Jewish Book of Why / The Second Jewish Book of Why . New York : Jonathan David Publishers -- via `` Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise ... While there were some Jewish teachers in Talmudic times who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , the dominant view was that man sins because he is not a perfect being , and not , as Christianity teaches , because he is inherently sinful . templatestyles stripmarker in via = at position 564 ( help ) Jump up ^ SIN : -- Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaul Magid ( 2008 ) . From Metaphysics to Midrash : Myth , History , and the Interpretation of Scripture in Lurianic Kabbala . Indiana University Press . p. 238 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis ( 1909 ) . The Legends of the Jews Vol I : The Death of Eve . Translated by Henrietta Szold . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society . This is the writing God will bring out on the judgment day , and to each will be made known his deeds . As soon as life is extinct in a man , he is presented to Adam , whom be accuses of having caused his death . But Adam repudiates the charge : `` I committed but one trespass . Is there any among you , and be he the most pious , who has not been guilty of more than one ? '' Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Repentance - Oxford Islamic Studies Online '' . www.oxfordislamicstudies.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Arabic tawbah . A major theme of the Quran , mentioned over seventy times and with an entire surah ( 9 ) titled for it . Usually described as turning toward God , asking forgiveness , and being forgiven . Islam has no concept of original sin , need for atonement , or ecclesiastical confession . Repentance and forgiveness are a direct matter between the individual and God , requiring no intercession . In cases of sin against another person , restitution is required . In cases of sin against God , repentance , remorse , and resolution to change one 's behavior are considered sufficient . Although classical scholars emphasized the individual dimension of repentance , many revivalists and reformists have tied individual actions to larger issues of public morality , ethics , and social reform , arguing for reimplementation of the Islamic penal code as public expiation for sins . Sufis understand repentance as a process of spiritual conversion toward constant awareness of God 's presence . Muhammad reputedly requested God 's forgiveness several times daily . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) . The Oxford dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . p. 295 Jump up ^ `` Adam - Oxford Islamic Studies Online '' . www.oxfordislamicstudies.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . First human being . Created to be God 's vicegerent ( steward ) on earth . The Quran records Adam 's fall from grace as the result of disobedience to God 's commands but , unlike Christian tradition , the fall carries no accompanying `` original sin '' passed down to all mankind . God forgave Adam when he repented and turned away from disbelief . Jump up ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir . Meaning , every soul shall carry its own injustices , whether disbelief or sin , and none else shall carry its burden of sin , as Allah states ﴾ وَإِن تَدْعُ مُثْقَلَةٌ إِلَى حِمْلِهَا لاَ يُحْمَلْ مِنْهُ شَىْءٌ وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَى ﴿ ( And if one heavily laden calls another to ( bear ) his load , nothing of it will be lifted even though he be near of kin . ) ( 35 : 18 ) Allah said , ﴾ وَأَن لَّيْسَ لِلإِنسَـنِ إِلاَّ مَا سَعَى ﴿ ( And that man can have nothing but what he does . ) So just as no soul shall carry the burden of any other , the soul shall only benefit from the good that one earns for himself . As for the Hadith recorded by Muslim in the Sahih , that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah said , line feed character in quote = at position 139 ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) Brachtendorf , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' ( PDF ) . Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes . Paris : Institut d'études augustiniennes. 43 : 289 -- 308 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 21 . Catechism , U.S. Catholic Church ( 2003 ) . Catechism of the Catholic Church : with modifications from the Editio Typica ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50819 - 3 . Kelly , J.N.D. ( 2000 ) . Early Christian doctrines ( 5th rev . ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5252 - 8 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Original sin '' . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Swedenborg , Emanuel ( 1749 -- 56 ) . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . John F. Potts ( trans . ) ( 2008 Reprint ed . ) . Forgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 107 - 7 . Trapè , Agostino ( 1987 ) . S. Agostino , introduzione alla dottrina della grazia . Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 . I - Natura e Grazia . Roma : Nuova Biblioteca agostiniana . p. 422 . ISBN 88 - 311 - 3402 - 7 . Turner , H.E.W. The patristic doctrine of redemption : a study of the development of doctrine during the first five centuries / by H.E.W. Turner ( 2004 Reprint ed . ) . Eugene , Or. : Wipf & Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 930 - 9 . Wallace , A.J. ; R.D. Rusk ( 2010 ) . Moral transformation : the original Christian paradigm of salvation . New Zealand : Bridgehead Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 . Woo , B. Hoon ( 2014 ) . `` Is God the Author of Sin ? -- Jonathan Edwards 's Theodicy '' . Puritan Reformed Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 123 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Original sin Article `` Original Sin '' in Catholic Encyclopedia The Book of Concord The Defense of the Augsburg Confession , Article II : Of Original Sin ; from an early Protestant perspective , part of the Augsburg Confession . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. Romanides Ancestral Versus Original Sin by Father Antony Hughes , St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church , Cambridge , Massachusetts Original Sin by Michael Bremmer Catholic Church Council of Trent ( June 17 , 1546 ) . `` Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini : Fifth Session , Decree concerning Original Sin '' . at www.ccel.org . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Seven virtues in Christian ethics Four cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas Three theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Love ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology Christian philosophy Hamartiology Adam Good and evil The Fall Original sin Christian views on sin Imputation of sin Other views on sin Logical order of God 's decrees Theodicy Total depravity See also Apologetics Soteriology Demonology Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&oldid=865628864 '' Categories : Systematic theology Christian hamartiology Christian anthropology Adam and Eve Christian terminology Sin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 errors : invisible characters Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who rejected the concepts of original sin and predestination	[]	[]
3170762753229611763	Jerry Douglas (actor)	Jerry Douglas ( actor ) - wikipedia Jerry Douglas ( actor ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2018 ) Jerry Douglas Gerald Rubenstein ( 1932 - 11 - 12 ) November 12 , 1932 ( age 85 ) Chelsea , Massachusetts , United States Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Arlene Martel ( m . 1962 ; div. 1973 ) Kymberly Bankier ( m . 1985 ) Children Jerry Douglas ( born November 12 , 1932 ) is an American television and film actor . For 25 years Jerry Douglas reigned in fictional Genoa City as patriarch John Abbott on the daytime television serial The Young and the Restless . In 2006 , his character was killed off , however , he has made special appearances since then . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Personal life 2 Later years 3 References 4 External links Early life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Jerry Douglas '' actor -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Douglas was born as Gerald Rubenstein in Chelsea , Massachusetts to Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe . Raised in Chelsea , Massachusetts , he attended Brandeis University to earn a degree in economics . Eight months into law school in Manhattan , he gave up the books and started auditioning . However , his lack of training frustrated him , and he eventually moved with his first wife , actress Arlene Martel , and their daughter Avra , to California . Personal life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Jerry Douglas '' actor -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Settling in the San Fernando Valley , Douglas sold insurance by day and took acting classes at night . Although he still struggled , he received encouragement after appearing in the play , John Brown 's Body . For several years , Douglas appeared on TV shows like Mission : Impossible and The Feather and Father Gang , often playing the villain . At the same time , Martel decided to move herself and their two children -- Avra and Jodaman , to Carmel . They eventually divorced . He remarried , to Kymberly Bankier , whom he met at a Muscular Dystrophy Association event . They have been married since April 6 , 1985 and have a young son , Hunter . Later years ( edit ) In March 2006 , after 25 years on the show , Douglas departed The Young and The Restless in a storyline - dictated exit revolving around his character 's involvement in the Tom Fisher murder case . Jerry Douglas claims that former headwriter of The Young and The Restless , Lynn Marie Latham , killed his character because she could not understand why a man would run a cosmetics company . He continued to recur on the show for the next few months and was put back on contract with the show in June to play his now deceased character 's ghost . He left the show for good on August 18 , but continues to make appearances once in a while . In March 2008 he began appearing as a new character Alistair Wallingford , a drunken hack actor involved in a gaslighting plot , but was written out a few months later . In 2007 , Douglas released a CD , The Best Is Yet to Come , a collection of jazz standards , and is performing around the United States and Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JERRY DOUGLAS - GENOA CITY PATRIARCH '' . BlogTalkRadio . External links ( edit ) Jerry Douglas on IMDb VIAF : 250740134 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Douglas_(actor)&oldid=844203749 '' Categories : 1932 births American male soap opera actors American male television actors Brandeis University alumni Jewish American male actors Living people People from Chelsea , Massachusetts People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata BLP articles lacking sources from January 2018 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 10 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played john abbott on the young and the restless	[ "Jerry Douglas (born November 12, 1932) is an American television and film actor. For 25 years Jerry Douglas reigned in fictional Genoa City as patriarch John Abbott on the daytime television serial The Young and the Restless. In 2006, his character was killed off, however, he has made special appearances since then." ]	[ "Jerry Douglas" ]
-8552786195977581513	Federal government of the United States	Federal government of the United States - Wikipedia Federal government of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American Government '' redirects here . For the textbook by James Q. Wilson and John J. DiIulio , Jr. , see American Government ( textbook ) . U.S. Federal Government Great Seal of the United States Formation 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 ) Founding document United States Constitution Jurisdiction United States of America Website www.usa.gov Legislative branch Legislature Congress Meeting place Capitol Executive branch Leader President of the United States Appointer Electoral College Headquarters The White House Main organ Cabinet Departments 15 Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Washington , D.C. This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal Government of the United States ( U.S. Federal Government ) is the national government of the United States , a constitutional republic in North America , composed of 50 states , one district , Washington , D.C. ( the nation 's capital ) , and several territories . The federal government is composed of three distinct branches : legislative , executive , and judicial , whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress , the president , and the federal courts , respectively . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress , including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 History 3 Legislative branch 3.1 Makeup of Congress 3.1. 1 House of Representatives 3.1. 2 Senate 3.1. 3 Different powers 3.1. 4 Impeachment of federal officers 3.1. 5 Congressional procedures 3.2 Powers of Congress 3.2. 1 Congressional oversight 4 Executive branch 4.1 President 4.2 Vice president 4.3 Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies 5 Judicial branch 5.1 Overview of the federal judiciary 5.2 Relationships between state and federal courts 6 Elections and voting 7 State , tribal , and local governments 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Naming Political system of the United States The full name of the republic is `` United States of America '' . No other name appears in the Constitution , and this is the name that appears on money , in treaties , and in legal cases to which it is a party ( e.g. Charles T. Schenck v. United States ) . The terms `` Government of the United States of America '' or `` United States Government '' are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively . In casual conversation or writing , the term `` Federal Government '' is often used , and the term `` National Government '' is sometimes used . The terms `` Federal '' and `` National '' in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government ( Federal Bureau of Investigation , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , National Park Service ) . Because the seat of government is in Washington , D.C. , `` Washington '' is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government . History The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution . The government was formed in 1789 , when the Constitution went into effect , making the United States the world 's first modern national constitutional republic . The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism , in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments . The interpretation and execution of these principles , including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised , have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution . Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals , the states , or other recognized entities . Since the American Civil War , the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly , although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance ( e.g. , the decades immediately following the Civil War ) or when states ' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action , executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts . One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of `` checks and balances '' among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary . For example , while the legislative branch ( Congress ) has the power to create law , the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation -- an act which , in turn , can be overridden by Congress . The president nominates judges to the nation 's highest judiciary authority , the Supreme Court , but those nominees must be approved by Congress . The Supreme Court , in turn , can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress . These and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below . Legislative branch Main article : United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government . It is bicameral , comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate . Makeup of Congress House of Representatives The 435 seats of the House grouped by state The House currently consists of 435 voting members , each of whom represents a congressional district . The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state 's population as determined in the most recent United States Census . All 435 representatives serve a two - year term . Each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House . In order to be elected as a representative , an individual must be at least 25 years of age , must have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years , and must live in the state that he or she represents . There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve . In addition to the 435 voting members , there are 6 non-voting members , consisting of 5 delegates and one resident commissioner . There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia , Guam , the Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico . Senate In contrast , the Senate is made up of two senators from each state , regardless of population . There are currently 100 senators ( 2 from each of the 50 states ) , who each serve six - year terms . Approximately one - third of the Senate stands for election every two years . Different powers The House and Senate each have particular exclusive powers . For example , the Senate must approve ( give `` advice and consent '' to ) many important presidential appointments , including cabinet officers , federal judges ( including nominees to the Supreme Court ) , department secretaries ( heads of federal executive branch departments ) , U.S. military and naval officers , and ambassadors to foreign countries . All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives . The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation , which then may only become law by being signed by the president ( or , if the president vetoes the bill , both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill , but by a two - thirds majority of each chamber , in which case the bill becomes law without the president 's signature ) . The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution ; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people . The Constitution also includes the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' , which grants Congress the power to `` make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers '' . Members of the House and Senate are elected by first - past - the - post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia , which have runoffs . Impeachment of federal officers Main article : Impeachment in the United States Congress has the power to remove the president , federal judges , and other federal officers from office . The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process . The House must first vote to `` impeach '' the official . Then , a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office . Although two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , neither of them was removed following trial in the Senate . Congressional procedures Article I , Section 2 , paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives each chamber the power to `` determine the rules of its proceedings '' . From this provision were created congressional committees , which do the work of drafting legislation and conducting congressional investigations into national matters . The 108th Congress ( 2003 -- 2005 ) had 19 standing committees in the House and 17 in the Senate , plus 4 joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress , printing , taxation , and the economy . In addition , each house may name special , or select , committees to study specific problems . Today , much of the congressional workload is borne by the subcommittees , of which there are around 150 . Powers of Congress Main article : Article One of the United States Constitution The United States Capitol is the seat of government for Congress . The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress . Enumerated in Article I , Section 8 , these include the powers to levy and collect taxes ; to coin money and regulate its value ; provide for punishment for counterfeiting ; establish post offices and roads , issue patents , create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court , combat piracies and felonies , declare war , raise and support armies , provide and maintain a navy , make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces , provide for , arm and discipline the militia , exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia , and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers . Over the two centuries since the United States was formed , many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government . These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court . Congressional oversight Main article : Congressional oversight Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud , protect civil liberties and individual rights , ensure executive compliance with the law , gather information for making laws and educating the public , and evaluate executive performance . It applies to cabinet departments , executive agencies , regulatory commissions , and the presidency . Congress 's oversight function takes many forms : Committee inquiries and hearings Formal consultations with and reports from the president Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the president becomes disabled or the office of the vice president falls vacant Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials Congressional membership : each state is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in the House of Representatives . Each state is allocated two senators regardless of its population . As of January 2010 , the District of Columbia elects a non-voting representative to the House of Representatives along with American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Northern Mariana Islands . Executive branch See also : Article Two of the United States Constitution and List of United States federal executive orders The executive power in the federal government is vested in the President of the United States , although power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials . The president and vice president are elected as running mates by the Electoral College , for which each state , as well as the District of Columbia , is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in both houses of Congress . The president is limited to a maximum of two four - year terms . If the president has already served two years or more of a term to which some other person was elected , he or she may only serve one more additional four - year term . President Main article : President of the United States Seal of the President of the United States The executive branch consists of the president and those to whom the president 's powers are delegated . The president is both the head of state and government , as well as the military commander - in - chief and chief diplomat . The president , according to the Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' , and `` preserve , protect and defend the Constitution '' . The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government , an organization numbering about 5 million people , including 1 million active - duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees . The president may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it , preventing it from becoming law unless two - thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto . The president may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations . However , ratification of international treaties requires a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate . The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two - thirds majority in the Senate for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors '' . The president may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon or release criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government ( except in cases of impeachment ) , enact executive orders , and ( with the consent of the Senate ) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges . Vice president Main article : Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President of the United States The vice president is the second - highest official in rank of the federal government . The office of the vice president 's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1 , Section 3 , Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate ; this means that he or she is the head of the Senate . In that capacity , the vice president is allowed to vote in the Senate , but only when necessary to break a tie vote . Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment , the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College . As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession , the vice president 's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death , resignation , or removal of the president , which has happened nine times in U.S. history . Lastly , in the case of a Twenty - fifth Amendment succession event , the vice president would become acting president , assuming all of the powers and duties of president , except being designated as president . Accordingly , by circumstances , the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch , or succeeding to the executive branch as president , or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Because of circumstances , the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office , the title of the office and other matters , such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president . Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies Main articles : Cabinet of the United States , United States federal executive departments , and List of federal agencies in the United States The day - to - day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various federal executive departments , created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs . The heads of the 15 departments , chosen by the president and approved with the `` advice and consent '' of the U.S. Senate , form a council of advisers generally known as the president 's `` Cabinet '' . Once confirmed , these `` cabinet officers '' serve at the pleasure of the president . In addition to departments , a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President . These include the White House staff , the National Security Council , the Office of Management and Budget , the Council of Economic Advisers , the Council on Environmental Quality , the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , and the Office of Science and Technology Policy . The employees in these United States government agencies are called federal civil servants . There are also independent agencies such as the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . In addition , there are government - owned corporations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation . Judicial branch Main articles : Federal judiciary of the United States and United States federal courts See also : Article Three of the United States Constitution The Judiciary explains and applies the laws . This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases . Overview of the federal judiciary Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise . Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office . Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate . The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district . The three tiered structure of this act established the basic structure of the national judiciary : the Supreme Court , 13 courts of appeals , 94 district courts , and two courts of special jurisdiction . Congress retains the power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court . The U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates `` cases and controversies '' -- matters pertaining to the federal government , disputes between states , and interpretation of the United States Constitution , and , in general , can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional , nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions . The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review ( the power to declare a law unconstitutional ) . The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches . Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals , and below them in turn are the United States District Courts , which are the general trial courts for federal law , and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ( `` diversity jurisdiction '' ) . There are three levels of federal courts with general jurisdiction , meaning that these courts handle criminal cases and civil lawsuits between individuals . Other courts , such as the bankruptcy courts and the Tax Court , are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases ( `` subject matter jurisdiction '' ) . The Bankruptcy Courts are `` under '' the supervision of the district courts , and , as such , are not considered part of the `` Article III '' judiciary and also as such their judges do not have lifetime tenure , nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration . Also the Tax Court is not an Article III court ( but is , instead an `` Article I Court '' ) . The district courts are the trial courts wherein cases that are considered under the Judicial Code ( Title 28 , United States Code ) consistent with the jurisdictional precepts of `` federal question jurisdiction '' and `` diversity jurisdiction '' and `` pendent jurisdiction '' can be filed and decided . The district courts can also hear cases under `` removal jurisdiction '' , wherein a case brought in State court meets the requirements for diversity jurisdiction , and one party litigant chooses to `` remove '' the case from state court to federal court . The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts , and some direct appeals from administrative agencies , and some interlocutory appeals . The U.S. Supreme Court hears appeals from the decisions of the courts of appeals or state supreme courts , and in addition has original jurisdiction over a few cases . The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution , an Act of Congress ; a U.S. treaty ; cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S. ; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party ; controversies between states ( or their citizens ) and foreign nations ( or their citizens or subjects ) ; and bankruptcy cases ( collectively `` federal - question jurisdiction '' ) . The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were the plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant . It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state the defendant . The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress , and to criminal cases arising under federal law . The interplay of the Supremacy Clause and Article III has resulted in a complex set of relationships between state and federal courts . Federal courts can sometimes hear cases arising under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction , state courts can decide certain matters involving federal law , and a handful of federal claims are primarily reserved by federal statute to the state courts ( for example , those arising from the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 ) . Both court systems thus can be said to have exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and concurrent jurisdiction in others . The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office `` during good behavior '' ; in practice , this usually means they serve until they die , retire , or resign . A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the president or other officials of the federal government . U.S. judges are appointed by the president , subject to confirmation by the Senate . Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any Article III judge ( Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges that take office after the reduction , but may not decrease the rate of pay for judges already in office ) . Relationships between state and federal courts Separate from , but not entirely independent of , this federal court system are the court systems of each state , each dealing with , in addition to federal law when not deemed preempted , a state 's own laws , and having its own court rules and procedures . Although state governments and the federal government are legally dual sovereigns , the Supreme Court of the United States is in many cases the appellate court from the State Supreme Courts ( e.g. , absent the Court countenancing the applicability of the doctrine of adequate and independent State grounds ) . The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state 's laws and Constitution . Many state constitution provisions are equal in breadth to those of the U.S. Constitution , but are considered `` parallel '' ( thus , where , for example , the right to privacy pursuant to a state constitution is broader than the federal right to privacy , and the asserted ground is explicitly held to be `` independent '' , the question can be finally decided in a State Supreme Court -- the U.S. Supreme Court will decline to take jurisdiction ) . A State Supreme Court , other than of its own accord , is bound only by the U.S. Supreme Court 's interpretation of federal law , but is not bound by interpretation of federal law by the federal court of appeals for the federal circuit in which the state is included , or even the federal district courts located in the state , a result of the dual sovereigns concept . Conversely , a federal district court hearing a matter involving only a question of state law ( usually through diversity jurisdiction ) must apply the substantive law of the state in which the court sits , a result of the application of the Erie Doctrine ; however , at the same time , the case is heard under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence instead of state procedural rules ( that is , the application of the Erie Doctrine only extends to a requirement that a federal court asserting diversity jurisdiction apply substantive state law , but not procedural state law , which may be different ) . Together , the laws of the federal and state governments form U.S. law . Elections and voting Main article : Elections in the United States Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union , 1862 . Suffrage , commonly known as the ability to vote , has changed significantly over time . In the early years of the United States , voting was considered a matter for state governments , and was commonly restricted to white men who owned land . Direct elections were mostly held only for the U.S. House of Representatives and state legislatures , although what specific bodies were elected by the electorate varied from state to state . Under this original system , both senators representing each state in the U.S. Senate were chosen by a majority vote of the state legislature . Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , members of both houses of Congress have been directly elected . Today , U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage under equal protection of the laws from the age of 18 , regardless of race , gender , or wealth . The only significant exception to this is the disenfranchisement of convicted felons , and in some states former felons as well . Under the U.S. Constitution , the national representation of U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington , D.C. in Congress is limited : while residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes , their only congressional representative is a non-voting delegate ; however , they have been allowed to participate in presidential elections since March 29 , 1961 . Residents of U.S. territories have varying rights ; for example , only some residents of Puerto Rico pay federal income taxes ( though all residents must pay all other federal taxes , including import / export taxes , federal commodity taxes and federal payroll taxes , including Social Security and Medicare ) . All federal laws that are `` not locally inapplicable '' are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico but their current representation in the U.S. Congress is in the form of a Resident Commissioner , a nonvoting delegate . State , tribal , and local governments Main articles : State governments of the United States , Tribal sovereignty in the United States , and Local government in the United States The states of the United States as divided into counties ( or , in Louisiana and Alaska , parishes and boroughs , respectively ) . Alaska and Hawaii are not to scale and the Aleutian and uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have been omitted . The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans ' daily lives . The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution ; as a result , states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction . Because state governments are not authorized to print currency , they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds . As a result , state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering . Each state has its own written constitution , government and code of laws . The Constitution stipulates only that each state must have , `` a Republican Government '' . Therefore , there are often great differences in law and procedure between individual states , concerning issues such as property , crime , health and education , amongst others . The highest elected official of each state is the Governor . Each state also has an elected state legislature ( bicameralism is a feature of every state except Nebraska ) , whose members represent the voters of the state . Each state maintains its own state court system . In some states , supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people ; in others , they are appointed , as they are in the federal system . As a result of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia , American Indian tribes are considered `` domestic dependent nations '' that operate as sovereign governments subject to federal authority but , in some cases , outside of the jurisdiction of state governments . Hundreds of laws , executive orders and court cases have modified the governmental status of tribes vis - à - vis individual states , but the two have continued to be recognized as separate bodies . Tribal governments vary in robustness , from a simple council used to manage all aspects of tribal affairs , to large and complex bureaucracies with several branches of government . Tribes are currently encouraged to form their own governments , with power resting in elected tribal councils , elected tribal chairpersons , or religiously appointed leaders ( as is the case with pueblos ) . Tribal citizenship and voting rights are typically restricted to individuals of native descent , but tribes are free to set whatever citizenship requirements they wish . The institutions that are responsible for local government within states are typically town , city , or county boards , water management districts , fire management districts , library districts and other similar governmental units which make laws that affect their particular area . These laws concern issues such as traffic , the sale of alcohol and the keeping of animals . The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor . In New England , towns operate in a direct democratic fashion , and in some states , such as Rhode Island , Connecticut , and some parts of Massachusetts , counties have little or no power , existing only as geographic distinctions . In other areas , county governments have more power , such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies . See also Government of the United States portal President Cabinet Executive order Federal executive departments President 's Executive Office Line - item veto Courts Bankruptcy courts Courts of appeals District courts Federal courts Federal judicial circuit Federal judicial district Supreme Court Law Constitution Governmental designations for places U.S. Code U.S. Law Agencies Note : Most agencies are executive , but a few are legislative or judicial . Federal agencies Independent agencies States and territories Political divisions U.S. states U.S. territory Works and websites Copyright status of work by the U.S. government U.S. Government Web Portal for Businesses U.S. Government Web Portal for Citizens References Jump up ^ Wood , 1998 p. 208 Jump up ^ ' The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , ' Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) ' Jstor.org Retrieved on March 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Judge Rules Favorably in Pennsylvania BRAC Suit ( Associated Press , 26 August ) Jump up ^ ' The Legislative Branch ' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ U.S. House Official Website House.gov Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kaiser , Frederick M. ( January 3 , 2006 ) . `` Congressional Oversight '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Article II , Constitution of the United States of America Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § § 301 -- 303 Jump up ^ Barack , Obama ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Delegation of Certain Authority Under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 '' . United States . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Amendment XXIII to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Amendment XXII to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1995 ) . `` The New Constitutional Vice Presidency '' . Wake Forest Law Review . Winston Salem , NC : Wake Forest Law Review Association , Inc. 30 ( 505 ) . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( 2007 ) . `` Is Dick Cheney Unconstitutional ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy . Chicago : Northwestern University School of Law . 102 ( 110 ) . Jump up ^ Federal tribunals in the United States Jump up ^ United States Tax Court Jump up ^ Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception , residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes : customs taxes ( which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury ) ( See Department of the Interior , Office of Insular Affairs . ) Archived June 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , import / export taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) Archived April 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , federal commodity taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) , social security taxes ( See IRS.gov ) , etc . Residents pay federal payroll taxes , such as Social Security ( See IRS.gov ) and Medicare ( See Reuters.com ) , as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes ( See Puertorico-herald.com and HTRCPA.com ) . Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . All federal employees ( See Heritage.org ) Archived February 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , those who do business with the federal government ( See MCVPR.com ) Archived January 16 , 2010 , at WebCite , Puerto Rico - based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. ( See Page 9 , line 1 . ) , and some others ( For example , Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military , See Heritage.org and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico , See pp 14 -- 15 . ) also pay federal income taxes . In addition , because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code , and because the per - capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per - capita income on the mainland , more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island . This occurs because `` the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments '' ( See GAO.gov ) . As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement , but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents , unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States , do not receive the SSI . See Socialsecurity.gov ) , and the island actually receives less than 15 % of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state . However , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system ( See p. 252 ) . Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . It has also been estimated ( See Eagleforum.org that , because the population of the island is greater than that of 50 % of the states , if it were a state , Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House , in addition to the two seats in the Senate. ( See Eagleforum.org , CRF-USA.org Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . and Thomas.gov ( Note that for the later , the official US Congress database website , you will need to resubmit a query . The document in question is called `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' . These are the steps to follow : Thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down `` Word / Phrase '' and pick `` Report Number '' > type `` 597 '' next to Report Number . This will provide the document `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' , then from the Table of Contents choose `` Background and need for legislation '' . ) ) . Another misconception is that the import / export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury . This is not the case . Such import / export taxes are returned only for rum products , and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes ( See the `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' mentioned above . ) Jump up ^ `` A brief overview of state fiscal conditions and the effects of federal policies on state budgets '' ( PDF ) . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . May 12 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Bibliography Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Gordon S. Wood , Institute of Early American History and Culture ( Williamsburg , Va . ) . p. 653 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2422 - 4 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Federal government of the United States Wikiversity has learning resources about School : Political science Wikiversity has learning resources about Topic : American government USA.gov , the official U.S. Government portal . United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal State governments of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Law of the United States Constitutional law Federalism Separation of powers Civil rights Courts of the United States Federal courts Supreme ( SCOTUS ) Appeals District ( list ) Bankruptcy Claims International Trade Tax State courts State supreme Education Law school Law School Admission Test Admission to the bar Governments of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands ISNI : 0000 0004 0577 3344 GND : 2027858 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_government_of_the_United_States&oldid=838803069 '' Categories : Government of the United States Federalism in the United States 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what form of govt does the us have	[]	[]
6207890877132628045	Money in the Bank (2018)	Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) - wikipedia Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Promotional poster featuring Nia Jax and Ronda Rousey Tagline ( s ) The Irresistible Force Meets The Baddest Woman on the Planet Theme song ( s ) `` Money in the Bank '' by Jim Johnston Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Gold Bond Ultimate WWE Champions Date June 17 , 2018 Attendance 15,214 Venue Allstate Arena City Rosemont , Illinois WWE Network event chronology NXT TakeOver : Chicago II Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank chronology Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event and WWE Network event , produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands . It took place on June 17 , 2018 , at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont , Illinois . It was the ninth event under the Money in the Bank chronology . The card comprised eleven matches , including one match on the pre-show . In the main event , Braun Strowman won the titular ladder match on the men 's side , while Alexa Bliss won the women 's ladder match . Bliss cashed in her contract later in the night to win the Raw Women 's Championship from Nia Jax after causing a disqualification in the previous title match between Ronda Rousey and Jax . On the undercard , AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match , and Carmella retained the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Asuka with help from the returning James Ellsworth . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 1.2. 1 Raw 1.2. 2 SmackDown 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event 3 Results 4 References 5 External links Production Background WWE 's Money in the Bank pay - per - view event centers around a match of the same name , in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring . The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a world championship at any time within the next year . The contracts for 2018 specifically granted the male and female winners a match for the world championship of their respective brand . The 2018 event included two ladder matches , one for male wrestlers and one for females , each having eight participants , evenly divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands . Male wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship , while female wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either the Raw Women 's Championship or SmackDown Women 's Championship . Storylines The card originally comprised ten matches , including one on the pre-show , that resulted from scripted storylines with results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands . An impromptu eleventh match was added during the show . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows , Monday Night Raw and SmackDown Live . Raw Qualification matches for the men 's ladder match began on May 7 on Raw . Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens to qualify , while Finn Bálor qualified by defeating Sami Zayn and Roman Reigns in a triple threat match , after Jinder Mahal interfered and attacked Reigns . The following week , further triple threat matches yielded two more participants : Bobby Roode defeated Baron Corbin and No Way Jose , while Owens ( standing in for Mahal , who had been injured by Reigns ) defeated Elias and Bobby Lashley after Zayn interfered and attacked Lashley . Qualification matches for the women 's ladder match also began on May 7 , with Ember Moon defeating Sasha Banks and Ruby Riott in a triple threat match to qualify . The following week , Alexa Bliss defeated Bayley and Mickie James in a triple threat match to qualify . The following week , Natalya defeated Sarah Logan , Liv Morgan , and Dana Brooke in a fatal four - way match to qualify . The final qualification match occurred on the May 28 episode of Raw , where Banks defeated Bayley , Brooke , James , Logan , Morgan , and Riott in a seven - woman gauntlet match to earn the final spot . During the NBCUniversal Upfront event on May 14 , Ronda Rousey was interviewed by Cathy Kelley . Raw Women 's Champion Nia Jax interrupted the interview and challenged Rousey to a match at Money in the Bank , putting her title on the line . Rousey accepted the challenge . The following week , both Rousey and Jax signed the contract for their match. . The following week , Jax demonstrated on an amateur wrestler that she would counter Rousey 's armbar and perform a powerbomb . On the May 7 episode of Raw , Jinder Mahal cost Roman Reigns a chance to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match . The following week , Reigns attacked Mahal backstage and speared him through a wall . On the May 21 episode of Raw , after Reigns and Seth Rollins defeated Mahal and Kevin Owens , Mahal attacked Reigns with a chair . A match between the two was scheduled for Money in the Bank . During a tag team match on the April 23 episode of Raw , Bobby Lashley performed a one - handed suspended vertical suplex on Sami Zayn , which Zayn claimed gave him vertigo and why he missed the Greatest Royal Rumble . At Backlash , Lashley and Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn . During an interview on the May 7 episode , Lashley spoke dearly about his family , including his three sisters . In response , Zayn said that Lashley was not a nice guy and promised to bring out Lashley 's sisters to tell the truth . On the May 21 episode , three men dressed up as Lashley 's sisters accused Lashley of violence . Lashley interrupted the segment and attacked the imposters along with Zayn . The following week , a match between the two was made for Money in the Bank . On the May 28 episode of Raw , Seth Rollins interrupted Elias , who was once again trying to sing for the crowd , and forced him to leave . After Rollins 's match , Elias smashed a guitar on his back . On May 31 , a match between the two for the Intercontinental Championship was made for Money in the Bank . SmackDown Qualifications for the men 's ladder match continued on SmackDown on May 8 . The Miz and Rusev qualified for the match by defeating Jeff Hardy and Daniel Bryan , respectively . The following week , Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day defeated Cesaro and Sheamus in a tag team match , allowing one member of New Day to qualify . Samoa Joe secured the final spot by defeating Big Cass and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match on the May 29 episode of SmackDown . Qualifications for the women 's ladder match also continued on the May 8 episode , with Charlotte Flair qualified over Peyton Royce . The following week , Becky Lynch defeated Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a triple threat match to qualify . On the May 15 episode , Lana and Naomi qualified for the match by defeating Billie Kay and Deville , respectively . At WrestleMania 34 , AJ Styles defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the WWE Championship . After the match , Nakamura attacked Styles with a low blow , turning heel in the process . The two continued to feud through Greatest Royal Rumble and Backlash with their matches ending in draws . SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduled a fourth match for Money in the Bank and promised there would a decisive winner . On the May 15 episode of SmackDown , Nakamura earned the right to choose a stipulation for the match by defeating Styles . The following week , Nakamura attacked Styles with a Kinshasa at ringside and chose a Last Man Standing match . Big Cass and Daniel Bryan had begun feuding after Cass returned from injury during the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake - up . Cass had attacked Bryan on SmackDown and eliminated him from the Greatest Royal Rumble match . Bryan then defeated Cass at Backlash , but was attacked by his opponent after the match . Bryan returned the favor on the May 15 episode of SmackDown and a house show in Germany . By injuring Cass ' leg , Bryan not only cost him his spot in an upcoming Money in the Bank qualifying match against Samoa Joe , but secured that spot for himself by defeating Jeff Hardy on the May 22 episode of SmackDown . However , when Cass returned from injury in time , the match was turned into the aforementioned triple threat match , won by Joe . After the match , Cass attacked Bryan again . On June 2 , another match between the two was made for Money in the Bank . On the May 15 episode of SmackDown , SmackDown Women 's Champion Carmella celebrated her championship reign . SmackDown General Manager Paige interrupted Carmella and scheduled a title match between her and Asuka for Money in the Bank . On the May 22 episode of SmackDown , Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) to become the number one contenders to face The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at Money in the Bank . The match was scheduled for the Money in the Bank pre-show . Event Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole ( Raw / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Corey Graves ( all matches ) Jonathan Coachman ( Raw / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Tom Phillips ( SmackDown / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Byron Saxton ( SmackDown / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez German commentators Tim Haber Calvin Knie Ring announcers Greg Hamilton ( SmackDown / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) JoJo ( Raw / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers Mike Chioda John Cone Dan Engler Chad Patton Charles Robinson Rod Zapata Interviewers Charly Caruso Pre-show panel Renee Young Booker T Peter Rosenberg David Otunga Pre-show During the pre-show , The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson . Harper and Rowan performed The Reckoning on Gallows to retain the title . Preliminary matches The actual pay - per - view opened with Daniel Bryan facing Big Cass . In the climax , Bryan performed a running high knee on Cass and forced him to submit with a heel hook . Next , Bobby Lashley faced Sami Zayn . In the climax , Lashley performed three delayed vertical suplexes on Zayn for the pinfall . After that , Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Elias . In the end , Rollins pinned Elias with a schoolboy whilst holding Elias 's tights to retain the title . In the fifth match , Ember Moon , Charlotte Flair , Alexa Bliss , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Naomi , Lana , and Sasha Banks competed in the Women 's Money in the Bank match . In the end , Lynch attempted to retrieve the briefcase only for Bliss to push the ladder causing Lynch to fall . Bliss ascended the ladder to retrieve the briefcase to win the match . Next , Roman Reigns faced Jinder Mahal , who was accompanied by an injured Sunil Singh in a wheelchair . Singh pushed Reigns into the ring post , proving his injury was fake . During the match , Reigns performed a superman punch and a spear on Singh . In the end , Reigns performed a spear on Mahal for the win . Next , Carmella defended the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Asuka . In the end , Asuka was distracted by a person masquerading as her . The masked figure revealed as a returning James Ellsworth . Carmella took advantage of the distraction and performed a Princess Kick on Asuka to retain the title . After that , AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuka Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match . Early in the match , Nakamura countered Styles ' Phenomenal Forearm by kicking Styles 's leg . On top of a broadcast table , Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles , however , Styles stood up at a nine count . Nakamura threw Styles through a table , which was positioned in the corner in the ring , only for Styles to stand at a nine count . Styles began to target Nakamura 's leg and applied the Calf Crusher on Nakamura . Styles struck Nakamura with a chair , however , Nakamura retaliated with a low blow ; Styles stood at an eight count . At ringside , Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles , who stood at a nine count . Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm off an announce table and a Styles Clash on Nakamura off the steel steps , with Nakamura standing at a nine count . In the end , Styles attacked Nakamura with a low blow and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Nakamura through a broadcast table . Nakamura could not stand by a ten count , thus Styles won the match and retained the title . Next , Nia Jax defended the Raw Women 's Championship against Ronda Rousey . In the end , as Rousey applied the armbar on Jax , Alexa Bliss appeared and attacked Rousey with her Money in the Bank briefcase causing a disqualification . Jax was disqualified , but retained her title . Bliss further attacked Rousey and Jax and then cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and performed a snap DDT and Twisted Bliss to win the title for a third time . Main event The main event was the men 's Money in the Bank ladder match involving Braun Strowman , Finn Bálor , The Miz , Rusev , Bobby Roode , Kevin Owens , Samoa Joe , and one member of The New Day , revealed to be Kofi Kingston . All of the participants attacked Strowman , and buried him underneath a pile of ladders . Strowman later recovered and attacked Bálor and Kingston . Joe , Owens , and Rusev placed Strowman on a table , with Owens climbing a large ladder to leap unto Strowman . Strowman broke free , climbed the ladder , and threw Owens through two tables . Joe attacked Strowman with a ladder . Bálor performed a Coup de Grâce on Roode off a ladder . Bálor ascended the ladder and attempted to retrieve the briefcase , only to be stopped by Strowman . Strowman then performed running powerslams on both Miz and Joe . In the end , as Bálor and Strowman ascended the ladder , Kingston jumped unto Strowman 's back . Strowman pushed both opponents off and retrieved the briefcase to win the match . Results No . Results Stipulations Times The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 7 : 00 Daniel Bryan defeated Big Cass by submission Singles match 16 : 19 Bobby Lashley defeated Sami Zayn Singles match 6 : 35 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Elias Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 17 : 00 5 Alexa Bliss defeated Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Ember Moon , Lana , Naomi , Natalya , and Sasha Banks Money in the Bank ladder match for a women 's championship match contract 18 : 30 6 Roman Reigns defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match 15 : 44 7 Carmella ( c ) defeated Asuka Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 11 : 10 8 AJ Styles ( c ) defeated Shinsuke Nakamura Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship 31 : 15 9 Ronda Rousey defeated Nia Jax ( c ) by disqualification Singles match for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship 11 : 05 10 Alexa Bliss defeated Nia Jax ( c ) Singles match for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship This was Bliss ' Money in the Bank cash - in match 0 : 35 11 Braun Strowman defeated Bobby Roode , Finn Bálor , Kevin Owens , Kofi Kingston , Rusev , Samoa Joe , and The Miz Money in the Bank ladder match for a world championship match contract 19 : 53 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show References Jump up ^ `` WWE Money In The Bank 2018 `` Events Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . www.cagematch.net . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Money in the Bank 2018 tickets available this Friday '' . WWE . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Vince ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Vince McMahon on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Roman Reigns vs. Finn Balor vs. Sami Zayn in a Men 's Money in the Bank qualifier , Sasha Banks vs. Ember Moon vs. Ruby Riott in a Women 's Money in the Bank qualifier '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Seth Rollins vs. Kevin Owens for the Intercontinental Championship , Baron Corbin vs. Bobby Roode vs. No Way Jose in a Men 's MITB qualifier , Alexa Bliss vs. Bayley vs. Mickie James in a Women 's MITB qualifier '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Kurt Angle opens with `` huge announcements '' , Sami Zayn and Bobby Lashley 's sisters , WWE Money in the Bank build continues `` . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Seth Rollins vs. Jinder Mahal for the Intercontinental Championship , Gauntlet match for the final spot in the Women 's Money in the Bank match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : WWE Universal Champion Brock Lesnar returns for the final push for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Roman Reigns addresses the controversy over the finish to his cage match with Brock Lesnar , the final Raw push for WWE Backlash '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Backlash live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a No DQ match for the WWE Championship , Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe , Carmella vs. Charlotte Flair for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Seth Rollins vs. Elias for the Intercontinental Championship added to WWE MITB PPV '' . WrestleView . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 8 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Rusev , Charlotte vs. Peyton Royce , and The Miz vs. Jeff Hardy in Money in the Bank qualifying matches '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 5 / 15 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the right to pick the stipulation for their match at MITB , Andrade Almas and Zelina Vega debut , New Day vs. Sheamus and Cesaro for a spot in the MITB match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 29 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Samoa Joe in a Money in the Bank match qualifier , New Day vs. The Miz , Sheamus , and Cesaro , Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Tye Dillinger , Naomi and Lana dance contest '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 22 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Jeff Hardy for the right to face Samoa Joe in a MITB qualifier , Miz TV with New Day , Billie Kay vs. Lana , and Naomi vs. Sonya Deville in MITB match qualifiers '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship , Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Greatest Royal Rumble live review : 50 - man Royal Rumble match , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , John Cena vs. Triple H , Undertaker vs. Rusev in a casket match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Shane McMahon books AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship at MITB '' . WrestleView . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cass helped off by WWE officials in Munich , Germany during WWE Live '' . WWE . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass announced for MITB PPV , Updated card for PPV on June 17 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` MITB Title Match moved to Kickoff Show , WWE looks at Xavier Woods vs. Kenny Omega at E3 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank 2018 Kickoff Show live notes : Bludgeon Brothers vs. Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson for the Smackdown Tag Titles '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank live review : Two MITB ladder matches , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship , Nia Jax vs. Ronda Rousey for the Raw Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bludgeon Brothers def . Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson ( Kickoff Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Bryan def . Big Cass '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Bobby Lashley def . Sami Zayn '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins def . Elias '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Alexa Bliss won the Women 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Roman Reigns def . Jinder Mahal '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` SmackDown Women 's Champion Carmella def . Asuka '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Champion AJ Styles def . Shinsuke Nakamura ( Last Man Standing Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ronda Rousey def . Raw Women 's Champion Nia Jax via Disqualification ; Alexa Bliss cashed in her Money in the Bank contract on Nia to become the new Raw Women 's Champion '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Braun Strowman won the Men 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . External links Professional wrestling portal Money in the Bank Official Website ← 2017 2018 ( 2018 ) WWE Network events WWE Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank United Kingdom Championship Tournament Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell Super Show - Down Evolution Survivor Series TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs NXT TakeOver : Philadelphia TakeOver : New Orleans TakeOver : Chicago II TakeOver : Brooklyn 4 TakeOver : WarGames II WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Money in the Bank 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) Super Show - Down ( 2018 -- present ) Evolution ( 2018 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_in_the_Bank_(2018)&oldid=855838159 '' Categories : 2018 WWE Network events WWE Money in the Bank Professional wrestling in the Chicago metropolitan area 2018 in Illinois 2018 WWE pay - per - view events Events in Chicago June 2018 events in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Português ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the smackdown tag team champions at money in the bank	[ "During the pre-show, The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Harper and Rowan performed The Reckoning on Gallows to retain the title.[26]\n" ]	[ "The Bludgeon Brothers" ]
8488481221441064883	Gilmore Girls (season 5)	Gilmore girls ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Gilmore girls ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Gilmore Girls ( season 5 ) Season 5 DVD cover Starring Lauren Graham Alexis Bledel Melissa McCarthy Scott Patterson Keiko Agena Yanic Truesdale Liza Weil Sean Gunn Kelly Bishop Edward Herrmann Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The WB Original release September 21 , 2004 -- May 17 , 2005 Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Gilmore Girls episodes The fifth season of Gilmore Girls , an American dramedy television series , began airing on September 21 , 2004 on The WB . The season concluded on May 17 , 2005 , after 22 episodes . The season aired Tuesday nights at 8 / 7c . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 DVD release 5 References Overview ( edit ) The season picks up at the exact point the previous season ended , with Lorelai embarking on a relationship with Luke and Rory beginning an affair with married Dean . Having finally admitted they are separated , Richard and Emily formalise things by having Richard move into the pool house , with the girls splitting Friday nights between the two of them . Dean 's marriage to Lindsay comes to an abrupt end when she finds a letter Rory wrote to him about their night together . He and Rory try dating again but have difficulty spending time together and quickly split for good . Christopher reveals that Sherry has left him to look after Georgia alone and asks Lorelai for help . Rory asks him to keep his distance but relents when his father dies suddenly . Both Richard and Emily are uncomfortable with Lorelai and Luke 's relationship , with Richard trying to get Luke to franchise his diner . They reconcile and renew their vows with Rory as best man and Lorelai as maid of honour . Emily invites Christopher and encourages him to pursue Lorelai , resulting in Luke and Lorelai splitting for a time and both Lorelai and Rory falling out with Emily , although Rory continues to attend Friday night dinners alone as part of their deal . Lane is shocked to realise she has feelings for Zach and they start dating , but she surprises them both by revealing she wants to wait for marriage before having sex . Paris returns from Oxford and reveals Asher has died of a heart attack , but is soon dating Doyle . Sookie becomes pregnant again and has a daughter , before ordering Jackson to have a vasectomy. Jackson stands against Taylor as town selectman and is elected but is soon overwhelmed with work . Michel wins a camper van on The Price is Right but soon sells it . Kirk decides to move out of his mother 's place to spend more time with Lulu but forgets to find somewhere to move to so ends up finding various places to stay . When Old Man Twickham dies , he and Luke compete to buy it but the town elders decide Luke wants it more . Despite romantic overtures from Marty , Rory is drawn to Logan Huntzberger , a rich playboy who introduces her to a hedonistic thrill - seeking lifestyle . They initially have a casual relationship but when Rory decides it is n't for her , he agrees to a committed relationship . He takes her home where his mother and grandfather make it clear they do n't think she 's good enough to marry him . His father Mitchum gives her an internship at one of his papers but tells her he does n't think she has what it takes . Upset , she convinces Logan to steal a yacht to take her out on the sea . In the season finale , Rory has been charged for the yacht theft and announces she is dropping out of Yale . Lorelai refuses to let her come home so Richard and Emily let her move into the pool house and get a job , hoping she will change her mind . Luke tells Taylor he 's pulling out of the house buy when he discovers Lorelai is considering selling the inn , while Lane 's mother arranges for her and the band to tour church theatres . The season closes with Lorelai asking Luke to marry her . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Gilmore Girls characters Main cast ( edit ) Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James Scott Patterson as Luke Danes Keiko Agena as Lane Kim Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard Liza Weil as Paris Geller Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore Recurring cast ( edit ) Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger Liz Torres as Miss Patty Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim Sally Struthers as Babette Dell Ted Rooney as Morey Dell Michael Winters as Taylor Doose Jared Padalecki as Dean Forester David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig John Cabrera as Brian Fuller Wayne Wilcox as Marty Sebastian Bach as Gil Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes Michael DeLuise as TJ Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 88 `` Say Goodbye to Daisy Miller '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 2T5301 6.20 Things are still testy between Lorelai and Rory , and Rory 's refusal to discuss the Dean situation causes Lorelai anguish . Emily announces that she and Richard have separated . Sookie is ecstatic when Kirk tells her that Luke and Lorelai kissed . Rory 's attempt to meet Dean and discuss what happened leads to a lot of action , but no talk . Dean provokes an argument with Lindsay after leaving Rory 's house . Emily decides to go to Europe and invites Rory to accompany her . Lorelai and Luke are very tentative with each other the day after until they are able to reassure each other that they 're on the right path . Luke heads off to Maine for a week to help Liz and T.J. with their Ren Faire booth . Rory decides that she needs a break from both Dean and her mother , and decides to take her grandmother up on her invitation to go to Europe . 89 `` A Messenger , Nothing More '' Daniel Palladino Daniel Palladino September 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 28 ) 2T5302 5.99 T.J. is milking his injuries for all he 's worth , but Luke decides that it 's time to go home after seven weeks on the Ren Faire circuit . Rory calls to apologize and to ask her mother to deliver a letter to Dean . Sookie accurately diagnoses Lorelai with a bad case of management burnout , and the two friends decide to decompress with a girls - day - out . Emily and Rory come home exhausted from fending off the attentions of randy European men . Michel is wildly unenthusiastic when he 's pressed into babysitting for guests whose children take an inexplicable shine to him . After Lindsay finds Rory 's letter , she throws Dean and all his possessions out of the house , and her mother has an angry confrontation with Lorelai in the town square . Lane realizes that she 's falling for Zack . Rory is saddened when Dean expresses regret for the shift in their relationship and the harm it caused to his wife and their families . 90 `` Written in the Stars '' Kenny Ortega Amy Sherman - Palladino October 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) 2T5303 6.10 Luke and Lorelai go on their official first date at a restaurant owned by old friends of Luke 's parents . Luke reminds Lorelai of how they met , shows her a horoscope she gave him for good luck that he 's kept in his wallet , and assures her that he intends to go the distance with her . Lorelai spends the night at Luke 's place . In the morning , she goes down to the diner to get coffee , and the breakfast crowd sees her wearing only Luke 's shirt . There 's surprisingly little gossip about Luke and Lorelai until the next town meeting , where Taylor uses charts to show how disastrous a breakup between them would be for Stars Hollow . Meanwhile , Rory meets a rich Yale student named Logan and chews him out for being rude to her friend Marty . Paris holds a wake for Asher that all the guests assume is a keg party with a weird theme . Emily freaks out when she discovers that Richard has a social life she does n't know about so she invades Rory 's dorm during the wake . 91 `` Tippecanoe and Taylor , Too '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Bill Prady October 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) 2T5304 5.81 Lorelai confesses that part of the charm of breakfast by Luke is breakfast at Luke 's . Rory is less than thrilled to discover that the common room in her suite has been overtaken by a huge antique printing press Paris inherited from Asher . Lorelai and Sookie head up Jackson 's campaign committee when he decides to run against Taylor for town selectman to put an end to the grocer 's petty tyranny over Stars Hollow , but Lorelai has second thoughts when she sees how Jackson 's projected landslide victory is affecting Taylor . Rory and Dean have difficulty finding a comfortable place to be alone , compounded by Dean 's having to share a car with Lindsay and his reluctance to make his relationship with Rory public . Lane confesses her true feelings to Zack . After all the votes have been counted , Jackson is n't quite certain he wants the job , and Taylor vows not to go away quietly . 92 5 `` We Got Us a Pippi Virgin '' Stephen Clancy Daniel Palladino October 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 19 ) 2T5305 5.64 The demands of the electorate are beginning to get to Jackson . Lorelai and Rory delicately nudge Richard and Emily closer together . Lorelai decides that a double date with Rory and Dean is the way to smooth over the bumps in her relationship with Dean , but the evening goes awry when Luke ca n't get over feeling that Dean is n't good enough for Rory . Richard takes up a new hobby , and Emily buys a panic room . Failing to get a response from Zack about the declaration of her feelings , Lane rescinds them , which finally gets Zack talking . Lorelai introduces Luke to `` Pippi Longstocking '' as Kirk gets much better acquainted with Lulu during movie night at the Black & White & Read Bookstore . 93 6 `` Norman Mailer , I 'm Pregnant ! '' Matthew Diamond James Berg , Stan Zimmerman October 26 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) 2T5306 5.60 Doyle is jealous when Glenn 's article gets picked up by the New York Times . Rory discovers that Logan , the son of a newspaper magnate , is also on the staff of the paper . Paris wages a fierce campaign to get the religion beat and takes an ecumenical approach to alienating the local clergy . Desperate for a story idea for her features assignment after several concepts fail to pan out , Rory uncovers a secret Yale society which counts Logan as a member , and enlists his cooperation in getting a story on the group . Sookie becomes upset when the Inn 's accountant suggests dropping lunch temporarily to save money and Norman Mailer stakes out a table in the dining room to work and give interviews , and refuses to order anything from the menu except iced tea . Lorelai and Rory show up for Friday night dinner , and when they discover that neither Emily nor Richard are home , decide to order pizza and eat on the living room floor . Christopher calls Lorelai in a panic when Sherry suddenly decides to move to Paris , leaving him unprepared to care for a colicky Gigi . After freaking out completely over Norman Mailer 's constant presence Sookie realizes that her extreme emotions and sensitivity in the past days are the result of her being pregnant again . Rory asks Christopher to stay away from Lorelai . 94 7 `` You Jump , I Jump , Jack '' Kenny Ortega Daniel Palladino November 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) 2T5307 5.81 After Kirk spills the beans that her daughter is dating Luke , Emily demands that Lorelai bring him to dinner so that they can get reacquainted . Although Lorelai tries to warn him away , Luke goes anyway and is subjected to an evening of oblique insults from a passive - aggressive Emily . After Zach announces that he 's ready to start going out with Lane , they spend a cozy first date at home after banishing Brian to Lane 's bedroom . Having not learned his lesson with Emily , Luke agrees to accept Richard 's invitation to go golfing , and both men turn a deaf ear to Lorelai 's pleas to cancel . Rory gets her story on the `` Life and Death Brigade '' by being blindfolded and whisked away by Logan and his friends to observe the elaborately staged weekend in the woods , and finally , after Logan encourages her to take a risk , to participate in the event 's breathtaking finale . 95 8 `` The Party 's Over '' Eric Laneuville Amy Sherman - Palladino November 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) 2T5308 6.13 After Emily discovers that Rory is seeing Dean again , she calls a temporary truce with Richard so that they can jointly host a Yale alumni party whose express purpose is to find a suitable match for their unsuspecting granddaughter . Liz and T.J. buy a house in Stars Hollow . Mrs. Kim flips out after Kyon tells her that Lane and Zach hugged in Luke 's Diner . When the pressures of being new homeowners lead Liz and T.J. to quarrel , T.J. seeks refuge with his brother - in - law , and ruins the romantic dinner and evening Luke prepared for Lorelai . Logan appears at the party just in time to rescue Rory from yet another prospective bridegroom , and Rory learns that he 's very well acquainted with her grandparents . Lane leads Kyon over to the culinary dark side and reveals the secrets to living a happy teenage life at the Kim house . Dean realizes that he no longer fits into Rory 's life , and Logan gallantly steps in to dry her tears . 96 9 `` Emily Says Hello '' Kenny Ortega Rebecca Rand Kirshner November 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) 2T5309 6.00 Jackson is the soul of patience as Sookie suffers from mood swings and pregnancy food cravings . Paris ' decision to fast for Ramadan to bring authenticity to her writing takes its toll on Rory and Marty . Against Lorelai 's advice , Michel persists with his plan to foil the bathrobe bandits and nearly gets arrested . Emily decides to start dating again and calls on a reluctant Lorelai for advice . Jackson is so overwhelmed by his duties as Selectman that Miss Patty is forced to resort to a ruse to get him to preside over the town meeting . Lorelai invites Christopher to lunch at the Inn and decides to surprise Rory by inviting her as well , but it 's Lorelai who 's surprised by the tension between father and daughter , which erupts into a heated argument out of Lorelai 's earshot . Lorelai feels guilty for lying to Rory when her daughter asks about Luke 's reaction to the lunch date with Christopher . Luke helps T.J. with some plumbing problems at the new house . Emily appears to have a wonderful time on her date , but bursts into tears when she looks around her empty home at the end of the date . Luke feigns indifference when Lorelai finally tells him about lunch with Christopher , but hints at some ambivalence during a later conversation with T.J. . Marty 's timing is off by mere seconds when he attempts to ask Rory out on a date . 97 10 `` But Not as Cute as Pushkin '' Michael Zinberg Amy Sherman - Palladino November 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 30 ) 2T5310 6.23 Miss Patty celebrates forty years in show business on the same day that Luke mourns his father 's death . Terrence 's urging Paris to get on with her life prompts her to try speed dating where she hooks up with Doyle . Marty finally clues Rory in that both he and Logan are interested in her . Lorelai 's attempt to do something nice for Luke backfires . Rory enlists Richard in turning the practical joke table back on Logan . At Headmaster Charleston 's request , Rory happily gives Anna , a Chilton student and prospective Eli , the Yale grand tour , but the immature Anna manages to get both herself and her host in trouble with her party - crazed ways . 98 11 `` Women of Questionable Morals '' Matthew Diamond Daniel Palladino January 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) 2T5311 5.04 Wanting to make peace with Rory , Christopher shows up at Yale , but she brushes off his attempt at compromise . When Lorelai learns that Christopher 's father just died , she spends the evening at his place trying to comfort him , then refrains from telling Luke the truth about where she was . Also , Emily & Richard are briefly reconciled when they find and take in a lost dog . 99 12 `` Come Home '' Kenny Ortega Jessica Queller February 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 01 ) 2T5312 5.20 Rory offers to help Logan write an article for the Yale Daily , but she is disappointed when he does n't invite her to be his date at a book signing party thrown by his father . When Richard sees Emily talking to the man she dated , he rear - ends her car forcing her to ride home with him . The Gilmores reconcile and decide to renew their wedding vows . Emily warns Christopher that Lorelai and Luke are getting serious and he had better do something quickly if he hopes to end up with Lorelai . 100 13 `` Wedding Bell Blues '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino February 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) 2T5313 6.26 Emily and Richard renew their vows in front of their closest friends with Lorelai as Emily 's Maid of Honor and Rory as Richard 's Best Man . Luke gets in a fight with Christopher over Lorelai . Logan comes to the ceremony with a girl that looks like his girlfriend , and Rory gets jealous . Rory confronts Logan and Logan and Rory go a level up from flirting . 101 14 `` Say Something '' Daniel Palladino Daniel Palladino February 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 15 ) 2T5314 5.29 Lorelai does her best to get Luke to not give up on them after the awful events at the wedding . Luke tells her he needs some time and Lorelai ca n't take it . Rory asks Logan to hang out with her , but is upset that when she gets to his place that there are a lot of people there . She gets a call from Sookie who tells her that Lorelai is in bad shape after Luke told her that he did n't think he could be in this relationship . Rory does n't have a car , but Logan lets her borrow his car and driver . Taylor has the whole town taking sides for either Luke or Lorelai . After taking care of her mom Rory goes back to Yale to work things out with Logan , making sure he understood that the hanging out did n't just mean hanging out , it meant alone time . 102 15 `` Jews and Chinese Food '' Matthew Diamond Amy Sherman - Palladino February 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 22 ) 2T5315 5.37 Still smarting from her split with Luke , Lorelai is further stung when she notices that Luke has moved his boat . Meanwhile , Luke volunteers to build the sets for a school production of `` Fiddler on the Roof '' , knowing that Lorelai is doing costumes , in hopes that their paths will cross . Meanwhile , at Yale , Rory plans to reconnect with Marty to watch Marx Brothers movies , but Logan interrupts their day by inviting them to dinner with his group . 103 16 `` So ... Good Talk '' Jamie Babbit Lisa Randolph March 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) 2T5316 5.42 When Richard and Emily return from their second honeymoon , Rory attends Friday night dinner without Lorelai , who refuses to speak to her mother or see her , and plans a girls ' night out with Sookie instead . Richard and Emily then give a 100 - year - old Greek book to Rory and have yet another maid . Rory surprises everyone with a rare outburst at her grandmother for interfering in Lorelai 's love life . Meanwhile , Luke , who 's miserable without Lorelai , takes his anger out on his customers and his dark mood causes him to burn the food and when one customer wants his omelet redone , he throws him out of the diner . When a meter maid is writing a ticket to put on Luke 's boat ( that is parked in front of the diner ) Lorelai comes in time to put some quarters in the meter . Emily goes to the diner to talk to Luke . Meanwhile , Lane has a horrific realization about her mother 's influence . 104 17 `` Pulp Friction '' Michael Zinberg James Berg , Stan Zimmerman March 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 08 ) 2T5317 5.34 Now that Luke and Lorelai are back together , Lorelai can come into the diner . They make a date to celebrate getting back together . Rory and Logan are still dating , however not exclusively . Rory and Lorelai see him with another girl while they are shopping in downtown New Haven , but when Rory goes to Finn 's birthday party with Robert , Logan gets jealous . Emily and Richard assume that since Emily gave instructions to Luke to get back together with Lorelai everything must be all set now . However , they are surprised to see only Rory show up for Friday dinner . 105 18 `` To Live and Let Diorama '' Jackson Douglas Daniel Palladino April 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 19 ) 2T5318 4.82 Old man Twickum dies , declaring through his will that the house be made into a museum for two months , then disposed of by the Head of the Historical Society , aka Taylor . Much to everyone 's surprise , Luke volunteers to help with the museum to remain close to the house . Lorelai is interviewed by a magazine due to her success with the inn . Lane suspects Zach of cheating on her with Sophie . Rory and Paris sulk over their recent pitfalls with love resulting with the both of them in Stars Hollow getting tipsy with Lane on Miss Patty 's Punch and all three of them trying to contact their beaus . Dean informs Luke that their situations are the same , and that Lorelai will eventually get bored and move on . Lane discovers Zach secretly practicing in a bluegrass band . ( Last appearance of Jared Padalecki . ) 106 19 `` But I 'm a Gilmore ! '' Michael Zinberg Amy Sherman - Palladino April 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 26 ) 2T5319 5.52 Rory finally realizes that she 's not a casual dater and tells Logan that she wants to be friends . He surprises her by suggesting they become a couple instead , while she 's certainly fine with that plan , his family may not be . Luke fills in as Head Chef at the Dragonfly while Lorelai looks for a temporary replacement for Sookie , who must remain in bed for the rest of her pregnancy . Unfortunately , Sookie does n't like losing control of her kitchen and interferes with Luke . And Paris learns the real reason why Doyle has n't returned her calls lately . 107 20 `` How Many Kropogs to Cape Cod ? '' Jamie Babbit Bill Prady , Rebecca Rand Kirshner May 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 03 ) 2T5320 5.41 Rory starts her internship . Due to low attendance and much to Luke 's delight , Taylor decides to close down the museum and sell the house . Richard and Emily invite Logan to dinner , and Lorelai begs to attend . Lorelai meets with an inn investor which could mean travel in her future . 108 21 `` Blame Booze and Melville '' Jamie Babbit Daniel Palladino May 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) 2T5321 5.14 The magazine comes out and Luke and Lorelai get a little too enthusiastic when celebrating . Sookie goes into labor . Rory is given a surprising review by Mitchum Huntzberger and goes to extremes to unwind . Luke is upset when he finds out that Kirk has put in a competing offer on the Twickham house . Emily takes in a foreign ballerina . 109 22 `` A House Is Not a Home '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino May 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) 2T5322 5.89 After receiving a call from her , Lorelai goes to pick Rory up from the police station and takes her home . While on the way home Logan calls Rory and Lorelai orders her not to talk to him and she does anyway . Rory explains that the boat theft was not Logan 's idea and Lorelai should not blame him . Lorelai goes to Luke and freaks out about what to do and how to act and Luke plays the fatherly type toward Rory while talking to Lorelai . Logan finds out that his father upset Rory and says he will have a talk with his father , but Rory begs him not to . Rory tells Lorelai that she decided she wo n't be going back to Yale next year . Lorelai does n't like this idea and goes to her parents for help . Somewhere in between , Rory goes to her grandparents house to talk to them about her situation and ends up convincing them to support her decision . They then tell Lorelai that Rory will be living in their poolhouse until she decides she wants to go back to Yale . On the other hand , Mrs. Kim helps Lane and her band get gigs and stay together . Show ends with a proposal from Lorelai . DVD release ( edit ) The Complete Fifth Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 6 - disc set 1.33 : 1 aspect ratio 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio ( international ) Subtitles : English , Spanish and French English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Commentary by : Amy Sherman - Palladino and Dan Palladino on `` You Jump , I Jump , Jack '' Gilmore Girls Turns 100 -- Featurette on the 100th episode Behind - the - Scenes of the 100th episode Who Wants to Talk Gilmore ? The Season 's Wittiest Wordplay Moments `` Guide to Gilmorisms '' booklet ( available online only ) Release dates North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Norway Australia December 13 , 2005 January 18 , 2010 August 16 , 2006 January 24 , 2007 September 6 , 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Gilmore Girls '' USA ratings `` . Jump up ^ Lecter , Scott ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Gilmore Girls : The Complete Fifth Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ( hide ) Gilmore Girls Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Lorelais ' First Day At Chilton '' `` Kill Me Now '' `` Concert Interruptus '' Season 2 `` Teach Me Tonight '' Season 3 Season 4 `` The Lorelais ' First Day at Yale '' Season 5 `` Wedding Bell Blues '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Bon Voyage '' A Year in the Life Characters Lorelai Gilmore Rory Gilmore Emily Gilmore See also Awards Stars Hollow Our Little Corner of the World : Music from Gilmore Girls Gilmore Guys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilmore_Girls_(season_5)&oldid=831940926 '' Categories : Gilmore Girls episodes 2004 American television seasons 2005 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 23 : 00 . About Wikipedia	when do lorelai and luke get back together	[]	[]
-4732540062742458710	Grey's Anatomy (season 3)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) DVD cover art for the third season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The third season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 21 , 2006 , and concluded on May 17 , 2007 . The season was produced by Touchstone Television , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company , the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , and T.R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley , respectively , continuing their expansive storylines as focal points throughout the season . Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr. , Kate Walsh , Isaiah Washington , and Patrick Dempsey also returned , while previous guest stars Sara Ramirez and Eric Dane were promoted to series regulars , following the extension of their contracts . The season followed the continuation of the surgical residency of five young interns , as they experience the demands of the competitive field of medicine , which becomes defining in their personal evolution . Although set in fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington , filming primarily occurred in Los Angeles , California . Whereas the first season mainly focused on the impact the surgical field has on the main characters , and the second one provided a detailed perspective on the physicians ' private lives , the third season deals with the tough challenges brought by the last phase of the surgeons ' internship , combining the professional motif emphasized in the first season , with the complex personal background used in the second . Through the season , several new storylines are introduced , including the arrival of Dane 's character , Dr. Mark Sloan , conceived and introduced as an antagonizing presence . In a departure from the previous season , the third season aired in a new competitive time slot of 9 : 00 pm on Thursdays , competing against the heavily promoted and highly rated dramatic television series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , which simultaneously aired on the CBS Network . Season three of Grey 's Anatomy contained 25 episodes , in addition to two clip shows that were produced to recap the previous events of the show , before the introduction of major new arcs . `` Complications of the Heart '' aired on the same night as the season premiere , recapping the last episodes of the second season with insights into future episodes in the third , while `` Every Moment Counts '' aired before the twentieth episode . The season also aired a two - part episode arc , which primarily served as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin - off , Private Practice , focusing on the departure of Walsh 's character , Dr. Addison Montgomery . The series ended its third season with an average of 19.22 million viewers per episode and a 6.8 / 35 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking eighth in the television season , outperformed by CSI . Television critics expressed a mainly negative outlook on the development of the series throughout the season , with the reviews ranging from mixed to unfavorable , as exaggeration and lack of realism have been highlighted as the main issues in the declining quality of the storylines . Despite the negative critical response , the performance of the cast members and the production technique of the crew received outstanding recognition through numerous awards and nominations . Earning major category nominations at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 65th Golden Globe Awards , the season achieved the series ' highest number of recipients , with Heigl being the most awarded cast member . The series was ranked sixth in USA Today 's `` best of television '' list , following the conclusion of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main Cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing and filming 3.3 Spin - off launch 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 DVD Release 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Ramirez was upgraded to series regular status , after numerous appearances throughout the second season . The third season had twelve roles receiving star billing , with ten returning from the previous season , of whom nine were part of the original cast . All the main characters are physicians in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . Ellen Pompeo portrayed Meredith Grey , both the protagonist and the narrator of the series , whose main goal is achieving a balance between the difficulties of the internship , and the complicated relationships in her private life . Sandra Oh portrayed Cristina Yang , who quickly develops as Meredith 's best friend , despite the continuous competition against the other interns . Katherine Heigl portrayed intern Isobel `` Izzie '' Stevens , mourning the death of her fiancé as she unexpectedly decides to quit her job ; she concludes that she is too personally involved with her patients . Justin Chambers acted as Alexander `` Alex '' Karev , whose abrasive , arrogant attitude is softened with a more emotional and sensitive outlook on his career and relationships . T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley , who gradually becomes more self - confident after his feelings for Meredith diminish . Chandra Wilson portrayed fifth - year resident in general surgery , Miranda Bailey , the resident in charge of the five interns . James Pickens , Jr. acted as Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , who has to deal with the choice between his career and his marriage . Kate Walsh played Addison Montgomery , obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon , who comes to terms with her husband Derek Shepherd 's desire to divorce , while dealing with the arrival of her former lover . Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon , Preston Burke , who becomes engaged to intern Cristina Yang after their developing a relationship . Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception . Sara Ramirez began receiving star billing in the season premiere , after numerous appearances during the last episodes of the second season . She portrayed orthopedic surgeon and fifth - year resident , Calliope `` Callie '' Torres , whose relationship with intern George O'Malley evolves into a sudden marriage with unpleasant repercussions . Eric Dane was also promoted to the series regular status after a guest appearance in the eighteenth episode of the previous season , and an uncredited one in the second episode of this season . He began receiving star billing in the third episode of the season , portraying attending physician , otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon Mark Sloan , whose arc , describing the attempt at resuming his relationship with Addison Montgomery , is heavily developed throughout the season . Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline . Brooke Smith continues her role as cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , whose storylines include the rivalry with Preston Burke , her arrival to perform surgery of George O'Malley's dying father , and Richard Webber 's decision to hire her in the hospital . Chyler Leigh portrayed Meredith 's half - sister , Lexie Grey , who is accepted into the hospital 's internship program after her mother 's sudden death . Kate Burton appeared as Meredith Grey 's mother , Ellis Grey , a renowned surgeon suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , who ultimately dies following a heart attack . Veterinary physician Finn Dandrige was portrayed by Chris O'Donnell and appeared in the first four episodes of the season to resume the storyline of his romantic relationship with Meredith , previously introduced in the second season . Deceased since the second - season finale , character Dennsion `` Denny '' Duquette , Jr . ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) appeared in two episodes of the season , during Meredith 's limbo sequence . Elizabeth Reaser portrayed Rebecca `` Ava '' Pope , recurring character and love interest for Alex Karev . She arrives as a patient suffering from amnesia and severe facial injuries after being involved in a massive ferry crash . Loretta Devine acted as Adele Webber , Richard 's wife , whose continuous struggle to have a normal marriage culminates in her asking her husband to retire . Other guest stars include Sarah Utterback in the role of nurse Olivia Harper , former love interest of both George O'Malley and Alex Karev , Kali Rocha portraying fifth - year resident Sydney Heron , who enters a competition against Miranda Bailey and Callie Torres for the position of Chief Resident , Roger Rees in the role of Colin Marlowe , a cardiothoracic surgeon and Cristina Yang 's former professor and lover , Jeff Perry portraying Meredith Grey 's father , Thatcher Grey ; Mare Winningham in the role of Susan Grey , Embeth Davidtz playing Derek Shepherd 's sister Nancy Shepherd , a surgeon who is revealed to have slept with Mark Sloan ; Tsai Chin in the role of Helen Yang Rubenstein , Cristina 's mother , and Diahann Carroll portraying Jane Burke , Preston Burke 's overly protective mother . Future Private Practice series regulars Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell starred in the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the season , portraying Violet Turner , Cooper Freedman , Peter Wilder , Sam Bennett and William `` Dell '' Parker , respectively , in order to make the transition to the proposed spin - off . Main Cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery - Shepherd Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan ( From Episode 3 ) Isaiah Washington as Dr. Preston Burke Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Time Has Come Today '' Daniel Minahan Shonda Rhimes September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) 25.41 The interns of Seattle Grace Hospital help Izzie cope with the loss of her fiancé , Denny Duquette as well as her decision to quit the internship program . Meredith is uncertain what the future holds after she has sex with Derek and whether he is willing to leave Addison after a marriage of eleven years . Addison finds Meredith 's panties in Derek 's tux pocket , and realizes that he slept with Meredith . After spending the night in his office , Webber is confronted by his wife , Adele ( Loretta Devine ) . She gives him an ultimatum , forcing him to decide between his career and his marriage . Addison and Alex treat a newborn baby who was found abandoned in a trash can , and they are faced with four minors who could be the mother . George seeks relationship advice from Derek after they are forced to stay under quarantine in the locker room , when Derek confesses his feeling towards Meredith . Bailey gets attached to a patient in isolation whose wife dies , and relives the moments when her husband 's life was threatened . 38 `` I Am a Tree '' Jeff Melman Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) 23.48 Cristina makes a bad first impression on Burke 's parents and is also surprised to find that he is a `` mama 's boy '' . Burke 's mother believes that Cristina is too selfish and driven for her son , and is only trying to take advantage of his extensive knowledge of cardiothoracic surgery . Izzie uses baking to cope with her grieving , and bakes hundreds of muffins . After pinning Meredith 's panties to a bulletin board , Addison takes a day off from the hospital and spends the day drinking . Due to Addison taking the day off , Bailey has Alex help her in the pit , and they 're faced with a teenage patient who has been impaled on a tree branch . A brain tumor patient quizzes Meredith and Cristina over their respective relationships . Webber discovers that Callie has been living in the hospital and tells her she has to leave because of hospital policy . Bailey finds the panties on the bulletin board and loses it , demanding to know who they belong to . Callie sees Meredith 's embarrassment and takes the blame , which in turn causes George to become jealous , fearing Callie might have cheated on him . A surgical patient lives what may be her last day to the fullest . Meredith must choose between Derek and Finn , and struggles coming to a decision . In the end she tells them both that she would like to try dating them both instead . 39 `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' Adam Arkin Debora Cahn October 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) 22.80 Cristina is determined to help Burke overcome his hand tremor and get back into the operating room . Izzie attempts to return to the hospital for the first time since she left the program , but ends up standing in front of the hospital all day , unable to go in and confront Webber . Alex treats a young patient who has a long history of injuries , leading him to suspect abuse . It is discovered that she ca n't feel pain which makes her believe she is a super hero . Derek and Cristina treat a man who elects to have brain surgery so he is able to look after his child . George gets annoyed at Callie after she moves in with him , resulting in them arguing over a patient . Meredith gets annoyed as both Derek and Finn interrupt the other as they are dating her . Mark is determined to get back together with Addison , but she continuously refuses him . 40 `` What I Am '' Dan Lerner Allan Heinberg October 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 12 ) 22.88 Meredith 's appendix bursts and she is admitted for surgery . Addison works with a pregnant woman who wants to give birth naturally , but needs to have a cesarean section . Addison begins to doubt her abilities as a surgeon after Derek broke up with her ; Addison takes Alex off her rotation . Meredith is high from the painkillers and she and Addison speak frankly and apologize to each other . The interns work with a car salesman who wants to get back to his regular routine after he has a risky surgery , however , he lights a cigarette that catches his face on fire . Derek and Mark argue over the best way to treat him , each believing that their specialty is the most important and pressing . Callie breaks things off with George after he stands her up for Izzie , and she later hooks up with Mark . Derek clears Burke for surgery again , but Burke has serious doubts about whether his hand is ready or able to perform surgery again . He keeps his doubts to himself , except to tell Cristina . He practices on a corpse and he and Cristina realize his hand ca n't perform surgery unless he has help . They decide together to hide the truth by having Cristina assist him in his surgeries . After her surgery , Meredith makes a decision between Derek and Finn , telling Finn that he is a good man and probably a better man , but Derek is `` the one '' . Izzie meets Denny 's father , who gives her 8.7 million dollars according to Denny 's wishes . 41 5 `` Oh , the Guilt '' Jeff Melman Zoanne Clack & Tony Phelan & Joan Rater October 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) 22.05 The interns are excited to attend their first Morbidity and Mortality conference but their excitement evaporates quickly after finding out Denny Duquette is first on the agenda . Bailey is raked over the coals for letting her interns run unsupervised about the hospital for long durations. Bailey treats a young mother battling breast cancer and realizes that she blames her infant son for everything that had happened to her . Derek and Addison finalize their divorce ; Derek gives up most of their property to Addison but later learns that Mark and Addison 's relationship was not just a one - night affair and that they kept seeing each other for three months . Addison and Meredith treat a former couple who got stuck inside one another during sex , however , after separating the pair , the man has a heart attack that causes him go into surgery . In the midst of the surgery , Burke 's right hand begins to tremble again . Cristina covers for him by asking to practice her running whipstitch . Izzie decides to give up surgery after receiving Denny 's check , but she becomes re-motivated after watching Cristina operate . Callie confesses to Meredith that she slept with another man , but does n't name Mark . Meredith contemplates telling Derek about her break up with Finn , but is hesitant , despite the fellow interns telling her to let him know as fast as she can . George is surprised when Callie tells him that she broke up with him . 42 6 `` Let the Angels Commit '' Jessica Yu Stacy McKee November 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) 21.02 Cristina scrubs in on the rare `` humpty dumpty '' surgery , much to the envy of her fellow doctors . Bailey wants to scrub in and writes her name on the surgical board as the resident in charge . Cristina erases Bailey 's name in order to cover for Burke 's hand tremor , which leads Bailey to believe that he was the one responsible for the deletion , leading her to question her talent for surgery and becoming discouraged . Derek receives a surprise visit from his sister and learns that she had slept with Mark , something that threatens their fragile friendship . George and Addison work with a pregnant woman with an unusual dilemma . Mark takes Alex off plastics after he chooses Addison 's patient over being on hold at the DMV for Mark , but he later witnesses Mark and Callie discussing their one - night stand . Izzie returns to work , but is on probation and is not allowed to talk to patients , perform any surgery , or even go into an operating room . Bailey directs Meredith to be Izzie 's boss for the day and the two treat a patient that may need to be admitted into psychiatry . At the end of the episode , Bailey witnesses Cristina reorganizing the operations board , and becomes suspicious . 43 7 `` Where the Boys Are '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding November 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) 20.65 Derek invites Burke to join him on a quiet camping trip , but George , Alex , Webber , Joe and Walter come along , ruining Derek 's plans . George notices Burke 's hand tremor whilst fishing with him , but Burke brushes off George 's concerns . Addison and Callie team up to work on a patient but realize that their passion for medicine is not the only thing they share , as they had both slept with Mark and later regretted it . Alex tells George that Callie slept with Mark , and he is unable to accept the truth , even though he and Callie were broken up at the time . Things go from bad to worse when George and Alex fight , and Walter gets injured in the process . Meredith assists Mark on a sex - change procedure as he keeps trying to get her to sleep with him , but complications arise when it 's discovered that the patient has breast cancer . Bailey confronts Cristina after realizing that she was the one to erase Bailey 's name off the surgery board , not Burke , and finally regains confidence in her abilities as a surgeon . As a result , Bailey takes revenge on Cristina by assigning her to the case of a child who swallowed 21 Monopoly pieces , and keeps her off surgeries until she admits why she took Bailey 's name off the board . Izzie has to have a counselling session with Sydney , the perky resident who annoyed the interns when Bailey was on maternity leave . 44 8 `` Staring at the Sun '' Jeff Melman Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . November 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) 20.92 Harold O'Malley is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital , and George 's brothers come along and become friendly with Callie . George , however , does not want Callie to socialize with his family , so he assures her that their relationship is over , with no chances of reconciliation . Meredith tries to take things slow with Derek and refuses to have sex with him , while he tries to have a civilized relationship with his now ex-wife , Addison . Derek and Addison confront Webber when they believe he may be suffering from depression . Alex and Izzie help Mark treat a man after he received pectoral implants , and following on from advice from the patient , Alex kisses Izzie after he realizes that he still has feelings for her which are not returned . George and Bailey are on the verge of discovering Burke 's condition . Meredith and Bailey treat a five - year old girl , who was accidentally run over by her nanny . 45 9 `` From a Whisper to a Scream '' Julie Anne Robinson Kip Koenig November 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) 18.51 A traumatic car accident which fills the emergency room has everyone challenged emotionally . George calls Erica Hahn from Seattle Presbyterian Hospital to perform heart surgery on his father after he finds out about Burke 's condition . George 's parents task Izzie with finding out why George had them change surgeon , but this only leads to George snapping at Izzie . Meredith figures out that Burke needs Cristina to operate . Cristina has a crisis of conscience about her deceptive teamwork with Burke , and turns to Webber . Burke is shocked to see that Webber is considering replacing him with Dr. Hahn as the Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital , but eventually learns that Webber 's plan was to make him Chief after his retirement . However , after Cristina confesses about his hand tremor , Webber is forced to warn him about the severe consequences he will have to face . Callie attempts to rebuild her relationship with George . Addison , Mark , and Alex work together on a pregnant woman , and Alex and Addison realize they may have feelings for each other . 46 10 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' Seith Mann Carolina Paiz November 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) 24.01 Recent events strain Burke and Cristina 's relationship and they both realize that the chances of reconciliation are lowering . Meredith 's half - sister , Molly , goes into labor and is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital under the care of Addison . Meredith does not want to see or talk to Susan , her stepmother , and tells her that she is not family and their relationship should go no further . Harold attempts to discover the cause of George 's anger . Derek and Mark must work together when two conjoined brothers seek medical help for separation . However , the patients could become paralyzed or die following the procedure , and Derek is unsure on whether to continue until he gets a pep talk from Bailey . Webber demands that Burke has surgery again to fix his hand . Meredith has to tell her mother that Webber will not keep seeing her and she relives the night that he left her for good twenty years ago . Meredith is devastated when her mother says that she should never have had a daughter as she believes that is the reason that Webber had left her . Cristina faces the wrath of Bailey and the other interns following her part in Burke 's scheme . 47 11 `` Six Days ( Part 1 ) '' Greg Yaitanes Krista Vernoff January 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) 23.03 After a successful heart surgery performed by Dr. Hahn , George 's father undergoes surgery to remove the tumor that has spread through his body . Webber and Bailey perform the surgery and do a certain procedure according to Mr. O'Malley's wishes , in spite of their medical opinion . Thatcher Grey visits Seattle Grace Hospital to stay by the side of his daughter Molly , who has just given birth to a girl . Meredith has trouble connecting to him and hesitates in talking to him all day long . Alex works with Addison when the baby needs an emergency surgery , and afterwards they nearly kiss . Derek has trouble sleeping due to Meredith 's disturbing snoring as she learns that he had been sleeping on the couch for days . A young girl is admitted to the hospital , suffering from a severe bone condition that is thought to be inoperable . Despite Derek 's neurological advice , Callie believes that a certain expensive surgery might be live - saving . Izzie begs to scrub in on a surgery , but Bailey refuses to let her do so until she cashes in her check . 48 12 `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' Greg Yaitanes Krista Vernoff January 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 18 ) 21.94 George learns about the procedure that Webber and Bailey performed on his father which ultimately leads to a worsening of his condition . The O'Malley family now have to face a difficult decision regarding Harold 's inability to breathe on his own . They must take him off life support . Meredith finally talks to her father and realizes that her snoring is one of the many things they have in common , despite her inability to admit it . Meredith and Derek continue to argue over her snoring , but the situation is resolved following Meredith 's talk with her dad . There 's tension between Alex and Addison that eventually leads to them kissing . Addison confesses to Callie that she got pregnant with Mark 's son but aborted him after realizing that Mark could never be a good father . Burke lets Cristina know about the status of his condition , but the pair still refuse to talk to each other . Izzie is barred from the girl 's surgery after Bailey finds out that she paid for the operation , but she ultimately wins her respect after realizing that without the money the girl could have never been saved . The girl begins a new life as a normal child thanks to Izzie 's generous donation . 49 13 `` Great Expectations '' Michael Grossman Eric Buchman January 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 25 ) 21.50 After Webber announces his retirement , rumors begin to circulate on his departure and successor . Mark is determined to leave Seattle for good , and irritates Meredith and Alex by making them tend to a patient who will need constant attention but Meredith accidentally gives Mark incentive to stay after letting him know of the open Chief position . Derek is angry at Meredith for causing Mark to remain in Seattle , but soon realizes that she is not the reason he is really angry . The attending physicians at Seattle Grace Hospital fight to get Webber 's attention , but he expresses his disappointment in their conduct . He also forces Bailey to get signatures from all the attendings so she can create a free medical clinic , before confessing to her that he thinks she will be Chief one day . Bailey secures the signatures , but has no funding until Izzie offers to spend her entire 8.7 million dollar inheritance on the project . Addison , Izzie , and George treat a patient with a cervical tumor , and Izzie gets worried about George due to his dad having recently died from cancer . Things get more complicated when the patient 's Puritan parents arrive . Addison is avoiding Alex following their kiss . Callie and Cristina treat a marathon runner who collapsed after a blackout . George , devastated after his father 's death , reunites with Callie and uses sex to overcome his grief , before eventually proposing to her . Cristina and Burke still do n't speak to each other , but she eventually breaks , and Burke ends up proposing to her . Webber endeavors to reunite with his wife , Adele , and decides to retire , only to come home and find she 's with another man . 50 14 `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' Julie Anne Robinson Tony Phelan & Joan Rater February 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) 24.18 The race for the Chief 's position is on , and the attending physicians , Derek , Burke , Addison , and Mark , compete for Webber 's affections by trying to help out everywhere possible . The Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic is open for business , but no one shows up . Izzie is disappointed in what she invested Denny 's legacy in , and she and Alex team up to steal patients from the emergency room . Callie and George get back from Las Vegas , announcing their marriage , much to everyone 's disbelief . Izzie is not supportive of their marriage and tries to get George to realize the mistake he has made . George and Webber treat a patient with cancer , but her blood has a neurotoxin in it that causes all the staff around her to fall ill . The staff have to operate on her in hazmat suits , and later in small bursts to complete her surgery . Cristina does n't give Burke an answer to his proposal , but after watching him risk his life during the surgery , she agrees to marry him . Meanwhile , Meredith 's Alzheimer 's - stricken mother , Ellis Grey , experiences a change in her medical condition by becoming lucid for the day . She is disappointed in the mediocrity her daughter has fallen into and begins to despise Derek , blaming him for what happened to the Meredith that used to be `` a force of nature '' . Ellis has to have heart surgery and , despite her mother 's wishes , Meredith schedules the upcoming surgery . Webber talks to Ellis and realizes that she is still in love with him , but she loses her memory after their talk ends , before Meredith has the chance to tell her how she really feels . 51 15 `` Walk on Water '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes February 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 08 ) 25.20 A mass trauma situation , which turns out to be a ferryboat accident , challenges the whole staff of Seattle Grace Hospital . Webber finds difficulty in coping with his separation from his wife and dyes his hair `` for the ladies '' , which becomes an internal joke between Mark , Burke , and Derek . Cristina tries to tell Meredith about her upcoming marriage , but does n't have the strength to . George promises to find a woman 's son , who has been separated from her at the accident . The woman refuses to go into surgery until she is assured that her son is alive . Izzie has to take care of a man who got stuck between two cars on the ferry , but nobody helps her due to the large number of injured people . Alex rescues a pregnant woman with severe wounds on her face , and promises to take care of her . Meredith looks after a girl who has been separated from her mother after the accident and can not communicate , but while helping a patient , he accidentally pushes Meredith , and she falls into the water , with nobody but the silent little girl as a witness . 52 16 `` Drowning on Dry Land '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes February 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 15 ) 25.76 Meredith struggles to stay afloat and eventually begins drowning , but nobody is around to notice . Derek finds her coat on a man she had helped , and starts looking for her and , much to his shock , the little girl Meredith took care of indicates that she is in the water . Derek saves her , but she is almost dead , due to hypothermia . The little girl gets reunited with her mother . Izzie has to perform brain surgery on a man stuck between cars , as he begins to experience seizures . She drills holes into his head , perforates his skull and ultimately saves his life before he is rescued and transferred to Seattle Grace Hospital ; this leads to Webber allowing her back into surgeries . George lies to the woman whose son he had been looking for , in order to get her to surgery , and eventually finds Callie operating on the son . Alex is unsuccessful in searching for the pregnant Jane Doe 's family as she undergoes surgery , and at the same time he also has to deal with the families of the victims . The interns find out about Meredith 's situation and express their hopelessness . She wakes up in what appears to be limbo and meets her deceased acquaintances . 53 17 `` Some Kind of Miracle '' Adam Arkin Shonda Rhimes & Marti Noxon February 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 22 ) 27.39 Webber struggles to keep Meredith alive , whose body does not seem to respond to treatment , much to Derek 's devastation . Meanwhile , a metaphor shows Meredith in what she believes is limbo , displaying her interacting with deceased acquaintances whose decision would influence her chances of survival . Cristina remedies her grief for Meredith by leaving the hospital and going shopping , while Alex continues to bond with the pregnant Jane Doe who remains unclaimed , due to her inability to remember anything . Derek is aware that Meredith is a good swimmer and blames Ellis Grey for her daughter 's depression . Ellis goes into cardiac arrest and meets Meredith in the alternate universe , and declares her love and respect for her , telling her to wake up . She does so , and sees everyone who loves her by her side . Cristina lets her know about her engagement to Burke . Addison tells Mark that if he wants to reunite with her , he must go celibate for 60 days . 54 18 `` Scars and Souvenirs '' James Frawley Debora Cahn March 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 15 ) 22.68 The race between the attending physicians for the Chief of Surgery position heats up after a new competitor enters the fray . They soon realize that the new surgeon , Colin Marlow , was Cristina 's professor in medical school and they used to have a long - term relationship . When Burke finds out about it he realizes that his and Cristina 's relationship is on the rocks . George finds out that Callie 's family is rich , but she had previously hidden the fact in order to find out whether George loves her for who she really is , which eventually leads to an argument toward the pair . Webber , Callie , and Izzie treat a war veteran with a bullet in his back . Derek treats his former colleague from New York , but they argue over the best care as Derek wants to push a risky surgery , and his colleague does n't want any more surgeries . Alex continues to work with Jane Doe , whose memory has n't come back , and later he moves into George 's old room . Meredith and Derek have dinner with her father and stepmother . Meredith starts to connect with Susan , but her relationship with Thatcher seems to be irreparable . Izzie wakes up , realizing that she slept with George while they were both drunk . 55 19 `` My Favorite Mistake '' Tamra Davis Chris Van Dusen March 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 22 ) 22.30 In the aftermath of Izzie 's affair with George , he does n't seem to remember anything , and Izzie does her best to avoid Callie , but she becomes nervous when she has to help Callie and George treat a patient with FOP . Callie lets George know that they will be having dinner with her father , but George does not make a good impression , being hungover after last night 's events . Alex helps Jane Doe choose what her face will look like after Mark performs reconstructive surgery on her . He also gives her a new perspective on how the world will see her from then on . The hospital board begins interviewing the candidates for the Chief 's position , and Colin intimidates everyone with his ten - year plan . However , after taking advice from Bailey , Mark seems to have convinced the board that he is appropriate for the job , despite continuous efforts from Derek , Burke , and Addison , whose careers in the hospital outlast his . Cristina looks for a way to save a man 's foot when he makes it clear that he does n't want it amputated . Izzie seeks advice from Addison about her affair , confessing that sleeping with George felt right , despite him being married . Mark takes Meredith as his intern for the day in order to impress Webber , something that Derek does n't approve of , feeling that Mark has become manipulative . 56 20 `` Time After Time '' Christopher Misiano Stacy McKee April 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) 21.12 When Izzie 's daughter , Hannah Klein , is brought to the hospital for leukemia treatment , her adoptive parents come searching for Izzie , and ask her to donate her bone marrow in support . She is saddened to learn that her daughter does not want to see her , but is surprised to see how alike they are . George helps Izzie out , but forgets about a coffee break with Callie . Mark offers to be Webber 's wingman , to get him back into dating . Derek comes to the conclusion that his relationship with Meredith is the only thing standing in his way to become the Chief of Surgery . Colin continues to intrude on Burke and Cristina 's lives with an impending surgery he will perform . He tries to convince Cristina to break up with Burke , due to their targets being completely different . After realizing that Cristina has changed , Colin drops out of the race for Chief and leaves the hospital . Meredith starts to grow closer to her stepmother , Susan , but they experience a blip when Meredith snaps at her for her constant mothering . A couple arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital to see Ava , whom they initially believe to be their daughter , but the mother rejects Ava without telling her . They leave Alex to inform Ava , causing Ava to lash out . 57 21 `` Desire '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding April 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 26 ) 20.08 The interns of Seattle Grace Hospital start to use every free minute to study for their upcoming exam which will determine their entire residency in the surgical field . Cristina is jealous of George who can study with Callie , whose learning cards have become legendary . After the realization that George and Izzie might have feelings for each other , Callie decides to give the cards to Cristina . The attending physicians vie for the Chief position by tending to the chairman of the hospital board , after he is admitted as a patient . They soon learn that there is a fish in his urinary tract and learn that his wife has been aware of his affair with his secretary . She eventually resigns and leaves him , and his wife asks for divorce . In the clinic , Izzie treats a patient with a recurring cold , which turns out to be a symptom of something worse . Webber starts to question his decision to retire as he believes that there is a lot more he can do as a surgeon and can not be done with his career in his early fifties . Cristina gets annoyed at Burke as he tries pressuring her into choosing a flavor for their wedding cake while she is trying to study . Addison and Alex deliver Ava 's baby , through a cesarian - section , before sleeping together , but afterwards Alex tells her to make sure that it never happens again . Derek starts to question his relationship with Meredith , feeling that he is the only one putting an effort for it to work out . George tells Izzie that he is considering transferring to a different hospital . 58 59 22 23 `` The Other Side of This Life '' Michael Grossman Shonda Rhimes May 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 03 ) 21.23 After things become too complicated in Seattle , Addison travels to Los Angeles to reunite with her old friends from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . Much to her best friend 's shock , the real reason for her visit is in order to get pregnant but she is devastated to learn that she can not . Whilst there , Addison assists her friend in treating a surrogate mother , who had sex with three different men who all claim that the baby is theirs . Cristina finds difficulty in planning her wedding under the constant watch of her and Burke 's mother , who are determined to create an extravagant wedding , despite her wishes of having a small ceremony . Callie is surprised to be invited to be Cristina 's bridesmaid . Susan is admitted to the hospital , bringing Thatcher with her , but he suspects that she might be trying to bring Thatcher and Meredith together by faking hiccups . Mark talks to Derek and expresses his disappointment in not working things out with Addison , who he had truly fallen in love with . Burke is surprised when his mother tells him that he 's making a mistake marrying Cristina , but she reassures him that she supports his decision . George is determined to transfer to Mercy West , despite Izzie 's continuous begging . Addison becomes the temporary obstetrician - gynecologist at the Oceanside Wellness Center in Los Angeles and deals with the aftermath of the discovery that she can not have children . She is comforted by Pete Wilder who flirts with and eventually kisses her . The doctors offer her a position , but she denies it after realizing that Seattle is where her life is . The Los Angeles team also continue to treat a man with no sex drive , which infuriates his wife , who has a high one . After Susan returns to the hospital with chest pain , she is rushed into emergency surgery and ultimately dies . Thatcher is devastated by the news and blames Meredith for her death , and slaps her . George and Burke confide in each other about their relationship problems , and Burke 's intensify after an argument with his mother . Izzie finds difficulty in accepting that George is going to transfer because of her , but realizes that she ca n't deny her feelings towards him , which leads to them kissing . Meanwhile , Derek must perform surgery on Ava and she gets her hopes high after realizing that she might get her memory back . 60 24 `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' Christopher Misiano Allan Heinberg May 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) 19.58 The five interns finally have to face one of the biggest test of their careers , which will influence the rest of their lives as surgeons . Meredith is still feeling guilty about her stepmother 's death , but feels confident that she will pass the exam , despite warnings from both Cristina and Richard . However , after her father , Thatcher , causes a scene at the hospital , Meredith finds herself unable to focus and does n't write anything on the exam paper . Meanwhile , George gets accepted in the Mercy West Hospital surgical residency program and has to face a decision which will change his relationship with Izzie forever . Callie 's suspicions of her husband 's unfaithfulness grow , and is thrilled about George 's transfer to a different hospital . Alex learns that Ava 's memory has come back , but he becomes infuriated with her after learning that she is not willing to let her family know where she is . Bailey realizes that Callie 's chances of becoming Chief Resident have increased considerably , while Burke can not get Cristina to talk to him about their upcoming wedding . The attending physicians work with three injured mountain climbers who left their friend behind in order to save their own lives . Derek continues to feel pushed out by Meredith , and at Burke 's stag party he flirts with another woman . Joe and his boyfriend consider adopting a baby , but things go bad for them when their surrogate mother collapses . Addison makes the shocking discovery that Adele , Webber 's wife , is pregnant . Webber eventually bumps into her , but Adele hides in the ladies ' bathroom , and when he finally enters he finds her collapsed on the floor . 61 25 `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 22.57 The mountain climbers lie about the axe in their friend 's head , telling Derek that it accidentally got there . During surgery , he and George discover that it was deliberately put there , and one of the climbers admits that he was trying to `` put him out of his misery '' . Adele is stabilized following her collapse , but she soon suffers a miscarriage . Webber learns Adele was actually pregnant with his son , not someone she had one night stand with . Bailey is disappointed to see that Callie is the new Chief Resident and begins to question her abilities as a surgeon . Callie tells George she wants a baby . Webber chooses Derek as Chief of Surgery , but he refuses , telling Webber that he should continue . Ava 's husband shows up at the hospital to find her , but when he 's gone , Ava confesses to Alex that she wants to be with him , but he turns her down . Cristina and Burke 's wedding day arrives , but Cristina wo n't stay out of the hospital . However , Cristina 's nervousness results in Burke realizing that he does not love the real Cristina , and leaves her . Meredith and Derek are uncertain about their future . George fails his internship exam . Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) This season is the last to be produced by ABC Studios under title of Touchstone Television , as the company 's decision to change its name occurred after the conclusion of the season . Shonda Rhimes returned as the series ' showrunner and executive producer . She also continued her position from the first two seasons as one of the most prominent members of the writing staff . Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon and Rob Corn also returned as executive producers , along with Mark Wilding , Peter Horton and Krista Vernoff , who have been in this position since the inception of the series . Allan Heinberg , however , joins the production team at the beginning of the third season as a co-executive producer , before his promotion to an executive . Kent Hodder , Nancy Bordson and Steve Mulholland served as executive producers for four episodes during the season . Horton left the series at the conclusion of the season , whereas James D. Parriott , who previously served a writer and executive producer for the first two seasons , did not continue his work on the show during this season . Joan Rater and Tony Phelan continued to serve as co-executive producers , with Rater being a supervising producer as well . Stacy McKee , who previously served as a producer and writer for the series , was promoted to co-executive producer . After having written three episodes for the first season and five for the second , Rhimes returned as a writer for six episodes , out of which one was written along with Marti Noxon . Krista Vernoff , Tony Phelan , Stacy McKee and Mark Wilding returned to the series as members of the writing staff , with Vernoff and Phelan writing three episodes and McKee and Wilding producing the script of two episodes . Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman , Jr. worked together for the writing of one episode , after three episodes they have written for the series in the past . The season includes the first episode to be written by Debora Cahn , who would become one of the series ' main writers , as well as a consulting and supervisor producer . Other writers include Kip Koenig , Carolina Paiz , Eric Buchman , Joan Rater and Chris Van Dusen . Rob Corn returned to the series to direct three episodes for the season , after writing two episodes in the second season . Greg Yaitanes is credited for directing two episodes during the season , the only ones to have been directed by him in the series . Other prominent directors were Jeff Melman , Michael Grossman , Julie Anne Robinson and Adam Arkin , each directing two or more episodes during the season . Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series , while Herbert Davis and Walt Fraser served as the season 's cinematography directors . Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors , seeing David Greenspan , Matthew Ramsey and Avi Fisher being added to the team . Fisher , however , left the series at the conclusion of the season . Writing and filming ( edit ) `` Whatever I come up with , she is always game to play . She 's been so good at what she 's done that I 've just let the character do what I 've wanted the character to do , which has been wonderful . She 's managed to sell every single thing because she 's really believed it . The incredible thing is that you can have no fear to write what you think because she is always able to deliver . '' -- Executive producer Betsy Beers on Ellen Pompeo 's portrayal of character Meredith Grey The season was primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building for the media company Fisher Communications and Fisher 's ABC affiliated Komo radio and television stations for Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , such as air ambulances landing on the Komo Television newscopter 's helipad . This puts Seattle Grace conveniently close to the Space Needle , which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . However , the hospital used for most other exterior and many interior shots is not in Seattle , are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California . Most scenes are primarily taped in Los Feliz , Los Angeles , at the Prospect Studios , and the set occupies two stages , including the hospital pieces , but some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are genuine medical supplies , including the MRI machine . Before the production of the season officially began , producer Shonda Rhimes stated that she was planning a major development in Ellen Pompeo 's character , Meredith Grey . `` There 's a spirit there that 's just very interesting to me . She was charming and there was something about her so intriguing to watch '' , stated Rhimes in response to Pomepo 's portrayal of her character . Executive producer Betsy Beers stated that the writing staff was going to focus on the balance between her vulnerability and her courage , also dealing with changes in the relationship with her friends . Pompeo noted that the uncertainty of her character 's fate is what helped her evolve into a more adaptable actor . Rhimes also disclosed that an episode with Ellis Grey 's unexpected lucidity and eventual death was in plans since the beginning of the series . Rhimes described how Pompeo got through the challenge of sending Meredith in the afterlife : `` It was an exciting place to take her . Exciting to watch her find her way back . '' In response to Izzie 's arc , Shonda Rhimes discussed the impact Denny Duquette 's death will have on her , noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism , which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine . In the aftermath of Denny 's death , Katherine Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor . Executive producer Betsy Beers explained , however , that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature , and Heigl affirmed that `` At the beginning of the third season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was . She lost her optimism . She realizes now that life is difficult , but she still tries very hard to see the best in people . '' Creator Shonda Rhimes compared what she deemed the two `` most iconic moments of the season '' , describing how the season begins with Izzie lying in the prom dress on the bathroom , and ends with Cristina standing motionless in her wedding dress . Cast member Eric Dane described the impact his first scene in the season had on him , stating that it was a spectacular entrance : `` It was a brand new towel , which had a hard time staying together . So every time I put it together and let my hands go , it was almost like throwing caution to the wind . '' Cast member Sara Ramirez noted that one of the most significant scene in the season was when Izzie and George `` have this beautiful moment when neither of them speaks , but they say so much and it was just so rich '' , describing how their interaction during the scene determined everything that would be developed for their arc later . Betsy Beers , however , noted that the most `` powerful '' scene in the season saw Cristina Yang and Preston Burke in the on - call room , talking about the future of their relationship : `` It 's fascinating to see how their entire relationship changes and almost disintegrates in this one exchange '' . Beers and Rhimes expressed their desire to introduce Patrick Dempsey 's passion of car racing in the series , although this ultimately did not occur during the season . `` Patrick loved it . He 's always driving something new , always trying something out '' , stated the series creator , regarding Dempsey 's response to the storyline . Rhimes also described the difficulty she faced in finding an appropriate love interest for the character of Alex Karev : `` We kept meeting with people and it was n't until we met Elizabeth Reaser and sat down with her , and in two seconds in realized that she was absolutely the one we 'd been looking for . '' Reaser explained that when she was cast , there were no definite plans for the development of her character , and that only the intrigue of the ferry accident had been explained to her . She also deemed her character `` frustrated and scared '' . As for the make up process , Reaser stated : `` The prosthetic changes your outlook on yourself . It can be very disorienting . It 's intense . '' Beers , however , noted that the focus on Ava was mainly due to her inability to express her feelings through facial expressions , only communicating with her eyes and voice . Executive producer Rob Corn stated that his plan for the original arc was about Jane Doe 's inner life , struggling to get out of the situation she is trapped in . He stated that the main characteristics they had been looking for in the actress for the part were strength and vulnerability . He also called Reaser 's performance `` heart - wrenching and wonderful '' . Betsy Beers , the show 's supervising executive producer , found Izzie to have been marked for life by Denny 's death , which matured her `` in a very sobering way '' , but played a major role in making her feel more confident . She also noted the undeniable connection between Izzie and Alex Karev , whose desire to do honorable things has been compared with his `` cutting and sarcastic '' personality . After Izzie 's continuous efforts to change Alex during their relationship in the previous season , Beers announced the possibility of a relationship between the two of them . She also contrasted the female leads on the show with women in film , explaining how the characters on television are shaped in unique ways . Spin - off launch ( edit ) Main article : Private Practice ( TV series ) On February 21 , 2007 , The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for the series featuring Kate Walsh 's character , Addison Montgomery . Subsequent reports confirmed the decision , stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off . The cast was reportedly unhappy about the decision , as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them . Pompeo commented that she felt , as the star , she should have been consulted , and Heigl , disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Izzie . The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3 , 2007 , sees Addison take `` a leave of absence '' from Seattle Grace Hospital , to visit her best friend from Los Angeles , Naomi Bennett , a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist , in order to get pregnant . While in Los Angeles , she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center and even becomes the clinic 's obstetrician - gynecologist for the day . The two - hour broadcast served as the twenty - second and the twenty - third episodes of the third season , and was directed by Michael Grossman , according to Variety . The cast included Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell and Merrin Dungey . ABC officially picked up Private Practice for its 2007 lineup on May 11 , 2007 . KaDee Strickland 's character , Charlotte King , who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere , did not appear in the backdoor pilot . Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11 , 2007 , prior to the commencement of the first season . She did not have to audition for the role , but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes . Also not present in the backdoor pilot was Audra McDonald , due to her character , Bennett , being portrayed by a different actress , Merrin Dungey . However , on June 29 , 2007 , ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced , with no reason given for the change . The premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars , and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series , Dirty Sexy Money . Pushing Daisies , a third new series for the evening , rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice . The series aired a total of six seasons . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Tragedy is not always drama - sometimes you have to let your characters smile and allow the grin to stay awhile . Reducing everything to tears and hopeless self - loathing is n't good writing ; it 's desperate craftsmanship . Here 's hoping that the show can perform some much - needed self - surgery before season four begins this fall . '' -- Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment on the characters ' development during the season . The season received mixed to negative reviews , after two seasons that resulted in heavy critical acclaim . Following a positive outlook on the second season , Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment expressed disappointment during the third one , mainly due to the declining quality and lack of realism of the storylines . He noted a growing number of similarities between the season 's arcs and the ones that are developed in soap operas , by stating that `` the line which separates primetime television from soap opera is oftentimes razor thin '' and admitting that , despite his considering the series `` the best drama '' , he freely admits that it requires some inherent suspension of disbelief , after it `` found itself mired in the annoying and absurd '' . Whereas Monfette acknowledged that the fans would consider the problem to have been a simple case of lazy writing , he noted that over-writing played a main role in the series becoming unexpectedly unrealistic . He also noted the senseless intrigues in the Derek / Meredith relationship , by stating that the season would not have achieved high ratings if a functional relationship had been introduced : `` The season generally opts to stall out for its vast majority , providing Meredith with some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do '' . Monfette criticized the romantic development of the characters throughout the season , by describing Cristina and Burke 's relationship as an excuse for the possibility of a wedding for Meredith , whereas Burke 's unfair behavior towards Cristina is thought to be manipulative , exposing her to his overly romantic notion of an ideal ceremony . The way the doubts regarding the success of their relationship were resolved in the season finale was described as `` most obvious and least compelling . '' IGN Entertainment was also critical of Alex Karev 's storyline , who is seen falling for a pregnant and badly injured Jane Doe , despite having always been `` self - obsessed '' . Monfette once again noted the lack of realism in the improvement of Jane Doe 's condition , as she gives birth to her baby and undergoes reconstructive surgery in a short amount of time . However , her incapability and continuous struggle to remember who she is was considered to be `` the most affecting and honest plotline of the season '' , noting the nuanced and emotionally resonant scenes , which gave the show a `` charmingly positive , feel - good foundation '' . Monfette considered Izzie 's affair with George as the season 's worst but most significant storyline , criticizing its being `` force - red , emotionally incorrect , a mismatch from the beginning and a narrative long - shot '' , which does not express love , but lust . He agreed that the essential problem of the season was its reluctance to move , leading to frustration after seeing `` the entertaining familiar characters so weighed down by their most annoying of traits '' . In response to the season premiere , Oscar Dahl of Buddytv.com noted the predictability of the series , but expressed hope in its further development , by stating that it has become `` a medical chick flick , but a damn good one '' with a big and attractive cast . He also praised the interaction between the characters , noting the `` smart '' dialogue that helps each character evolve . However , Dahl expressed disappointment in the over emotional scenes , describing them as `` off - putting '' and `` not believable '' , while comparing them to real life interactions between people who emote in a more subtle manner than displayed on television . `` Emotions ran high in the premiere and there was much crying '' , stated Dahl , but noted that the dialogue , who he had previously been worried would be `` too cutesy '' , was not bothering , and rather realistic , noting how the show is `` smartly written '' . He also described the acting of Ellen Pompeo and Katherine Heigl as `` worthy of attention '' . New York Post 's Robert Rorke reviewed the numerous characters with heavy romantic development , noting perpetual `` merry - go - round of hookups , breakups and makeup sex '' , while describing the lack of sentimental involvement of Katherine Heigl 's character in the first half of the season . However , he deemed Izzie Stevens `` the hear and soul '' of the `` sex - filled series '' , due to the season mostly focusing on the events that come to define her as a person . Rorke named her the show 's heroine , and wrote that `` Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiancé Denny Duquette '' , considering her to have been more prominent than the title character , Meredith Grey , whose storyline received negative critiques : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas . But lately , she 's been a little dopey , with that endless McDreamy soliloquies . '' He also noted Meredith 's decreasing importance in the ongoing arc , describing how Sandra Oh 's character development was vital to the success of the season , as he compared her `` cutthroat exterior '' with the emotional side of her personality that evolves throughout the season . New York Post compared Izzie , who is described as having achieved a depth , to Miranda Bailey , noting the maturity they have , which is uncharacteristic to the fellow interns . Robert Rorke positively reviewed Chandra Wilson 's performance by stating that she was `` formidable '' . Prior to the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , Stuart Levine of Variety reviewed the performances of the three cast members nominated in the Outstanding Supporting Actress category . `` The ladies of Grey 's Anatomy dominate the category , and it 'd be far from a stretch to say at least two of those women rose to high dramatics last season '' , commented Levine , while praising Sandra Oh for her portrayal of Cristina Yang who endured a tumultuous seasoning relationship , seeing her trepidation at spending a life together with the man she loved . He regarded the appearances of Chandra Wilson as more subdued , though `` by no means less well - executed '' . He deemed Miranda Bailey a rock , being the most level - headed character on the show with a right thing to say in any situation . He expressed admiration towards Chandra Wilson , by describing her as being `` flashy and over the top '' , which he considers better than being consistently good . Considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy , Levine assessed of her performance , by remarking the slight difficulty she has in reaching each emotional state Izzie Stevens has to go through : `` Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines , and she 's up to the challenge . '' However , he also noted that Izzie 's irrational actions during crisis situations may be bothering . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Heigl was awarded at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , in spite of her mother 's doubts . The season was one of the most acclaimed of the show , receiving numerous awards and nominations . Several cast and crew members were nominated for their work on the show during its third season at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . Chandra Wilson received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in `` Oh , the Guilt '' , the season 's fifth episode , whereas Sandra Oh was nominated for the same category for her portrayal of Cristina Yang in `` From a Whisper to a Scream '' , the season 's ninth episode . However , they both lost to co-star Katherine Heigl , whose portrayal of Izzie Stevens in `` Time After Time '' , the twentieth episode of the season , resulted in her first Emmy win . T.R. Knight was also nominated for his performance in the third season in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series category , for the two - episode arc `` Six Days '' , the eleventh and second episodes of the season . Elizabeth Reaser and Kate Burton were nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , for their performances as Rebecca Pope in `` My Favorite Mistake '' , the nineteenth episode in the season , and Ellis Grey in `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' , the fourteenth episode . Linda Lowy and John Brace were nominated for Outstanding Casting in a Drama Series , while Norman T. Leavitt , Brigitte Bugayong , Thomas R. Burman and Bari Dreiband - Burman were nominated for Best Prosthetic Make - Up . The production team was acclaimed for the Best Drama Series category , but only received a nomination . Sara Ramirez was nominated at the 2007 Alma Awards for her portrayal of Callie Torres . At the 65th Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Television Drama Series , while Katherine Heigl 's individual performance resulted in a nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television . The show 's third season was once again recognized at the 38th National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Awards , when the production team was nominated for Best Drama Series . Also at the 2007 ceremony , Isaiah Washington won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Preston Burke in this season , while Chandra Wilson won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Several cast members have been awarded at the PRISM Awards in 2007 : Katherine Heigl in the Favorite Female TV Star category for portraying Izzie Stevens , Patrick Dempsey for Favorite Male TV Star in the role of Derek Shepherd , and Chandra Wilson in the Favorite Scene Stealing Star category for her performance of Miranda Bailey . Mark Gordon , Shonda Rhimes , James D. Parriott , Betsy Beers , Peter Horton and Rob Corn have been nominated at the Producers Guild of America 2007 Awards for Television Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Drama for the production of the third season , after winning the award at the 2006 Awards for the second season . At the 2007 Satellite Awards , Ellen Pompeo won the award Best Actress in Drama Series , while T.R. Knight was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film and Chandra Wilson for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film . At the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series ' regular cast received a nomination for Outstanding Cast in Drama Series . Katherine Heigl and Patrick Dempsey were nominated at the 2007 Teen Choice Awards . Also in 2007 , the female cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy received the Women in Film Lucy Award , which honors those whose work in television has positively influenced attitudes toward women . Ratings ( edit ) The second season of Grey 's Anatomy ended with an average of 19.440 million viewers per episode and a 6.9 rating share for in the 18 -- 49 demographic , determining the series to finish in the fifth place out of all the 100 television shows in the season . Due to its high ratings , the series received a full third season renewal for the fall prime time line up . In response to numerous fan complaints regarding scheduling during the previous seasons , the American Broadcasting Company decided to do major changes in the season . After two seasons of airing as a lead - out to fellow ABC series Desperate Housewives , the network decided to move Grey 's Anatomy to 9 : 00 ET in the Thursday night time slot , dominated by CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , where the series began airing as a lead - in to Ugly Betty , which aired in the time slot from its first season , until the conclusion of the third in 2009 . The show maintained its position as a top ten series and became the eighth most watched program in the season , with an average of 19.220 million viewers per episode . The highest - rated episode of the season was the seventeenth , the highly anticipated conclusion of a three - story arc , which was watched by 27.390 , receiving a 9.7 rating , a # 4 ranking in the week and a # 1 ranking in the time slot . The episode outperformed CSI 's `` Fallen Idols '' , which ranked seventh with a 7.7 rating and 21.780 million viewers tuning in . The lowest - rated episode of its ninth , which was watched by 18.510 million viewers , ranking third in the week with a 6.5 rating , outperforming CSI 's Thanksgiving special episode , `` Living Legend '' , watched by 17.170 million viewers with a 6.1 rating and # 4 ranking . The season premiere was watched by 25.410 million viewers and received 9.0 rating after being ranked # 1 in both the time slot and the week . The number of viewers increased significantly compared to the previous season premiere , which was watched by 18.980 million viewers and received a 6.8 rating . `` Time Has Come Today '' also outperformed the previous season finale , which was watched by 22.500 million viewers and was rated 8.0 . The season finale was watched by 22.570 million viewers and received an 8.0 rating , ranking third in the week after American Idol . Wayne Firedman of Media Daily News described the move from the Sunday night time slot to Thursdays as `` the network 's boldest and biggest move '' . He also expressed concerns regarding the tough competition the series will face , due to airing against CBS Network 's CSI . Stephen McPherson of ABC Entertainment explained the reason for the change : `` To have all hits on Sunday night does n't help us . We wanted to be aggressive '' . DVD release ( edit ) `` This release will appeal to die - hard Grey 's fans who want to eat up every morsel of info they can about the show , but for casual fans the set does n't really offer that much . '' -- Kelly West , Cinema Blend The third season was officially released on DVD in region 1 on September 11 , 2007 , becoming available in both the United States and Canada . It was released two weeks before the fourth season originally began airing . The title of the box set , `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season Three -- Seriously Extended '' is a pun , referring to the success the series had , using the medical term `` extension '' . Also in the official title is the world `` seriously '' , who is one frequently used in the series . The box set consists of episodes with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and widescreen format , enhanced for television with a 16 : 9 aspect ratio . It was distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment . The same set was released in region 4 on October 31 , 2007 , being made available first in Australia . In region 2 , the season was first released in Romania on August 12 , 2008 , shortly after the season concluded airing on national television . In the United Kingdom , the season was released on September 15 , 2008 , approximately a year after its original release in the United States . Although the season aired in high definition , it has not been released on Blu - ray disc in any region to date . The box set includes all the original twenty - five episodes that aired on the American Broadcasting Company , being divided into seven discs . Subtitles are available in French , in Spanish and in English for the hearing impaired , whereas the available languages for the character voices are English , French and Spanish . It featured audio commentaries with cast members Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Ellen Pompeo , Kate Burton and Sandra Oh for the first , fourteenth and twenty - first episodes . It also featured the first , seventh , thirteenth and fourteenth episodes as extended episodes , with a longer running time . The bonus features were available on the seventh disc , including interviews with cast members Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo and Elizabeth Reaser , listed under the titles of `` Making Rounds With Patrick Dempsey '' , `` One on One with Ellen Pompeo '' and `` Prescription for Success : Making Jane Doe a Star '' , respectively . The region 1 release featured footage from behind the scenes , under the title of `` In Stitches : Season 3 Outtakes '' and unaired scenes from nine episodes , including the season premiere and the finale , under the name of `` Dissecting Grey 's Anatomy '' . Omnipresent in the bonus material were executive producers Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers , providing their outlook on characters , actors and the production process . Currently ranked 2144th in Movies and Television on Amazon.com and 1713th in Film and Television on Amazon.co.uk , the box set received mixed reviews . Kelly West of Cinema Blend noted that the `` seriously extended episodes '' were not significantly expanded , only adding a few minutes of extra footage , which do n't influence the storyline . She also noted a `` weakness '' in the audio commentary provided by four of the actresses , who she deemed to have been fantastic during the series , describing the features as `` random chit - chats '' . However , she praised Sandra Oh 's commentary , noting that she put the most effort in hers by trying to come up with interest topics , while being `` amusing and worth listening to '' . She described the bonus features as `` mildly entertaining '' , emphasizing Dempsey 's interview about his passion for racing cars , which she regarded useless . USA Today had a positive perspective on the box set , by calling it `` scintillating '' and `` addictive '' . Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Third Season - Seriously Extended Set Details Special Features 25 episodes ( 1 extended ) 7 - disc set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Extended Episodes Making Rounds With Patrick Dempsey - Spend Some Private Time With Patrick Dempsey At The Track Prescription For Success : Make Jane Doe a Star Good Medicine : Favorite Scenes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 11 , 2007 September 15 , 2008 October 31 , 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Crew Bios '' . ABC.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Full Cast and Crew '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Diggs goes for ' Grey ' spin '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . December 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . April 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Renames Television Studio '' . ABC . Walt Disney . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy Season Three DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2007 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Grey 's Anatomy '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . The Cambio Network . Wetpaint . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb - Grey 's Anatomy Katherine Heigl on , Sex , Love and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . Paul Carlucci . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` HEART THROB - GREY 'S ANATOMY 'S KATHERINE HEIGL ON SEX , LOVE AND CUPCAKES '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Delicate Surgery on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' stars fuming over spinoff '' . MSN . Today Entertainment . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Director set for ' Grey 's ' spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking Grey 's / Private Practice Casting News ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meltzer Zepeda , Dana ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Private Practice Preview : Hail to the New Chief ( of Staff ) '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Private Practice ' Recast : Merrin Dungey out , Audra McDonald in , on the ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2007 - 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . ABC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina . `` ' Private Practice ' Season 6 is a go - plus good news for ' Body of Proof ' and ' Apartment 23 ' fans '' . Zap2it . Fall TV Preview . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . TV.IGN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Premiere Review '' . BuddyTV.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Stuart ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Supporting Actress : Drama - Shades of ' Grey ' for ABC 's hospital gal pals '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine Heigl : Nobody Thought I 'd Win The Emmy '' . People.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 59th Primetime Emmys Winners Revealed '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 65TH GOLDEN GLOBE AWARD WINNERS '' . GoldenGlobes.org . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ben G. ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` WIF 's Lucy Award goes to women of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 19 / 05 through 05 / 28 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 18 / 06 through 06 / 03 / 07 '' . ABC Medianet . June 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABCMediaNet.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABCMediaNet.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABCMediaNet.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Moves ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Challenges Thursday Night Competition '' . Media Daily News / Media Post Publications . May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy season 3 Seriously Extended '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy on DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 4 '' . Tvfanatic.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 '' . jbhifionline.com.au . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Season 3 DVD box set Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Series 3 '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Episodes '' . TV Guide . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Guide '' . American Broadcasting Company . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_3)&oldid=828199831 '' Categories : 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy episodes Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do derek and meredith get back together in season 3	[]	[]
8832662060282626720	The X-Files (film)	The X-Files ( film ) - wikipedia The X-Files ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The X-Files Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Bowman Produced by Chris Carter Daniel Sackheim Screenplay by Chris Carter Story by Chris Carter Frank Spotnitz Based on The X-Files by Chris Carter Starring David Duchovny Gillian Anderson Martin Landau Blythe Danner Armin Mueller - Stahl Mitch Pileggi William B. Davis John Neville Dean Haglund Bruce Harwood Music by Mark Snow Cinematography Ward Russell Edited by Stephen Mark Production company Ten Thirteen Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 19 ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $66 million Box office $189.2 million The X-Files ( also known as The X-Files : Fight the Future ) is a 1998 American science fiction thriller film directed by Rob Bowman . Chris Carter wrote the screenplay . The story is by Carter and Frank Spotnitz . It is the first feature film based on Carter 's television series The X-Files , which revolves around fictional unsolved cases called the X-Files and the characters solving them . Five main characters from the television series appear in the film : David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Mitch Pileggi , John Neville , and William B. Davis reprise their respective roles as FBI agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner , Well - Manicured Man , and the Cigarette - Smoking Man . The film was promoted with the tagline Fight the Future . The film takes place between seasons five ( episode `` The End '' ) and six ( episode `` The Beginning '' ) of the television series , and is based upon the series ' extraterrestrial mythology . The story follows agents Mulder and Scully , removed from their usual jobs on the X-Files , and investigating the bombing of a building and the destruction of criminal evidence . They uncover what appears to be a government conspiracy attempting to hide the truth about an alien colonization of Earth . Carter decided to make a feature film to explore the show 's mythology on a wider scale , as well as appealing to non-fans . He wrote the story with Frank Spotnitz at the end of 1996 and , with a budget from 20th Century Fox , filming began in 1997 , following the end of the show 's fourth season . Carter assembled cast and crew from the show , as well as some other , well - known actors such as Blythe Danner and Martin Landau , to begin production on what they termed `` Project Blackwood '' . The film was produced by Carter and Daniel Sackheim . Mark Snow continued his role as X-Files composer to create the film 's score . The film premiered on June 19 , 1998 , in the United States , and received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Although some enjoyed the style and effects of the film , others found the plot confusing and viewed it as little more than an extended episode of the series . A sequel , entitled I Want to Believe , was released ten years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Conception and pre-production 3.2 Writing and casting 3.3 Set design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens in 35,000 B.C. , in what will become North Texas . Two cavemen hunters encounter a large extraterrestrial life form in a cave , which kills one and infects the other with a black oil - like substance . In 1998 , in the same area , a boy falls into a hole and is also infected by a black substance which seeps from the ground . Firefighters who enter the hole to rescue him do not come out . A team of men wearing hazmat suits arrive and extract the bodies of the boy and the firefighters . Meanwhile , FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , while investigating a bomb threat against a federal building in Dallas , discover the bomb in a building across the street . As the building is evacuated , Special Agent in Charge Darius Michaud remains , ostensibly to disarm the bomb . However , he simply waits for the bomb to detonate . Mulder and Scully are later chastised because , in addition to Michaud , four other people were in the building during the bombing . That evening Mulder is accosted by a paranoid doctor , Alvin Kurtzweil , who explains that the `` victims '' were already dead , and that the bombing was staged to cover up how they died . At the hospital morgue , Scully is able to examine one of the victims , finding evidence of an alien virus . Meanwhile , the Cigarette Smoking Man goes to Texas , where Dr. Ben Bronschweig shows him one of the lost firefighters , who has an alien organism residing inside his body . He orders Bronschweig to administer a vaccine to it , but to burn the body if it fails . Later , the alien organism unexpectedly gestates and kills Bronschweig . Mulder and Scully travel to the crime scene in Texas , encountering the boys whose friend fell into the hole . Following their direction , they discover a large cornfield surrounding two glowing domes . Inside the domes , grates in the floor open and swarms of bees fly out . The agents flee , chased by black helicopters , but manage to escape . After returning to Washington , D.C. , Scully attends a performance hearing , after which she is transferred . Mulder is devastated to lose his partner . The two are about to share a kiss when Scully is stung by a bee which had lodged itself under her shirt collar , and she quickly loses consciousness . Mulder calls paramedics , but the driver of the ambulance shoots Mulder and whisks Scully away . Mulder , not severely injured , slips out of hospital with the help of The Lone Gunmen and FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner . He then meets a former adversary , the Well - Manicured Man , who gives him Scully 's location , along with a vaccine against the virus that has infected her . As Mulder leaves , the Well - Manicured Man kills himself in a car bomb , before his betrayal of The Syndicate is discovered . Mulder finds Scully underground in Antarctica , in a large facility containing many humans in ice - like enclosures . He breaks Scully 's confinement and uses the vaccine to revive her , but this disrupts the facility and cocooned aliens begin trying to escape . Just after the agents escape to the surface , a huge alien vessel emerges from beneath the ice and travels into the sky . Mulder watches it disappear into the distance as Scully regains consciousness . Some time later , Scully attends a hearing , where her testimony is disregarded and the evidence covered up . She hands over the only remaining proof of their ordeal , the bee that stung her , noting that the FBI is not currently capable of investigating this evidence . Outside , Mulder reads an article that has covered up the domes and crop field in Texas ; Scully informs Mulder that she is willing to continue working with him . At another crop outpost in Tunisia , the Cigarette Smoking Man warns Strughold that Mulder remains a threat , as he explains what Mulder has found out about the virus . He then hands him a telegram revealing that the X-files unit has been re-opened . Cast ( edit ) Lead actor David Duchovny who portrayed FBI agent Fox Mulder . David Duchovny as Special Agent Fox Mulder Gillian Anderson as Special Agent Dana Scully Martin Landau as Alvin Kurtzweil Blythe Danner as Jana Cassidy Armin Mueller - Stahl as Conrad Strughold Mitch Pileggi as Assistant Director Walter Skinner William B. Davis as Cigarette - Smoking Man John Neville as Well - Manicured Man Dean Haglund as Richard `` Ringo '' Langly Bruce Harwood as John Fitzgerald Byers Tom Braidwood as Melvin Frohike Jeffrey DeMunn as Ben Bronschweig Jason Beghe as FBI Man at Bomb Site Michael Shamus Wiles as Black - Haired Man Terry O'Quinn as Special Agent in Charge Darius Michaud Lucas Black as Stevie Gary Grubbs as Fire Captain Cooles Nick Lashaway as Young Fox Mulder Production ( edit ) Conception and pre-production ( edit ) `` We wanted it to be true to the TV show , for one thing . We did n't want The X-Files to become something else in the movie , just because we had a bigger budget to work with . Yet , we were also mindful that it had to be a culmination of something for the people who had been watching the show for five years , as well as an introduction of these characters and this story to people who had n't . '' -- Frank Spotnitz talking about the development of The X-Files film . After five successful seasons , Chris Carter wanted to tell the story of the series on a wider scale , which ultimately meant creating a feature film . He later explained that the main problem was to create a story for which the viewer would not need to be familiar with the show 's setting and the various story arcs . Carter and Frank Spotnitz wrote major parts of the script in Hawaii over Christmas 1996 . They used the same method that they had used when writing episodes and sketching out scenes for the series on 3x5 index cards . By the time the Christmas break had ended , the whole narrative for the film had been written . Upon his return from Hawaii , Carter looked for spare time to write the script . He returned to Hawaii and in ten days wrote about half of the 124 - page screenplay for the film . Carter gave 90 pages of the screenplay to Fox who received it well . While not officially greenlighted , he got a budget from Fox and began to make plans as to when and where it would be filmed . Carter then enlisted Daniel Sackheim as a producer on the film . Sackheim had previously produced the pilot episode of The X-Files and directed several episodes in the first two seasons . The X-Files marked his first contribution as producer to a feature film . Carter 's choice for director was Rob Bowman , who had been the series ' executive producer and a director before the production base was moved from Vancouver to Los Angeles . During production , the filmmakers went to great lengths to preserve secrecy , including printing the script on red paper to prevent photocopying , and leaking disinformation to the media and giving the film the codename `` Project Blackwood '' . The code was cracked by fans who speculated on the meaning behind it . During the North Texas scene , `` Blackwood County '' can be seen on the fire trucks responding to the infected boy . According to Spotnitz , `` Blackwood '' held no particular significance . At the beginning of the pre-production phase , Carter and Bowman were busy with the television series , leaving Sackheim to work alone . Sackheim hired executive producer Lata Ryan , who had previously collaborated with Steven Spielberg for his 1993 film , Jurassic Park . Once hired , Ryan was allowed to read the script in front of the Ten Thirteen Productions staff members -- but not to take it away . At this time , most of the staff members had not read the script for themselves . After Ryan accepted the offer of becoming executive producer , Chris Nowak was hired as production designer , Ward Russell as director of photography and Bill Liams as construction coordinator . According to Ryan , they had secured all key personnel six weeks before principal filming began . Writing and casting ( edit ) Martin Landau was one of the film 's well - known stars Both Carter and Spotnitz wanted to make the film `` bigger '' than the series , so they decided to start and end the film at an `` extreme place '' and explain aspects of the story arc that the show had not . While gathering research materials , they learned that the Earth was once covered with ice and decided to open the film in Texas in 35,000 BC with human `` Primitives '' as the first characters to appear . The film included known actors from the show such as David Duchovny as Fox Mulder , Gillian Anderson as Dana Scully , Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner and William B. Davis as the Cigarette Smoking Man , as well as new actors and characters to the franchise . These included Martin Landau and Blythe Danner . The signing of these actors broke with what had become tradition for The X-Files . Carter had purposely cast virtually unknown actors for the television series , to make it more believable ; `` As soon as you put in an actor whose face is very recognizable , you 've got a situation that works against the reality of the show . '' He saw creating the film as a chance to break this rule . He offered Glenne Headly the small role of a bartender . A fan of the show , she accepted enthusiastically . Set design ( edit ) Chris Nowak was hired as production designer for the film by Daniel Sackheim . Nowak was a former architect who had worked as a professional theater set designer for eight years , before moving towards the film business as an art director . Nowak had previously worked with Sackheim on a television production , which led to Sackheim contacting him to do an interview for the selection of a production designer . According to Sackheim , Nowak was hired because he was the only one able to create a `` focused vision '' for the film . Nowak wanted to start the design process after talking through the story with the filmmakers so that he could formulate `` a sense of the atmosphere '' which they wanted to create for the film . He wanted to create a `` dark , scary and oppressive environment '' for the characters , especially Mulder . While familiar with the television series , Nowak decided not to review any episodes as preparation for his role in the production . Explaining this decision , he said , `` I wanted the movie to be as fresh and new as possible in its design . Of course , there were some elements from the show that had to be retained . '' The design department found all their locations and designed sets in eight weeks , guided by input from the filmmakers . Nowak started by creating artwork for all the major sets and locations , working with the two concept artists Tim Flattery and Jim Martin . Nowak created drafts and sent them to Flattery and Martin who continued to develop them until they were complete . The complete artwork was then presented to Chris Carter , Rob Bowman , Lata Ryan and Sackheim for approval . While considering the time schedule , they made no notable changes to the artwork . Once the set concepts were approved by Carter , Bowman , Sackheim and Ryan , they were sent to the blueprint stage so that construction of the sets could begin under the supervision of construction coordinator Bill Liams . All the major sets were constructed `` simultaneously '' because of the schedule . However , this proved to be a challenge for the production team , because it meant they had to pay the rent on all the stages at the same time . The set construction started seven weeks before filming . Filming ( edit ) Not only could I not have directed the movie as well as Rob Bowman ( ... ) I did n't have the time to even attempt to direct the movie as well as Rob Bowman . Rob is a very collaborative person ; and I thought that working with him collaboratively was a much wiser way to approach this than to try to do it myself . -- Carter talking about choosing a director for the film . Carter and Bowman wanted to film in as many different locations as possible to give the film a `` grander '' feel than had usually been achievable for the television episodes . The tighter schedule , with only eight weeks of pre-production and 45 days of principal photography , still caused the production to have less location shooting than planned . Los Angeles ended up standing in for Dallas and London ( though a shot was done in London with a double ) , and the ice scenes , initially envisaged for an ice field in Alaska , were moved to Whistler , British Columbia , nearby the show 's regular locations in Vancouver . Principal photography for the film started on June 16 , 1997 . The X-Files was filmed in the hiatus between the show 's fourth and fifth seasons and re-shoots were conducted during the filming of the show 's fifth season . Due to the demands of the film shoot on the actors ' schedules , some episodes of the fifth season did not revolve around both Mulder and Scully but just one of the two lead stars . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score and The X-Files : The Album Two soundtracks , The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score and The X-Files : The Album were both released to home markets in 1998 . The X-Files : The Album included a take on the original theme song by the American duo The Dust Brothers , and included a hidden track on which Chris Carter details a summary of The X-Files mythology . Mark Snow , who had worked on the television series as a composer , was hired to score the film . Chris Carter wanted a `` very minimal approach '' to the music . He did not want much `` melody '' and wanted to replace it with plain `` ambient atmosphere '' and `` sound design '' . Snow mixed electronic music with an 85 - member orchestra to give the film a `` great sense of scope and grandeur . '' When creating the music for the film , Snow had a couple of months to write and produce the music , composing the television series simultaneously . The film marked the first time in the history of the franchise that music was composed and recorded with the help of an orchestra , although , according to Snow , there was no significant change in the recording and writing process during the production of the film . The most substantial difference was that Snow used MIDI files to save his musical scores and pieces , which would afterward be sent to a copyist who would take it through one of their programs and eventually give it to the orchestrators . Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) The film premiered theatrically in the United States ( as well as Canada ) on June 19 , 1998 , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It closed after 14 weeks , with its widest release having been 2,650 theaters . Home media ( edit ) The same year as the international theatrical release , the film was released on VHS on October 13 , 1998 in an Extended Cut edition that is 41 seconds longer than the theatrical release . The film made its first appearance on DVD on January 24 , 2000 in Region 2 and on January 16 , 2001 in Region 1 . In 2008 , producer Frank Spotnitz announced plans to release a new special edition DVD and Blu - ray edition of the film . `` We are working on packing the ( re-issued ) DVD and Blu - ray releases with as many extras as they will fit , including video and audio commentaries , behind - the - scenes footage , bloopers , trailers , a new documentary , and several other cool surprises . '' The Blu - ray version was released on December 2 , 2008 . In addition , a novelization of the film was written by Elizabeth Hand and released on June 19 , 1998 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $83,898,313 in the U.S. and $105,278,110 abroad , giving a total worldwide gross of $189,176,423 . In its opening weekend , showing at 2,629 theaters , it earned $30,138,758 which was 35.9 % of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at No. 23 for all films released in the U.S. in 1998 and No. 10 for PG - 13 rated films released that year . Critical response ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 64 % of 69 listed film critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 6.1 out of 10 . `` The X-Files '' movie does answer one question raised in the show for an hour a week , five years running : Is the government conspiring to keep the truth about extraterrestrials from the public ? You bet . That 's certainly been the implication from the start , and since paranoia fuels the show , it 's no great leap on the big screen . `` '' -- Tim Goodman , writing for The San Francisco Examiner Roger Ebert gave a positive review of the film with three out of four stars , saying , `` As pure movie , The X-Files more or less works . As a story , it needs a sequel , a prequel , and Cliff Notes . '' Joyce Millman of Salon was more equivocal , writing , `` ... You really ca n't treat The X-Files as a movie because it is n't one . It 's a two - hour episode of the show , '' and said it was far from the `` most satisfying '' of X-Files releases . San Francisco Chronicle reviewer Bob Graham was positive towards the film , calling `` David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson ( ... ) enormously sympathetic heroes . '' Michael O'Sullivan , a reviewer from The Washington Post called the film , `` stylish , scary , sardonically funny and at times just plain gross . '' Los Angeles Times reviewer Kenneth Turan felt that it was difficult to make sense of the film , saying that it relied too heavily on the series ' mythology . Lisa Alspector wrote that `` Only two scenes in this spin - off are worth the time of followers of the TV series . '' Variety reviewer Todd McCarthy remarked , `` As it is , the pic serves up set - pieces and a measure of scope that are beyond TV size but remain rather underwhelming by feature standards . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times responded negatively towards the film , complaining that it was uneventful and scorning the `` hush - hush atmosphere '' surrounding the production . Sequel ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files franchise and The X-Files : I Want to Believe The X-Files has spawned one sequel , a 2008 film entitled The X-Files : I Want to Believe released six years after the series ended . The film performed modestly at the box office and received a less positive response than the first film . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Chris Carter announced that if I Want to Believe proved successful , he would propose that a third movie go back to the television series ' mythology and focus on the alien invasion foretold within the series , due to occur in December 2012 . No third movie appeared ; instead , the TV series was revived in 2016 . See also ( edit ) Speculative fiction / Science fiction portal 1990s portal Film portal Extraterrestrial hypothesis 1998 in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE X-FILES ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 7 , 1998 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files ( 1998 ) '' , Box Office Mojo , IMDb.com , Inc , retrieved April 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris , Spotnitz , Frank , Bowman , Rob , Duchovny , David , Anderson , Gillian , Pileggi , Mitch , Sackheim , Daniel , Paris , David , Lombardi , Paul , Epstein , John , McLaglen , Josh , Beck , Mat , Wash , John and Snow , Mark ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , p 11 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris and Bowman , Rob ( 1998 ) . Audio commentary for The X-Files ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Green , Chris ( Spring 2010 ) . `` Case Study : Fred Baron '' ( PDF ) . Produced by . Producers Guild of America : 15 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Gilligan , Vince , Shiban , John , Haglund , Dean , Manners , Kim , Bowman , Rob , Spotnitz , Frank , Cartwright , Veronica , Rabwin , Paul , Rogers , Mimi and Goodwin , R.W. `` Bob '' ( 1998 ) . The Truth Behind Season 5 ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Love , Brett , `` X-Files ( Score ) '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas , `` X-Files ( Original Soundtrack ) '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( May 27 , 2008 ) , `` The S Files '' , Soundtrack.net , SoundtrackNet , LLC , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` X-Files : Fight the Future , The '' . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future Blu - ray review at High Def Digest '' . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bob ( October 16 , 1998 ) , `` Conspiracy Marks the Spot The X-Files proves an intriguing thrill '' , San Francisco Chronicle , Hearst Communications , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` DV - Delicious '' , SFX , Future plc , January 2000 Jump up ^ Stark , Jeff ( January 16 , 2001 ) . `` The X-Files : Fight the Future '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Producer : Fox Plotting to Bring X-Files Movies to Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight The Future - Blu - ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The X-Files : Fight The Future . HarperEntertainment . ISBN 0061050679 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future ( 1998 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , archived from the original on September 2 , 2009 , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` X ' hits the spot '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Chicago Sun Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Millmann , Joyce ( 1998 ) , `` I want to believe '' , Salon , Salon Media Group , archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` ' X ' - tra , ' X ' - tra ! See All About It ! '' , The Washington Post , The Washington Post Company , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Los Angeles Times , Tribune Company , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Alspector , Lisa ( 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Chicago Reader , Creative Loafing , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Variety , Reed Business Information , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future ( 1998 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , retrieved April 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( April 18 , 2008 ) , `` ' X-Files ' creator Chris Carter wants to believe in a third film featuring Mulder and Scully '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time Inc , retrieved July 27 , 2009 Duncan , Jody ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie . New York , US : HarperPrism . ISBN 0 - 06 - 107316 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The X-Files : Fight The Future The X-Files on IMDb The X-Files at AllMovie The X-Files at the TCM Movie Database The X-Files at the American Film Institute Catalog The X-Files at Box Office Mojo The X-Files at Rotten Tomatoes The X-Files at Metacritic The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Portal Films directed by Rob Bowman Airborne ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Reign of Fire ( 2002 ) Elektra ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X-Files_(film)&oldid=833315575 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films The X-Files ( franchise ) 1998 horror films 1990s action films 1990s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction action films American science fiction horror films Detective films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Mark Snow Films about extraterrestrial life Films based on television series Films directed by Rob Bowman Films set in 1998 Films set in Antarctica Films set in pre-Columbian America Films set in Texas Films set in Dallas Films set in Tunisia Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Prehistoric people in popular culture Films set in Maryland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did scully get stung by a bee	[]	[]
7157493340138372110	The Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note	The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note - wikipedia The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note One pound ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 1 Width 128 mm Height 65 mm Security features Raised print , metallic thread , watermark , microlettering , UV feature Paper type Cotton Years of printing 1727 -- present 1987 -- present ( current design ) Obverse Design Lord Ilay Design date Reverse Design Edinburgh Castle Design date The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland . The current cotton note , first issued in 1987 bears an image of Lord Ilay , one of the founders of the bank , on the obverse and a vignette of Edinburgh Castle on the reverse . The £ 1 note is currently the smallest denomination of banknote issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland . The bank ceased regular production of £ 1 notes in 2001 ; the denomination is still in circulation although rarely seen in cash transactions today . Contents 1 History 2 Designs 2.1 Commemorative £ 1 notes 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Banknotes of Scotland and Banknotes of the pound sterling In common with a number of other banks in Scotland , the Royal Bank of Scotland has retained the right to issue its own banknotes . It first issued notes in 1727 , the same year the bank was founded . The issuing of banknotes by Scottish banks was formerly regulated by the Banknote ( Scotland ) Act 1845 until it was superseded by the Banking Act 2009 . Though strictly not legal tender in Scotland , Scottish banknotes are nevertheless legal currency and are generally accepted throughout the United Kingdom . Scottish banknotes are fully backed such that holders have the same level of protection as those holding genuine Bank of England notes . In 1727 , the Royal Bank of Scotland began issuing twenty - shilling notes ( equivalent to £ 1 ) . Early banknotes were monochrome , and printed on one side only . The first twenty - shilling notes were dated 8 December 1727 and were hand - signed by a bank cashier and given a unique number . The cashier also added by hand the equivalent value in old Scots pounds -- a currency that had been abolished 20 years earlier in the Acts of Union 1707 which united the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain . Twenty shillings was equivalent to £ 12 Scots . The bank continued the custom of including the value in old Scots pounds until 1792 to encourage acceptance of its banknotes . This series of banknotes was also the first British banknote to have a royal portrait , as they featured a vignette of King George II , who had ascended to the British throne earlier that year . At the time , printing portraits was a difficult and expensive process , and including a likeness of the King served as an effective anti-counterfeiting device . The banknotes were held at the bank in bound bundles , similar to modern cheque books . When issued , the cashier would cut the note out with a wavy line ; when the note was later presented for payment , a bank clerk would verify that the note was not a counterfeit note by comparing the cut edge of the note against the shape of the counterfoil and also by checking that the serial number on the note and the counterfoil concurred . The Royal Bank 's 1826 issue of the £ 1 note displayed much more intricate detail as printing processes were improved by the introduction of steel plates , and it the first British banknote to be printed on both sides . This issue featured a portrait of King George IV , and this was the last standard - issue Royal Bank of Scotland banknote to depict a reigning monarch . It was also issued after the controversy of the Bankers ( Scotland ) Act 1826 , in which the British government attempted unsuccessfully to prohibit the issue of low - value banknotes . The Royal Bank of Scotland 's 1832 issue of £ 1 notes established the design for all the bank 's £ 1 note issues for 136 years . It featured the bank 's name surmounted by the Royal Arms of Scotland , in which the heraldic supporters of The Lion and the Unicorn flanked a portrait of King George I , commemorating his royal assent for the formation of the bank in 1727 . The note also featured illustrations of the allegorical figures of Britannia , looking out over the seas , and Plenty , holding a cornucopia . This design remained unchanged until 1968 , with only minor alterations . In 1968 , the Royal Bank 's £ 1 note design underwent its first major change to match the 1966 £ 5 note issue . For the first time , Royal Bank notes no longer bore a royal portrait ; instead , they bore an illustration of the industrialist David Dale , who had been a joint cashier of the bank 's first Glasgow office . It was also the Royal Bank 's first full - colour note , and bore the bank 's coat of arms and included a steel security strip . The Dale Series was short - lived ; in 1969 , the National Commercial Bank of Scotland merged with The Royal Bank of Scotland , and a new Interim series of notes was issued , combining designs of the banknotes from the two institutions . These notes were the first Royal Bank notes to conform to the banknote colour conventions across the UK , so that all £ 1 notes were coloured green . The front of the note featured the coat of arms of the Royal Bank of Scotland , and on the reverse was an illustration of the Forth Road Bridge . In 1987 , the Royal Bank issued its Ilay series of banknotes , named after Lord Ilay , first governor of the bank , whose portrait appears on the front of all the notes . The illustration is based on a 1744 portrait painting of Lord Ilay by Allan Ramsay . Other common design elements include the bank 's coat of arms and logo , the facade of Dundas House , the bank 's headquarters in Edinburgh , a pattern representing the ceiling of the headquarters ' banking hall , and an image of Lord Ilay as watermark . All of the Ilay series notes feature a castle on the back . On the reverse of the £ 1 note is an image of Edinburgh Castle and the National Gallery of Scotland . £ 1 notes are now rarely used . The Royal Bank was the last bank in Scotland to issue £ 1 notes , and stopped production in 2001 . In 2015 , a new series of polymer banknote was introduced by the Royal Bank , replacing its Ilay series £ 5 and £ 10 notes . Designs ( edit ) Note First issued Colour Size Design Additional information George II 1727 Black King George II Value of twenty shillings George IV 1826 Black King George IV George I 1832 Black King George I Dale 1968 Green Front : David Dale ; Back : Dundas House Interim 1968 Green Front : Royal Bank coat of arms ; Back : Forth Road Bridge Ilay Green 128 × 65 mm Front : Lord Ilay ; Back : Edinburgh Castle Information taken from The Committee of Scottish Bankers website . Design elements on the Ilay Series £ 1 note Lord Ilay portrait ( Allan Ramsay , 1744 ) Edinburgh Castle and the National Gallery Dundas House , Edinburgh Banking hall ceiling Commemorative £ 1 notes ( edit ) In 1992 , The Royal Bank of Scotland issued the first special commemorative banknote in Britain and in Europe . The first commemorative £ 1 note was issued to mark the European Council Summit that was held in Edinburgh on 8 December 1992 . Since then , the Royal Bank has issued a number of commemorative banknotes , including £ 1 notes , to mark major national events or anniversaries . Date of issue Commemoration Colour Design Additional information European Summit Green Palace of Holyroodhouse and the European flag Europe 's first commemorative banknote Centenary of the death of Robert Louis Stevenson Green Portrait of Stevenson ; a montage of characters and scenes from his books ; Stevenson 's homes in Edinburgh and on Samoa 150th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Graham Bell Purple Montage of telephones , geese , sheep and the phonetic alphabet invented by his father The first banknote in the EU to feature a hologram 1999 Inauguration of the Scottish Parliament Purple General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland ( temporary home of the Parliament ) ; plan of Enric Miralles 's new Scottish Parliament Building ( as yet unbuilt ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Current Banknotes : Royal Bank of Scotland '' . The Committee of Scottish Bankers . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take note : Scottish pounds which are worth a fiver '' . 1 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote History '' . The Committee of Scottish Bankers . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes Factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Association of Commercial Banknote Issuers . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 shilling note from The Royal Bank of Scotland 's first note issue , 1727 RBS Heritage Hub '' . www.rbs.com . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 1 note of The Royal Bank of Scotland 1827 RBS Heritage Hub '' . www.rbs.com . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Brian ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Malachi Malagrowther and the Scottish banknote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 1 note of The Royal Bank of Scotland 1914 '' . RBS heritage hub . Royal Bank of Scotland . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Bank of Scotland 1 Pound ( 1967 series ) - exchange yours '' . Leftover Currency . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 5 note of The Royal Bank of Scotland , 1966 '' . RBS Heritage Hub . The Royal Bank of Scotland , 1966 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 10 note ' interim series ' , 1969 '' . RBS Heritage Hub . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Bank of Scotland 1 Pound ( 1969 - 1970 ) - exchange yours '' . Leftover Currency . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Banknotes : 8 things you might not know '' . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote Design Features : The Royal Bank of Scotland '' . The Committee of Scottish Bankers . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish notes being withdrawn from circulation '' . HeraldScotland. 5 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative notes '' . RBS Heritage Hub . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Committee of Scottish Bankers website Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 5 £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_ £ 1_note&oldid = 851312838 '' Categories : Banknotes of Scotland One - base - unit banknotes Royal Bank of Scotland Group Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use British English from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 12 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did scotland stop using 1 pound notes	[ "The £1 note is currently the smallest denomination of banknote issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland.[1] The bank ceased regular production of £1 notes in 2001; the denomination is still in circulation although rarely seen in cash transactions today.[2]\n" ]	[ "2001" ]
3869905286948330222	List of Premier League hat-tricks	List of Premier League hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Premier League hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search Alan Shearer scored a record 11 Premier League hat - tricks , for Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United . Since the inception of the English football league competition , the Premier League , in 1992 , more than 100 players have scored three goals ( a hat - trick ) or more in a single match . The first player to achieve the feat was Frenchman Eric Cantona , who scored three times for Leeds United in a 5 -- 0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . Twenty players have scored more than three goals in a match ; of these , five players , Andy Cole , Alan Shearer , Jermain Defoe , Dimitar Berbatov and Sergio Agüero have scored five . Sadio Mané holds the record for the quickest Premier League hat - trick , netting three times for Southampton against Aston Villa in 2 minutes 56 seconds , breaking Robbie Fowler 's record , while in 1999 , Manchester United player Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored four goals in twelve minutes as a substitute against Nottingham Forest , `` the fastest scorer of a four - goal haul on record in England '' . The fixture between Arsenal and Southampton at Highbury in 2003 saw both Jermaine Pennant and Robert Pirès score a hat - trick for the home team . In 2007 , Blackburn 's Roque Santa Cruz and Wigan 's Marcus Bent both scored hat - tricks in a match that Wigan won 5 -- 3 . Only five players -- Les Ferdinand , Ian Wright , Didier Drogba , Wayne Rooney and Harry Kane -- have scored hat - tricks in two consecutive league games . Rooney 's hat - trick on 10 September 2011 and Matt Le Tissier 's hat - trick on 19 August 1995 were scored through set pieces , which consists of penalty kicks and direct free kicks . Everton 's Duncan Ferguson and Salomón Rondón of West Bromwich Albion are the only Premier League players to have scored a hat - trick of headers . Shearer has scored three or more goals eleven times in the Premier League , more than any other player . Robbie Fowler has scored nine hat - tricks ; Thierry Henry and Michael Owen have scored eight hat - tricks each . Five players have each scored hat - tricks for three different clubs : Yakubu Aiyegbeni ( Blackburn Rovers , Everton and Portsmouth ) ; Nicolas Anelka ( Arsenal , Chelsea and Manchester City ) ; Kevin Campbell ( Arsenal , Everton and Nottingham Forest ) ; Les Ferdinand ( Newcastle United , Queens Park Rangers and Tottenham Hotspur ) and Teddy Sheringham ( Manchester United , Portsmouth and Tottenham Hotspur ) . The Dubious Goals Committee has sometimes decided after a match that players have not scored hat - tricks because one of the goals was incorrectly credited to them . Southampton player Egil Østenstad was thought to have scored a hat - trick against Manchester United in 1996 , but the committee ruled that one of the goals be credited as an own goal to United 's Phil Neville . Anelka 's first goal for Manchester City in September 2002 was later credited as an own goal to Everton 's Tomasz Radzinski . Javier Hernández was denied a hat - trick against Aston Villa in November 2011 after the committee ruled his second goal was actually an own goal by Ron Vlaar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hat - tricks 2 Multiple hat - tricks 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Hat - tricks Key Player scored four goals Player scored five goals Player scored hat - trick as a substitute * The home team Note : The results column shows the home team score first Eric Cantona scored the first hat - trick of the Premier League . Thierry Henry scored eight hat - tricks for Arsenal between 2000 and 2007 . Frank Lampard scored three Premier League hat - tricks in 17 years . Michael Owen scored eight hat - tricks . Robbie Fowler scored three or more goals on nine occasions . Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored four goals in twelve minutes against Nottingham Forest after coming on as a second - half substitute . Ruud van Nistelrooy scored five hat - tricks for Manchester United . Emmanuel Adebayor scored a hat - trick for Arsenal in both games against Derby County in 2007 -- 08 , the first time a player scored three goals in both fixtures against the same team in a season . Roque Santa Cruz scored a hat - trick for Blackburn Rovers in a 5 -- 3 defeat against Wigan Athletic . Despite scoring 84 league goals for Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo only scored one hat - trick , in a 6 -- 0 victory against Newcastle United in January 2008 . Jermain Defoe scored five goals against Wigan Athletic in Tottenham Hotspur 's 9 -- 1 victory in November 2009 . Mario Balotelli scored a hat - trick , including two penalties , in Manchester City 's 4 -- 0 victory over Aston Villa in December 2010 . Cameroon player Somen Tchoyi scored a hat - trick for West Bromwich Albion in May 2011 . England player Steven Gerrard became the first player in Premier League history to score a hat - trick in the Merseyside derby in March 2012 . Japanese player Shinji Kagawa became the first Asian player in Premier League to score a hat - trick in March 2013 . Uruguayan international Luis Suárez scored three hat - tricks for Liverpool within a calendar year from April 2012 . He also became the first player in Premier League to score three hat - tricks against the same team ( Norwich City ) in December 2013 . Sadio Mané 's hat - trick in 2 minutes 56 seconds against Aston Villa in May 2015 is the fastest in Premier League history . Algerian player Riyad Mahrez became the first Arabian player in Premier League to score a hat - trick in December 2015 . Player Nationality For Against Result Date Ref Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona France Leeds United * Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 0 000000001992 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1992 Robins , Mark Mark Robins England Norwich City * Oldham Athletic 3 -- 2 000000001992 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1992 Hendrie , John John Hendrie Scotland Middlesbrough * Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 2 000000001992 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 1992 Sinton , Andy Andy Sinton England Queens Park Rangers * Everton 4 -- 2 000000001992 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1992 Deane , Brian Brian Deane England Sheffield United * Ipswich Town 3 -- 0 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1993 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Tottenham Hotspur * Leeds United 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 1993 Strachan , Gordon Gordon Strachan Scotland Leeds United * Blackburn Rovers 5 -- 2 000000001993 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 1993 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Queens Park Rangers * Nottingham Forest 4 -- 3 000000001993 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 1993 Bart - Williams , Chris Chris Bart - Williams England Sheffield Wednesday * Southampton 5 -- 2 000000001993 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 1993 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Queens Park Rangers Everton * 3 -- 5 000000001993 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 1993 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Norwich City * Leeds United 4 -- 2 000000001993 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1993 Walters , Mark Mark Walters England Liverpool * Coventry City 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1993 Wallace , Rod Rod Wallace England Leeds United Coventry City * 3 -- 3 000000001993 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1993 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton Oldham Athletic * 4 -- 3 000000001993 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1993 Quinn , Micky Micky Quinn England Coventry City Arsenal * 0 -- 3 000000001993 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1993 Cottee , Tony Tony Cottee England Everton * Sheffield United 4 -- 2 000000001993 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 1993 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Arsenal * Ipswich Town 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 1993 Ekoku , Efan Efan Ekoku Nigeria Norwich City Everton * 1 -- 5 000000001993 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1993 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers Leeds United * 3 -- 3 000000001993 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1993 Beardsley , Peter Peter Beardsley England Newcastle United * Wimbledon 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1993 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Southampton 4 -- 2 000000001993 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1993 Allen , Bradley Bradley Allen England Queens Park Rangers Everton * 0 -- 3 000000001993 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1993 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Newcastle United * Liverpool 3 -- 0 000000001993 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1993 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Arsenal * Swindon Town 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1993 Cottee , Tony Tony Cottee England Everton * Swindon Town 6 -- 0 000000001994 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 1994 Fjortoft , Jan Age Jan Åge Fjørtoft Norway Swindon Town * Coventry City 3 -- 1 000000001994 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1994 Saunders , Dean Dean Saunders Wales Aston Villa * Swindon Town 5 -- 0 000000001994 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1994 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton * Liverpool 4 -- 2 000000001994 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1994 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Newcastle United * Coventry City 4 -- 0 000000001994 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1994 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal Ipswich Town * 1 -- 5 000000001994 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1994 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal Southampton * 0 -- 4 000000001994 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 1994 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton Norwich City * 4 -- 5 000000001994 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 1994 Holdsworth , Dean Dean Holdsworth England Wimbledon * Oldham Athletic 3 -- 0 000000001994 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 1994 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers * Coventry City 4 -- 0 000000001994 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1994 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Arsenal 4 -- 3 000000001994 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1994 Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis Russia Manchester United * Manchester City 5 -- 0 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Queens Park Rangers 4 -- 0 000000001994 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1994 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Tottenham Hotspur * Newcastle United 4 -- 2 000000001994 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1994 Cottee , Tony Tony Cottee England West Ham United * Manchester City 3 -- 0 000000001994 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1994 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * West Ham United 4 -- 2 000000001995 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Ipswich Town 4 -- 1 000000001995 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1995 Johnson , Tommy Tommy Johnson England Aston Villa * Wimbledon 7 -- 1 000000001995 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1995 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Manchester United * Ipswich Town 9 -- 0 000000001995 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1995 Ndlovu , Peter Peter Ndlovu Zimbabwe Coventry City Liverpool * 2 -- 3 000000001995 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 1995 Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Ghana Leeds United * Ipswich Town 4 -- 0 000000001995 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 1995 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal * Ipswich Town 4 -- 1 000000001995 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 1995 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton * Nottingham Forest 3 -- 4 000000001995 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 August 1995 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Bolton Wanderers 5 -- 2 000000001995 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Coventry City 5 -- 1 000000001995 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1995 Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Ghana Leeds United Wimbledon * 2 -- 4 000000001995 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1995 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Newcastle United * Wimbledon 6 -- 1 000000001995 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 1995 McAllister , Gary Gary McAllister Scotland Leeds United * Coventry City 3 -- 1 000000001995 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Nottingham Forest 7 -- 0 000000001995 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * West Ham United 4 -- 2 000000001995 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1995 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Coventry City Sheffield Wednesday * 4 -- 3 000000001995 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1995 Milosevic , Savo Savo Milošević Yugoslavia Aston Villa * Coventry City 4 -- 1 000000001995 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1995 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Arsenal 3 -- 1 000000001995 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Bolton Wanderers 3 -- 1 000000001996 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 1996 Peacock , Gavin Gavin Peacock England Chelsea * Middlesbrough 5 -- 0 000000001996 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 1996 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers Tottenham Hotspur * 2 -- 3 000000001996 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 1996 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Wales Chelsea * Leeds United 4 -- 1 000000001996 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 1996 Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis Russia Everton Sheffield Wednesday * 2 -- 5 000000001996 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 1996 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Nottingham Forest Coventry City * 0 -- 3 000000001996 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 1996 Ravanelli , Fabrizio Fabrizio Ravanelli Italy Middlesbrough * Liverpool 3 -- 3 000000001996 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 1996 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal * Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 1 000000001996 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1996 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Aston Villa Newcastle United * 4 -- 3 000000001996 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1996 Speed , Gary Gary Speed Wales Everton * Southampton 7 -- 1 000000001996 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 1996 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Middlesbrough 5 -- 1 000000001996 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1996 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Newcastle United * Leicester City 4 -- 3 000000001997 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1997 Marshall , Ian Ian Marshall England Leicester City * Derby County 4 -- 2 000000001997 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1997 Iversen , Steffen Steffen Iversen Norway Tottenham Hotspur Sunderland * 0 -- 4 000000001997 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1997 Ravanelli , Fabrizio Fabrizio Ravanelli Italy Middlesbrough * Derby County 6 -- 1 000000001997 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1997 Gallacher , Kevin Kevin Gallacher Scotland Blackburn Rovers * Wimbledon 3 -- 1 000000001997 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1997 Kitson , Paul Paul Kitson England West Ham United * Sheffield Wednesday 5 -- 1 000000001997 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 1997 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Coventry City * Chelsea 3 -- 2 000000001997 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 1997 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers Aston Villa * 0 -- 4 000000001997 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 August 1997 Vialli , Gianluca Gianluca Vialli Italy Chelsea Barnsley * 0 -- 6 000000001997 - 08 - 24 - 0000 24 August 1997 Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands Arsenal * Leicester City 3 -- 3 000000001997 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1997 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal * Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 1 000000001997 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1997 Berger , Patrik Patrik Berger Czech Republic Liverpool * Chelsea 4 -- 2 000000001997 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 1997 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Manchester United * Barnsley 7 -- 0 000000001997 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1997 Booth , Andy Andy Booth England Sheffield Wednesday * Bolton Wanderers 5 -- 0 000000001997 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 1997 Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola Italy Chelsea * Derby County 4 -- 0 000000001997 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1997 Flo , Tore Andre Tore André Flo Norway Chelsea Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 6 000000001997 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1997 Ferguson , Duncan Duncan Ferguson Scotland Everton * Bolton Wanderers 3 -- 2 000000001997 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1997 Gallacher , Kevin Kevin Gallacher Scotland Blackburn Rovers * Aston Villa 5 -- 0 000000001998 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1998 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool Sheffield Wednesday * 3 -- 3 000000001998 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1998 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers * Leicester City 5 -- 3 000000001998 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 1998 Huckerby , Darren Darren Huckerby England Coventry City Leeds United * 3 -- 3 000000001998 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1998 Klinsmann , Jurgen Jürgen Klinsmann Germany Tottenham Hotspur Wimbledon * 2 -- 6 000000001998 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 1998 Mendonca , Clive Clive Mendonca England Charlton Athletic * Southampton 5 -- 0 000000001998 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 1998 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool Newcastle United * 1 -- 4 000000001998 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1998 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool * Nottingham Forest 5 -- 1 000000001998 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1998 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Aston Villa Southampton 1 -- 4 000000001998 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1998 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool Aston Villa * 2 -- 4 000000001998 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1998 Armstrong , Chris Chris Armstrong England Tottenham Hotspur * Everton 4 -- 1 000000001998 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1998 Huckerby , Darren Darren Huckerby England Coventry City * Nottingham Forest 4 -- 0 000000001999 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 1999 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Southampton 7 -- 1 000000001999 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1999 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United Leicester City * 2 -- 6 000000001999 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1999 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United Nottingham Forest * 1 -- 8 000000001999 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 February 1999 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Arsenal * Leicester City 5 -- 0 000000001999 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 1999 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Everton * West Ham United 6 -- 0 000000001999 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1999 Bridges , Michael Michael Bridges England Leeds United Southampton * 0 -- 3 000000001999 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 August 1999 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Manchester United * Newcastle United 5 -- 1 000000001999 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1999 Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips England Sunderland Derby County * 0 -- 5 000000001999 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1999 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Newcastle United * Sheffield Wednesday 8 -- 0 000000001999 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1999 Kanu , Nwankwo Nwankwo Kanu Nigeria Arsenal Chelsea * 2 -- 3 000000001999 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1999 Overmars , Marc Marc Overmars Netherlands Arsenal * Middlesbrough 5 -- 1 000000001999 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1999 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United * Everton 5 -- 1 000000001999 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1999 Barmby , Nick Nick Barmby England Everton West Ham United * 0 -- 4 000000002000 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2000 Collymore , Stan Stan Collymore England Leicester City * Sunderland 5 -- 2 000000002000 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2000 Iversen , Steffen Steffen Iversen Norway Tottenham Hotspur * Southampton 7 -- 2 000000002000 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2000 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United * Derby County 3 -- 1 000000002000 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2000 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes England Manchester United * West Ham United 7 -- 1 000000002000 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2000 Windass , Dean Dean Windass England Bradford City * Derby County 4 -- 4 000000002000 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2000 Wanchope , Paulo Paulo Wanchope Costa Rica Manchester City * Sunderland 4 -- 2 000000002000 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2000 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool * Aston Villa 3 -- 1 000000002000 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2000 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey England Liverpool Derby County * 0 -- 4 000000002000 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 2000 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Chelsea * Coventry City 6 -- 1 000000002000 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 2000 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Manchester United * Southampton 5 -- 0 000000002000 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2000 Viduka , Mark Mark Viduka Australia Leeds United * Liverpool 4 -- 3 000000002000 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2000 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Tottenham Hotspur Leicester City * 3 -- 0 000000002000 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2000 Parlour , Ray Ray Parlour England Arsenal * Newcastle United 5 -- 0 000000002000 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2000 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Leicester City 6 -- 1 000000002000 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2000 Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips England Sunderland Bradford City * 1 -- 4 000000002000 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2000 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United * Arsenal 6 -- 1 000000002001 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 2001 Wiltord , Sylvain Sylvain Wiltord France Arsenal * West Ham United 3 -- 0 000000002001 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2001 Stewart , Marcus Marcus Stewart England Ipswich Town Southampton * 0 -- 3 000000002001 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2001 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool * Newcastle United 3 -- 0 000000002001 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2001 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool Leicester City * 1 -- 4 000000002001 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2001 Kitson , Paul Paul Kitson England West Ham United Charlton Athletic * 4 -- 4 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2001 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Southampton 6 -- 1 000000002001 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2001 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Leeds United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 3 000000002001 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2001 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 4 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 29 January 2002 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Chelsea * Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 0 000000002002 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2002 Bobic , Fredi Fredi Bobic Germany Bolton Wanderers * Ipswich Town 4 -- 1 000000002002 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2002 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool Manchester City * 0 -- 3 000000002002 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2002 Beattie , James James Beattie England Southampton * Fulham 4 -- 2 000000002002 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 2002 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Newcastle United 5 -- 3 000000002002 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2002 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Ireland Tottenham Hotspur * Everton 4 -- 3 000000002003 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2003 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * West Ham United 3 -- 1 000000002003 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2003 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Fulham 3 -- 0 000000002003 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2003 Viduka , Mark Mark Viduka Australia Leeds United Charlton Athletic * 1 -- 6 000000002003 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2003 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes England Manchester United Newcastle United * 2 -- 6 000000002003 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2003 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool West Bromwich Albion * 0 -- 6 000000002003 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2003 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Charlton Athletic 4 -- 1 000000002003 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2003 Pennant , Jermaine Jermaine Pennant England Arsenal * Southampton 6 -- 1 000000002003 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2003 Pires , Robert Robert Pirès France Arsenal * Southampton 6 -- 1 000000002003 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2003 Ljungberg , Fredrik Fredrik Ljungberg Sweden Arsenal Sunderland * 0 -- 4 000000002003 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2003 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Portsmouth * Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 0 000000002003 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 2003 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Manchester City * Aston Villa 4 -- 1 000000002003 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 2003 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United Leicester City * 1 -- 4 000000002003 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2003 Lisbie , Kevin Kevin Lisbie Jamaica Charlton Athletic * Liverpool 3 -- 2 000000002003 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2003 Watson , Steve Steve Watson England Everton * Leeds United 4 -- 0 000000002003 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2003 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Ireland Tottenham Hotspur * Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 -- 2 000000002003 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2003 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Chelsea * Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 -- 2 000000002004 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 2004 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Liverpool 4 -- 2 000000002004 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2004 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Leeds United 5 -- 0 000000002004 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2004 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Portsmouth * Middlesbrough 5 -- 1 000000002004 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2004 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Portsmouth * Fulham 4 -- 3 000000002004 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2004 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Middlesbrough Blackburn Rovers * 0 -- 4 000000002004 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 2004 Gudjohnsen , Eidur Eiður Guðjohnsen Iceland Chelsea * Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 0 000000002004 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2004 Baros , Milan Milan Baroš Czech Republic Liverpool * Crystal Palace 3 -- 2 000000002004 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2004 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Tottenham Hotspur * Southampton 5 -- 1 000000002004 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2004 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Portsmouth 3 -- 0 000000002005 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2005 Earnshaw , Robert Robert Earnshaw Wales West Bromwich Albion Charlton Athletic * 1 -- 4 000000002005 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2005 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Norwich City 4 -- 1 000000002005 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2005 Harewood , Marlon Marlon Harewood England West Ham United * Aston Villa 4 -- 0 000000002005 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2005 Camara , Henri Henri Camara Senegal Wigan Athletic * Charlton Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002005 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2005 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Newcastle United West Ham United * 2 -- 4 000000002005 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2005 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Middlesbrough 7 -- 0 000000002006 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2006 Bentley , David David Bentley England Blackburn Rovers * Manchester United 4 -- 3 000000002006 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2006 Moore , Luke Luke Moore England Aston Villa Middlesbrough * 0 -- 4 000000002006 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2006 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Wigan Athletic 4 -- 2 000000002006 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2006 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 4 000000002006 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2006 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea * Watford 4 -- 0 000000002006 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2006 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch England Liverpool * Arsenal 4 -- 1 000000002007 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2007 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal * Derby County 5 -- 0 000000002007 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2007 Mwaruwari , Benjani Benjani Mwaruwari Zimbabwe Portsmouth * Reading 7 -- 4 000000002007 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2007 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Everton * Fulham 3 -- 0 000000002007 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2007 Santa Cruz , Roque Roque Santa Cruz Paraguay Blackburn Rovers Wigan Athletic * 5 -- 3 000000002007 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2007 Bent , Marcus Marcus Bent England Wigan Athletic * Blackburn Rovers 5 -- 3 000000002007 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2007 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Tottenham Hotspur * Reading 6 -- 4 000000002007 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2007 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United * Newcastle United 6 -- 0 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Mwaruwari , Benjani Benjani Mwaruwari Zimbabwe Portsmouth * Derby County 3 -- 1 000000002008 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2008 Carew , John John Carew Norway Aston Villa * Newcastle United 4 -- 1 000000002008 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2008 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Liverpool * Middlesbrough 3 -- 2 000000002008 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2008 Forssell , Mikael Mikael Forssell Finland Birmingham City * Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 1 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2008 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Liverpool * West Ham United 4 -- 0 000000002008 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2008 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard England Chelsea * Derby County 6 -- 1 000000002008 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2008 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal Derby County * 2 -- 6 000000002008 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2008 Alves , Afonso Afonso Alves Brazil Middlesbrough * Manchester City 8 -- 1 000000002008 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2008 Agbonlahor , Gabriel Gabriel Agbonlahor England Aston Villa * Manchester City 4 -- 2 000000002008 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2008 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal Blackburn Rovers * 0 -- 4 000000002008 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2008 Robinho Brazil Manchester City * Stoke City 3 -- 0 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2008 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Chelsea * Sunderland 5 -- 0 000000002008 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2008 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England Liverpool * Aston Villa 5 -- 0 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2009 Arshavin , Andrei Andrei Arshavin Russia Arsenal Liverpool * 4 -- 4 000000002009 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2009 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Tottenham Hotspur Hull City * 1 -- 5 000000002009 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 August 2009 Benayoun , Yossi Yossi Benayoun Israel Liverpool * Burnley 4 -- 0 000000002009 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2009 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Liverpool * Hull City 6 -- 1 000000002009 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2009 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Ireland Tottenham Hotspur * Burnley 5 -- 0 000000002009 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2009 Dindane , Aruna Aruna Dindane Ivory Coast Portsmouth * Wigan Athletic 4 -- 0 000000002009 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2009 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Tottenham Hotspur * Wigan Athletic 9 -- 1 000000002009 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2009 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Portsmouth * 1 -- 4 000000002009 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2009 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City * Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 000000002010 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2010 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United * Hull City 4 -- 0 000000002010 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2010 Bent , Darren Darren Bent England Sunderland * Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 0 000000002010 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2010 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard England Chelsea * Aston Villa 7 -- 1 000000002010 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 2010 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City * Wigan Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002010 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2010 Kalou , Salomon Salomon Kalou Ivory Coast Chelsea * Stoke City 7 -- 0 000000002010 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 2010 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea * Wigan Athletic 8 -- 0 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2010 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea * West Bromwich Albion 6 -- 0 000000002010 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2010 Walcott , Theo Theo Walcott England Arsenal * Blackpool 6 -- 0 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 Carroll , Andy Andy Carroll England Newcastle United * Aston Villa 6 -- 0 000000002010 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2010 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Liverpool 3 -- 2 000000002010 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2010 Nolan , Kevin Kevin Nolan England Newcastle United * Sunderland 5 -- 1 000000002010 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2010 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 1 000000002010 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 2010 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy Manchester City * Aston Villa 4 -- 0 000000002010 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2010 Best , Leon Leon Best Ireland Newcastle United * West Ham United 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2011 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Birmingham City 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2011 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal * Wigan Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2011 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City * West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 Saha , Louis Louis Saha France Everton * Blackpool 5 -- 3 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 Kuyt , Dirk Dirk Kuyt Netherlands Liverpool * Manchester United 3 -- 1 000000002011 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 2011 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United West Ham United * 2 -- 4 000000002011 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2011 Rodriguez , Maxi Maxi Rodríguez Argentina Liverpool * Birmingham City 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2011 Rodriguez , Maxi Maxi Rodríguez Argentina Liverpool Fulham * 2 -- 5 000000002011 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2011 Tchoyi , Somen Somen Tchoyi Cameroon West Bromwich Albion Newcastle United * 3 -- 3 000000002011 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2011 Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Manchester City Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 5 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United * Arsenal 8 -- 2 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Wigan Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2011 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 5 000000002011 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2011 Ba , Demba Demba Ba Senegal Newcastle United * Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 000000002011 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2011 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard England Chelsea Bolton Wanderers * 1 -- 5 000000002011 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2011 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson England Fulham * Queens Park Rangers 6 -- 0 000000002011 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2011 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal Chelsea * 3 -- 5 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 Ba , Demba Demba Ba Senegal Newcastle United Stoke City * 1 -- 3 000000002011 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2011 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Blackburn Rovers * Swansea City 4 -- 2 000000002011 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2011 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Wigan Athletic 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2011 Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Fulham * Newcastle United 5 -- 2 000000002012 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 2012 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal * Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 1 000000002012 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2012 Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers * 1 -- 5 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 Pogrebnyak , Pavel Pavel Pogrebnyak Russia Fulham * Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 -- 0 000000002012 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2012 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England Liverpool * Everton 3 -- 0 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2012 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City Norwich City * 1 -- 6 000000002012 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2012 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Norwich City * 0 -- 3 000000002012 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2012 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Chelsea * Queens Park Rangers 6 -- 1 000000002012 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2012 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Manchester United Southampton * 2 -- 3 000000002012 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 2012 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Norwich City * 2 -- 5 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2012 Gomez , Jordi Jordi Gómez Spain Wigan Athletic * Reading 3 -- 2 000000002012 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2012 Cazorla , Santi Santi Cazorla Spain Arsenal Reading * 2 -- 5 000000002012 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2012 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales Tottenham Hotspur Aston Villa * 0 -- 4 000000002012 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2012 Walcott , Theo Theo Walcott England Arsenal * Newcastle United 7 -- 3 000000002012 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2012 Kagawa , Shinji Shinji Kagawa Japan Manchester United * Norwich City 4 -- 0 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Wigan Athletic * 0 -- 4 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Manchester United * Aston Villa 3 -- 0 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2013 Benteke , Christian Christian Benteke Belgium Aston Villa * Sunderland 6 -- 1 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2013 Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge England Liverpool Fulham * 1 -- 3 000000002013 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2013 Nolan , Kevin Kevin Nolan England West Ham United * Reading 4 -- 2 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2013 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku Belgium West Bromwich Albion * Manchester United 5 -- 5 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2013 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool * West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 1 000000002013 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2013 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool * Norwich City 5 -- 1 000000002013 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2013 Johnson , Adam Adam Johnson England Sunderland Fulham * 1 -- 4 000000002014 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2014 Etoo , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Chelsea * Manchester United 3 -- 1 000000002014 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2014 Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Chelsea * Newcastle United 3 -- 0 000000002014 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 February 2014 Schurrle , Andre André Schürrle Germany Chelsea Fulham * 1 -- 3 000000002014 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2014 Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Manchester City * Fulham 5 -- 0 000000002014 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2014 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Cardiff City * 3 -- 6 000000002014 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2014 Costa , Diego Diego Costa Spain Chelsea * Swansea City 4 -- 2 000000002014 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2014 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 1 000000002014 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2014 Austin , Charlie Charlie Austin England Queens Park Rangers * West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 000000002014 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2014 Walters , Jonathan Jonathan Walters Ireland Stoke City * Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2015 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * Leicester City 4 -- 3 000000002015 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2015 Benteke , Christian Christian Benteke Belgium Aston Villa * Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 3 000000002015 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2015 Bolasie , Yannick Yannick Bolasie DR Congo Crystal Palace Sunderland * 1 -- 4 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2015 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Queens Park Rangers 6 -- 0 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2015 Mane , Sadio Sadio Mané Senegal Southampton * Aston Villa 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2015 Walcott , Theo Theo Walcott England Arsenal * West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 1 000000002015 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2015 Wilson , Callum Callum Wilson England AFC Bournemouth West Ham United * 3 -- 4 000000002015 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2015 Naismith , Steven Steven Naismith Scotland Everton * Chelsea 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 Sánchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Arsenal Leicester City * 2 -- 5 000000002015 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2015 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Newcastle United 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2015 Sterling , Raheem Raheem Sterling England Manchester City * AFC Bournemouth 5 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2015 Wijnaldum , Georginio Georginio Wijnaldum Netherlands Newcastle United * Norwich City 6 -- 2 000000002015 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2015 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur AFC Bournemouth * 1 -- 5 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 Koné , Arouna Arouna Koné Ivory Coast Everton * Sunderland 6 -- 2 000000002015 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2015 Mahrez , Riyad Riyad Mahrez Algeria Leicester City Swansea City * 0 -- 3 000000002015 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 2015 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Sunderland Swansea City * 2 -- 4 000000002016 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2016 Carroll , Andy Andy Carroll England West Ham United * Arsenal 3 -- 3 000000002016 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2016 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City Chelsea * 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2016 Mané , Sadio Sadio Mané Senegal Southampton * Manchester City 4 -- 2 000000002016 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2016 Giroud , Olivier Olivier Giroud France Arsenal * Aston Villa 4 -- 0 000000002016 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2016 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku Belgium Everton Sunderland * 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 Sánchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Arsenal West Ham United * 1 -- 5 000000002016 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2016 Vardy , Jamie Jamie Vardy England Leicester City * Manchester City 4 -- 2 000000002016 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2016 Rondón , Salomón Salomón Rondón Venezuela West Bromwich Albion * Swansea City 3 -- 1 000000002016 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 2016 Gray , Andre Andre Gray England Burnley * Sunderland 4 -- 1 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2016 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2017 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku Belgium Everton * AFC Bournemouth 6 -- 3 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * Stoke City 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2017 King , Joshua Joshua King Norway AFC Bournemouth * West Ham United 3 -- 2 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur Leicester City * 1 -- 6 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur Hull City * 1 -- 7 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2017 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City Watford * 0 -- 6 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 2017 Morata , Álvaro Álvaro Morata Spain Chelsea Stoke City * 0 -- 4 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2017 Wilson , Callum Callum Wilson England AFC Bournemouth * Huddersfield Town 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2017 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Everton * West Ham United 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur Burnley * 0 -- 3 000000002017 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * Southampton 5 -- 2 000000002017 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2017 Multiple hat - tricks The following table lists the minimum number of hat - tricks scored by players who have scored two or more hat - tricks . Players in bold are still active in the Premier League . Rank Player Hat - tricks Last hat - trick Alan Shearer 11 19 September 1999 Robbie Fowler 9 26 December 2001 Thierry Henry 8 7 May 2006 Harry Kane 26 December 2017 Michael Owen 17 December 2005 6 Wayne Rooney 7 29 November 2017 7 Sergio Agüero 6 16 September 2017 Luis Suárez 22 March 2014 9 Dimitar Berbatov 5 26 December 2011 Andy Cole 30 August 1999 Ruud van Nistelrooy 27 September 2003 Robin van Persie 22 April 2013 Ian Wright 13 September 1997 14 Yakubu Aiyegbeni 3 December 2011 Kevin Campbell 8 May 1999 Jermain Defoe 13 January 2016 Les Ferdinand 25 November 2000 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink 16 October 2004 Matthew Le Tissier 19 August 1995 Teddy Sheringham 26 August 2003 Chris Sutton 28 February 1998 Carlos Tevez 14 April 2012 Fernando Torres 29 April 2012 Dwight Yorke 25 February 2001 25 Emmanuel Adebayor 13 September 2008 Nicolas Anelka 1 November 2008 Tony Cottee 17 December 1994 Didier Drogba 14 August 2010 Dion Dublin 14 November 1998 Robbie Keane 26 September 2009 Frank Lampard 2 October 2011 Romelu Lukaku 4 February 2017 Ole Gunnar Solskjær 29 January 2002 Theo Walcott 24 May 2015 35 Demba Ba 31 October 2011 Christian Benteke 7 April 2015 Andy Carroll 9 April 2016 Kevin Gallacher 17 January 1998 Steven Gerrard 13 March 2012 Darren Huckerby 9 January 1999 Steffen Iversen 11 March 2000 Andrei Kanchelskis 27 April 1996 Paul Kitson 19 November 2001 Sadio Mané 1 May 2016 Benjani Mwaruwari 19 January 2008 Kevin Nolan 19 May 2013 Kevin Phillips 26 December 2000 Fabrizio Ravanelli 5 March 1997 Maxi Rodríguez 9 May 2011 Alexis Sánchez 3 December 2016 Paul Scholes 12 April 2003 Mark Viduka 5 April 2003 Callum Wilson 18 November 2017 Tony Yeboah 23 September 1995 Notes The Premier League , created in 1992 , is the top tier of English league football . References ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 25 February 2004 ) . `` The hat - trick Hall of Fame '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` Unassuming supersub who merits a place among the Old Trafford greats '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Norman ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Fastest UCL goals , little and large '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Norman ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Four - goal salvos , hat - trick heroes '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 1 Swansea City '' . BBC Sport. 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` Hat - trick hero still going strong '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day in 1996 : Man Utd hit for six at Southampton '' . Premier League . 26 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 10 September 2002 ) . `` No regrets for Anelka on return to Arsenal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Chicha denied treble '' . Manchester United F.C. Official Website . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Phil ( 26 August 1992 ) . `` Football : Cantona hits hat - trick to crush Spurs '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robins calls it a day '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Frank ( 6 December 1992 ) . `` Football : Rovers rocked by Hendrie hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 29 December 1992 ) . `` Football : Everton 's day of dismissals '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Phil ( 17 January 1993 ) . `` Football : Deane gets about Town '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 22 February 1993 ) . `` Football : Barmby poses a national problem '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Edworthy , Niall ( 11 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Strachan inspires '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Sam ( 11 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Forest full of goals and holes '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Phil ( 13 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Wednesday 's strength in depth '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 3 -- 5 QPR '' . Soccerbase. 12 April 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 15 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Sutton does the trick to inspire Norwich : Champions still without an away win as Canaries rediscover their scoring touch '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 Coventry '' . Soccerbase. 17 April 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry 3 -- 3 Leeds '' . Soccerbase. 8 May 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rob ( 2 May 2008 ) . `` The Joy of Six : great escapes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this week ... '' Coventry City F.C. 17 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Frank ( 22 August 1993 ) . `` Football : Cottee hits heights '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Ipswich '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 1 -- 5 Norwich '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 24 October 1993 ) . `` Leeds upstage Shearer show '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 4 -- 0 MK Dons '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 Southampton '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 21 November 1993 ) . `` Football : Everton lose dignity '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 22 November 1993 ) . `` Football : Cole collects hat - trick to humble Liverpool : Strikers display their talents as Newcastle 's passing game destroys weakened visitors and West Bromwich are punished for errors '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GGG35 : Ian Wright v Swindon Town , 1993 '' . Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 6 -- 0 Swindon '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Slot , Owen ( 6 February 1994 ) . `` Football : The age of Fjortoft '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 13 February 1994 ) . `` Football : Sizzling Saunders '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 15 February 1994 ) . `` Football : Le Tissier sets up the rout of poor Liverpool '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Frank ( 24 February 1994 ) . `` Football : Newcastle lifted by brilliant Cole : Familiar figure helps youthful Magpies return to winning ways '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day in ... '' Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Slot , Owen ( 20 March 1994 ) . `` Football : Wright floors revivalists '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 10 April 1994 ) . `` Football : Le Tissier hat - trick keeps Saints afloat '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MK Dons 3 -- 0 Oldham '' . Soccerbase. 25 September 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Barton , Mark ( 29 August 1994 ) . `` Football : Sutton punishes sorry Coventry : Rovers leave it late '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Manchester United v Manchester City : Five classic derbies '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 0 QPR '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 2 Newcastle United '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham United 3 -- 0 Manchester City '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 3 January 1995 ) . `` Blackburn put clear by superb Shearer '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 1 Ipswich '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Neil ( 12 February 1995 ) . `` Seven up for Villa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A nightmare revisited '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2000 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Martin ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` Andrey the giant '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 6 April 1995 ) . `` Yeboah 's hat - trick buries Ipswich '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 16 April 1995 ) . `` Hat - trick is the Wright response '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hey , Stan ( 20 August 1995 ) . `` Roy runs free for Forest '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 24 September 1995 ) . `` Shearer lifts the gloom '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brenkley , Stephen ( 24 September 1995 ) . `` Yeboah up to his old tricks '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Scott ( 22 October 1995 ) . `` Ferdinand dons triple crown '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Scott ( 29 October 1995 ) . `` Leeds stirred by McAllister '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 19 November 1995 ) . `` Bohinen busts Forest 's dam '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Cullely , Jon ( 3 December 1995 ) . `` Shearer bliss '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 December 1995 ) . `` Football : Bright 's finish makes Dublin 's hat - trick irrelevant '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 17 December 1995 ) . `` Football : Milosevic finally comes good '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 24 December 1995 ) . `` Fowler does trick for Liverpool '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 4 February 1996 ) . `` Dogged Shearer puts bite on Bolton '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 5 February 1996 ) . `` Chelsea burst into bloom '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` Shearer steals show '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` Hughes bang up to date '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Scott ( 28 April 1996 ) . `` Kanchelskis rules '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 18 August 1996 ) . `` Campbell calls tune '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough v Liverpool '' . The Times . London . 9 November 2002 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 17 September 1996 ) . `` Football : Wright 's hat - trick lifts the gloom '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Simon ( 1 October 1996 ) . `` Yorke hat - trick in vain for Villa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 17 November 1996 ) . `` Football : Speed puts foot down '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 1 Middlesbrough '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 3 February 1997 ) . `` Football : Shearer provides Newcastle fantasy '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 23 February 1997 ) . `` Football : Marshall 's triple tale of the unexpected '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stamiforth , Tommy ( 5 March 1997 ) . `` Football : Spurs boosted by Iversen 's hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Simon ( 6 March 1997 ) . `` Football : Ravanelli hat - trick bodes well for Boro '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 17 March 1997 ) . `` Football : Gallacher takes advantage of Sullivan 's sudden relapse '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 4 May 1997 ) . `` Kitson glory day '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Clive ( 10 August 1997 ) . `` Football : Dublin exposes Chelsea 's flaw '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David . `` Blackburn 5 Aston Villa 0 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 25 August 1997 ) . `` Football : Barnsley exposed by Vialli '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Dennis Bergkamp 's 100 Arsenal goals '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 2 Chelsea '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David . `` Manchester United 7 -- 0 Barnsley '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 10 November 1997 ) . `` Football : Shreeves reaps reward of Pleat 's long - term plan '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Martin . `` Chelsea 4 Derby 0 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 7 December 1997 ) . `` Football : Tottenham 's revival hopes threatened by Venglos factor '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson hits hat - trick for Everton '' . BBC News . 28 December 1997 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 18 January 1998 ) . `` Football : Villa cut down by Gallacher '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sheffield Wednesday 3 -- 3 Liverpool '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 2 March 1998 ) . `` Football : Why Sutton should eat humble pie '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Ian . `` Leeds 3 Coventry 3 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Wyn ( 4 May 1996 ) . `` Football : Klinsmann muddies the water '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 22 August 1998 ) . `` Football Round - up : Mendonca 's Valley high '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 31 August 1998 ) . `` Football : Owen defines Gullit 's task with hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer -- England : Owen Returns With Four Goals '' . The New York Times . 26 October 1998 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 15 November 1998 ) . `` Football : Dublin 's treble leaves Villa in clover '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 22 November 1998 ) . `` Football Fowler trick trumps Villa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rowbottom , Mike ( 29 December 1998 ) . `` Football : Armstrong treble traumatises Everton '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 9 January 1999 ) . `` Huckerby hat - trick fells forlorn Forest '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Neil ( 17 January 1999 ) . `` Football : Fowler preys on sorry Saints '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtis , John . `` Leicester 2 -- 6 Manchester United '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Neil ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` West Brom 5 -- 5 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United romp to record win '' . BBC News . 7 February 1999 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 February 1999 ) . `` Football : Arsenal fired by Anelka hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 9 May 1999 ) . `` Everton joy as Campbell serves up treble treat '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bridges blasts hat - trick '' . BBC Sport. 11 August 1999 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day ... '' BBC News . 30 August 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve ( 19 September 1999 ) . `` Football : Phillips ' hat - trick demolishes Derby '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shear Magic -- Alan 's greatest moments ! '' . BBC Tyne . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kanu hat - trick sinks Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 23 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 22 November 1999 ) . `` Football : Arsenal revived as Overmars hits overdrive '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 5 December 1999 ) . `` Football : Phillips ' hat - trick demolishes Derby '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brunton , Simon ( 27 February 2000 ) . `` Hammers crumble under Barmby hat - trick '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Collymore hat - trick sinks Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2000 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hoddle humbled on Spurs return '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yorke treble tethers Rams '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 7 -- 1 West Ham United '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bradford 4 -- 4 Derby '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 24 August 2000 ) . `` Wanchope 's hat - trick ends agony for City '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ross , Ian ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Owen hat - trick hits Voller and Villa '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heskey hat - trick sinks Derby '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Stuart ( 22 October 2000 ) . `` Chelsea banish blues '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Reading , Mark ( 30 October 2000 ) . `` Sheringham 's best comes of age '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four - midable Viduka stuns Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 4 November 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 4 February 2002 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur v Leicester '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 10 December 2000 ) . `` Now for Parlour 's first trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day football clockwatch '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2000 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day football clockwatch '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clockwatch : Man Utd 6 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 25 February 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Clive ( 3 March 2001 ) . `` Wiltord restores normal service '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Davies , Christopher ( 2 April 2001 ) . `` Stewart adds to Southampton misery '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 6 May 2001 ) . `` Impressive Owen claims hat - trick to knacker Newcastle '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 October 2001 ) . `` Fowler just the trick for ' babysitter ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hammers held in thriller '' . BBC Sport. 19 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United hit Saints for six '' . BBC Sport. 22 December 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fowler fires Leeds '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , Ken . `` Bolton 0 Manchester Utd 4 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea thrash Spurs '' . BBC Sport. 13 March 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 7 April 2002 ) . `` Ipswich doomed by Bobic '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Owen sinks Man City '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Premiership : Beattie hat - trick floors Fulham '' . CBBC. 27 October 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd back on song '' . BBC Sport. 23 November 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keane inspires Tottenham '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Henry destroys Hammers '' . BBC Sport. 27 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Van Nistelrooy sends Man Utd top '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2003 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds thrash Charlton '' . BBC Sport. 5 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd rout Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Owen and Reds rout Baggies '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve ( 4 May 2003 ) . `` Van Nistelrooy puts United on the verge '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal hit Saints for six '' . BBC Sport. 7 May 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ljungberg treble sinks Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 11 May 2003 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth top Premiership '' . BBC Sport. 26 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anelka hat - trick sinks Villa '' . BBC Sport. 14 September 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Red - hot United stun Foxes '' . BBC Sport. 27 September 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbie treble stuns Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 28 September 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton rout sad Leeds '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keane inspires Spurs rout '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 5 -- 2 Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 27 March 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 10 April 2004 ) . `` Henry 's hat - trick gives relieved Arsenal a treble to remember '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 5 -- 0 Leeds '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2004 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 5 -- 1 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Craigie , Phil ( 31 August 2004 ) . `` Yakubu hat - trick seals Pompey win as Fulham fight back in vain '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 0 -- 4 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport. 16 October 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Roy ( 24 October 2004 ) . `` Gudjohnsen rains goals on Blackburn '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 2 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2004 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 5 -- 1 Southampton '' . BBC Sport. 18 December 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 5 March 2005 ) . `` Henry 's hat - trick steadies misfiring junior Gunners '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Ronald ( 20 March 2005 ) . `` Albion galvanised by Earnshaw grand slam '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 3 April 2005 ) . `` Three and easy for Henry as Norwich look doomed '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 4 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 19 December 2005 ) . `` Camara snaps up a treble as Charlton plunge '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 18 December 2005 ) . `` West Ham Utd 2 Newcastle Utd 4 : Owen 's crackerjacks lift the panto season '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Burt , Jason ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Arsenal 7 -- 0 Middlesbrough : Hat - trick for Henry in seven heaven '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 0 -- 4 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` Highbury story ends with last act of sublime skill from Henry '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 October 2006 ) . `` Rooney hat - trick revival crowns a United masterclass '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Roy ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` Watford floored by Drogba 's hat - trick '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 31 March 2007 ) . `` Liverpool 4 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rudd , Alyson ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Adebayor hat - trick elicits Henry comparisons '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Roach , Stuart ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` Everton 's Yakubu sends Fulham packing '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` Wigan 5 -- 3 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` Wigan 's Marcus Bent outguns Santa Cruz '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , David ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Tottenham 6 -- 4 Reading '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Mossop , James ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo adds to Newcastle nightmare '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Whyatt , Chris ( 19 January 2008 ) . `` Portsmouth 3 -- 1 Derby '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Aston Villa 4 -- 1 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Liverpool 3 -- 2 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 2 March 2008 ) . `` Mikael Forssell hat - trick follows the script '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Football : Chelsea 6 -- 1 Derby County : Lampard hits four as Derby reel under Chelsea backlash '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` Derby 2 -- 6 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Middlesbrough 8 -- 1 Man City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( 17 August 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Agbonlahor hat - trick piles on the misery for City '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Football : Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 4 Arsenal : Adebayor shows fine art of finishing '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , David ( 26 October 2008 ) . `` Man City 3 -- 0 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Chelsea 5 -- 0 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Steven Gerrard hat - trick fires Liverpool title charge '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` Four - goal Andriy Arshavin shatters Liverpool 's hopes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rae , Richard ( 19 August 2009 ) . `` Jermain Defoe fires hat - trick as Tottenham tear Hull to shreds '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 Burnley '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 6 -- 1 Hull '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 12 September 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 5 -- 0 Burnley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Reekie , Harry ( 31 October 2009 ) . `` Portsmouth 4 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 9 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 28 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 4 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 4 -- 0 Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 7 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 7 -- 0 Stoke '' . BBC Sport. 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 8 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 6 -- 0 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 6 -- 0 Blackpool '' . BBC Sport. 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 6 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 19 September 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 5 -- 1 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man United 7 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 4 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 5 -- 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport. 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man United 5 -- 0 Birmingham City '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 5 -- 3 Blackpool '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 6 March 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 2 -- 4 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 0 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2 -- 5 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 3 -- 3 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 1 -- 5 Man City '' . BBC Sport. 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 8 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton 0 -- 5 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 3 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton 1 -- 5 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 6 -- 0 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 1 -- 3 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 2 Swansea '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 5 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 -- 2 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 7 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves 1 -- 5 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 -- 0 Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 0 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich 1 -- 6 Man City '' . BBC Sport. 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich 0 -- 3 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 6 -- 1 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 2 -- 3 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich 2 -- 5 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wigan 3 -- 2 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Aston Villa 0 -- 4 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 29 December 2012 ) . `` Arsenal 7 -- 3 Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Norwich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Wigan 0 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Aston Villa 6 -- 1 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Fulham 1 -- 3 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` West Ham 4 -- 3 Reading '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion '' . BBC Sport. 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 1 Norwich City '' . BBC Sport. 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1 -- 4 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 0 Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1 -- 3 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 5 -- 0 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff City 3 -- 6 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 4 -- 2 Swansea '' . BBC Sport. 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 4 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` QPR 3 -- 2 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 31 January 2015 ) . `` Stoke 3 -- 2 QPR '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Martin ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` Tottenham 4 -- 3 Leicester '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa 3 -- 3 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 0 -- 4 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 6 -- 0 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 6 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 1 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 3 -- 4 AFC Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 3 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester 2 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 6 -- 1 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 5 -- 1 AFC Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United 6 -- 2 Norwich City '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth 1 - 5 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 6 - 2 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea City 0 - 3 Leicester City '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea City 2 - 4 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham United 3 - 3 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 0 Manchester City 3 '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 4 -- 2 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 0 Everton 3 '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham United 1 Arsenal 5 '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City 4 -- 2 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport. 10 December 2016 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 4 Sunderland 1 '' . BBC Sport. 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 4 West Bromwich Albion 0 '' . BBC Sport. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 6 Bournemouth 3 '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 4 Stoke City 0 '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth 3 West Ham United 2 '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City 1 Tottenham Hotspur 6 '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hull City 1 -- 7 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watford 0 Manchester City 6 '' . BBC Sport. 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City 0 Chelsea 4 '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth 4 Huddersfield Town 0 '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 4 West Ham United 0 '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 - 3 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 5 - 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . External links `` English Premier League / All Time / Most Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker.com . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_hat-tricks&oldid=817214666 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Lists of association football team hat - tricks Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Nederlands Română Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many hat tricks did henry scored for arsenal	[]	[]
-8209902718713451525	Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack	Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - wikipedia Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Jump to : navigation , search Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released December 9 , 2016 Genre Pop , rock & R&B Length 1 : 47 : 43 Label Republic Producer Joby Talbot Singles from Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Faith '' Released : November 4 , 2016 `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing ( Tori Kelly version ) '' Released : March 3 , 2017 Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2016 animated musical film Sing . The soundtrack includes classic songs performed by the film 's main cast as well as the song `` Faith '' , which was written specifically for the movie and performed by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande . The soundtrack was released by Republic Records on December 9 , 2016 , while the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . The film 's score was composed by Joby Talbot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 Standard edition 1.2 Deluxe edition 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) Standard edition ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Faith '' Ryan Tedder & Benny Blanco Stevie Wonder & Ariana Grande 2 : 42 2 . `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' Steve Winwood , Spencer Davis & Muff Winwood The Spencer Davis Group 2 : 54 3 . `` The Way I Feel Inside '' Rod Argent Taron Egerton 1 : 28 4 . `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' Irving Berlin Seth MacFarlane 2 : 54 5 . `` I Do n't Wanna '' Garth Jennings & Dave Bassett Scarlett Johansson & Beck Bennett 1 : 24 6 . `` Venus '' Robbie van Leeuwen Reese Witherspoon & Nick Kroll 2 : 30 7 . `` Auditions '' Sing Cast 2 : 47 8 . `` Bamboléo '' Simón Diaz , Chico Bouchikhi & Nicolas Reyes Gipsy Kings 3 : 25 9 . `` Hallelujah '' Leonard Cohen Tori Kelly 3 : 27 10 . `` Under Pressure '' Freddie Mercury , Brian May , Roger Taylor , John Deacon & David Bowie Queen & David Bowie 4 : 05 11 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift , Max Martin & Shellback Nick Kroll & Reese Witherspoon 2 : 00 12 . `` I 'm Still Standing '' Elton John ( music ) & Bernie Taupin ( lyrics ) Taron Egerton 3 : 07 13 . `` Set It All Free '' Dave Bassett Scarlett Johansson 3 : 34 14 . `` My Way '' Paul Anka , Claude François & Jacques Revaux Seth MacFarlane 4 : 16 15 . `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' Stevie Wonder Tori Kelly 4 : 01 16 . `` Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight '' Lennon -- McCartney Jennifer Hudson 3 : 40 ( show ) Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- Target exclusive ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 17 . `` Pennies from Heaven '' Arthur Johnston & Johnny Burke Seth MacFarlane 18 . `` Pon de Floor '' Major Lazer & Vybz Kartel Deluxe edition ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Faith '' Ryan Tedder & Benny Blanco Stevie Wonder & Ariana Grande 2 : 42 2 . `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' Steve Winwood , Spencer Davis & Muff Winwood The Spencer Davis Group 2 : 54 3 . `` The Way I Feel Inside '' Rod Argent Taron Egerton 1 : 28 4 . `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' Irving Berlin Seth MacFarlane 2 : 54 5 . `` I Do n't Wanna '' Garth Jennings & David Bassett Scarlett Johansson & Beck Bennett 1 : 24 6 . `` Venus '' Robbie van Leeuwen Reese Witherspoon & Nick Kroll 2 : 30 7 . `` Auditions '' Sing Cast 2 : 47 8 . `` Around the World '' Thomas Bangalter & Guy Manuel De Homem - Christo Señor Coconut & his Orchestra 2 : 46 9 . `` Bamboléo '' Tonino Baliardo , Chico Bouchikhi & Nicolas Reyes Gipsy Kings 3 : 25 10 . `` The Wind '' Cat Stevens 1 : 43 11 . `` Hallelujah '' Leonard Cohen Tori Kelly 3 : 27 12 . `` Under Pressure '' Freddie Mercury , Brian May , Roger Taylor , John Deacon & David Bowie Queen & David Bowie 4 : 05 13 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift , Max Martin & Shellback Nick Kroll & Reese Witherspoon 2 : 00 14 . `` I 'm Still Standing '' Elton John ( music ) & Bernie Taupin ( lyrics ) Taron Egerton 3 : 07 15 . `` Set It All Free '' Dave Bassett Scarlett Johansson 3 : 34 16 . `` My Way '' Paul Anka , Claude François , Jacques Revaux & Gilles Thibault Seth MacFarlane 4 : 16 17 . `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' Stevie Wonder Tori Kelly 4 : 01 18 . `` Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight '' Lennon -- McCartney Jennifer Hudson 3 : 40 19 . `` Out to Lunch ( End Titles ) '' Joby Talbot 4 : 24 20 . `` Listen to the Music '' Tom Johnston Tiki Pasillas 2 : 15 21 . `` Hallelujah '' ( duet version ) Jennifer Hudson & Tori Kelly 3 : 28 22 . `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' ( acoustic version ) Tori Kelly 3 : 17 23 . `` Oh. My. Gosh '' Onika Maraj , Jamal Jones , Jonathan Solone - Myvett , Ernest Clark , Marcos Palacios & Sir Mix - a-Lot The Bunnies 2 : 11 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 106 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 23 Japanese International Albums ( Oricon ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 10 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 41 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 83 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) 6 US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) US Billboard 200 8 US Kid Albums ( Billboard ) US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 15 US Billboard 200 65 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists on Apple Music '' . Apple . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Faith '' ( from Sing ) - 15 Second Clip - Stevie Wonder feat . Ariana Grande `` . September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande collaborate on track for Sing movie '' . October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing Soundtrack album '' . September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing Soundtrack ( Target Exclusive ) '' . Target . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Deluxe ) by Various Artists on Apple Music '' . Apple . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Sing '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Sing '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 International Albums : 2017 - 04 - 03 '' ( in Oricon ) . Oricon . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Sing '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 01 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 09 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Sing '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Digital Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Albums 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Soundtracks for Sing at Internet Movie Database Original soundtrack song lyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack&oldid=835754548 '' Categories : 2016 soundtracks Film soundtracks Republic Records soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 15 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the songs in the movie sing	[]	[]
7084283825690015967	Hundred Years' War	Hundred Years ' war - wikipedia Hundred Years ' war Jump to : navigation , search Hundred Years ' War Clockwise , from top left : The Battle of La Rochelle , The Battle of Agincourt , The Battle of Patay , Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans Date 24 May 1337 -- 19 October 1453 Location France , the Low Countries , Great Britain , Iberian peninsula Result French victory House of Valois retains the French throne English claims to the French throne de facto abandoned Strengthening of the French monarchy Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Decline of chivalry Decline of feudalism Territorial changes France acquired the English continental possessions England retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais Belligerents Kingdom of France County of Flanders Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Lorraine Republic of Genoa Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Avignon Papacy Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Lordship of Ireland Duchy of Aquitaine English Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Burgundy County of Flanders County of Hainaut Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Papal States Commanders and leaders Philip VI ( 1337 - 1350 ) John II ( 1350 - 1364 ) Charles V ( 1364 - 1380 ) Charles VI ( 1380 - 1422 ) Charles VII ( 1422 - 1453 ) Edward III ( 1337 - 1377 ) Richard II ( 1377 - 1399 ) Henry IV ( 1399 - 1413 ) Henry V ( 1413 - 1422 ) Henry VI ( 1422 - 1453 ) Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadsand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Calais Lunalonge Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres War of the Breton Succession Champtoceaux Vannes Hannebont Brest Morlaix Cadoret Saint - Pol - de-Léon La Roche - Derrien The Thirty Mauron Montmuran Rennes Auray Hundred Years ' War Caroline phase ( 1369 -- 89 ) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset Roosebeke Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Formigny Castillon Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase War of the Breton Succession War of the Two Peters Castilian Civil War Caroline phase Despenser 's Crusade 1383 -- 85 Crisis Lancastrian phase Armagnac -- Burgundian conflict Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 1217 1242 -- 1243 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 1814 1815 The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession to the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries . After the Norman conquest of 1066 , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that , roughly , only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet , died without sons in 1328 , his closest male relative was King Edward III of England . Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III was the nephew of Charles IV . Isabella claimed the French throne for her son , but the French rejected it , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . A French count , Philip of Valois , first cousin of Charles IV in the male line , succeeded to the throne as King Philip VI of France . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the new French king in Edward III 's war against Scotland prompted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crécy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its possessions on the continent . Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1369 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 1385 succession crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history . The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free - companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the conflict 1.1 Dynastic turmoil in France : 1314 -- 1328 1.2 The dispute over Guyenne : a problem of sovereignty 2 Beginning of the war : 1337 -- 1360 2.1 Gascony under the King of England 2.2 Franco - Scot alliance 2.3 End of homage 2.4 Outbreak , the English Channel and Brittany 2.5 Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais 2.6 Battle of Poitiers and the Treaty of Brétigny 2.7 Reims Campaign and Black Monday 3 First peace : 1360 -- 1369 4 French ascendancy under Charles V : 1369 -- 1389 4.1 Aquitaine and Castile 4.2 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt 4.3 English turmoil 4.3. 1 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham 5 Second peace : 1389 -- 1415 6 Resumption of the war under Henry V : 1415 -- 1429 6.1 Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris 6.1. 1 Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) 6.1. 2 Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) 6.1. 3 Death of Clarence ( 1421 ) 6.2 English success 7 French victory : 1429 -- 1453 7.1 Joan of Arc and French revival 7.2 Henry 's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy 7.3 French resurgence 7.4 Fall of Gascony 7.5 End of the war 8 Significance 8.1 Historical signifiance 8.2 Military significance 9 Timeline 9.1 Battles 10 Important figures 10.1 France 10.2 England 10.3 Burgundy 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origin of the conflict ( edit ) The root causes of the conflict can be found in the demographic , economic and political crises of 14th century Europe . The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England about Gascony , Flanders and Scotland . The dynastic question , which arose due to an interruption of the direct male line of the Capetians , was the official pretext . Dynastic turmoil in France : 1314 -- 1328 ( edit ) Main article : English claims to the French throne The question of female succession to the French throne was raised after the death of Louis X in 1316 . Louis X left only a daughter , and his posthumous son John I lived only a few days . Philip , Count of Poitiers , brother of Louis X , asserted that women were ineligible to succeed to the French throne . Through his political sagacity he won over his adversaries and succeeded to the French throne as Philip V. By the same law that he procured , his daughters were denied the succession , which passed to his younger brother , Charles IV , in 1322 . Philip III King of France r . 1270 -- 1285 Philip IV King of France King of Navarre r . 1285 -- 1314 Charles of France Count of Valois d . 1325 Louis of France Count of Evreux ( 1276 -- 1319 ) Louis X King of France King of Navarre r . 1314 -- 1316 Philip V King of France King of Navarre r . 1316 -- 1322 Charles IV King of France King of Navarre r . 1322 -- 1328 Isabella Edward II King of England Philip VI King of France r . 1328 -- 1350 Philip of Evreux King of Navarre as Philip III r . 1328 - 1343 Joan II Queen of Navarre b . 1312 Joan III of Burgundy b . 1308 Edward III King of England b . 1312 Charles of Évreux King of Navarre as Charles II b . 1332 Philip of Burgundy b . 1323 Charles IV died in 1328 , leaving a daughter and a pregnant wife . If the unborn child was male , he would become king ; if not , Charles left the choice of his successor to the nobles . By proximity of blood , the nearest male relative of Charles IV was his nephew Edward III of England . Edward was the son of Isabella , the sister of the dead Charles IV , but the question arose whether she should be able to transmit a right to inherit that she did not herself possess . The French nobility , moreover , balked at the prospect of being ruled by Isabelle and her lover Roger Mortimer , who were widely suspected of having murdered the previous English king , Edward II . The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded . Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV 's first cousin , Philip , Count of Valois , and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI . In 1340 the Avignon papacy confirmed that under Salic law males should not be able to inherit through their mothers . Eventually , Edward III reluctantly recognized Philip VI and paid him homage for his French fiefs . He made concessions in Guyenne , but reserved the right to reclaim territories arbitrarily confiscated . After that , he expected to be left undisturbed while he made war on Scotland . The dispute over Guyenne : a problem of sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Capetian - Plantagenet rivalry Further information : Peerage of France Homage of Edward I of England ( kneeling ) to Philip IV of France ( seated ) , 1286 . As Duke of Aquitaine , Edward was also a vassal to the French King . The Anglo - Norman dynasty that had ruled England since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when Henry , the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda and great - grandson of William the Conqueror , became the first of the Angevin kings of England in 1154 as Henry II , inaugurating the reign of the House of Anjou . The Angevin kings directly ruled over more French territory than the kings of France . However , they still owed homage for these territories to the French king . From the 11th century onward , the Angevins had autonomy within their French domains , effectively neutralising the issue . John I of England inherited the Angevin domains from Richard I . However , Philip II acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John , both legally and militarily , and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions . Following John 's reign , the Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ) , the Saintonge War ( 1242 ) , and finally the War of Saint - Sardos ( 1324 ) , the English king 's holdings on the continent , as Duke of Aquitaine ( Guyenne ) , were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony . The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the war . Guyenne posed a significant problem to the kings of France and England : Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI of France because of his French possessions and was required to recognize the suzerainty of the King of France over them . In practical terms , a judgment in Guyenne might be subject to an appeal to the French royal court . The King of France had the power to revoke all legal decisions made by the King of England in Aquitaine , which was unacceptable to the English . Therefore , sovereignty over Guyenne was a latent conflict between the two monarchies for several generations . During the War of Saint - Sardos , Charles of Valois , father of Philip VI , invaded Aquitaine on behalf of Charles IV and conquered the duchy after a local insurrection , which the French believed had been incited by Edward II of England . Charles IV grudgingly agreed to return this territory in 1325 . To recover his duchy , Edward II had to compromise : he sent his son , the future Edward III , to pay homage . The King of France agreed to restore Guyenne , minus Agen . But the French delayed the return of the lands , which helped Philip VI . On 6 June 1329 , Edward III finally paid homage to the King of France . However , at the ceremony , Philip VI had it recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV ( especially Agen ) . For Edward , the homage did not imply the renunciation of his claim to the extorted lands . Beginning of the war : 1337 -- 1360 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadsand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Calais Lunalonge Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) Gascony under the King of England ( edit ) France in 1330 . France before 1214 French acquisitions until 1330 England and Guyenne / Gascony as of 1330 In the 11th century , Gascony in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine ( also known as Guyenne or Guienne ) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony ( French : Guyenne - et - Gascogne ) . The Angevin kings of England became Dukes of Aquitaine after Henry II married the former Queen of France , Eleanor of Aquitaine , in 1152 , from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown . By the 13th century the terms Aquitaine , Guyenne and Gascony were virtually synonymous . At the beginning of Edward III 's reign on 1 February 1327 , the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony . The term Gascony came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin ( Plantagenet ) Kings of England in southwest France , although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine . For the first 10 years of Edward III 's reign , Gascony had been a major point of friction . The English argued that , as Charles IV had not acted in a proper way towards his tenant , Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of any French suzerainty . This argument was rejected by the French so in 1329 the 17 - year - old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI . Tradition demanded that vassals approach their liege unarmed with heads bare . Edward protested by attending the ceremony wearing his crown and sword . Even after this pledge of homage the French continued to pressure the English administration . Gascony was not the only sore point . One of Edward 's influential advisers was Robert III of Artois . Robert was an exile from the French court , having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim . He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court . Franco - Scot alliance ( edit ) See also : Auld Alliance France was an ally of the Scots as English kings had for some time tried to subjugate the area . In 1295 , a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair . Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326 , promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country . Similarly , France would have Scotland 's support if its own kingdom was attacked . Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if the Scots could count on French support . Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land . However , the plan was abandoned and the fleet , including elements of the Scottish Navy , moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336 , threatening England . To deal with this crisis , Edward proposed that the English raise two armies , one to deal with the Scots `` at a suitable time '' , the other to proceed at once to Gascony . At the same time , ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king . End of homage ( edit ) At the end of April 1337 , Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused . The arrière - ban , literally a call to arms , was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337 . Then , in May 1337 , Philip met with his Great Council in Paris . It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine , effectively Gascony , should be taken back into the king 's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king 's ' mortal enemy ' Robert d'Artois . Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip 's right to the French throne . When Charles IV died , Edward had made a claim for the succession of the French throne , through the right of his mother Isabella ( Charles IV 's sister ) , daughter of Philip IV . Any claim was considered invalidated by Edward 's homage to Philip VI in 1329 . Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the title ' King of France and the French Royal Arms ' . On 26 January 1340 , Edward III formally received homage from Guy , half - brother of the Count of Flanders . The civic authorities of Ghent , Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France . Edward 's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the Low Countries . His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the `` true '' King of France and were not rebels against Philip . In February 1340 , Edward returned to England to try to raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties . Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade , since Flanders ' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed . Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade . At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone . The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to mainland Europe . Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it . France 's sea power led to economic disruptions for England , shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony . Outbreak , the English Channel and Brittany ( edit ) Battle of Sluys from a manuscript of Froissart 's Chronicles , Bruge , c. 1470 On 22 June 1340 , Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the Zwyn estuary in the next day . The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluis . The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing . When the wind turned in the late afternoon , the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them . The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys . England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war , preventing French invasions . At this point , Edward 's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke 's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois , nephew of Philip VI . In 1341 , conflict over the succession to the Duchy of Brittany began the War of the Breton Succession , in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois . Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany . The city of Vannes changed hands several times , while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides . Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais ( edit ) Battle of Crécy , 1346 Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy In July 1346 , Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel , landing in Normandy 's Cotentin , at St. Vaast . The English army captured the completely unguarded Caen in just one day , surprising the French . Philip mustered a large army to oppose Edward , who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries , pillaging as he went . He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed . He moved further and further south , worryingly close to Paris , until he found the crossing at Poissy . This had only been partially destroyed , so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it . He then continued on his way to Flanders until he reached the river Somme . The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque , leaving Philip 's army stranded . Edward , assisted by this head start , continued on his way to Flanders once more , until , finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip , Edward positioned his forces for battle and Philip 's army attacked . The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French , largely credited to the longbowmen and the French king , who allowed his army to attack before it was ready . Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England . King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England , but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville 's Cross , on 17 October 1346 . This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland . In France , Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel , capturing it in 1347 . This became an important strategic asset for the English , allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France . Calais would remain under English control , even after the end of the Hundred Years ' War , until the successful French siege in 1558 . Battle of Poitiers and the treaty of Brétigny ( edit ) In 1348 , the Black Death , which had just arrived in Paris , began to ravage Europe . In 1355 , after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially , King Edward 's son and namesake , the Prince of Wales , later known as the Black Prince , led a Chevauchée from Gascony into France , during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary , sacked Carcassonne , and plundered Narbonne . The next year during another Chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne , Limousin , and Berry but failed to take Bourges . He offered terms of peace to King John II of France ( known as John the Good ) , who had outflanked him near Poitiers , but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance . This lead to the Battle of Poitiers ( 19 September 1356 ) where his army routed the French . During the battle , the Gascon noble Jean de Grailly , captal de Buch led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest . The French advance was contained , at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen cutting off the French retreat and succeeding in capturing King John and many of his nobles . With John held hostage , his son the Dauphin ( later to become Charles V ) assumed the powers of the king as regent . After the Battle of Poitiers , many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged , and chaos ruled . A contemporary report recounted : ... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone . Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land . The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men . They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages . In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies ; rather did they trample it underfoot , robbing and pillaging the peasants ' goods ... From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette Reims campaign and Black monday ( edit ) Black Monday ( 1360 ) , hailstorms and lighting ravage the English army at Chartres Edward invaded France , for the third and last time , hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne . The Dauphin 's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field . However , Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of Reims for his coronation ( Reims was the traditional coronation city ) . However , the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city 's defences before Edward and his army arrived . Edward besieged the city for five weeks , but the defences held and there was no coronation . Edward moved on to Paris , but retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs . Next was the town of Chartres . Disaster struck in a freak hailstorm on the encamped army , causing over 1,000 English deaths . This devastated Edward 's army and forced him to negotiate when approached by the French . A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the Treaty of Brétigny ( 8 May 1360 ) . The treaty was ratified at Calais in October . In return for increased lands in Aquitaine , Edward renounced Normandy , Touraine , Anjou and Maine and consented to reducing King John 's ransom by a million crowns . Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France . First peace : 1360 -- 1369 ( edit ) The French king , John II , had been held captive in England . The Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John . The hostages included two of his sons , several princes and nobles , four inhabitants of Paris , and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France . While these hostages were held , John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom . In 1362 John 's son Louis of Anjou , a hostage in English - held Calais , escaped captivity . So , with his stand - in hostage gone , John felt honour - bound to return to captivity in England . The French crown had been at odds with Navarre ( near southern Gascony ) since 1354 , and in 1363 the Navarrese used the captivity of John II in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power . Although there was no formal treaty , Edward III supported the Navarrese moves , particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence . With this in mind Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations . In 1364 , John II died in London , while still in honourable captivity . Charles V succeeded him as king of France . On 6 May 1364 , one month after the dauphin 's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V , the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Cocherel . French ascendancy under Charles V : 1369 -- 1389 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Caroline phase ( 1369 -- 89 ) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset Roosebeke Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) See also : Castilian Civil War Aquitaine and Castile ( edit ) Statue of Bertrand du Guesclin in Dinan The Franco - Castilian Navy , led by Admirals de Vienne and Tovar , managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War . In 1366 there was a civil war of succession in Castile ( part of modern Spain ) . The forces of ruler Peter of Castile were pitched against those of his half - brother Henry of Trastámara . The English crown supported Peter and the French , Henry . French forces were led by Bertrand du Guesclin , a Breton , who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France 's war leaders . Charles V provided a force of 12,000 , with du Guesclin at their head , to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile . Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine 's Black Prince for help , but none was forthcoming , forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine . The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter 's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine , rather than England . He then led an Anglo - Gascon army into Castille . Peter was restored to power after Trastámara 's army was defeated at the Battle of Nájera . Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince , they failed to do so . The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine . To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign , the prince instituted a hearth tax . Arnaud - Amanieu VIII , Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince 's side during the war . Albret , who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine , refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief . He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax . Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his parlement in Paris . The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him . War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France . Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited , and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt . With the Black Prince gone from Castile , Henry de Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter 's death at the Battle of Montiel in March 1369 . The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England . 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt ( edit ) In August 1373 , John of Gaunt , accompanied by John de Montfort , Duke of Brittany led a force of 9,000 men out from Calais on a major chevauchée . While initially successful as French forces were insufficiently concentrated to oppose them , the English began to meet further resistance as they moved south . French forces began to concentrate around the English force but , under specific orders from King Charles V , the French avoided a set battle . Instead , they fell on forces detached from the main body to raid or forage . The French shadowed the English and in October , the English found themselves being trapped against the River Allier by four separate French forces . With some difficulty , the English crossed at the bridge at Moulins but lost all their baggage and loot . The English carried on south across the Limousin plateau but the weather was turning severe . Men and horses died in great numbers and many soldiers , forced to march on foot , discarded their armour . At the beginning of December , the army finally entered friendly territory in Gascony . By the end of December they were in Bordeaux , starving , ill - equipped and having lost over half of the 30,000 horses with which they had left Calais . Although the march across France had been a remarkable feat , it was a military failure . English turmoil ( edit ) With his health continuing to deteriorate , the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371 , where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health . The prince 's illness was debilitating , and he died on 8 June 1376 . Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377 ; he was succeeded by the Black Prince 's second son Richard II , who was still a child . The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France ; however , a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and , by the time of Charles V 's death in 1380 , the English only held Calais and a few other coastal cities . It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch , but no regent was appointed for Richard II , who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377 . However , between 1377 and 1380 , actual power was in the hands of a series of councils . The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king 's uncle , John of Gaunt , although Gaunt remained highly influential . Richard faced many challenges during his reign , including the Peasants ' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381 and an Anglo - Scottish war in 1384 -- 1385 . His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular . 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham ( edit ) In July 1380 , the Earl of Buckingham commanded an expedition to France to aid England 's ally , the Duke of Brittany . The French refused battle before the walls of Troyes on 25 August , so Buckingham 's forces continued their chevauchée and in November laid siege to Nantes . However , expected support from the Duke of Brittany did not appear and , in the face of heavy losses in both men and horses , was forced to abandon the siege in January 1381 . In February 1381 , now reconciled to the regime of the new French king Charles VI , Brittany paid 50,000 francs to Buckingham for him to abandon the siege and the campaign . Second peace : 1389 -- 1415 ( edit ) Owain Glyndŵr 's Revolt Mynydd Hyddgen Tuthill Bryn Glas Shrewsbury Stalling Down Grosmont Pwll Melyn See also : Civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians Assassination of Louis I , Duke of Orléans The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it . These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants ' revolt . Richard 's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles . This group , known as Lords Appellant , managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard 's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament . The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried , unsuccessfully , to reignite the war in France . Although the will was there , the funds to pay the troops was lacking , so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown , beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three - year truce at Leulinghen . In 1389 , Richard 's uncle and supporter , John of Gaunt , returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397 , when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant . In 1399 , after John of Gaunt died , Richard II disinherited Gaunt 's son , the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke . Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV . In Scotland , the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Homildon Hill . A dispute over the spoils between Henry and Henry Percy , 1st Earl of Northumberland resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England , resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408 . In Wales , Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 . He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282 -- 1283 . The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years . In the meantime , Charles VI was descending into madness , and an open conflict for power began between his cousin John the Fearless and his brother , Louis of Orléans . After Louis 's assassination , the Armagnac family took political power in opposition to John . By 1410 , both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war . In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians , who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers . Throughout this period , England confronted repeated raids by pirates that heavily damaged trade and the navy . There is some evidence that Henry IV used state - legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel . He used such privateering campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war . The French responded in kind and French pirates , under Scottish protection , raided many English coastal towns . The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade . Henry IV of England died in 1413 and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V . The mental illness of Charles VI of France allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France . Henry V was well aware of these divisions and hoped to exploit them . In 1414 while he held court at Leicester , he received ambassadors from Burgundy . Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France ; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI 's youngest daughter Catherine of Valois . The French rejected his demands , leading Henry to prepare for war . Resumption of the war under Henry V : 1415 -- 1429 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Formigny Castillon Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris ( edit ) Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Agincourt Fifteenth - century miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt . In August 1415 , Henry V sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to Harfleur . The city resisted for longer than expected , but finally surrendered on 22 September 1415 . Because of the unexpected delay , most of the campaign season was gone . Rather than march on Paris directly , Henry elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English - occupied Calais . In a campaign reminiscent of Crécy , he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt , north of the Somme . Despite the problems and having a smaller force , his victory was near - total ; the French defeat was catastrophic , costing the lives of many of the Armagnac leaders . About 40 % of the French nobility was killed . Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk ( there were more French prisoners than there were soldiers in the entire English army ) and he ordered their deaths . Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Troyes Clan Carmichael crest with broken spear commemorating the unseating of the Duke of Clarence . Henry retook much of Normandy , including Caen in 1417 , and Rouen on 19 January 1419 , turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries . A formal alliance was made with the Duchy of Burgundy , which had taken Paris after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in 1419 . In 1420 , Henry met with King Charles VI . They signed the Treaty of Troyes , by which Henry finally married Charles ' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry 's heirs would inherit the throne of France . The Dauphin , Charles VII , was declared illegitimate . Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates - General . Death of Clarence ( 1421 ) ( edit ) On 22 March 1421 Henry V 's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reverse . Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir Thomas , Duke of Clarence in charge while he returned to England . Clarence engaged a Franco - Scottish force of 5000 men , led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette and John Stewart , Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé . Clarence , against the advice of his lieutenants , before his army had been fully assembled , attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men - at - arms . He then , during the course of the battle , led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco - Scottish army , who quickly enveloped the English . In the ensuing melée , the Scot , John Carmichael of Douglasdale , broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence . Once on the ground , the duke was slain by Alexander Buchanan . The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by Thomas Montacute , 4th Earl of Salisbury , who conducted the English retreat . English success ( edit ) Henry V returned to France and went to Paris , then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris . From there , he decided to attack the Dauphin - held town of Meaux . It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought . The siege began about 6 October 1421 , and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422 . At the end of May , Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court , they went to rest at Senlis . While there , it became apparent that he was ill ( possibly dysentery ) , and when he set out to the Upper Loire , he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes , near Paris , where he died on 31 August 1422 . The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later on 21 October 1422 . Henry left an only child , his nine - month - old son , Henry , later to become Henry VI . On his deathbed , Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France ( as Henry VI was only an infant ) . The war in France continued under Bedford 's generalship and several battles were won . The English won an emphatic victory at the Battle of Verneuil ( 17 August 1424 ) . At the Battle of Baugé , Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers . At Verneuil , the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco - Scottish army . The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin 's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war . French victory : 1429 -- 1453 ( edit ) Joan of Arc and French revival ( edit ) Joan of Arc ( c. 1450 -- 1500 ) The appearance of Joan of Arc at the siege of Orléans sparked a revival of French spirit , and the tide began to turn against the English . The English laid siege to Orléans in 1428 , but their force was insufficient to fully invest the city . In 1429 Joan convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege , saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English . She raised the morale of the troops , and they attacked the English redoubts , forcing the English to lift the siege . Inspired by Joan , the French took several English strongholds on the Loire . The English retreated from the Loire Valley , pursued by a French army . Near the village of Patay , French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road , then swept through the retreating English army . The English lost 2,200 men , and the commander , John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury , was taken prisoner . This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to Reims for his coronation as Charles VII , on 16 July 1429 . After the coronation , Charles VII 's army fared less well . An attempted French siege of Paris was defeated on 8 September 1429 , and Charles VII withdrew to the Loire Valley . Henry 's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy ( edit ) Henry VI was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre - Dame , in Paris , on 16 December 1431 . The first Western image of a battle with cannon : the Siege of Orléans in 1429 . Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiegne on 23 May 1430 . The Burgundians transferred her to the English , who organised a trial headed by Pierre Cauchon , Bishop of Beauvais and member of the English Council at Rouen . Joan was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 . ( She was rehabilitated 25 years later by Pope Callixtus III . ) After the death of Joan of Arc , the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English . Most of Henry 's royal advisers were against making peace . Among the factions , the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy , the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais , whereas Cardinal Beaufort was inclined to peace . Negotiations stalled . It seems that at the congress of Arras , in the summer of 1435 , where the duke of Beaufort was mediator , the English were unrealistic in their demands . A few days after the congress ended in September , Philip III , duke of Burgundy , deserted to Charles VII , signing the Treaty of Arras that returned Paris to the King of France . This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France . The Duke of Bedford died on 14 September 1435 and was replaced by Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York . French resurgence ( edit ) The Battle of Formigny ( 1450 ) The allegiance of Burgundy remained fickle , but the English focus on expanding their domains in the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in the rest of France . The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government , replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use . A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment . The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world . By 1449 , the French had retaken Rouen . In 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont , Earl of Richmond , of the Montfort family ( the future Arthur III , Duke of Brittany ) , caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the Battle of Formigny . Richemont 's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont 's army . Fall of Gascony ( edit ) Charles `` the Victorious '' After Charles VII 's successful Normandy campaign in 1450 , he concentrated his efforts on Gascony , the last province held by the English . Bordeaux , Gascony 's capital , was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451 . Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people , this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452 . However , the English were decisively defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453 . Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux . During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp . The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII 's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire , from their positions in the camp , the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son . End of the war ( edit ) Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years ' War , England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years , but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home . Following defeat in the Hundred Years ' War , English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings ; this is often considered a major cause of the Wars of the Roses , that started in 1455 . Burgundian Wars ( 1474 -- 77 ) Neuss Héricourt Planta Grandson Morat Nancy Guinegate The Hundred Years ' War almost resumed in 1474 , when the duke Charles of Burgundy , counting on English support , took up arms against Louis XI . Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension , in an agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny ( 1475 ) . The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years ' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France . However , future Kings of England ( and later of Great Britain ) continued to claim the title until 1803 , when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence , titular King Louis XVIII , who was living in England after the French Revolution . Charles the Bold , the last duke of Burgundy , was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477 , leaving a daughter , Mary , who lost the provinces of Artois , Flanders , Picardy and Burgundy to Louis XI 's armies . Significance ( edit ) Burgundian territories ( orange / yellow ) and limits of France ( red ) after the Burgundian War Historical signifiance ( edit ) The French victory marked the end of a long period of instability that had started with the Norman Conquest ( 1066 ) , when William the Conqueror added `` King of England '' to his titles , becoming both the vassal to ( as Duke of Normandy ) and the equal of ( as king of England ) the king of France . When the war ended , England was bereft of its Continental possessions , leaving it with only Calais on the continent . The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French , but the French language in England , which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest , left many vestiges in English vocabulary . English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385 . National feeling that emerged from the war unified both France and England further . Despite the devastation on its soil , the Hundred Years ' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state . In England the political and financial troubles which emerged from the defeat was one major cause of the War of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) . The spread of the Black Death ( with modern borders ) Lowe ( 1997 ) argued that opposition to the war helped to shape England 's early modern political culture . Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time , they had a long - term impact . England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed not in the national interest , yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens . In comparing this English cost - benefit analysis with French attitudes , given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers , Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland . Furthermore , French kings found alternative ways to finance the war -- sales taxes , debasing the coinage -- and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures . English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French . Bubonic plague and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period . France lost half its population during the Hundred Years ' War . Normandy lost three - quarters of its population , and Paris two - thirds . The population of England was reduced by 20 to 33 percent due to plague in the same period . Military significance ( edit ) In 1445 the first regular standing army in Western Europe since Roman times was organised in France partly as a solution to marauding free companies . The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as compagnies d'ordonnance on a permanent basis , or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused . France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men , which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own . The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional approach to warfare than its predecessors . The Hundred Years ' War was a time of rapid military evolution . Weapons , tactics , army structure and the social meaning of war all changed , partly in response to the war 's costs , partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that warfare taught . The feudal system was slowly disintegrating throughout the hundred years war . By the war 's end , although the heavy cavalry was still considered the most powerful unit in an army , the heavily armored horse had to deal with several tactics developed to deny or mitigate its effective use on a battlefield . The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops , known as hobelars . Hobelars tactics had been developed against the Scots , in the Anglo - Scottish wars of the 14th century . Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses , enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle . Rather than fight while seated on the horse , they would dismount to engage the enemy . Timeline ( edit ) Battles ( edit ) Further information : List of Hundred Years ' War battles Important figures ( edit ) France ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes King Philip VI 1293 -- 1350 , reigned 1328 -- 1350 Charles of Valois ' son King John II 1319 -- 1364 , reigned 1350 -- 1364 Philip VI 's son King Charles V 1338 -- 1380 , reigned 1364 -- 1380 John II 's son Bertrand du Guesclin 1320 -- 1380 Commander Louis I , Duke of Anjou 1339 -- 1384 , regent 1380 -- 1382 John II 's son King Charles VI 1368 -- 1422 , reigned 1380 -- 1422 Charles V 's son King Charles VII 1403 -- 1461 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 Charles VI 's son Joan of Arc 1412 -- 1431 Religious visionary La Hire 1390 -- 1443 Commander Jean Poton de Xaintrailles 1390 -- 1461 Commander Jean II , Duke of Alençon 1409 -- 1476 Commander Jean de Dunois 1402 -- 1468 Commander Jean Bureau 1390 -- 1463 Master Gunner Gilles de Rais 1405 -- 1440 Commander England ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Isabella of France 1295 -- 1358 Queen consort of England , wife of Edward II , mother of Edward III , regent of England , sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France King Edward III 1312 -- 1377 , reigned 1327 -- 1377 Philip IV 's grandson Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1310 -- 1361 Commander Edward , the Black Prince 1330 -- 1376 Edward III 's son John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1340 -- 1399 Edward III 's son King Richard II 1367 -- 1400 , reigned 1377 -- 1399 Son of the Black Prince , Edward III 's grandson King Henry IV 1367 -- 1413 , reigned 1399 -- 1413 John of Gaunt 's son , Edward III 's grandson King Henry V 1387 -- 1422 , reigned 1413 -- 1422 Henry IV 's son Catherine of Valois 1401 -- 1437 Queen consort of England , daughter of Charles VI of France , mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII John of Lancaster , 1st Duke of Bedford 1389 -- 1435 , regent 1422 -- 1435 Henry IV 's son Sir John Fastolf 1380 -- 1459 Commander John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 1387 -- 1453 Commander King Henry VI 1421 -- 1471 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 ( also 1422 - 1453 as king Henry II of France ) Henry V 's son Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York 1411 -- 1460 Commander Burgundy ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy 1342 -- 1404 , duke 1363 -- 1404 Son of John II of France John the Fearless , Duke of Burgundy 1371 -- 1419 , duke 1404 -- 1419 Son of Philip the Bold Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy 1396 -- 1467 , duke 1419 -- 1467 Son of John the Fearless See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Hundred Years ' War French military history British military history Anglo - French relations Medieval demography Second Hundred Years ' War - this is the name given by some historians to the near - continuous series of conflicts between Britain and France from 1688 to 1815 , beginning with the Glorious Revolution and ending with the Battle of Waterloo . List of battles involving France in the Middle Ages Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flanders fought against England several times as a vassal of France , such as at Cadsand , during the Caroline War , and during Despenser 's Crusade . Jump up ^ Burgundy fought against England as a vassal of France during the Caroline War . Jump up ^ The Breton House of Blois supported the Kingdom of France and her allies against England . Jump up ^ Fought against England during Despenser 's Crusade . Jump up ^ In accordance with the Treaty of Troyes , Henry VI of England became disputed king of France in 1422 , and reigned as Henry II in the areas of France which were loyal to him . Jump up ^ The Breton House of Montfort supported the Kingdom of England and her allies against France . Brittany also adopted a policy of switching sides later in the war , allying with England several times . Jump up ^ Fought with England during Despenser 's Crusade . ^ Jump up to : Brissaud 1915 , pp. 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Previté - Orton 1978 , p. 872 Jump up ^ Bartlett 2000 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bartlett 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gormley 2007 ( 1 ) Ohio State University Jump up ^ Harris 1994 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 1988 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 292 -- 293 Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 394 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 304 -- 305 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2003 , pp. 149 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , pp. 307 -- 312 ^ Jump up to : Friar 2004 , pp. 480 -- 481 Jump up ^ R.E. Glassock . England circa 1334 in Darby 1976 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , pp. 233 -- 234 ^ Jump up to : Rogers 2010 , pp. 88 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , pp. 318 -- 319 Jump up ^ Rogers 2010 , pp. 55 -- 45 Jump up ^ Grummitt 2008 , p. 1 Jump up ^ The Black Death , transl . & ed . Rosemay Horrox , ( Manchester University Press , 1994 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Lee 1903 , p. 388 . ^ Jump up to : Le Patourel 1984 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Guignebert 1930 , Volume 1 . pp. 304 -- 307 Jump up ^ de Venette 1953 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , p. 326 Jump up ^ Le Patourel 1984 , p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Hail kills English troops - Apr 13 , 1360 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Le Patourel 1984 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Ormrod 2001 , p. 384 Jump up ^ Backman 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 -- Nobles captured in battle were held in `` Honorable Captivity '' , which recognised their status as prisoners of war and permitted ransom . Jump up ^ Britannica . Treaty of Brétigny . Retrieved 21 September 2012 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 86 Jump up ^ Curry 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , pp. 187 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Barber 2004 Jump up ^ Omrod 2008 ^ Jump up to : Tuck 2004 Jump up ^ Francoise Autrand . Charles V King of France in Vauchéz 2000 , pp. 283 -- 284 Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , pp. 385 - 390 , 396 - 399 . Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , p. 411 . ^ Jump up to : Baker 2000 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Neillands 1990 , pp. 182 -- 184 ^ Jump up to : Curry 2002 , pp. 77 -- 82 Jump up ^ Mortimer 2008 , pp. 253 -- 254 Jump up ^ Mortimer 2008 , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bean 2008 Jump up ^ Smith 2008 Jump up ^ Sizer 2007 Jump up ^ Ian Friel . The English and War at Sea . c. 1200 - c. 1500 in Hattendorf & Unger 2003 , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Nolan . The Age of Wars of Religion . p. 424 ^ Jump up to : Allmand 2010 ^ Jump up to : Turchin 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 Historical dynamics : why states rise and fall Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Harriss 2010 ^ Jump up to : Griffiths 2010 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 307 -- 308 ^ Jump up to : Davis 2003 , pp. 76 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Norfolk Record Office , MC 2833 / 1 Jump up ^ Jaques 2007 , p. 777 . ^ Jump up to : Lee 1998 , pp. 145 -- 147 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 562 Jump up ^ Nicolle 2012 , pp. 26 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 79 Jump up ^ `` Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France '' ( Webster 1998 , pp. 39 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Neillands 1990 , pp. 290 -- 291 ^ Jump up to : Ross 1974 , pp. 249 -- 250 Jump up ^ Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jr & Schutz 1948 , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France '' ( Jokinenokinen 2007 quoting Webster , Bruce . Wars of the Roses . p. 40 . ) ) Jump up ^ Lowe 1997 , pp. 147 -- 195 Jump up ^ Ladurie 1987 , p. 32 The French peasantry , 1450 -- 1660 Jump up ^ Neillands 1990 , pp. 110 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : Preston , Wise & Werner 1991 , pp. 84 -- 91 Jump up ^ Powicke 1962 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Colm McNamee . Hobelars in Rogers 2010 , pp. 267 -- 268 Jump up ^ Jones 2008 , pp. 1 -- 17 References ( edit ) Allmand , C.T ( 2010 ) . `` Henry V ( 1386 -- 1422 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12952 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Backman , Clifford R ( 2003 ) . The Worlds of Medieval Europe . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 533527 - 9 . Baker , Denise Nowakowski , ed. ( 2000 ) . Inscribing the Hundred Years ' War in French and English Cultures . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4701 - 4 . Barber , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Edward , prince of Wales and of Aquitaine ( 1330 -- 1376 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8523 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Bartlett , Robert ( 2000 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -- 1225 . London : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925101 - 8 . Bean , J.M.W ( 2008 ) . `` Percy , Henry , first earl of Northumberland ( 1341 -- 1408 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 21932 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Brissaud , Jean ( 1915 ) . Garner , James W. Tr , ed . History of French Public Law . The Continental Legal History series . 9 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Brétigny '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 501 . Curry , Anne ( 2002 ) . The Hundred Years War 1337 -- 1453 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 269 - 5 . Darby , H.C. ( 1976 ) ( 1973 ) . A New Historical Geography of England before 1600 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29144 - 5 . Davis , Paul K ( 2003 ) . Besieged : 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo 2nd . Ed . Santa Barbara CA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521930 - 9 . `` Encyclopædia Britannica Online '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Friar , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Sutton Companion to Local History . Sparkford , England : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2723 - 2 . Gormley , Larry ( 2007 ) . `` eHistory : The Hundred Years War : Overview '' . Ohio State University . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Griffiths , R.A ( 2010 ) . `` Henry VI ( 1421 -- 1471 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12953 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Grummitt , David ( 2008 ) . The Calais Garrison : War and Military Service in England , 1436 -- 1558 . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 398 - 7 . Guignebert , Charles ( 1930 ) . A Short History of the French People . 1 . F.G. Richmond Translator . New York : Macmilan Company . Harriss , G.L. ( September 2010 ) . `` Thomas , duke of Clarence ( 1387 -- 1421 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 27198 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Harris , Robin ( 1994 ) . Studies in History 71 : Valois Guyenne . Woodbridge , Surrey : Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 86193 - 226 - 9 . Hattendorf , John B ; Unger , Richard W , eds. ( 2003 ) . War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 903 - 6 . Holmes , Jr , Urban T ; Schutz , Alexander H ( 1948 ) . A History of the French Language , Revised ed . Columbus , OH : Harold L. Hedrick . Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . `` Paris , 1429 , Hundred Years War '' . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : P-Z . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 777 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33539 - 6 . Jokinenokinen , Anniina ( 26 Apr 2007 ) . `` Causes of the Wars of the Roses : An Overview '' . Luminarium Encyclopedia ( Online Resource . ed . ) . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jones , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Re-thinking the origins of the Irish Hobelar '' ( PDF ) . Cardiff : Cardiff School of History and Archaeology . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Janvrin , Isabelle ; Rawlinson , Catherine ( 24 July 2016 ) . The French in London : From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle . Bitter Lemon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908524 - 66 - 9 . Lee , Cristopher ( 1998 ) . This Sceptred Isle : 55BC - 1901 . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026133 - 8 . Ladurie , Emmanuel Le Roy ( 1987 ) . The French peasantry , 1450 -- 1660 . Translated by Sheridan , Alan . Berkeley and LA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05523 - 3 . Lee , Sidney , ed. ( 1903 ) . `` Edward the Black Prince '' . Dictionary of National Biography . Index and Epitome . Cambridge University Press . p. 388 . Lowe , Ben ( 1997 ) . Imagining Peace : History of Early English Pacifist Ideas . University Park PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01689 - 2 . Mortimer , Ian ( 2008 ) . The Fears of Henry IV : the Life of England 's Self - Made King . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 529 - 5 . Omrod , W. M ( 2008 ) . `` Edward III ( 1312 -- 1377 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8519 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Neillands , Robin ( 1990 ) . The Hundred Years War , Revised ed . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26131 - 7 . Nicolle , David ( 2012 ) . The Fall of English France 1449 -- 53 . Colchester , Essex : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 616 - 5 . `` Sir John Fastolf ( MC 2833 / 1 ) '' . Norwich : Norfolk Record Office . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Ormrod , W Mark ( 2001 ) . Edward III . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11910 - 7 . Le Patourel , John ( 1984 ) . Jones , Michael , ed . Feudal Empires : Norman and Plantagenet . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 22 - 2 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Powicke , Michael ( 1962 ) . Military Obligation in Medieval England . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820695 - X . Preston , Richard ; Wise , Sydney F. ; Werner , Herman O. ( 1991 ) . Men in arms : a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society . 5th Edition . Beverley MA : Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc . ISBN 0 - 03 - 033428 - 4 . Prestwich , Michael ( 1988 ) . English Monarchs : Edward I. Berkeley and LA : University of California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06266 - 3 . Prestwich , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Three Edwards : War and State in England 1272 -- 1377 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 60713 - 9 . Prestwich , Michael ( 2005 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . Plantagenet England . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922687 - 0 . Previté - Orton , C.W ( 1978 ) . The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20963 - 3 . Rogers , Clifford J , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology . Vol. 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533403 - 6 . Ross , Charles Derek ( 1974 ) . Edward IV . University of California Press , . pp. 249 -- 250 . Sizer , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` The Calamity of Violence : Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Smith , Llinos ( 2008 ) . `` Glyn Dŵr , Owain ( c. 1359 -- c. 1416 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10816 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Sumption , Jonathan ( 1991 ) . The Hundred Years War I : Trial by Battle . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1655 - 5 . Sumption , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . Divided Houses . The Hundred Years War III . London : Faber & Faber . ISBN 9780571240128 . Tuck , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Richard II ( 1367 -- 1400 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 23499 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Turchin , Peter ( 2003 ) . Historical dynamics : why states rise and fall . Princeton : Princeton University . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11669 - 5 . Vauchéz , Andre , ed. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Middle ages . Volume 1 . Cambridge : James Clark . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 282 - 6 . de Venette , Jean ( 1953 ) . Newall , Richard A , ed . The Chronicle of Jean de Venette . Translated by Birdsall , Jean . New York : Columbia University Press . Wagner , John A ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War . Westport CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32736 - X . Webster , Bruce ( 1998 ) . The Wars of the Roses . London : UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 493 - 3 . Wilson , Derek ( 2011 ) . The Plantagenets . The Kings that made Britain . London : Quercus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85738 - 004 - 3 . Further Reading ( edit ) Corrigan , Gordon ( 2014 ) , A great and glorious adventure ; a military history of the hundred years war , Atlantic Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84887 - 927 - 0 Froissart , Jean ( 1895 ) . Macaulay , George Campbell , ed . The Chronicles of Froissart . Translated by Bourchier , John ; Lord Berners . London : Macmillan and Son . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Favier , Jean ( 1980 ) . La Guerre de Cent Ans . Paris : Fayard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 213 - 00898 - 1 . Green , David ( 2014 ) , The Hundred Years War : A People 's History . New Haven and London : Yale . ISBN 0 - 300 - 13451 - 7 Lambert , Craig L. `` Edward III 's siege of Calais : A reappraisal , '' Journal of Medieval History ( 2011 ) 37 # 3 pp 231 -- 342 Seward , Desmond ( 1999 ) , The hundred years war : The English in France 1337 -- 1453 , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028361 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hundred Years ' War . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hundred Years ' War . The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre Timeline of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years ' War ( 1336 -- 1565 ) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson , University of Kansas Emeritus The Hundred Years ' War information and game Jean Froissart , `` On The Hundred Years War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) '' from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War . University of Southampton and University of Reading . Hundred Years ' War Battles Chevauchées Armagnacs and Burgundians Jacquerie War of the Breton Succession Castilian Civil War GND : 4160808 - 2 HDS : 24646 NDL : 00563842 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War&oldid=804695348 '' Categories : Hundred Years ' War 14th century in France 15th century in France Anglo - French wars Wars of the Middle Ages Wars involving Scotland Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving Portugal Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Global conflicts Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating information from the Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the 100 year war start and end	[ "\n\nHundred Years' War\n\n\n\nClockwise, from top left: The Battle of La Rochelle,\nThe Battle of Agincourt,\nThe Battle of Patay,\nJoan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453\n\n\nLocation\nFrance, the Low Countries, Great Britain, Iberian peninsula\n\n\nResult\n\nFrench victory\n\nHouse of Valois retains the French throne\nEnglish claims to the French throne de facto abandoned\nStrengthening of the French monarchy\nRise of nationalistic identities in England and France\nDecline of chivalry\nDecline of feudalism\n\n\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nFrance acquired the English continental possessions\nEngland retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Kingdom of France\n\n County of Flanders[1]\n Duchy of Burgundy[2]\n\n Duchy of Brittany[3]\n Kingdom of Scotland\n Kingdom of Bohemia\n Duchy of Lorraine\n Republic of Genoa\n Crown of Castile\n Crown of Aragon\n Kingdom of Majorca\n Avignon Papacy[4]\n\n Kingdom of England\n\n Principality of Wales\n Lordship of Ireland\n Duchy of Aquitaine\n English Kingdom of France[5]\n\n Duchy of Brittany[6]\n Duchy of Burgundy\n County of Flanders\n County of Hainaut\n Kingdom of Portugal\n Kingdom of Navarre\n Papal States[7]\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Philip VI (1337-1350)\n John II (1350-1364)\n Charles V (1364-1380)\n Charles VI (1380-1422)\n Charles VII (1422-1453)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Edward III (1337-1377)\n Richard II (1377-1399)\n Henry IV (1399-1413)\n Henry V (1413-1422)\n Henry VI (1422-1453)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453" ]
-2385527717701721521	Great American Ball Park	Great American Ball Park - wikipedia Great American Ball Park Great American Ball Park `` GABP '' Address 100 Joe Nuxhall Way Location Cincinnati , Ohio Coordinates 39 ° 5 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 24 '' W / 39.09750 ° N 84.50667 ° W / 39.09750 ; - 84.50667 Coordinates : 39 ° 5 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 24 '' W / 39.09750 ° N 84.50667 ° W / 39.09750 ; - 84.50667 Public transit Cincinnati Bell Connector Parking 850 spaces Owner Hamilton County Operator Cincinnati Reds Capacity 42,319 ( 2008 -- present ) 42,271 ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Record attendance 44,599 ( 2010 NLDS , Game 3 ) Field size Left Field -- 328 ft ( 100 m ) Left - Center -- 379 ft ( 116 m ) Center Field -- 404 ft ( 123 m ) Right - Center -- 370 ft ( 113 m ) Right Field -- 325 ft ( 99 m ) Backstop -- 55 ft ( 17 m ) Surface Perennial Ryegrass Construction Broke ground August 1 , 2000 Opened March 31 , 2003 Construction cost US $290 million ( $386 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect HOK Sport ( now Populous ) Project manager Parsons Brinckerhoff , Inc . Structural engineer Geiger / THP Ltd . Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Hunt Construction Group , Inc . Main contractors RLE Construction , Inc . Tenants Cincinnati Reds ( MLB ) ( 2003 -- present ) Great American Ball Park is a baseball stadium in Cincinnati , Ohio , which is the home field of Major League Baseball 's Cincinnati Reds . It opened in 2003 , replacing Cinergy Field ( formerly Riverfront Stadium ) , their home field from 1970 to 2002 . The park 's name comes from Great American Insurance Group . The ballpark hosted the 2015 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The Reds put in $5 million for improvements , which included two new bars and upgraded concession stands . Contents 1 History 1.1 Planning and funding 1.2 Design and construction 2 Features 3 Fan amenities 4 Screen renovations for the 2009 season 5 Notable non-baseball events 5.1 Concerts 5.2 Other events 6 Milestones and notable moments 6.1 Opening day ( March 31 , 2003 ) 6.2 Other firsts 7 Attendance records 8 Statistics 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Planning and funding ( edit ) In 1996 , Hamilton County voters passed a 1⁄2 % sales tax increase to fund the construction of new venues for both the Reds and the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Reds and the Bengals had previously shared occupancy of Cinergy Field , but by the mid-1990s , they complained that the multi-purpose stadium lacked amenities necessary for small - market professional sports teams to compete and each lobbied for venues of their own . Nearby Paul Brown Stadium broke ground in 1998 and was opened on August 19 , 2000 . Design and construction ( edit ) Great American Ball Park was built by the architectural firms Populous ( then HOK Sport ) and GBBN at a cost of approximately US $290 million . It is located on the plot of land between the former site of Cinergy Field and US Bank Arena ; it was known locally as the `` wedge '' . The limited construction space necessitated the partial demolition of Cinergy Field . It was fully demolished on December 29 , 2002 . Features ( edit ) A view of Great American Ball Park , including The Gap . The original address of Great American Ball Park was 100 Main Street . However , after the death of former pitcher and longtime broadcaster Joe Nuxhall in 2007 , the address was changed to 100 Joe Nuxhall Way . A sign bearing Nuxhall 's traditional signoff phrase `` rounding third and heading for home '' is located on the third base side exterior of the park . The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is adjacent to Great American Ball Park . In honor of Crosley Field , the Cincinnati Reds ' home park from 1912 to June 1970 , a monument reminiscent of the park 's infamous left field terrace was built on the main entrance plaza on Joe Nuxhall Way ; statues of Crosley - era stars Nuxhall , catcher Ernie Lombardi , first baseman Ted Kluszewski , and outfielder Frank Robinson are depicted playing an imaginary baseball game . The Gap . A 35 - foot - ( 10.7 - m ) - wide break in the stands between home plate and third base called `` The Gap '' is bridged by the concourse on each level ( see photo ) . Aligned with Sycamore Street , it provides views into the stadium from downtown and out to the skyline from within the park . The centerfield `` smokestacks '' Power Stacks . In right center field , two smokestacks , reminiscent of the steamboats that were common on the Ohio River in the 19th and early 20th centuries , flash lights , emit flames and launch fireworks to incite or respond to the home team 's efforts . When the Reds strike out a batter , fire blows out of the stacks beginning with the 2012 season ( previously , steam was spewed out following a strikeout ) . Fireworks are launched from the stacks after every Reds home run and win . The seven baseball bats featured on both smokestacks symbolize the # 14 of Pete Rose . On May 15 , 2015 , a part of the top of the right smokestack caught on fire during the 6th inning of a Reds game , caused by a loose propane valve , causing smoke to be blown across the field , several sections of seats to be evacuated , and the Cincinnati Fire Department being called to put it out . No one was injured . The Spirit of Baseball . A 50 - foot - by - 20 - foot ( 15 x 6 m ) Indiana limestone bas relief carving near the main entrance features a young baseball player looking up to the heroic figures of a batter , pitcher and fielder , all set against the background of many of Cincinnati 's landmarks , including the riverfront and Union Terminal . Local designers and artist created the piece between 2001 and 2003 with concept , design and project oversight / management by Berberich Design . The illustrative artist was Mark Riedy , the sculptors of the scale model used for fabrication were Todd Myers and Paul Brooke with fabrication by Mees Distributors . The Mosaics . Just inside the main gates off the Crosley Terrace you will find two mosaic panels measuring 16 feet wide by 10 feet high . The mosaics depict two key eras in Reds history : `` The First Nine '' , the 1869 Red Stockings who were the first professional baseball team in history with a record of 57 - 0 in their first season and `` The Great Eight '' , the famous Big Red Machine that won back - to - back World Series in 1975 and 1976 . The mosaics were created between 2001 and 2003 with concept , design and project oversight / management by Berberich Design . The illustrative artist was Mark Riedy . These mosaic panels are made of opaque glass tiles and were produced in Ravenna , Italy by SICIS . The Panoramas . Panoramas of downtown Cincinnati , Mt . Adams , the Ohio River and Northern Kentucky are visible from most of the park . View from behind home plate . The Scoreboard . At 217 feet , 9 inches ( 66.4 m ) wide , the scoreboard from Daktronics is the sixth largest in Major League Baseball , and the 15th largest in the United States out of all LED screens . The Reds paid $4 million to install a new , LED scoreboard and high definition video screen in time for the 2009 season . The scoreboard did not add any size from the previous , but added HD quality . The scoreboard clock was originally a replica of the Longines clock at Crosley Field , but has since been modified . The Toyota Tundra Home Run Deck . If a Reds player hits the `` Hit Me '' sign located between the Power Stacks located in right field , a randomly selected fan will win the red Toyota Tundra pickup truck located on top of an elevator shaft approximately 500 feet ( 150 m ) from home plate beyond the center field fence , which is valued at approximately US $31,000 . Crosley Terrace . Main article : Reds Legends of Crosley Field As a nod to Crosley Field , the Reds ' home from 1912 -- 1970 , a monument was created in front of the main entrance to highlight the park 's famous left - field terrace . Bronze statues of Crosley - era stars Joe Nuxhall , Ernie Lombardi , Ted Kluszewski , and Frank Robinson ( created by sculptor Tom Tsuchiya ) are depicted playing in an imaginary ballgame . The grass area of the terrace has the same slope as the outfield terrace at Crosley Field . 4192 Mural . A three - piece mural on the back of the scoreboard in left field depicts the bat Pete Rose used for his record - breaking 4,192 nd hit and the ball he hit in 1985 . This was replaced with new banners in 2015 as part of the All - Star Game upgrades . Great American Ball Park at night Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum . Located on the west side of Great American Ball Park on Main Street , the Hall of Fame and Museum celebrate the Reds ' past through galleries and extensive use of multimedia . The Hall of Fame has been in existence since 1958 , but did not previously have a building . Riverboat Deck . A private party area located above the batter 's eye . Center Field . The dimension of 404 feet ( 123 m ) in center field is a tribute to the same center field dimension in the Reds ' previous home , Riverfront Stadium . Riverfront Club . A glass encased restaurant on the third level of the stadium that serves upscale food and has views of the field and the river . Rose Garden . Adjacent to both the stadium and the Reds Hall of Fame is a rose garden that symbolizes Pete Rose 's record - breaking 4,192 nd hit . It was strategically placed here because the ball landed around this area in Riverfront Stadium . The garden is visible from a stairwell in the hall of fame displaying the amount of balls that Rose hit . Fan amenities ( edit ) Nursing Suite . For the 2015 season , Great American Ball Park became the first MLB ballpark to feature a suite designed exclusively as a place for mothers to feed and care for their babies . Reds COO Phil Castellini , a father of 5 , says he felt compelled to do his best to provide a worthwhile solution after stadium officials told him an increasing number of women were asking where they could nurse their children at the ballpark . The suite has 5 glider chairs , diaper - changing stations , a restroom , a kitchenette , refrigerator , lockers , and televisions showing the game . It 's located on the Suite Level near the Champions Club elevators . Screen renovations for the 2009 season ( edit ) Great American Ball Park on May 23 , 2016 for the Reds vs. Seattle Mariners After the 2008 season , all of the scoreboards in the park were replaced by new high - definition video displays . The Reds have a ten - year contract with the Daktronics company of Brookings , South Dakota , and also have contracted with Sony for the high - definition video cameras and production equipment , which will be operated from a renovated control room . A team of 25 people will be responsible for the content of the displays . The previous displays were installed by the Trans - Lux company when Great American Ball Park was built . However , Trans - Lux went bankrupt , and the team could not find replacement parts . `` We were just limping through , hoping the old scoreboard would make it to the end of the 2008 season '' , said Reds spokesman Michael Anderson . Jennifer Berger , Reds senior director of entertainment , events and production said that the Cincinnati Reds will assume the responsibility of the cost of maintaining the displays ; the fans will not have to bear the brunt of paying for them . The team expects to save money in the long term due to the displays ' increased energy efficiency . Notable non-baseball events ( edit ) Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes August 28 , 2010 Backstreet Boys -- This Is Us Tour -- -- August 4 , 2011 Paul McCartney DJ Chris Holmes On The Run Tour 41,256 / 41,256 $4,158,146 This was his first Cincinnati appearance in 18 years . June 28 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay Z N / A On the Run Tour 37,863 / 37,863 $4,250,931 July 19 , 2014 Jason Aldean Miranda Lambert Florida Georgia Line Tyler Farr Burn It Down Tour 39,196 / 39,196 $2,632,614 June 16 , 2018 Luke Bryan Sam Hunt Jon Pardi Morgan Wallen What Makes You Country Tour TBA TBA August 4 , 2018 Zac Brown Band Leon Bridges Down the Rabbit Hole Live TBA TBA Other events ( edit ) On October 31 , 2004 , President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush held a campaign rally in Great American Ball Park . On April 27 , 2008 , a memorial service for Matt Maupin was held at Great American Ball Park . Milestones and notable moments ( edit ) Opening day ( March 31 , 2003 ) ( edit ) Statistic Player ( s ) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. ( a double ) First home run Reggie Sanders , Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns , later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton ( a ground out ) Other firsts ( edit ) Statistic Details Date First grand slam Russell Branyan July 21 , 2003 First playoff game Game 3 NLDS October 10 , 2010 Fastest pitch ever Aroldis Chapman zipped a fastball past Pittsburgh 's Andrew McCutchen that registered 106 mph on the Great American Ball Park scoreboard . However , MLB. com 's Pitch / FX tracker clocked the throw at 105 . April 18 , 2011 Clinching division Home Run vs. Houston Astros by Jay Bruce September 28 , 2010 First inside - the - park home run by the Reds vs. Toronto Blue Jays by Drew Stubbs June 17 , 2011 Longest home run Outfielder Adam Dunn hits the longest home run in Great American Ball Park history against José Lima and the Dodgers . The distance was 535 feet . The ball landed in the Ohio River , which , because the border with Kentucky is defined as the north shore of the river , the ball landed in Kentucky . August 10 , 2004 1,000 hits Second baseman Brandon Phillips records his 1,000 th hit with a home run against the Cleveland Indians July 1 , 2011 All - Star Game Hosted American League @ National League July 14 , 2015 No - hitter Reds pitcher Homer Bailey pitched the first no - hitter in the history of Great American Ball Park , beating the San Francisco Giants 3 -- 0 . July 2 , 2013 First no - hitter by a visiting pitcher Jake Arrieta no - hit the Reds while pitching for the Chicago Cubs , who won 16 -- 0 . ( This was the most lopsided no - hitter in Major League Baseball since Aug. 4 , 1884 , when the Buffalo Bisons ' Pud Galvin threw an 18 - 0 no - hitter against the Detroit Wolverines . ) April 21 , 2016 Attendance records ( edit ) Bold indicates the winner of each game . Highest attendance at Great American Ball Park Rank Attendance Date Game result Notes 44,599 October 10 , 2010 Reds 0 , Phillies 3 2010 NLDS , Game 3 44,501 October 9 , 2012 Reds 1 , Giants 2 ( 10 ) 2012 NLDS , Game 3 44,375 October 10 , 2012 Reds 3 , Giants 8 2012 NLDS , Game 4 44,142 October 11 , 2012 Reds 4 , Giants 6 2012 NLDS , Game 5 5 43,878 March 30 , 2018 Reds 0 , Nationals 2 2018 Opening Day , regular season record 6 43,804 April 3 , 2017 Reds 3 , Phillies 4 2017 Opening Day 7 43,683 April 4 , 2016 Reds 6 , Phillies 2 2016 Opening Day 8 43,656 July 14 , 2015 National League 3 , American League 6 2015 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Statistics ( edit ) Ticket windows : 25 Concourse widths : 40 feet ( 12 m ) Escalators : 3 Passenger elevators : 14 Public restrooms : 47 ( 20 women , 20 men , 7 family ) Concession stands : 28 Parking spaces : 850 Club seats : 4,235 Suites : 63 Reds ' playoff victories : 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul E. Gossen - Experience Jump up ^ Contacts for the Great American Ballpark / Reds Stadium ( DL ) Jump up ^ Mayers Electric Helps Revive the Cincinnati Riverfront ^ Jump up to : Great American Ball Park Jump up ^ Emporis.com - Great American Ball Park Jump up ^ `` Reds Ballparks '' . Reds.com . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Great American Insurance Group '' . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Durgy , Edwin ( 18 Oct 2011 ) . `` Former Forbes 400 Member And Cincinnati Reds Owner Carl Lindner Dies At 92 '' . Forbes . Forbes , LLC . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Ball Park undergoes array of upgrades '' . MLB . MLB. 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cincinnati.Com : Great American Ball Park Jump up ^ Pilcher , James ( December 30 , 2002 ) . `` Stadium Goes Down in 37 Seconds '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : Pahigian , Josh , & O'Connell , Kevin . `` The Ultimate Baseball Road Trip , 2nd : A Fan 's Guide to Major League Stadiums '' . P. 201 . Lyons Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 7340 - 4 Jump up ^ Riedel , Charlie ( April 3 , 2007 ) . `` Stars , surprises part of memorable opening day '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ballpark Quirks : The Gap highlights Great American Ballpark in Cincinnati '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smokestack fire at Great American Ball Park put out during game '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc. 16 May 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leventhal , Josh ( 2006 ) . Take Me Out to the Ballpark . P. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Sony and Daktronics Pitch Ultimate HD Experience At Cincinnati Reds Great American Ball Park '' . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Game - changer : Major League Baseball team creates in - stadium nursery for moms '' . Today . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Reds debut room for nursing moms '' . ESPN . ESPN Inc . Jump up ^ Murray , Sydney ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Great American Ball Park opens nursing suite '' . Cincinnati.com . Cincinnati.com . Jump up ^ Bishop , Lauren ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Reds Pump Up Scoreboard '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howze , Mercedes J. ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Jay Z and Beyonce brought the heat ( literally ) in Cincinnati '' . New Pittsburgh Courier . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kern , Jac ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : Jay Z and Beyoncé at Great American Ballpark '' . Cincinnati CityBeat . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Leventhal , Josh , Take Me Out to the Ballpark : An Illustrated Tour of Baseball Parks Past and Present . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 513 - 4 Stupp , Dann , Opening Day at Great American Ball Park . Sports Publishing L.L.C. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 724 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great American Ball Park . Stadium site on reds.com Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum retrosheet.org Great American Ball Park list of firsts Cincinnati Reds - Ballpark Tours Great American Ballpark Photos Great American Ball Park Seating Chart hide Events and tenants Preceded by Riverfront Stadium Home of the Cincinnati Reds 2003 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by AutoZone Park Host of the Civil Rights Game 2009 -- 2010 Succeeded by Turner Field Preceded by Target Field Host of the Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2015 Succeeded by Petco Park Cincinnati Reds Established in 1882 Formerly the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Cincinnati Redlegs Based in Cincinnati , Ohio Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Hall of Fame Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Ballparks Bank Street Grounds League Park League Park II Palace of the Fans Crosley Field Riverfront Stadium Great American Ball Park Spring training Majestic Park Riverside Park Tinker Field Sixto Escobar Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Plant City Stadium Ed Smith Stadium Goodyear Ballpark Culture Cincinnati Red Stockings Rosie Reds Mr. Red The Big Red Machine The Nasty Boys Dowd Report Lore 1999 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2013 NL Wild Card Game Tom Browning 's perfect game Rivalries Cleveland Indians Key personnel Owner : Robert Castellini President of Baseball Operations : Dick Williams General Manager : Nick Krall Manager : Jim Riggleman World Series Championships ( 5 ) 1919 1940 1976 1990 National League pennants ( 9 ) 1919 1939 1940 1961 1970 1972 1976 1990 AA pennants ( 1 ) 1882 Division titles ( 10 ) National League Central 1995 2012 National League West 1970 1972 1973 1976 1979 1990 Minor league affiliates Louisville Bats ( AAA ) Pensacola Blue Wahoos ( AA ) Daytona Tortugas ( A Adv . ) Dayton Dragons ( A ) Billings Mustangs ( Rookie Adv . ) Greeneville Reds ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL Reds ( Rookie ) DSL Reds ( Rookie ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WLW Reds Radio Network TV : Fox Sports Ohio Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current ballparks in Major League Baseball American League East Fenway Park Oriole Park at Camden Yards Rogers Centre Tropicana Field Yankee Stadium Central Comerica Park Guaranteed Rate Field Kauffman Stadium Progressive Field Target Field West Angel Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Minute Maid Park Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Safeco Field National League East Citi Field Citizens Bank Park Marlins Park Nationals Park SunTrust Park Central Busch Stadium Great American Ball Park Miller Park PNC Park Wrigley Field West AT&T Park Chase Field Coors Field Dodger Stadium Petco Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Ball_Park&oldid=854686315 '' Categories : Cincinnati Reds stadiums Sports venues in Cincinnati Major League Baseball venues Sports venues completed in 2003 Baseball venues in Ohio 2003 establishments in Ohio Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the reds stadium	[ "Great American Ball Park is a baseball stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio, which is the home field of Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds. It opened in 2003, replacing Cinergy Field (formerly Riverfront Stadium), their home field from 1970 to 2002.[7] The park's name comes from Great American Insurance Group.[8][9]\n" ]	[ "Great American Ball Park" ]
-552166887806346492	Dance Moms (season 4)	Dance Moms ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Dance Moms ( season 4 ) Dance Moms ( season 4 ) Season 4 promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 32 Release Original network Lifetime Original release January 1 ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) -- October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Dance Moms episodes The fourth season of Dance Moms , an American dance reality television created by Collins Avenue Productions , began airing on January 1 , 2014 , on Lifetime television network . The fourth season has aired 19 episodes plus 5 special episodes ( Guess Who 's Coming to the Dance ? , Dance Moms Cares , Seeing Red , Girl Talk , The Battle of Maddie vs. Chloe ) bringing the episode count thus far to 103 episodes . However , Lifetime 's episode guide does not list `` Guess Who 's Coming to the Dance ? '' and `` Dance Moms Cares '' as official season episodes . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Dancers 2.2 Moms 2.3 Guest dancers 2.4 Guest moms 3 Episodes 4 Lawsuit 5 References Overview ( edit ) Miller fears her Junior Elite Competition team does n't show enough drive and threatens them by hosting nationwide open auditions for a new team . Although on a winning streak , tension rises between Miller and long - time client Kelly Hyland , and Miller finds herself in definite need of new dancers . Meanwhile , Melissa relishes in her daughters ' successes with Mackenzie 's blossoming music career and Maddie embracing new opportunities to dance . On the 100th episode , Miller unveils her new `` Select Ensemble '' for the first time . Cast ( edit ) The fourth season featured sixteen star billing cast members in the first eight episodes , and thirteen from episode eight onwards , with various other dancers and moms appearing throughout the season . Dancers ( edit ) Mackenzie Ziegler Chloe Lukasiak Nia Frazier Maddie Ziegler Paige Hyland ( Episodes 1 - 7 ) Brooke Hyland ( Episodes 1 - 7 ) Kendall Vertes Kalani Hilliker ( Episodes 7 - 21 ) Moms ( edit ) Melissa Gisoni Holly Frazier Jill Vertes Christi Lukasiak Kelly Hyland ( Episodes 1 - 7 ) Kira Girard ( Episodes 7 - 21 ) Guest dancers ( edit ) Chloe Nguyen ( ALDC Guest ) Kamryn Beck ( Select Team ) Payton Ackerman ( ALDC ) Tea Adamson ( Select Team ) Sarah Hunt ( Select Team ) Ava Cota ( Select Team ) Sarah Reasons ( Select Team ) Jade Cloud ( Select Team ) Fallon Chapman ( ALDC Guest ) McKenzie Morales ( Candy Apples ) Gavin Morales ( Candy Apples ) Mari Dudash ( Candy Apples ) Lucas Triana ( Candy Apples ) Zack Torres ( Candy Apples ) Nick Daniel ( Candy Apples ) Nicaya Wiley ( Candy Apples ) Guest moms ( edit ) Cathy Nesbitt - Stein ( Candy Apples ) Leslie Ackerman ( ALDC ) Brigette Triana ( Candy Apples ) Gina Torres ( Candy Apples ) Christy Hunt Jeanette Cota Loree Cloud Cheryl Chapman Jodi Beck Kim Nguyen Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Dance Moms episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 83 Special `` Guess Who 's Coming to the Dance ? '' January 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) 1.59 The mothers talk about the previous season and what to expect for Season 4 . Hosted by executive producer Jeff Collins . 84 `` Welcome Back ... Now Do n't Get Too Comfy '' January 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) 2.42 It is the start of the new competition season , and all the girls have returned , including Chloe and Payton . The girls rehearse a jazz number reflecting the mothers ' behavior during nationals , to which Chloe and Payton are featured . Meanwhile , Brooke is invited to sing at a concert , and the girls are invited to watch her perform which means they all get to leave rehearsal early , and Abby feels this event contributed to their `` poor '' performance . Additionally , Jill feels Kendall is being punished after Nia is assigned a solo . 85 `` Two Can Play This Game '' January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 2.17 Abby states that Maddie is irreplaceable , and is look for her number two dancer in either Chloe or Kendall . The mothers are concerned that Kendall has a leg up after discovering that Jill brought in Kendall for a private session , although Jill denies any knowing of an upcoming solo . Meanwhile , Cathy considers a lyrical group routine despite not teaching lyrical at her studio . Additionally , Leslie 's sudden tears challenges Payton 's position on the team . 86 Special `` Dance Moms Cares '' January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 1.20 The ALDC and Starbound Talent host a benefit competition to support Breast Cancer research . 87 `` Abby Strikes Back '' January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2.00 Jill thinks Christi is behind the supposed fiasco during last week 's competition . Brooke is assigned a featured spot in the trio , and Jill thinks Kendall should 've gotten the spot mirroring Paige . Abby is concerned that Jill is hindering Kendall 's drive and challenging her position on the team . Meanwhile , Abby hosts the first audition on her three - stop casting tour , much to the dismay of the mothers . Additionally , Payton gets injured backstage at competition . 88 `` Chloe vs. Kendall : Round 2 '' January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2.01 Chloe and Kendall , again , are assigned to go head - to - head at the upcoming competition . Jill and Christi hope for a level playing field for the girls as they rehearse their solos at the same time . Meanwhile , Abby discovers that the Candy Apples ' team is all boys , and is concerned about the strength of her girls . The girls rehearse a group routine entitled `` Witches of East Canton '' , reflecting the rivalry between Abby and Cathy . Additionally , Payton is removed from competing because of her injury . 89 5 `` No One Is Safe '' January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2.41 Abby thinks that dance is a part of life , and says that the girls would benefit from homeschooling to spend more time at the studio . Melissa reveals that Maddie and Mackenzie have been taking more privates , and Abby assigns them solos that are out of their comfort zone . Meanwhile , Nia is given the featured role in a controversial group routine , and Holly fears Nia 's position on the team if the dance places poorly . Additionally , Abby hosts the second audition on her three - stop casting tour . 90 6 `` Clash of the Chloes '' February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 2.02 During pyramid , Abby introduces a new dancer aptly named Chloe , and both Chloes are assigned solos for the upcoming competition . `` New Chloe '' struggles under Abby 's tutelage , and her mother is overconfident about her daughter 's abilities . At competition , Abby hopes for `` new Chloe '' to prove herself , but her mother challenges her position on the team . Meanwhile , Nia is placed at the top of the pyramid but is relegated to a duet with Kendall that is under - rehearsed . 91 7 `` Big Trouble in the Big Apple '' February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 2.51 The ALDC is invited to participate in a competition in Pittsburgh in addition to the Elite Team competing in New York . Abby has Maddie dancing in Pittsburg and rests the competition on Brooke 's and Paige 's shoulders . Kelly is happy to see her daughters dancing solos , but gets upset when she learns of Maddie 's duet competing against Chloe and Paige . After confronting Abby , Kelly is escorted out of the competition . Additionally , Abby hosts the third audition on her three - stop casting tour . Note : Kelly , Brooke and Paige officially leave the ALDC and the series . 92 8 `` Wingman Down '' February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) 2.01 A new dancer , Kalani , is introduced during pyramid after her winning duet with Maddie . At competition , Kalani is assigned a duet with the blossoming Kendall , and Maddie and Chloe are also assigned a duet as their awarded pair . Also , Nia is assigned a solo that is under - rehearsed and has a wardrobe malfunction on stage . Meanwhile , Christi distances herself from the other mothers after Abby reveals that Kelly and her daughters are no longer members of the ALDC . Additionally , Mackenzie takes extra voice lessons . Note : Kira and Kalani join the ALDC . 93 9 `` Nothing 's Fair in Abbyville '' February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2.06 Maddie is absent from pyramid , and Kendall is voted as her replacement . Jill hopes for the featured role in the group dance , but learns that Kendall is simply selected as team captain when Maddie returns to rehearsals . At competition , Abby continues to find the best for her team , and puts Chloe and Kalani head - to - head in an effort to prove themselves . Meanwhile , Abby discovers that the mothers meet Kelly for lunch , and , again , threatens them with expulsion . Additionally , Abby ups the difficulty in Mackenzie 's performance . 94 10 `` No Solo for You '' March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 2.03 Kalani is put at the top of the pyramid , but Maddie is assigned a solo . Kira begs for the pair to dance against each other , but the second solo is assigned to Kendall . The mothers agree that Abby will not ever have Kalani and Maddie dance against each other in an effort to protect Maddie 's awarded reputation , but when Kendall struggles through rehearsals , Kira pressures Abby for a solo for Kalani , but fails . At competition , the girls enter the dance improv contest , and Kira hopes Kalani can prove to Abby that she 's a winner . 95 11 `` Blame It on the New Girl '' March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 2.19 Kendall is placed at the bottom of the pyramid for her `` poor '' placing solo at last week 's competition , but is given a second chance in an effort to prove herself . Kira and Kalani are not invited to this week 's competition , and Abby brings in a new dancer and her mother who struggle to keep up with the pace of the ALDC . Meanwhile , Cathy readies the Candy Apples to compete against the ALDC for the second time this season , but fears not being up to par after seeing the quality of Abby 's group routine . 96 12 `` Sister Showdown '' March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 1.94 Chloe , Maddie , and Mackenzie are all vying for the overall top solo award . Abby tells Chloe she has an advantage as a contemporary dancer typically earns first place , but the mothers bicker about Maddie and Mackenzie getting more attention from Abby . Meanwhile , Payton has recovered from injury and is back with the team this week . Abby rehearses a group routine inspired by Kinky Boots , and has given Payton the featured role , but fears a loss without Maddie in the middle . 97 13 `` Decisions Decisions '' March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 1.99 Kira and Kalani are introduced to the team as permanent members of the ALDC Elite Competition Team . Leslie is still upset that Payton continues to be used as a swing and complains that Kalani took her spot on the team . Abby rehearses a group routine that requires costumes the girls already own , and scrounges for new outfits for Kalani and Payton to wear , but when Payton complains of hers being too small , Leslie complains of being set up and is asked to leave . Meanwhile , Cathy hopes for a win competing in her home town . 98 14 `` Family Comes First '' April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 1.99 The girls vie for another win , and Abby hopes a group routine inspired by bollywood musicals will earn them a win . Nia has been struggling to place with her solo performances , and is pulled from the group routine for more time to rehearse another solo this week . Meanwhile , Abby 's mother is ailing , and Abby spends time away from the studio to be with her , and leaves Gianna to coach this week 's competition without her . Additionally , Mackenzie hosts auditions for background dancers for her upcoming music video . 99 15 `` Lights ! Camera ! Dance ! '' April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 1.75 Abby 's mother is meeting her demise , and Abby reprises Maddie 's national award winning solo , `` Amazing Grace '' , as a group routine as a tribute to her . Similarly , Abby assigns both Maddie and Chloe musical theater numbers , not only as tributes , but as celebrations of life for her ailing mother . Meanwhile , Abby 's presence is , again , being missed at the studio , yet she continues to threaten the team 's win with the looming arrival of her new team . Additionally , Mackenzie shoots her music video . Note : This episode is dedicated to Maryen Lorrain Miller . ( August 6 , 1927 -- February 8 , 2014 ) 100 16 `` Presenting My New Team '' April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2.00 Abby introduces her team of new dancers selected from her casting tour , and to everyone 's surprise , Abby has also selected Maddie to join them . Abby rehearses a lyrical group routine with the new team , and the original mothers fear their group routine is under - rehearsed . Meanwhile , Melissa struggles to teach the new mothers about speaking their mind , and fails when Abby pulls one of the new dancers from the group routine . At competition , Abby hopes the original team can win without Maddie , but also prays for a clean sweep . 101 17 `` Seeing Red '' April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 1.63 Abby Lee Miller and the mothers recap the happenings of Season 4 thus far . Hosted by executive producer Jeff Collins . 102 18 `` Girl Talk '' April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 1.31 The girls talk about their lives as dancers and being in the spotlight . Hosted by executive producer Jeff Collins . 103 19 `` The Battle of Maddie vs. Chloe '' May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 0.87 A clip show based on the beginnings of the `` rivalry '' between Maddie and Chloe . Hosted by executive producer Jeff Collins . 104 20 `` Abby 's Top Ten Dances '' June 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) 1.44 A clip show consisting of the Top 10 dances performed on Dance Moms . Hosted by Abby Lee Miller . 105 21 `` Double the Moms , Double the Trouble '' July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) 1.44 Abby learns that Kira took Kalani back home , and has asked Maddie to dance with the original team this week forcing the new team to prove themselves without her . Meanwhile , the mothers struggle to bond , especially with new mom , Christy , who feels she earned her spot being a paying customer of Abby 's . At competition , the mothers sense that Abby is spending more time with the new team and fear a loss against a team of older dancers with more challenging choreography . Note : Kira and Kalani leave the ALDC . 106 22 `` Kiss or Get Off the Pot '' August 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) 1.52 The Select Ensemble is given the week off , and Abby has asked Christy 's daughter , Sarah , to perform with the Elite Team . Unfortunately , Sarah struggles with the choreography , but Christy is still confident with her daughter 's position on the team . Meanwhile , Abby has invited a male dancer to perform with Maddie in her first duet , but Maddie turns shy when they are directed to kiss on stage . Additionally , the Candy Apples ready for another competition , and Cathy uses a choreographer familiar with Abby , who fears another loss . The CADC duet wins first place while Maddie and Gino are second . 107 23 `` Three Soloists , One Star '' August 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 12 ) 1.71 Maddie is absent from pyramid , and Abby assigns Kendall the lead role in the group routine . When Maddie returns to rehearsals , she is given the task of helping choreograph , which upsets the mothers . Meanwhile , the Select Ensemble is still on hiatus , and Sarah , again , is invited to perform with the Elite Team this week . Unfortunately for Sarah , Christy 's behavior gets her daughter pulled from the competition . At competition , Kendall , Nia , and Chloe are each assigned solo performances , and Abby hopes for a clean sweep . 108 24 `` Abby - phobic '' August 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) 1.67 Abby has invited Jade from the Select Ensemble to dance with the Elite Team this week and has assigned her to go head - to - head against Chloe at competition . Meanwhile , Abby has discovered that Studio Bleu is scheduled to compete this week , and feels that the group routine is n't competitive enough . For competition , Abby pulls Mackenzie from the group routine and has the girls compete in a higher age division to avoid a loss . Additionally , Jade 's mother , Loree , a fellow dance instructor , feels uncomfortable around Abby . 109 25 `` Chloe Gets Revenge '' August 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 26 ) 1.57 The Select Ensemble is back from hiatus , without Sarah H and Christy . Jade continues to perform with the Elite Team this week , but in order to have even numbers , Abby has selected Chloe to dance with the Select Ensemble , which concerns Christi . Meanwhile , Maddie is assigned a solo to go head - to - head against Ava , whose mother , Jeanette , feels that Abby is n't giving her daughter strong choreography . At competition , the Select Ensemble prove themselves , again , and Christi is prideful of Chloe 's flexibility . 110 26 `` No More Crybabies '' September 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 02 ) 1.55 Abby has invited Tea and her mother , Tami , to travel with the Elite Team this week , and Gia has convinced Abby to allow Sarah H and her mother , Christy , to join them as well . With this , Abby has selected Tea , Sarah H , and Mackenzie to compete in the younger division to prove themselves before Nationals . Meanwhile , it is discovered that Ava is scheduled to compete with her home studio , and Abby has Maddie perform last minute in hopes of a winning number . Additionally , Nia is given the lead in group routine . 111 27 `` The Understudies '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.38 This week , Maddie is given a solo , even though she might be needed in Miami for a job on competition day . So Abby calls Kendall and Chloe to be Maddie 's understudies in case she might not be able to perform . On a big , distracting board , the moms start counting the number of times Abby reprimands each girl as she praises Maddie to show Abby how harshly she behaves toward her dancers . The solo that Maddie , Chloe and Kendall are learning is to be performed against Gino who has rejoined Candy Apples . At competition , an argument between the moms and Abby about the board pushed the latter to cancel the group dance last minute to punish everybody for their parents behavior . 112 28 `` Another One Bites the Dust '' September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 1.48 Sarah R. and her mother , Tracy have been asked to join the Elite team . Kendall is given the same solo that Maddie performed last week and she 's going against Nia and Sarah . The group dance is called `` Seven Dancers '' , so Abby brings an additional dancer to the team . Nia wins first place and Kendall is second . 113 29 `` 45 Second Solos '' September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 1.39 Abby 's Annual Dance Concert is always bigger than any old recital and this year is no different , as the theme is an emotional tribute to her mother . With Nationals a few days away , Abby gives the girls 45 seconds to prove they each deserve a solo . When Abby has Kamryn dance in Chloe 's place , Christi begins to fear the security of Chloe 's position at Nationals . 114 30 `` Hollywood Here We Come , Part 1 '' September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 1.42 While the ALDC is in Los Angeles to compete at Nationals , Abby makes a major announcement . Jeanette , stalks the team to LA and vows revenge against Abby . Cathy schemes to ruin Abby 's west coast visit by challenging the ALDC to a dance off . 115 31 `` Hollywood Here We Come , Part 2 '' October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 1.61 Nationals are a day away , and with all of the distractions of Hollywood , the moms worry Abby has not given enough attention to the routines . With Cathy using the song that made Maddie famous , Abby considers pulling an ALDC solo to let Maddie dance . Stakes have never been higher as Abby threatens to cut the losing team and Christi and Chloe make a heart - wrenching decision . Note : Christi and Chloe officially leave the ALDC and the series . 116 32 `` Playing Favorites '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.46 The moms from both the Elite and Select Teams face off against Abby to hash out their grudges from this season and accuse her of blatant favoritism . Maddie takes the stage to talk about her recent success in Hollywood with the Sia video , the girls present new dances , and of course , Cathy makes an appearance to ruffle Abby 's feathers . Lawsuit ( edit ) The episode `` Big Trouble in the Big Apple '' that aired on February 11 , 2014 features the competition team at New York . During the final moments of the episode , Abby Lee Miller and dance mom Kelly Hyland get into a heated argument and ends with Kelly slapping Abby across the face and pulling her hair . Abby informs security and Kelly is removed from the building . Following the incident , Kelly filed a lawsuit against Abby for 5 million dollars , while Abby Lee Miller filed for assault against Hyland . Following the court proceedings , Hyland was banned from contacting Abby Lee Miller , including in forms of social media such as Twitter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dance Moms Episode Guide -- Season 4 '' . mylifetime.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : Rose Bowl Tops Night + Fiesta Bowl , ' Dance Moms ' , ' My Strange Addiction ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : CBS Dramas Top Charts in Viewers , Demos '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Justified ' , ' Klondike ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' Moonshiners ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Leads Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` NCIS '' Tops Viewers , `` The Voice '' Leads Demos `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Little Couple ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' The Little Couple ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Are You the One ? ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' The Little Couple ' , ' Inside Amy Schumer ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Maryen Lorrain Miller / Dance instructor ; mother of ' Dance Moms ' star '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Leads Night + ' The Game ' , Women 's NCAA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom Reunion ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Fargo ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Game ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' The Game ' , ' Ink Master ' , ' Fargo ' & More -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Little Couple ' , ' Fargo ' , ' True Tori ' , ' Faking It ' & More -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' and ' Deadliest Catch ' Lead Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Counting Cars ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Finding Carter ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Alien Sharks ' Top Night + ' Lair of the Mega Shark ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & ' Pretty Little Liars ' Win Night , ' Sullivan & Son ' , ' Tyrant ' , ' Royal Pains ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Tosh. 0 ′ Top Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Drunk History ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Royal Pains ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Tosh. 0 ′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Finding Carter ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Little People , Big World ' , ' Ink Master ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , MLB Wildcard , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Tops Night + ' Tosh. 0 ′ , MLB Baseball , ' 19 Kids and Counting ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.14. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dance Moms ' Star Sues -- Abby Lee Miller is a 300 lb . Beast Who Tried to Bite Me '' . TMZ.com . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dance Moms ' Star Abby Lee Miller Sued For Assault & Defamation By Fellow Cast Member : Video '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Hyland No - Contact Order Allegedly Harassing Abby Lee Miller ! '' . Realitytea.com . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dance Moms ' Stars -- BLOCKED from Tweeting at Co-Star ... Following Alleged Attack '' . YouTube . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . General references `` Dance Moms Season 4 episodes '' . Dance Moms Episodes . TV Guide . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . `` Shows A-Z -- dance moms on lifetime '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . `` Dance Moms : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_Moms_(season_4)&oldid=848378368 '' Categories : American reality television series 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does brooke and paige leave dance moms	[]	[]
-4375611106744827315	Batman in film	Batman in film - wikipedia Batman in film Adaptations of Batman in other media Created by Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics # 27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film ( s ) Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) Batman ( 1966 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Joker ( 2019 ) Television show ( s ) Batman ( 1966 ) The Adventures of Batman ( 1968 ) The New Adventures of Batman ( 1977 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 ) The New Batman Adventures ( 1997 ) The Batman ( 2004 ) Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2008 ) Beware the Batman ( 2013 ) The fictional superhero Batman , who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in various films since his inception . Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger , the character first starred in two serial films in the 1940s : Batman and Batman and Robin . The character also appeared in the 1966 film Batman , which was a feature film adaptation of the 1960s Batman TV series starring Adam West and Burt Ward , who also starred in the film . Toward the end of the 1980s , the Warner Bros. studio began producing a series of feature films starring Batman , beginning with the 1989 film Batman , directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton . Burton and Keaton returned for the 1992 sequel Batman Returns , and in 1995 , Joel Schumacher directed Batman Forever with Val Kilmer as Batman . Schumacher also directed the 1997 sequel Batman & Robin , which starred George Clooney . Batman & Robin was poorly received by both critics and fans , leading to the cancellation of Batman Unchained . Following the cancellation of two further film proposals , the franchise was rebooted in 2005 with Batman Begins , directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale . Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 , with Bale reprising his role in both films . Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide , making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide . Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy , the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan 's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero , with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all - time . After Warner Bros. launched their own shared cinematic universe known as the DC Extended Universe in 2013 , Ben Affleck was cast to portray Batman in the new expansive franchise , first appearing in 2016 with the Zack Snyder directed film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film would help begin a sequence of further DC Comics adaptations , including Justice League , a crossover film featuring other DC Comics characters , in 2017 , and a stand - alone Batman film starring Affleck and directed by Matt Reeves . Dante Pereira - Olson will appear as Bruce Wayne in the 2019 film Joker , directed by Todd Phillips . Batman has also appeared in multiple animated films , both as a starring character and as an ensemble character . While most animated films were released direct - to - video , the 1993 animated feature Batman : Mask of the Phantasm , based on the 1990s Batman : The Animated Series , was released theatrically . Having earned a total of U.S. $2,407,708,129 the Batman series is the fifth - highest - grossing film series in North America . Contents 1 Films 2 1940s serials 2.1 Batman ( 1943 ) 2.2 Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) 3 1960s 3.1 Batman ( 1966 ) 4 1970s and 80s 5 Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher series ( 1989 -- 1997 ) 5.1 Batman ( 1989 ) 5.2 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) 5.3 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) 5.4 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) 6 Proposals for a fifth film 6.1 Batman Unchained 6.2 Batman : DarKnight 6.3 Robin spin - off 7 Other proposals 7.1 Batman : Year One and Batman Beyond 7.2 Batman vs. Superman 7.3 OnStar commercials 8 The Dark Knight Trilogy ( 2005 -- 2012 ) -- Christopher Nolan 8.1 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) 8.2 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) 8.3 The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) 9 Proposed Justice League film 9.1 Justice League : Mortal 10 DC Extended Universe ( 2016 -- present ) 10.1 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) 10.2 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) 10.3 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) 10.4 Justice League ( 2017 ) 10.5 The Batman 11 Outside of the DCEU 11.1 Joker 12 Animated films 12.1 Batman solo 12.2 With other heroes 12.2. 1 Theatrical 12.2. 2 Direct - To - Video 12.3 The Lego Movie series 12.4 Other 13 Cast and characters 14 Reception 14.1 Box office performance 14.2 Critical and public response 14.3 Academy Awards 14.4 British Academy Film Awards 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Films This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film U.S. release date Actor Director Story by Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Batman July 16 , 1943 ( 1943 - 07 - 16 ) Lewis Wilson Lambert Hillyer Victor McLeod , Leslie Swabacker and Harry L. Fraser Rudolph C. Flothow Columbia Pictures Batman and Robin June 26 , 1949 ( 1949 - 06 - 26 ) Robert Lowery Spencer Gordon Bennet George H. Plympton , Joseph F. Poland and Royal K. Cole Sam Katzman Batman : The Movie July 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 07 - 30 ) Adam West Leslie H. Martinson Lorenzo Semple , Jr . William Dozier 20th Century Fox Batman June 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 23 ) Michael Keaton Tim Burton Sam Hamm Sam Hamm , Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems Peter Guber , Jon Peters and Chris Kenny Warner Bros . Batman Returns June 19 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 19 ) Daniel Waters Daniel Waters and Wesley Strick Tim Burton , Denise Di Novi and Larry Franco Batman Forever June 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 16 ) Val Kilmer Joel Schumacher Lee Batchler and Janet Scott - Batchler Akiva Goldsman Peter MacGregor - Scott and Tim Burton Batman & Robin June 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 20 ) George Clooney Akiva Goldsman Peter MacGregor - Scott Batman Begins June 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 25 ) Christian Bale Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer Charles Roven , Emma Thomas and Larry Franco The Dark Knight July 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 18 ) Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan Emma Thomas , Charles Roven and Christopher Nolan The Dark Knight Rises July 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 20 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) Ben Affleck Zack Snyder Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder Suicide Squad August 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) David Ayer David Ayer Charles Roven and Richard Suckle Justice League November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Zack Snyder David S. Goyer , Zack Snyder and Chris Terrio Chris Terrio Charles Roven , Deborah Snyder , Jon Berg and Geoff Johns Joker October 4 , 2019 ( 2019 - 10 - 04 ) Dante Pereira - Olson Todd Phillips Todd Phillips and Scott Silver Todd Phillips , Bradley Cooper and Emma Tillinger Koskoff The Batman TBA TBA Matt Reeves TBA Geoff Johns , Jon Berg and Ben Affleck 1940s serials Lewis Wilson played Batman in the first film appearance of the character in the 1943 movie serial Batman Robert Lowery played Batman in the second film appearance of the character in a 1949 movie serial Batman and Robin Batman ( 1943 ) Main article : Batman ( serial ) Batman was a 15 - chapter serial film released in 1943 by Columbia Pictures and was the first appearance of the comic book character on film . The serial starred Lewis Wilson as Batman and Douglas Croft as Robin . Being a World War II era production , the movie serial like many of this period was used as war - time propaganda and had an anti-Japanese bent with J. Carrol Naish playing the Japanese villain , an original character named Dr. Daka . Rounding out the cast were Shirley Patterson as Linda Page ( Bruce Wayne 's love interest ) , and William Austin as Alfred . The plot is based on Batman , a US government agent , attempting to defeat the Japanese agent Dr. Daka , at the height of World War II . The film is notable for being the first filmed appearance of Batman and for providing two core elements of the Batman mythos . The film introduced `` The Bat 's Cave '' and the Grandfather clock entrance . The name was altered to the Batcave for the comic . William Austin , who played Alfred , had a trim physique and sported a thin mustache , while the contemporary comic book version of Alfred was overweight and clean - shaven prior to the serial 's release . The comics version of Alfred was altered to match that of Austin 's , and has stayed that way . Batman and Robin ( 1949 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Batman and Robin ( serial ) Batman and Robin was another 15 - chapter serial film released in 1949 by Columbia Pictures . Robert Lowery played Batman , while Johnny Duncan played Robin . Supporting players included Jane Adams as Vicki Vale and veteran character actor Lyle Talbot as Commissioner Gordon . The plot dealt with the Dynamic Duo facing off against the Wizard , a hooded villain whose identity remains a mystery throughout the serial until the end . 1960s Batman ( 1966 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Batman ( TV series ) Main article : Batman ( 1966 film ) Adam West played the first television version of Batman in the 1966 - 1968 Batman series as well as the 1966 film of the same name Batman ( also known as Batman : The Movie ) is a 1966 film adaptation of the popular Batman television series , and was the first full - length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character . The 20th Century Fox release starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin , as well as Lee Meriwether as Catwoman , Cesar Romero as the Joker , Burgess Meredith as the Penguin and Frank Gorshin as the Riddler . The film was directed by Leslie H. Martinson , who also directed a pair of Batman episodes : `` The Penguin Goes Straight '' and `` Not Yet , He Ai n't , '' both from season one . 1970s and 80s In the late 1970s , Batman 's popularity was waning . CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film . Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3 , 1979 . It was Uslan 's wish `` to make the definitive , dark , serious version of Batman , the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939 . A creature of the night ; stalking criminals in the shadows . '' Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct , but the two turned down the offer . Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film . A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film . Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of The Dark Knight Returns , which his script pre-dated by six years . In November 1979 , producer Jon Peters and Casablanca FilmWorks , headed by Peter Guber , joined the project . The four producers felt it was best to pattern the film 's development after that of Superman ( 1978 ) . Uslan , Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down . The project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York . Casablanca FilmWorks was absorbed into PolyGram Pictures in 1980 . Guber and Peters left PolyGram Pictures in 1982 and took the Batman film rights with them , although PolyGram would retain at least 7.5 % of the profits of said rights due to a contractual agreement . Guber and Peters immediately set up shop at Warner Bros. , which finally decided to accept Batman . Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983 , focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins , with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains , and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest . Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman : Strange Apparitions ( ISBN 1 - 56389 - 500 - 5 ) , written by Steve Englehart . Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million . Originally , Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman , William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin who Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature . Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983 , so this would never come to pass . A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz ' script , including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman . For the role of Robin , Eddie Murphy and Michael J. Fox were candidates . Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers . Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However , it was Mankiewicz 's script that was still being used to guide the project . Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher series ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Main article : Batman ( 1989 film ) Michael Keaton played Batman in the two films directed by Tim Burton , Batman ( 1989 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Tim Burton took over as director of the first Batman film in 1986 . Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay . Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Michael Keaton was cast . Keaton was a controversial choice for the role since , by 1988 , he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role . Jack Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated a high salary , a portion of the box office profits and his shooting schedule . Nicholson 's final salary is reported to be as high as $50 million . Principal photography took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989 . The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million , while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out . Rewrites were performed by Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman received positive reviews , broke numerous box office records , and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film grossed over $400 million , and left a legacy over the modern perception of the superhero film genre . Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Main article : Batman Returns Burton originally did not want to direct a sequel because of his mixed emotions over the previous film . Sam Hamm 's first script had the Penguin and Catwoman searching for hidden treasure . Daniel Waters delivered a script that satisfied Burton , which convinced him to direct the film . Wesley Strick did an uncredited rewrite , deleting characterizations of Harvey Dent and Robin and rewriting the climax . Various A-list actresses lobbied hard for the role of Catwoman before Michelle Pfeiffer was cast , while Danny DeVito signed on to portray the Penguin . Filming started at Warner Bros. in Burbank , California in June 1991 . Batman Returns was released with financial success , but Warner Bros. was disappointed with the film 's box office run because it earned less than its predecessor . However , Batman Returns was released to generally positive reviews , although a `` parental backlash '' criticized the film for containing violence and sexual innuendos that were thought to be unsuitable for children . McDonald 's shut down its Happy Meal tie - in for Batman Returns . Batman Forever ( 1995 ) Main article : Batman Forever Val Kilmer portrayed Batman in Batman Forever ( 1995 ) Although Batman Returns was a financial success , Warner Bros. felt the film should have made more money . The studio decided to change the direction of the Batman film series to be more mainstream . Joel Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as director , while Burton decided to stay on as producer . However , Michael Keaton did not like the new direction the film series was heading in , and was replaced by Val Kilmer as Batman . Chris O'Donnell was introduced as Robin , Jim Carrey starred as The Riddler , while Tommy Lee Jones starred as Two - Face . Filming started in September 1994 , and Schumacher encountered problems communicating with Kilmer and Jones . Batman Forever was released on June 16 , 1995 with financial success , earning over $350 million worldwide and three Academy Award nominations , but the film was met with mixed reviews from critics . Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Main article : Batman & Robin ( film ) George Clooney took over the role of Batman in Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) After the release of Batman Forever , Warner Bros. started development on Batman & Robin , commissioning it on fast track for an adamant June 1997 release . Val Kilmer did not return , because of scheduling conflicts with The Saint , and was replaced by George Clooney . Arnold Schwarzenegger starred as Mr. Freeze , while Uma Thurman starred as Poison Ivy and Alicia Silverstone starred as Batgirl . Chris O'Donnell reprised his role as Robin . Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997 , two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule . Batman & Robin was released on June 20 , 1997 , and received primarily negative reviews . Observers criticized the film for its toyetic and campy approach , and for homosexual innuendos added by Schumacher . Still , the film was a financial success , but remains to be the least commercially successful live - action Batman film ever . Batman & Robin received numerous nominations at the Razzie Awards and ranks among the worst rated superhero films of all time . Proposals for a fifth film Batman Unchained During the filming of Batman & Robin , Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies , prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to reprise his directing duties for a third film . Writer Akiva Goldsman , who worked on Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , turned down the chance to write the script . In late 1996 , Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film . A projected mid-1999 release date was announced . Titled Batman Unchained but often incorrectly referred to as Batman Triumphant , Protosevich 's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain and the Joker would return as a hallucination in Batman 's mind caused by the Scarecrow 's fear toxin . Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character , written as the Joker 's daughter trying to kill Batman to avenge her father 's death . George Clooney , Chris O'Donnell and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman , Robin , and Batgirl . Schumacher had also approached Nicolas Cage for the role of Scarecrow . However , when Batman & Robin received negative reviews and failed to outgross any of its predecessors , Warner Bros. was unsure of their plans for Batman Unchained . The studio decided it was best to consider a live - action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman : Year One . Warner Bros. would then greenlight whichever idea suited them the most . Schumacher felt he `` owe ( d ) the Batman culture a real Batman movie . I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight . '' He approached Warner Bros. to do Batman : Year One in mid-1998 . Batman : DarKnight Despite Warner Bros. and Schumacher 's interest with Year One , Lee Shapiro , a comic book fan , and Stephen Wise pitched the studio with a script titled Batman : DarKnight in mid-1998 . DarKnight , which was largely inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , had Bruce Wayne giving up his crime fighting career , and Dick Grayson attending Gotham University . Dr. Jonathan Crane uses his position as professor of psychology at Gotham University and as head psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum to conduct his experiments into fear ( this element would later appear in Batman Begins ) . During a vengeful confrontation with a colleague , Dr. Kirk Langstrom , Crane unknowingly initiates Kirk 's transformation into the creature known as Man - Bat . Citizens of Gotham believe Man - Bat 's nightly activities to be Batman 's `` bloodthirsty '' return . Bruce becomes Batman `` to clear his name , '' and solve the mystery of Man - Bat . Kirk struggles with his `` man - vs. - monster '' syndrome , as he longs to both reunite with his wife and get revenge on Crane , while Crane exacts revenge on those responsible for his dismissal from both Arkham and the university while encountering truths about his past . Warner Bros. decided not to move forward with the project , and passed on Batman : DarKnight in favor of Year One and Batman Beyond . Robin spin - off Chris O'Donnell revealed in a 2012 interview with Access Hollywood that a Robin spin - off had been considered ; the project was cancelled after Batman & Robin . Other proposals Batman : Year One and Batman Beyond By September 2000 Warner Bros. was developing a live action screen adaptation of Batman Beyond , written by Paul Dini , Neal Stephenson and Boaz Yakin , with the possibility of Yakin directing , as well as an adaptation of Frank Miller 's 1987 comic book story arc Batman : Year One . Despite interest from Schumacher , Darren Aronofsky was hired to direct and co-write with Miller , whom he previously collaborated with on an unproduced script for Ronin . Yakin developed one draft of the Batman Beyond screenplay with the writers but soon lost interest , and Warner Bros. abandoned Batman Beyond almost instantly in favor of Batman : Year One . Aronofsky and Miller intended to reboot the Batman franchise , `` it 's somewhat based on the comic book , '' Aronofsky said . `` Toss out everything you can imagine about Batman ! Everything ! We 're starting completely anew . '' Regular Aronofsky collaborator , Matthew Libatique , was set as cinematographer , and Christian Bale had been approached for the role of Batman . Coincidentally , Bale would be cast in the role for Batman Begins . At the same time , Warner Bros. was moving forward on a Catwoman spin - off . Around 2001 , Warner commissioned the rewriting of the film 's script to The Matrix directors The Wachowskis , but The Wachowskis ' script did n't convince Warner . Joss Whedon was later hired to rewrite the script , but like happened with The Wachowskis ' script , Warner did n't like his script . In June 2002 , the studio decided to move forward on Batman vs. Superman and abandon Year One . Batman vs. Superman Warner Bros. abandoned J.J. Abrams ' script for Superman : Flyby , which had been greenlighted with McG to direct . When McG dropped out in favor of Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle , Warner Bros. approached Wolfgang Petersen to direct Superman : Flyby , however , in August 2001 , Andrew Kevin Walker pitched Warner Bros. an idea titled Batman vs Superman , attaching Petersen as director . Superman : Flyby was put on hold , and Akiva Goldsman was hired to rewrite Walker 's Batman vs. Superman . Goldsman 's draft , dated June 21 , 2002 , had Bruce Wayne going through a mental breakdown after his five - year retirement from crime fighting . Dick Grayson , Alfred Pennyworth and Commissioner Gordon are all dead , but Bruce finds some solace in his fiancée , Elizabeth Miller . Meanwhile , Clark Kent is struggling because of a recent divorce from Lois Lane . Clark and Bruce are close friends , and Clark is Bruce 's best man . After the Joker kills Elizabeth on their honeymoon , Bruce swears revenge , while Clark tries to hold him back . Bruce blames Clark for her death , and the two go against one another . Ultimately , Lex Luthor is revealed to have masterminded the entire plot to get Batman and Superman to destroy each other . The two decide to team up and stop Luthor . Christian Bale , who would play the character in Christopher Nolan 's Batman film trilogy , was simultaneously approached to portray Batman for Darren Aronofsky 's Batman : Year One , while Josh Hartnett was offered the role of Superman . Filming was to start in early 2003 , with plans for a five - to six - month shoot . The release date was set for the summer of 2004 . However , Warner Bros. canceled development to focus on individual Superman and Batman projects after Abrams submitted another draft for Superman : Flyby . According to Petersen `` ( Warner Bros . ' chief ) Alan Horn was so torn , because it 's such a fascinating concept to do a Batman versus Superman film . '' In the opening scene of I Am Legend , a billboard displays the Superman symbol within the Batman symbol in Times Square . It is meant as an in - joke by the film 's writer , Akiva Goldsman , who also wrote the script for Batman vs. Superman . OnStar commercials This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Batman OnStar commercials The Batman OnStar commercials were a series of six television commercials featuring Batman , created by ad - agency Campbell - Ewald and aired from 2000 to the beginning of 2002 . The ads were based on the film series and were basically an amalgamation of both directors ' visuals . For example , the Batmobile was the one used in Batman and Batman Returns , while the Batsuit was a combination of what was worn by Val Kilmer in Batman Forever and George Clooney in Batman & Robin . The commercials also featured the Danny Elfman Batman theme from Tim Burton 's two films . Actor Bruce Thomas portrayed Batman in these ads , while Michael Gough reprised his role of Alfred Pennyworth in one of the ads . Baywatch actress Brooke Burns played Vicki Vale in an ad as well . Actor Brian Stepanek played the Riddler in one ad and Curtis Armstrong played the Joker in another . The Dark Knight trilogy ( 2005 -- 2012 ) -- Christopher Nolan According to Christopher Nolan , Christian Bale ( who portrayed Batman from 2005 -- 2012 ) had `` exactly the balance of darkness and light that we were looking for . '' Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Main article : Batman Begins Following a rejected Batman origin story reboot Joss Whedon pitched in December 2002 , Warner Bros. hired Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer to script Batman Begins . The duo aimed for a darker and more realistic tone , with humanity and realism being the basis of the film . The film was primarily shot in the United Kingdom and Chicago , and relied on traditional stunts and scale models with minimal use of computer - generated imagery . Christian Bale starred as Batman , Liam Neeson as Ra 's al Ghul , and Cillian Murphy as The Scarecrow . Katie Holmes appears in the movie as Bruce 's love interest , Rachel Dawes , a role created for the film . Alfred , the ex-British Army member was played by Michael Caine and Jim Gordon was portrayed by Gary Oldman . A new Batmobile ( called the Tumbler ) and a more mobile Batsuit were both created specifically for the film . The film begins with the death of Bruce 's parents and then explores his decision to leave Gotham and his training under the League of Assassins with Ra 's al Ghul , before he rebels against the League and adopts the guise of Batman , recognising that he can not condone their use of lethal force . The League attempt to attack Gotham using Jonathan Crane 's weaponised fear toxin , but Batman is able to defeat their plan , with Ra 's being killed when a train he is in crashes during a fight with Batman . Batman Begins was both critically and commercially successful . The film opened on June 15 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters . It grossed $48 million in its opening weekend , eventually grossing over $372 million worldwide . The film received an 85 % overall approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Critics noted that fear was a common motif throughout the film , and remarked that it had a darker tone compared with previous Batman films . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and for three BAFTA awards . It was also listed at No. 81 on Empire 's `` 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' and has maintained a standing on IMDb.com 's `` Top 250 '' . The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Main article : The Dark Knight ( film ) Christopher Nolan reprised his duties as director , and brought his brother , Jonathan , to co-write the script for the second installment . The Dark Knight featured Christian Bale reprising his role as Batman / Bruce Wayne , Heath Ledger as The Joker , and Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent / Two - Face . Principal photography began in April 2007 in Chicago and concluded in November . Other locations included Pinewood Studios , Ministry of Sound in London and Hong Kong . On January 22 , 2008 , after he had completed filming The Dark Knight , Ledger died from a bad combination of prescription medication . Warner Bros. had created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screen shots of Ledger as the Joker , but after Ledger 's death , the studio refocused its promotional campaign . The film depicts Gotham attempting to rebuild after Batman 's actions have caused so much damage to its organised crime families , aided by the prosecution of charismatic District Attorney Harvey Dent , but the involvement of the anarchic Joker threatens everything , as his actions lead to the death of Rachel Dawes and Harvey being scarred and transformed into Two - Face . Although Batman is able to stop the Joker from forcing two ferries - one loaded with civilians and the other with prisoners - to destroy each other , he is forced to take the blame for the murders committed by Dent to ensure that the city retains its hope for the future . The film received broad critical acclaim , and set numerous records during its theatrical run . With just over $1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 31st - highest - grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Main article : The Dark Knight Rises Nolan wanted the story for the third and final installment to keep him emotionally invested . `` On a more superficial level , I have to ask the question , '' he reasoned , `` how many good third movies in a franchise can people name ? '' He returned out of finding a necessary way to continue the story , but feared midway through filming he would find a sequel redundant . The Dark Knight Rises is intended to complete Nolan 's Batman trilogy . By December 2008 , Nolan completed a rough story outline , before he committed himself to Inception . In February 2010 , work on the screenplay was commencing with David S. Goyer and Jonathan Nolan . When Goyer left to work on the Superman reboot , Jonathan was writing the script based on the story by his brother and Goyer . Tom Hardy was cast as Bane and Anne Hathaway plays Selina Kyle . Joseph Gordon - Levitt was cast as John Blake , and Marion Cotillard was cast as Miranda Tate . Filming began in May 2011 and concluded in November . Nolan chose not to film in 3 - D but , by focusing on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format , hoped to push technological boundaries while nevertheless making the style of the film consistent with the previous two . Nolan had several meetings with IMAX Vice-President David Keighley to work on the logistics of projecting films in digital IMAX venues . The Dark Knight Rises featured more scenes shot in IMAX than The Dark Knight . Cinematographer Wally Pfister expressed interest in shooting the film entirely in IMAX . During the film , set eight years after Dark Knight , the arrival of new foe Bane forces Bruce to return to his old role as Batman , only to find himself overpowered and captured by Bane as Gotham is cut off from the rest of the world with a stolen Wayne Enterprises fusion generator prototype set to go off in a few months . With the aid of thief Selina Kyle , Bruce is able to return to Gotham and defeat Bane while redeeming his image as Batman . The film concludes with Bruce having ' retired ' as Batman after faking his death to live with Selina Kyle , evidence suggesting that he has passed on the Batcave to new ally Detective John Blake ( real first name Robin ) while Gotham rebuilds in memory of the Dark Knight 's heroism . Upon release , The Dark Knight Rises received a positive critical response and was successful at the box office , going on to outgross its predecessor and become the 19th - highest - grossing film of all time grossing over $1.08 billion . However , unlike its predecessors , the film was not nominated for any Oscars during its year of eligibility at the 85th Academy Awards , much to the surprise of film industry insiders . Proposed Justice League film Justice League : mortal Main article : Justice League in other media § Film In February 2007 , during pre-production for The Dark Knight , Warner Bros. hired husband and wife screenwriting duo Michelle and Kieran Mulroney to script a Justice League film featuring a younger Batman in a separate franchise . George Miller was hired to direct the following September , with Armie Hammer cast as Batman a month later and Teresa Palmer as Talia al Ghul . Filming had nearly commenced at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney , but was pushed back over the Writer 's Guild of America strike , and once more when the Australian Film Commission denied Warner Bros. a 45 percent tax rebate over lack of Australian actors in the film . Production offices were moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada for an expected July 2008 start and a planned summer 2009 theatrical release date , but Warner Bros. ultimately canceled Justice League following the success of The Dark Knight . Hammer 's option on his contract lapsed and the studio was more willing to proceed with Christopher Nolan to finish his trilogy separately with The Dark Knight Rises . DC Extended universe ( 2016 -- present ) Main article : DC Extended Universe Zack Snyder felt that casting a relatively older Batman ( Ben Affleck ) would be a layered juxtaposition to a younger Superman Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Main article : Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice On June 13 , 2013 , a source from Warner Bros. told The Wrap that they were discussing more Man of Steel films , as well as a Superman / Batman film , Wonder Woman , and Aquaman . Warner Bros. announced that Superman and Batman would unite in a new film , a follow - up to Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , taking its inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns and set for release in 2015 . Goyer stated at the Superman 75th Anniversary Panel at Comic - Con , that Batman and Superman would face off , and titles under consideration were Superman vs Batman or Batman vs Superman . On August 22 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter announced the casting of Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman . On January 17 , 2014 , it was announced that the film had been delayed from its original July 17 , 2015 release date to May 6 , 2016 , in order to give the filmmakers `` time to realize fully their vision , given the complex visual nature of the story '' . The film 's release was moved again to March 25 , 2016 , `` avoiding a high - profile showdown with Captain America : Civil War on May 6 , 2016 '' . At some point prior to the events of the film , Wayne Manor was burnt down , with Bruce and Alfred relocating to a smaller glass house above the Batcave . During the film , Bruce is subtly manipulated by Lex Luthor into perceiving Superman as an alien being too removed from humanity to be fully trusted , with Luthor intending to provoke a conflict between the two that will either force Superman to kill or see Batman defeat ' God ' . Bruce 's dark views are implied to be the result of the Joker killing Robin in some past confrontation , with Batman showing a lack of concern about whether or not he kills his opponents in battle and branding certain criminals with the mark of the Bat . However , when he faces Superman with kryptonite weapons , he realises how far he has fallen when Superman asks him to ' save Martha ' ( Luthor using Martha Kent as a hostage to provoke Superman into confronting Batman ) , the reminder of his own mother helping Batman realise what he has become and acknowledge that Superman is fundamentally human despite his powers . After Batman saves Martha Kent from Luthor 's minions , he fights alongside Superman and new hero Wonder Woman to contain the Kryptonian deformity Luthor created to kill Superman , a battle that results in Superman 's death when he stabs the deformity with the kryptonite spear and is impaled himself . Taking Luthor 's metahuman files , Bruce states that he intends to gather the metahumans to prepare for an implied future threat that Luthor made reference to . Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Main article : Suicide Squad ( film ) In February 2009 , Warner Bros. was developing a Suicide Squad film , with Dan Lin producing , and Justin Marks writing the script . In September 2014 , David Ayer signed on to direct and write the screenplay for the film . Charles Roven is also set to produce the film . In November 2014 and March 2015 , it was announced that Deadshot , Harley Quinn , Killer Croc and the Joker will appear in the film portrayed respectively by Will Smith , Margot Robbie , Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje and Jared Leto . Batman appears in brief flashbacks where he is involved in the capture of Deadshot and Harley Quinn , rescuing Harley from a submerged car after it crashed during a chase and she was abandoned by the Joker , and apprehending Deadshot after an anonymous tip led him to the assassin as Deadshot was Christmas - shopping with his daughter . Batman 's history with Killer Croc is also briefly referenced . At the film 's conclusion , Amanda Waller -- who appears to know that Bruce Wayne is Batman -- provides Bruce with files on various metahumans in exchange for his protection from future fallout from the Enchantress 's recent attack , Bruce informing Waller to shut down Task Force X as his friends will handle future problems . Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Although he does not appear physically , Bruce Wayne is heavily referenced in Wonder Woman . After the events of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Bruce successfully retrieves the photo from Lex Luthor 's archives which he used to threaten Diana , along with a watch that belonged to the father of Captain Steve Trevor . He transports them through an armored car to Diana , with a letter wishing to know her story someday . Diana recalls the events of the film as a flashback , after which she sends an E-mail to Bruce , `` Thanks for bringing him back to me '' . Justice League ( 2017 ) Main article : Justice League ( film ) Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel , Warner Bros hired Will Beall to script a new Justice League film in June 2012 . With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013 , Goyer was hired to write a new Justice League script , with the Beall draft being scrapped . In April 2014 , it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer 's Justice League script . Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July , after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman . The Batman By July 2015 , Ben Affleck was in talks to star in , co-write with Geoff Johns , and possibly direct a standalone Batman film . In March 2016 , Johns claimed that the appearance of Robin 's suit covered in graffiti from Dawn of Justice would be explored later and the identity of the deceased character was intentionally unspecified . Following the release of Dawn of Justice , William Morris Endeavor 's co-CEO Patrick Whitesell confirmed that Affleck had written a screenplay for a standalone Batman film that he hoped would be optioned by Warner Bros as well to direct . Warner Bros. CEO Kevin Tsujihara confirmed in April 2016 that the studio was moving ahead with Affleck 's stand - alone Batman film , which the actor would star in and direct . In May 2016 , Jeremy Irons confirmed that he was `` tied into The Batman '' , while Affleck stated that his solo Batman film would borrow from the comics , but mainly be an `` original story '' . In August 2016 , Jared Leto expressed his hope that his version of the Joker would appear in Affleck 's Batman solo film . Later that month , Deathstroke was teased by Affleck through test footage , later confirmed by Johns that the character would be played by Joe Manganiello . In October 2016 , Affleck stated the intended title for the film would be The Batman , but later clarified that the film could end up having a different title . Manganiello and Irons stated that filming would start in spring 2017 . In December 2016 , Affleck confirmed that the film was on track to begin shooting in spring 2017 . Later that month , Warner Bros. executive Greg Silverman stated that the film would be released in 2018 . Around the same time , Affleck stated that the film had no script and that he may end up not directing it . Affleck planned to shoot the film in Los Angeles as doubling for Gotham City . He reaffirmed his commitment to direct the film in his appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . In late January 2017 , Affleck decided to step down as director , but would remain involved as producer and actor . By this point , writer Chris Terrio , who won an Academy Award for writing Affleck 's Argo and also helped script Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , had turned in a rewrite of the script . On February 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Matt Reeves was in talks to replace Affleck as the director of the film , however on February 17 it was reported that talks had broken down . Two weeks later , Reeves had officially signed on to direct and co-produce the film . Production was delayed until 2018 as Reeves was tied up in post-production on War for the Planet of the Apes until June 2017 , and The Batman is being re-written to allow Reeves more creative freedom as a director . Reeves stated in an interview that the film will feature `` an almost - noir driven , detective version of Batman '' that will emphasize the heart and mind of the character and will take inspiration from Alfred Hitchcock . On August 2 , 2018 , Reeves appeared on a Television Critics Association panel and revealed many details about the film . He confirmed that The Batman is an original , noir - driven story and not an origin story . He also revealed that the script is nearing completion and that the film will be set in the established DCEU continuity . Affleck is still involved with the film and will also be a producer . The film is scheduled to start shooting in early 2019 . Outside of the DCEU Joker Main article : Joker ( 2019 film ) On October 23 , 2018 , Dante Pereira - Olson was cast as Bruce Wayne in the upcoming Joker film . The film will be set during the 1980s , where a failed stand - up comedian named Arthur Fleck turns to a life of crime and chaos in Gotham City . Animated films This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Batman solo Theatrical 1993 : Mask of the Phantasm , set in the continuity of Batman : The Animated Series with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman Direct - To - Video 1998 : Subzero , set in the continuity of Batman : The Animated Series with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2000 : Return of the Joker , set in the continuity of Batman Beyond with Will Friedle voicing Batman 2003 : Mystery of the Batwoman , set in the continuity of The New Batman Adventures with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2005 : The Batman vs. Dracula , set in the continuity of The Batman with Rino Romano voicing Batman 2010 : Under the Red Hood , an adaptation of Batman : Under the Hood with Bruce Greenwood voicing Batman 2011 : Year One , an adaptation of Batman : Year One with Benjamin McKenzie voicing Batman 2012 : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 1 , an adaptation of the first half of The Dark Knight Returns with Peter Weller voicing Batman 2013 : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 , an adaptation of the second half of The Dark Knight Returns with Peter Weller voicing Batman 2013 : DC Super Heroes Unite , an adaptation of Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes with Troy Baker voicing Batman 2014 : Son of Batman , a loose adaptation of Batman and Son with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2014 : Assault on Arkham , set in the continuity of Batman : Arkham with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2015 : Batman vs. Robin an animated film with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2015 : Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts , an animated film with Roger Craig Smith voicing Batman 2015 : Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem , an animated film with Roger Craig Smith voicing Batman 2016 : Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants , an animated film with Roger Craig Smith voicing Batman 2016 : Batman : Bad Blood , an animated film also featuring Batwoman and Batwing with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2016 : Batman : The Killing Joke , an adaptation of Batman : The Killing Joke with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2016 : Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders , based on the Batman television series with Adam West voicing Batman 2017 : Batman and Harley Quinn , an animated film with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2017 : Batman vs. Two - Face , based on the Batman television series with Adam West voicing Batman for final time before his death 2018 : Batman : Gotham by Gaslight , an animated film based on the one - shot graphic novel of the same name with Bruce Greenwood voicing Batman . 2018 : Batman Ninja , an animated film with Kōichi Yamadera and Roger Craig Smith voicing Batman in Japanese and English respectively . With other Heroes Theatrical Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies Direct - to - video 2008 : Justice League : The New Frontier , based on the comic of the same name with Jeremy Sisto voicing Batman 2009 : Superman / Batman : Public Enemies , based on the comic of the same name with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2010 : Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , a loose adaptation of various DC comics with William Baldwin voicing Batman 2010 : Superman / Batman : Apocalypse , based on Superman / Batman : The Supergirl from Krypton with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2010 : DC Super Friends , based on the Fisher - Price toyline with Daran Norris voicing Batman 2012 : Justice League : Doom , based on JLA : Tower of Babel with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman 2013 : Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox , based on Flashpoint with Kevin McKidd voicing Batman 2014 : JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time , an original story with Diedrich Bader voicing Batman 2014 : Justice League : War , based on Justice League : Origin with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2014 : Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered animated television special , with Troy Baker reprising his role as Batman from the Lego video games . 2015 : Justice League : Throne of Atlantis , based on Throne of Atlantis with Jason O'Mara voicing Batman 2015 : Justice League : Gods and Monsters 2015 : Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League , with Troy Baker reprising his role . 2016 : Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash , with Troy Baker reprising his role . 2017 : DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon , with Takayuki Yamada voicing Batman . The Lego Movie series 2014 : A Lego - themed version of Batman appears in The Lego Movie , voiced by Will Arnett . 2017 : The character receives his own spin - off film , The Lego Batman Movie , voiced again by Arnett . This film takes place in a universe where all of the previous live - action films , as well as some animated series , have happened . 2019 : Arnett will reprise his role as Lego Batman in The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part . Other 2008 : Batman : Gotham Knight , a collection of original shorts with Kevin Conroy voicing Batman Cast and characters Main article : List of Batman films cast members Reception Box Office performance Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Batman ( 1966 ) July 30 , 1966 $1,700,000 $1,700,000 $1.5 million Batman ( 1989 ) June 23 , 1989 $251,188,924 $160,160,000 $411,348,924 # 71 # 50 # 156 $35 million Batman Returns June 19 , 1992 $162,831,698 $103,990,656 $266,822,354 # 206 # 167 # 338 $80 million Batman : Mask of the Phantasm December 25 , 1993 $5,617,391 $5,617,391 # 4,653 Batman Forever June 16 , 1995 $184,031,112 $152,498,032 $336,529,144 # 148 # 140 # 231 $100 million Batman & Robin June 20 , 1997 $107,325,195 $130,881,927 $238,207,122 # 460 # 394 $125 million Catwoman July 23 , 2004 $40,202,379 $41,900,000 $82,102,379 # 2,013 $100 millon Batman Begins June 15 , 2005 $206,852,432 $167,366,241 $374,218,673 # 120 # 182 $150 million The Dark Knight July 18 , 2008 $534,858,444 $469,700,000 $1,004,558,444 # 4 # 29 # 14 $185 million The Dark Knight Rises July 20 , 2012 $448,139,099 $636,300,000 $1,084,439,099 # 7 # 63 # 8 $250 million Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice March 25 , 2016 $328,843,925 $542,232,023 $871,075,948 # 45 # 46 $250 million Batman : The Killing Joke July 25 , 2016 $3,775,000 $586,038 $4,361,038 $3.5 million Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders October 10 , 2016 $57,343 $57,343 The Lego Batman Movie February 10 , 2017 $175,750,384 $136,200,000 $311,950,384 # 252 # 405 $80 millon . Batman and Harley Quinn August 14 , 2017 $39,091 $39,091 Total $ 7009245111598300000 ♠ 2,451,115,983 $ 7009254187226000000 ♠ 2,541,872,260 $ 7009499298824300000 ♠ 4,992,988,243 # 4 # 4 # 8 $1.360 billion List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates information is not available . indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases . Critical and public response Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Batman ( 1966 ) 80 % ( 6.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 30 reviews ) Batman ( 1989 ) 72 % ( 6.6 / 10 average rating ) ( 68 reviews ) 69 ( 21 reviews ) Batman Returns 79 % ( 6.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 73 reviews ) 68 ( 23 reviews ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm 82 % ( 6.8 / 10 average rating ) ( 28 reviews ) Batman Forever 39 % ( 5.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 61 reviews ) 51 ( 23 reviews ) A − Batman & Robin 10 % ( 3.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 86 reviews ) 28 ( 21 reviews ) C+ Batman Begins 84 % ( 7.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 273 reviews ) 70 ( 41 reviews ) The Dark Knight 94 % ( 8.6 / 10 average rating ) ( 332 reviews ) 84 ( 39 reviews ) The Dark Knight Rises 87 % ( 8 / 10 average rating ) ( 348 reviews ) 78 ( 45 reviews ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice 27 % ( 4.9 / 10 average rating ) ( 386 reviews ) 44 ( 51 reviews ) Batman : The Killing Joke 43 % ( 5.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 37 reviews ) The Lego Batman Movie 90 % ( 7.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 280 reviews ) 75 ( 48 reviews ) A − Justice League 40 % ( 5.3 / 10 average rating ) ( 322 reviews ) 45 ( 52 reviews ) B+ List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Academy Awards Award Batman : The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight Trilogy DC Extended Universe Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Film Editing Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Production Design Won Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Won Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Supporting Actor Won ( Heath Ledger ) Visual Effects Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Burton / Schumacher series The Dark Knight Trilogy DC Extended Universe Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Cinematography Nominated N / A Costume Design Nominated Nominated N / A Film Editing Nominated N / A Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated N / A Music Nominated N / A Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated N / A Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated N / A Supporting Actor Nominated ( Jack Nicholson ) Won ( Heath Ledger ) N / A Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated N / A See also Superhero fiction portal Film in the United States portal Batman franchise media Category : Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman ( film ) References Jump up ^ Goulart , Ron , Comic Book Encyclopedia ( Harper Entertainment , New York , 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 053816 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Aaron Couch ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Batman ' Movie Series : List of Unmade Projects - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Dark Knight Rises ' Joins Billionaire Club '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Joker ' : Dante Pereira - Olson Cast as Young Bruce Wayne '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo Movie Franchises Index Sorted by Total Gross '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Les ( 1999 ) . Batman : The Complete History . Chronicle Books . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4232 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bill `` Jett '' Ramey ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` An Interview With Michael Uslan -- Part 1 '' . Batman - on - Film . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill `` Jett '' Ramey ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` An Interview With Michael Uslan -- Part 2 '' . Batman - on - Film . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Griffin ; Kim Masters ( 1997 ) . `` Hit Men '' . Hit & Run : How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . Simon & Schuster . pp. 114 , 158 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80931 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( November 1989 ) . `` Batman in Production '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 75 -- 88 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Uslan , Benjamin Melniker , Peter Guber , Tom Mankiewicz , Sam Hamm , Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight -- The Road to Gotham City , 2005 , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( November 1989 ) . `` Batman '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 55 -- 67 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stax ( December 1 , 2001 ) . `` The Stax Report Special Edition : Script Review of The Batman '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor L. White ( July 1989 ) . `` Batman '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 33 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Salisbury ; Tim Burton ( 2006 ) . `` Batman '' . Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 70 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ken Hanke ( 1999 ) . `` Going Batty in Britain '' . Tim Burton : An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 75 -- 85 . 1 - 58063 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ Englehat , Steve . `` Batman '' . SteveEnglehart.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . So I got to do the second treatment with just the characters that eventually hit the screen : Bruce Wayne , the Batman , Silver St. Cloud , Boss Thorne , and the Joker . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Griffin ; Kim Masters ( 1997 ) . `` Hit Men '' . Hit & Run : How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . Simon & Schuster . pp. 158 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80931 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stephen Rebello ( November 1989 ) . `` Sam Hamm -- Screenwriter '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Iain Johnstone ( August 1989 ) . `` Dark Knight in the City of Dreams '' . Empire . pp. 46 -- 54 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joe Morgenstern ( April 9 , 1989 ) . `` Tim Burton , Batman and The Joker '' , The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Burton , p. 145 Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp , ' Alice in Wonderland ' and ' The Dark Knight ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Resner ( August 1992 ) . `` Three Go Mad in Gotham '' , Empire , pp. 39 -- 46 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Judy Sloane ( August 1995 ) . `` Daniel Waters on Writing '' , Film Review , pp. 67 -- 69 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Hughes ( 2003 ) . `` Batman '' . Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ; Thompson , Anne ( August 9 , 1991 ) . `` Big - Game Hunting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury , Burton , p. 102 - 114 ^ Jump up to : `` Batman Returns '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olly Richards ( September 1992 ) . `` Trouble in Gotham '' , Empire , pp. 21 -- 23 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 1 , 1993 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Gordinier ( July 15 , 1994 ) . `` Next at Batman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( July 12 , 1996 ) . `` Holy Happy Set ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman Forever ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman Forever '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` Helmer 's 3rd At Bat '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Schumacher , Peter MacGregor - Scott , Chris O'Donnell , Val Kilmer , Uma Thurman , John Glover , Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6 - Batman Unbound , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Degen Pener ( September 13 , 1996 ) . `` Holy Hearsay '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Anita M. Busch ( January 10 , 1997 ) . `` Schumacher on ' Popcorn ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Mallory ; Michael Fleming ( March 5 , 1997 ) . `` Holy caped caper , IV '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman & Robin '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave Karger ( July 11 , 1997 ) . `` Big Chill '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Razzie Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comix Worst to Best : Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Fear . `` Men in Tights '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` Helmer 's 3rd At Bat '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( July 27 , 2000 ) . `` Rumblings From Gotham '' . IGN . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( November 11 , 1997 ) . `` Schumacher trims sails '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gabe Toro ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Joel Schumacher Says He Wanted Nicolas Cage To Play Scarecrow In The Aborted ' Batman Triumphant ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Hughes ( March 2004 ) . `` The Dark Knight Strikes Out '' . Tales From Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 192 -- 211 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Jensen ( December 4 , 1998 ) . `` Winging It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bill `` Jett '' Ramey ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Interview : Lee Shapiro '' . Batman - on - Film . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eric Anderson ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Chris O'Donnell On Why His ' Robin ' Spin - Off Never Happened & Passing On Men In Black '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dana Harris ( September 21 , 2000 ) . `` WB sends Pi guy into the Bat Cave '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( October 16 , 2000 ) . `` The Bat - Men Speak '' . IGN . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Action Packed : Boaz Yakin on Safe and Batman Beyond '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( December 6 , 2000 ) . `` Aronofsky Talks Batman : Year One ... Again '' . IGN . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Andrew O. Thompson ( November 8 , 2000 ) . `` Matthew Libatique '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adam Smith ( July 2005 ) . `` The Original American Psycho '' . Empire . pp. 74 -- 80 , 82 , 84 , 87 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( April 2 , 2001 ) . `` WB : Judd purr - fect as Cat '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Unmade BATMAN Movies '' . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon Talks About His ' Batman ' Movie That Never Was '' . Jump up ^ Dana Harris ( June 30 , 2002 ) . `` WB : fewer pix , more punch '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Hughes ( 2003 ) . Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 21 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mike White . `` Superman : Grounded '' . Cashiers du Cinemart . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Fierman ; Nancy Miller ; Brian M. Raftery ( March 14 , 2003 ) . `` Stallville ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Brian M. Raftery ; Nancy Miller ( July 9 , 2002 ) . `` Dynamic Duel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( August 9 , 2001 ) . `` More Batman , Superman Insanity at WB '' . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Akiva Goldsman ( June 21 , 2002 ) . `` Batman vs Superman 2nd Draft '' ( PDF ) . Daily Scripts . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( July 2005 ) . `` The Original American Psycho '' . Empire . pp. 74 -- 80 , 82 , 84 , 87 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( July 9 , 2002 ) . `` Batman vs. Superman in ' 04 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Hughes ( 2003 ) . Tales From Development @ # ! * % . Titan Books . pp. 205 -- 8 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brian Jacks ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Christian Bale Met For Superman Role In Wolfgang Petersen 's ' Batman Vs. Superman ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` ' Batman Vs. Superman ' Coming In 2009 , But Will We Live To See It ? '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Pappademas ( May 2012 ) . `` The Geek Shall Inherit the Earth '' . GQ . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Casey Seijas ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks About His ' Batman ' Movie That Never Was '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Flemming ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Batman captures director Nolan '' . Variety . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ; Cathy Dunkley ( February 8 , 2004 ) . `` The bat and the beautiful '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins goes to the source '' . The Kansas City Star . June 25 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` 35 East Wacker Drive '' . Emporis. 2007 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brain , Marshall . `` How the Batmobile Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins Production Notes -- The Batsuit & Gadgetry '' . Warner Bros . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins ( 2005 ) -- Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins ( 2005 ) '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall Crook ; Peter Sanders ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Advertising : Will Marketing Change After Star 's Death ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. B1 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind '' . CNN . January 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Paste Magazine . November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade '' . Metacritic . January 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the Decade -- Year - By - Year : Empire 's Films Of The Decade '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Records '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Christopher Nolan on ' Dark Knight ' and its box - office billion : ' It 's mystifying to me ' '' . Los Angeles Times ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ `` Merrick '' ( pseudonym ) ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu - Ray , a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film ( Featuring Live Q & A w / Nolan ) , TDK Sequel , and More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 ... Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Christopher Nolan on his ' last ' Batman movie , an ' Inception ' videogame , and that spinning top '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( December 7 , 2008 ) . `` For now , Nolan and Batman will rest in ' Dark ' glory '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 ... Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki & Mike Fleming ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` It 's A Bird ! It 's A Plane ! It 's Chris Nolan ! He 'll Mentor Superman 3.0 And Prep 3rd Batman '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 ... Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Christopher Nolan takes flight with Superman : ' We have a fantastic story ' ( UPDATED ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' scoop : Anne Hathaway , Tom Hardy join cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Gordon - Levitt 's ' Dark Knight ' role revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 ... WebCitation.org Jump up ^ Jeff Labrecque ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Joseph Gordon Levitt joins ' Dark Knight Rises ' ... but not as Falcone '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Phil ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : The Dark Knight Rises In May '' . Empire . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Nolan : ' Dark Knight Rises ' finds the future in IMAX , not 3 - D '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Exclusive : David Keighley ( Head of Re-Mastering IMAX ) Talks ' The Dark Knight ' , ' The Dark Knight Rises ' , ' Tron : Legacy ' , New Cameras , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 ... Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Cinematographer Wally Pfister Talks About Shooting ' Batman 3 ' in 3 - D '' . Moviefone . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Batman teaser poster : Gotham city topples as ' The Dark Knight Rises ' '' . Daily Bhaskar . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Nolan : The Oscar Nomination Snubs That Have Fans and Industry Insiders Baffled ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Ben Fritz ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` ' Justice ' prevails for Warner Bros '' . Variety . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Vine : Young actors seek Justice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply ( March 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Film 's Superheroes Face Threat of Strike '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` Unhappy feet may flee Sydney '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kyle Buchanan ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Social Network 's Armie Hammer Talks Special Effects , Misogyny , and the Downside of Being Tall and Handsome '' . New York . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jami Philbrick ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Teresa Palmer Still Wants to Play Talia Al Ghul in ' The Dark Knight Rises ' '' . Movieweb.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Mega movie refused rebate '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diane Garrett ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Warner Bros. to serve ' Justice ' in ' 09 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ; Pamela McClintock ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Film greenlights in limbo '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Casey Seijas ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Justice League ' Movie Still A Possibility , Says Director ... Just Not Anytime Soon '' . MTV Splash Page . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Why ' Man of Steel ' Holds the Key to Warner Bros . ' Future Franchises Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Superman & Batman ' movie will follow ' Man of Steel ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Superman & Batman Film Set for Comic - Con Reveal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie Jane ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` They 're doing a Superman / Batman movie ... but that 's not the big news '' . io9 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : Man of Steel Sequel Likely Called Batman Vs. Superman '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck is Batman for ' Man of Steel ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ben Affleck Is Batman for ' Man of Steel ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Cunningham , Todd ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Blinks in Marvel Showdown : ' Batman v Superman ' Avoids ' Captain America 3 ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Warner Bros. sets up ' Suicide Squad ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Circling David Ayer for DC Comics ' ' Suicide Squad ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scribe In for ' Suicide Squad ' Pact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Cast Revealed : Jared Leto to Play the Joker , Will Smith is Deadshot '' . Variety . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Margot Robbie to Play Harley Quinn in SUICIDE SQUAD '' . Collider . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Squad Casts Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje As Killer Croc '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Beall writing ' Justice League ' for Warner Bros '' . Variety . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikki Finke ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Man Of Steel ' Sequel Underway With Zack Snyder And David S. Goyer '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Stedman ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Zack Snyder to Direct ' Justice League ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Scribe Chris Terrio For ' Justice League ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Batman ' : Ben Affleck in Talks to Star in , Co-Write , Possibly Direct Standalone Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice maps out DC 's movie universe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck Has Written His Own ' Batman ' Script '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Betancourt , David ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck will star in and direct a solo Batman film , in his apparent master plan to rule DC 's Gotham '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Irons Says Batman V Superman Deserved Its Critical Mauling '' . WhatCulture.com . May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ M Smith , Nigel ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck 's Batman film will be ' original story ' independent of comics '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jared Leto wants his Joker to battle Ben Affleck 's Batman in the solo movie '' . Independent . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben . `` Joe Manganiello Will Play Deathstroke in Ben Affleck 's Batman Movie '' . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck reveals solo Batman movie title '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck 's Batman Movie May Not Be Called The Batman After All '' . October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exclusive : Joe Manganiello Doing ' Great ' After Health Scare , Prepping for ' Batman ' Movie . Entertainment Tonight . October 17 , 2016 . Event occurs at 00 : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Irons Talks ' Justice League , ' Oscar Bait Role in ' Man Who Knew Infinity ' '' . Variety . October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck Says ' The Batman ' On Track to Shoot in Spring : ' Everything Is Coming Together ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros Shakeup : Greg Silverman Steps Down , Toby Emmerich Takes Top Production Post ; Duo Set To Run NL '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck : ' My wildest dreams have come true , but at a price ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck will probably shoot ' The Batman ' in Los Angeles '' . Batman on Film . Jump up ^ Jimmy Kimmel Live ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck on New Justice League Movie '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Golderberg , Matt ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck Will Not Direct ' The Batman ' '' . Collider . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck Will Not Direct ' The Batman ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Affleck Not Directing Batman '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Reeves is The Batman Director ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Batman ' : Negotiations Break Down Between Studio and Director Matt Reeves '' . Variety . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official ! Matt Reeves will Direct The Batman '' . Comingsoon.net . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With ' The Batman ' Delayed , Warner Bros. Looking for Another DC Movie to Shoot This Year '' . Collider.com . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Batman ' Delayed as the Script is Rewritten From Scratch '' . Comingsoon.net . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Batman ' Director Matt Reeves Teases a `` Noir - Driven '' Movie `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Reeves is Taking a Hitchcock Approach to ' The Batman ' '' . / Film . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peris , Sebastian ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirms ' The Batman ' Will Not Adapt ' Year One ' ; Expects Draft In 2 Weeks '' . Heroic Hollywood.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paur , Joey ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ben Affleck is Listed as a Producer on Matt Reeves ' THE BATMAN and it May Start Shooting Next Year '' . Geek Tyrant . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Joker ' : Dante Pereira - Olson Cast as Young Bruce Wayne '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` Joker ' Finds Its Young Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ; Chapman , Matt ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Joaquin Phoenix 's Joker film release date , plot , cast , trailer and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` DC Animation 's Next Movie Revealed '' . Comic Book . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` サイト名 '' . dc-taka.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p254 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' , Variety , 4 January 1967 p 8 Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Returns ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Mask of The Phantasm ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman and Robin ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=catwoman.htm Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Killing Joke '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Batman-Return-of-the-Caped-Crusaders#tab=summary Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lego2.htm Jump up ^ https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Batman-and-Harley-Quinn#tab=summary Jump up ^ `` Batman Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Returns '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Forever ( 1995 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman Begins ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Batman Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo The Dark Knight Rises on IMDb Behind Batman : Public Domain Analysis of the Film Franchise Batman in film Early serials and films Batman ( 1943 Serial ) Batman and Robin ( 1949 Serial ) Batman ( 1966 Film ) 1989 -- 1997 series Batman score soundtrack NES and Game Boy game Sega Genesis game home computer game arcade game Batman Returns soundtrack video game Batman Forever score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin soundtrack video game The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins soundtrack video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight soundtrack canceled video game Joker The Dark Knight Rises soundtrack DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice soundtrack Justice League soundtrack Theatrical animated films Batman : Mask of the Phantasm The Lego Batman Movie Spin - off films Catwoman video game Joker Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Pennyworth Live - action films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 1997 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Animated television The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Supporting characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Batman Live Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Justice League Aquaman Shazam ! Joker Franchises Batman 1960s Batman 1980s -- 1990s Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2000s -- 2010s Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1950s Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1970s -- 2000s Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2010s Man of Steel Wonder Woman Wonder Woman Wonder Woman 1984 Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Films DC Extended Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects Batman Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' Other contributors Characters List of DC Comics characters named Batman List of Batman supporting characters List of Batman Family enemies List of Batman enemies in other media Locations Gotham City Ace Chemicals Arkham Asylum Batcave Blackgate Penitentiary Gotham Academy GothCorp Gotham City Police Department Haly 's Circus Iceberg Lounge Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Blüdhaven Santa Prisca Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit Utility Belt Bat - Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Redbird Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children 's books Ongoing publications Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics -- The Legend of Batman Miscellanea Homosexuality in the Batman franchise Dark Knight ( nickname ) The Bat Whispers Batkid The Essential Batman Encyclopedia Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman_in_film&oldid=865616709 '' Categories : Batman in other media Film series introduced in 1943 Batman films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Comics infobox without image IOM index pop Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Comics navigational boxes purge Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 01 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has played batman in all the movies	[]	[]
4732071403080455224	India at the Cricket World Cup	India at the cricket World Cup - wikipedia India at the cricket World Cup The Indian cricket team are two times World Champions . In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup , they triumphed over Sri Lanka in the 2011 Cricket World Cup on home soil . They were also runners - up at the 2003 Cricket World Cup , and semifinalists thrice ( 1987 , 1996 and 2015 ) . They came last in the Super Six stage in the 1999 Cricket World Cup and have been knocked out 4 times in the Group stage ( 1975 , 1979 , 1992 and 2007 ) . India 's historical win - loss record at the cricket world cup is 46 - 27 , with 1 match being tied and another one being abandoned due to rain . Contents 1 Cricket World Cup Record 2 India at the 1975 World Cup 3 India at the 1979 World Cup 4 India at the 1983 World Cup 5 India at the 1987 World Cup 6 India at the 1992 World Cup 7 India at the 1996 World Cup 8 India at the 1999 World Cup 9 India at the 2003 World Cup 10 India at the 2007 World Cup 11 India at the 2011 World Cup 12 India at the 2015 World Cup 13 Team records 13.1 Highest innings totals 14 Lowest completed innings 14.1 Best innings figures 14.2 Highest partnerships 14.3 Highest partnership for each wicket 15 References 16 External links Cricket World Cup Record ( edit ) Year Round Games Won Tied / No result Lost Group Stage 0 1979 Group Stage 0 0 Champions 8 6 0 Semifinals 7 5 0 Round - Robin Stage 8 5 Semifinals 7 0 1999 Super Six 8 0 2003 Runner Up 11 9 0 2007 Group Stage 0 2011 Champions 9 7 2015 Semifinals 8 7 0 Total Two time Champions 75 46 27 White : Group / Round - Robin Stage Green : Quarterfinals / Super Six Light Blue : Semifinals Silver : Runner Up Gold : Champions Teamwise record Opponent NR Win % First played Australia 11 8 0 0 27.27 13 June 1983 Bangladesh 0 0 66.67 17 March 2007 Bermuda 0 0 0 100 19 March 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100 11 June 1975 England 7 0 50 7 June 1975 Ireland 0 0 0 100 6 March 2011 Kenya 0 0 0 100 18 February 1996 Namibia 0 0 0 100 23 February 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100 12 February 2003 New Zealand 7 0 0 42.85 14 June 1975 Pakistan 6 6 0 0 0 100 4 March 1992 South Africa 0 0 25 15 March 1992 Sri Lanka 8 0 42.85 18 June 1979 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100 28 February 2003 West Indies 8 5 0 0 62.5 9 June 1979 Zimbabwe 9 8 0 0 88.89 11 June 1983 Total 74 46 26 62.2 % - India at the 1975 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1975 Cricket World Cup The 1975 Cricket World Cup was the first Cricket World Cup . It was held in England in June 1975 and consisted of two weeks of one - day matches played 60 - overs - a-side . The format consisted of a group stage , in which each team played the other three teams in its group of four . The top two teams from both groups would progress to the semifinals . India competed in Group B against England , New Zealand and East Africa , a team of cricketers from Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , and Northern Rhodesia . The Indian team was led by off spinner Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and included leading batsmen Sunil Gavaskar , Gundappa Vishwanath , and Farokh Engineer as well as Venkataraghavan 's teammate from the Indian spin quartet , Bishen Singh Bedi . The team was relatively inexperienced at one - day cricket , having played their first ODI only a year earlier during their disastrous tour of England . India 's first match , the first match of the Cup , was against England at Lord 's in London . This match became notorious for Gavaskar 's controversial knock . Chasing a mammoth 335 for victory , Gavaskar carried his bat for the entire 60 overs to score only 36 runs off 174 balls with just a solitary boundary . As a result , India could only score 132 / 3 in 60 overs , losing the match by 202 runs , which severely affected their chances of making the semifinals . The match was a national disgrace for India with Gavaskar , in particular , castigated from all sides for his disgraceful innings . Even today , it is not fully clear as to why he played so slowly in that match , although Gavaskar claimed that he was out of form at the time . India next played East Africa at Headingley in Leeds and as expected , won the match , thanks to disciplined bowling from medium pacer Madan Lal ( 3 / 15 ) which restricted East Africa to 120 . In the chase , Gavaskar made amends for his atrocious innings against England with a fine half - century ( 65 not out from 86 balls , 9 fours ) . Supported by Engineer ( 54 not out from 93 balls , 7 fours ) , the duo hammered the amateurish East African bowling and steered India to a facile victory without losing a wicket . India 's last match in the Group stage was a must - win encounter against New Zealand at Old Trafford in Manchester . Batting first , India scored 230 , with Syed Abid Ali scoring a half - century ( 70 from 98 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) to make up for the top - order failure . However , the Indian bowlers were then completely hammered by Kiwi opener Glenn Turner , who scored his second century of the tournament ( 114 not out from 177 balls , 13 fours ) as New Zealand chased down the target without much hassle . India crashed out of the tournament with this loss and finished 3rd in their group with 1 win and 2 losses . Not much positives could come out of India 's campaign in the inaugural World Cup . From an Indian perspective , the tournament continues to be known for Gavaskar 's notorious innings against England . Still , Gavaskar scored the highest number of runs for India in the tournament , with 113 . Among the bowlers , Abid Ali , with his 6 wickets , was the best bowler for India . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1975 World Cup comprised Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan ( captain ) Bishen Singh Bedi ( vice-captain ) Anshuman Gaekwad Brijesh Patel Eknath Solkar Farokh Engineer ( wicketkeeper ) Gundappa Vishwanath ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Karsan Ghavri Madan Lal Mohinder Amarnath Sunil Gavaskar Syed Abid Ali India 's record : 1 − 2 ( Group B , 3rd place ) West Indies 's record : 5 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 1979 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1979 Cricket World Cup The second edition of the Cricket World Cup was held in 1979 once again in England and with the same tournament format as in 1975 . Like in 1975 , India were not having much experience in playing ODI cricket and were still neglecting the limited - overs format of the game , so they were not considered favourites to win the Cup . Still , India were expected to put up a decent show as the team for the World Cup had world - class batsmen in Sunil Gavaskar , Gundappa Vishwanath and Dilip Vengsarkar , two members of the Indian spin quartet in captain Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and Bishen Singh Bedi and decent all rounders in Mohinder Amarnath and a rising talent in Kapil Dev , though regular wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani was surprisingly dropped . India were grouped along with the defending champions , the West Indies , who were now the best team in international cricket , New Zealand and non-Test playing nation Sri Lanka in Group B in the Group stage . India opened their campaign with a massive loss against the West Indies at Edgbaston in Birmingham . The West Indian fast bowling attack led by Michael Holding ( 4 / 33 ) and Andy Roberts ( 2 / 32 ) never allowed the Indian batsmen to settle down , and with only Vishwanath ( 75 from 134 balls , 7 fours ) showing resistance , India were bowled all out for 190 in the 54th over . In reply , West Indian opener Gordon Greenidge scored an unbeaten century as the Caribbeans effortlessly chased down the target with the loss of just a single wicket . India were knocked out of the tournament in their next match against New Zealand at Headingley in Leeds , which was another one - sided match . A combined effort from the New Zealand bowling attack saw India crash to 182 all out , with the only significant contribution coming from Gavaskar ( 55 from 144 balls , 5 fours ) . Kiwi opener Bruce Edgar then scored an unbeaten 84 in the chase as New Zealand won without any hassle . India played for pride in their last match of the tournament against Sri Lanka at Old Trafford in Manchester and were expected to win against the minnows . But they lost this match too . Chasing 239 to win , none of the Indian batsmen could manage even a half - century against the Sri Lankan bowling attack comprising Tony Opatha ( 3 / 31 ) , Stanley de Silva ( 2 / 36 ) and Somachandra de Silva ( 3 / 29 ) . India were bowled all - out for just 191 , finishing their World Cup campaign winless and last in their group . It was a nightmarish campaign for India , with no wins and none of the players contributing . The fact that India as a team were not able to score even 200 runs in a single match , that only Vishwanath crossed three - figures in terms of the total number of individual runs scored ( 106 ) with only him and Gavaskar scoring a half - century each , and that only Amarnath , with 4 wickets , and Kapil , with 2 wickets , took wickets in all the 3 matches , showed how horrible and pathetic the Indian performance was in the World Cup . This dismal performance generated an uproar in India . The tournament marked the end of the road for the now struggling Indian spin quartet , with its two members in the World Cup side , Bedi and Venkataraghavan , bowling really poorly and not even taking a single wicket . Following the World Cup and the subsequent series against England , Bedi retired from international cricket , while Venkataraghavan was sacked as captain and also dropped from the team . None of the 4 members of the spin quartet ever played in a World Cup again . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1979 World Cup comprised Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan ( captain ) Sunil Gavaskar ( vice-captain ) Anshuman Gaekwad Bharath Reddy ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Bishen Singh Bedi Brijesh Patel Dilip Vengsarkar Gundappa Vishwanath Kapil Dev Karsan Ghavri Mohinder Amarnath Surinder Khanna ( wicketkeeper ) Yashpal Sharma India 's record : 0 − 3 ( Group B , 4th place ) West Indies 's record : 4 − 0 and 1 washout ( Champions ) India at the 1983 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1983 Cricket World Cup Going by India 's past record in one - day internationals and in the World Cup , they were not expected to even progress beyond the Group stage of the 1983 Cricket World Cup which was yet again held in England , despite having the likes of Sunil Gavaskar , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Dilip Vengsarkar , Yashpal Sharma and Sandeep Patil in batting and a decent set of all - rounders in captain Kapil Dev , who was now one of the best all - rounders in world cricket , Mohinder Amarnath , Madan Lal , Ravi Shastri and Roger Binny . This time , the tournament format was slightly different from the previous editions . Teams were still divided among 2 groups of 4 , but now each team in a group played each other twice . India were placed in Group B in the Group stage , which was considered to be the tougher of the 2 groups as it included 2 stronger opponents in the defending champions , the West Indies , whose dominance in world cricket at the time was at its peak , and Australia . World Cup debutants Zimbabwe were also in the group . The fact that the West Indies and Australia were in India 's group only worsened India 's prospects of putting a decent showing this time around . India 's first match in the tournament was against the West Indies at Old Trafford in Manchester . The West Indians were expected to steamroll India , but India caused a massive upset , winning the game by 34 runs in a match spread over 2 days . Middle - order batsman Sharma withstood the West Indian pace attack to score a fine half - century ( 89 from 120 balls , 9 fours ) as India scored 262 / 8 . Then , a disciplined performance from the Indian bowlers led by all - rounders Binny ( 3 / 48 ) and Shastri ( 3 / 26 ) ensured that the West Indian batsmen could not settle down after their starts , as a result of which the West Indies were bowled all out for 228 . India followed this victory with another win against Zimbabwe at Leicester . In a one - sided match , India , bowling first , restricted Zimbabwe to 155 with Madan Lal taking 3 / 27 , following which a half - century by Patil ( 50 from 54 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) ensured that India chased down the paltry total easily . However , despite the good start , 2 consecutive defeats against Australia at Trent Bridge in Nottingham and the West Indies at The Oval in London followed , and with other results going Australia 's and the West Indies ' way , India were once again staring at another early exit from the World Cup . Trevor Chappell scored 110 to ensure that Australia scored a mammoth 320 / 9 , with India dishing out a listless bowling performance . Only Kapil bowled well , taking a 5 - wicket haul ( 5 / 43 ) . Australian medium - pacer Ken MacLeay took 6 / 39 as India were bowled all out for just 150 , losing by 162 runs , with none of the Indian batsmen contributing . Against the West Indies , India , chasing 283 to win , never really got going despite Amarnath 's patient knock ( 80 from 139 balls ) . A combined effort from the West Indian pace attack saw India crash to 216 all out , losing by 66 runs . To add to India 's woes , Vengsarkar was ruled out for the rest of the tournament after a Malcolm Marshall bouncer injured his jaw . To reach the semifinals now , India had to beat Zimbabwe and Australia by huge margins , a daunting prospect . Should India lose even one of the matches , they would be knocked out of the tournament . India began their match against Zimbabwe at Tunbridge Wells on 18 June 1983 disastrously . The Zimbabwean bowling attack , led by Peter Rawson ( 3 / 47 ) and Kevin Curran ( 3 / 65 ) , destroyed the Indian top order , reducing them to 17 / 5 . A massive upset by the Zimbabweans and another early exit for India was now very much on the cards , until Kapil arrived . Kapil completely changed the course of the match with a breathtaking innings ( 175 not out from 138 balls , 16 fours , 6 sixes ) . With the support of the tailenders , he ransacked the Zimbabwean bowling as he played his most famous innings , which was also the highest individual score in ODI cricket at the time and the first ever ODI century scored by an Indian batsman . As a result of his astounding knock , India finished the innings at 266 / 8 . Then , a good performance with the ball from Madan Lal ( 3 / 42 ) saw Zimbabwe being bowled all out for 235 , despite Curran 's 73 , to set up a famous win . Unfortunately , this match was not telecasted live due to a strike by the BBC staff on that day . But India 's woes were n't over yet ; they needed to beat Australia comprehensively to have any hope of reaching the semifinals . India 's must - win match against the Aussies took place at Chelmsford , two days after the famous victory against Zimbabwe . Despite Rodney Hogg ( 3 / 40 ) and Jeff Thomson ( 3 / 51 ) taking 3 wickets each , a combined effort from the Indian batsmen saw India reach 247 all out . Australia , chasing 248 to win , were rocked by the innocuous but penetrative medium - pace of Madan Lal ( 4 / 20 ) and Binny ( 4 / 29 ) and crashed to 129 all out , losing the match by a whopping 118 runs . With another win under their belt , India finished second in their group and qualified for the semifinals for the first time ever in the Cricket World Cup . India 's semifinal match was against hosts England at Manchester . Despite England being the favourites , India produced yet another upset . England won the toss and batted first . Despite an opening stand of 69 , the English batsmen mistimed many balls and used the bat 's edge frequently , as the restrictive Indian bowling led England to 213 all out . English opener Graeme Fowler top scored with 33 . Kapil Dev was the pick of the Indian bowlers ( 3 / 35 ) , with Amarnath ( 2 / 27 ) and Binny ( 2 / 43 ) also being among the wickets . In reply , Sharma ( 61 from 115 balls , 3 fours , 2 sixes ) and Sandeep Patil ( 51 not out from 32 balls , 8 fours ) made half - centuries , with Amarnath ( 46 from 92 balls , 4 fours , 1 six ) too contributing , as India reached their target comfortably , winning by 6 wickets in a classic victory over the hosts . Amarnath picked up the Man of the Match award for his all - round performance . This win brought India to the World Cup final for the very first time , which was to be played against the West Indies on 25 June 1983 at Lord 's in London . A third consecutive tournament victory for the West Indies was widely predicted by most pundits and fans . In the final , India lost the toss and were made to bat first on a seaming wicket against the mighty West Indian pace attack . Only Srikkanth ( 38 from 57 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) and Amarnath ( 26 from 80 balls , 3 fours ) put up any significant resistance as the West Indian fast bowling attack comprising Marshall ( 2 / 24 ) , Andy Roberts ( 3 / 32 ) , Joel Garner ( 1 / 24 ) and Michael Holding ( 2 / 26 ) ripped through the Indian batting , ably supported by part - timer Larry Gomes ( 2 / 49 ) . Only surprising resistance by the tail allowed India to reach 183 all out in the 55th over . It seemed to be all over for India , as the West Indies had a power - packed batting line - up comprising openers Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes , followed by Vivian Richards and captain Clive Lloyd which was capable of destroying any bowling attack and were widely expected to make mincemeat out of the `` mediocre '' Indian bowling attack . Despite the early loss of Greenidge , Haynes and Richards steadied the innings and the West Indies was soon cruising to another World Cup win at 57 / 2 . At this stage , Kapil ran a great distance ( 18 - 20 yards ) to take the wicket of Richards off Madan Lal 's bowling . This proved to be the turning point of the match , as the Indian bowling then exploited the weather and pitch conditions perfectly to blow away the rest of the West Indian batting . Amarnath ( 3 / 12 ) and Madan Lal ( 3 / 31 ) took three wickets each , as the West Indies crashed to 140 all out in the 53rd over , setting up a famous tournament victory for India which was one of the biggest upsets not only in cricket , but in sport in general . India 's win ended the title defence of the West Indies , who never reached the final of the Cricket World Cup again . Amarnath was awarded a second consecutive Man of the Match award for another all - round effort . Apart from the win , there were statistically many other achievements for India in the 1983 World Cup . Binny and Madan Lal , with 18 and 17 wickets respectively , were the tournament 's top two bowlers . While Kapil , with 303 runs , was India 's best batsman and one of the top 10 batsmen in terms of total individual runs , he also took the most number of catches in the tournament , with 7 , and was India 's only centurion . Kapil 's 175 not out against Zimbabwe was the first ODI century scored by an Indian batsman and remained the highest individual score in ODI cricket until Vivian Richards broke that record the following year . It also remained the highest individual score by an Indian batsman in ODI cricket until Sourav Ganguly broke that record in 1999 . Wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani , with 14 dismissals , finished just below West Indian wicketkeeper Jeff Dujon in the most number of dismissals taken by a wicketkeeper in the tournament . India 's 1983 World Cup victory was a major turning point for Indian as well as world cricket . The win boosted the popularity of cricket in India , which was until then restricted to the urban areas . It also increased the popularity of one - day cricket in India as well as in general . India began to take ODI cricket seriously after the World Cup win and soon emerged as one of the best teams in ODI cricket . Indian corporates too started to take an interest in cricket and began to sponsor many international tournaments , marking the start of the rise of India as the leading financial power in cricket . The Indian Squad that won the 1983 World Cup comprised Kapil Dev ( captain ) Sunil Gavaskar ( vice-captain ) Balwinder Singh Sandhu Dilip Vengsarkar Kirti Azad Krishnamachari Srikkanth Madan Lal Mohinder Amarnath Ravi Shastri Roger Binny Sandeep Patil Sunil Valson Syed Kirmani ( wicketkeeper ) Yashpal Sharma ( reserve wicketkeeper ) India 's record : 6 − 2 ( Champions ) India at the 1987 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1987 Cricket World Cup The World Cup moved out of England for the first time in 1987 , with India and Pakistan co-hosting this edition of the World Cup . India were billed pre-tournament favourites and were widely expected to defend their title successfully in familiar conditions . India 's team for the World Cup did not have some important members of the World Cup - winning squad of 1983 , notably Mohinder Amarnath , Syed Kirmani , Madan Lal , Yashpal Sharma and Sandeep Patil , but all - rounder Kapil Dev once again led the side , which included world - class batsmen in veteran Sunil Gavaskar , who was to retire from all forms of cricket after the tournament , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Dilip Vengsarkar , Ravi Shastri , Mohammed Azharuddin and Kapil . The bowling too was decent enough , with Kapil leading the attack , supported by Shastri , Maninder Singh , Manoj Prabhakar , Chetan Sharma and Roger Binny . The 1983 World Cup format was again used for the tournament , but the matches were reduced to 50 - overs - a-side , keeping in mind the shorter days in the Indian subcontinent . In the Group stage , India were placed alongside Australia , New Zealand and then - associates Zimbabwe in Group A , which was considered to be the easier of the 2 groups . India played the very first match of the tournament against Australia at Madras , which was arguably the most eventful match of the tournament . Australia won the match by just 1 run , after piling up 270 / 6 in their first innings , helped by opener Geoff Marsh 's 110 . India began their innings brightly and were cruising to an easy victory at 207 / 2 , thanks to half - centuries from Srikkanth ( 70 from 83 balls , 7 fours ) and debutant Navjot Singh Sidhu ( 73 from 79 balls , 4 fours and 5 sixes ) , until Sidhu fell . This was followed by a spectacular middle - order collapse that made India lose their last 8 wickets for just 62 runs . India were all out for 269 with one ball remaining in the match , which was a heartbreaking loss for the defending champions . Their next match against New Zealand at Bangalore was also dramatic , with Sidhu ( 75 from 71 balls , 4 fours and 4 sixes ) once again rescuing India after India had fallen to 21 / 3 , and along with Kapil ( 72 not out from 58 balls , 4 fours and 1 six ) , destroyed the New Zealand bowling attack to take India to 252 / 7 . India eventually pulled off a 16 - run victory thanks to some economical bowling from Shastri ( 2 / 45 ) and part - timer Azharuddin ( 1 / 11 ) , India thus registering its first win in the tournament . India dominated the rest of the Group stage with 2 one - sided victories against Zimbabwe at Bombay and Ahmedabad , followed by wins against Australia and New Zealand at New Delhi and Nagpur respectively . India dished out a clinical performance against the Aussies , with 4 Indian batsmen : Gavaskar ( 61 from 72 balls , 7 fours ) , Sidhu ( 51 from 70 balls , 2 fours ) , Vengsarkar ( 63 from 60 balls , 3 fours and 2 sixes ) and Azharuddin ( 54 not out from 45 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) : scoring half - centuries as India posted an imposing 289 / 6 . Maninder ( 3 / 34 ) and Azharuddin ( 3 / 19 ) then contributed with the ball as Australia crashed to 233 all out in the 49th over . India 's last match in the Group stage against New Zealand was noted as the match in which Gavaskar scored his first and only ODI century ( 103 not out from 88 balls , 10 fours and 3 sixes ) . Supported by Srikkanth ( 75 from 58 balls , 9 fours and 3 sixes ) , Gavaskar toyed with the New Zealand bowling attack with an attacking innings uncharacteristic of his typical dour and rock - like approach as India chased down New Zealand 's modest score of 221 / 9 with the loss of only Srikkanth 's wicket and 18 overs to spare . Gavaskar and Srikkanth added 136 runs for the 2nd wicket . Also notable in this match was Chetan Sharma 's hat - trick , the first ever both by an Indian bowler and in the World Cup . His hat - trick involved the wickets of Ken Rutherford , wicketkeeper Ian Smith and tailender Ewen Chatfield . Sharma finished with figures of 3 / 51 . With 5 wins and 1 loss from 6 matches , India topped their group and qualified for the semifinals , where they were to play England at Bombay . The semifinal , which took place on 5 November 1987 , saw India winning the toss and choosing to field first . England dominated the match from the start , with opener Graham Gooch scoring an impressive 115 and ably supported by captain Mike Gatting , who contributed with 56 , the duo sharing a partnership of 117 for the 3rd wicket . England posted a strong score of 254 / 6 , with only Maninder ( 3 / 54 ) and Kapil ( 2 / 38 ) bowling well for India . India faltered in the chase , with only Azharuddin ( 64 from 74 balls , 7 fours ) making any significant contribution for India . The Indian batsmen completely faltered against off - spinner Eddie Hemmings ( 4 / 52 ) and fast bowler Neil Foster ( 3 / 47 ) as India were bowled all out for 219 in the 46th over . It was a heartbreaking loss for India , ending their title defence . This was Gavaskar 's last ever cricket match . Though India were unable to defend their title successfully , there were a lot of positives for India . Firstly , Gavaskar , in his final tournament , scored 300 runs , the highest for India , and was one of the top ten batsmen in terms of runs scored and the only centurion for India . Secondly , the partnership of 136 between Gavaskar and Srikkanth against New Zealand at Nagpur was the highest partnership for any wicket in the tournament . Thirdly , left - arm spinner Maninder Singh was the best bowler for India with 14 wickets and was the best spinner of the tournament , coming at 4th place among the tournament 's highest wicket takers , with only fast bowlers Craig McDermott , Imran Khan and Patrick Patterson above him . Finally , wicketkeeper Kiran More , with 11 dismissals , effected the most number of dismissals in the tournament , while Kapil , with 6 catches , took the most number of catches . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 1987 World Cup comprised Kapil Dev ( captain ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( vice-captain ) Chandrakant Pandit ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Chetan Sharma Kiran More ( wicketkeeper ) Krishnamachari Srikkanth Laxman Sivaramakrishnan Maninder Singh Manoj Prabhakar Mohammed Azharuddin Navjot Singh Sidhu Ravi Shastri Roger Binny Sunil Gavaskar India 's record : 5 − 2 ( Semifinalists ) Australia 's record : 7 − 1 ( Champions ) India at the 1992 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1992 Cricket World Cup India were not expected to perform well in the 1992 World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand , despite playing a Test series ( and also the World Series Cup involving both Australia and the West Indies ) in Australia just prior to the World Cup . The Indian team for the World Cup had a good batting line up consisting of captain Mohammed Azharuddin , destructive opener Krishnamachari Srikkanth , all rounders Kapil Dev and Ravi Shastri , Sanjay Manjrekar and a rising talent in Sachin Tendulkar . The bowling was n't too strong though . Kapil led the bowling line up , which also included Shastri , Manoj Prabhakar and Venkatapathy Raju . A new format was introduced for the 1992 World Cup , with the group format being scrapped in favour of a round - robin format , where each team would play all the other 8 teams in the tournament once , with the top 4 teams at the end of the Round - Robin stage progressing to the semifinals . It was also the first Cricket World Cup played with coloured jerseys and which had day - night matches . India 's first match in the tournament was against England at Perth . Chasing 237 , India never really got going despite a 63 - run opening stand shared by Shastri ( 57 from 112 balls , 2 fours ) and Srikkanth ( 39 from 50 balls , 7 fours ) and a good knock from Tendulkar ( 35 from 44 balls , 5 fours ) . India crashed to 227 all out , losing by nine runs , with Dermot Reeve ( 3 / 38 ) taking the most wickets for England . Three of India 's batsmen : Shastri , Pravin Amre and Kiran More : were run out . India 's next match against Sri Lanka at Mackay was abandoned due to rain after just 2 balls and a run scored by Srikkanth , giving India its first points in the tournament . India then played co-hosts and defending champions Australia at Brisbane . The match was a thriller . Australia scored 237 / 9 in its 50 overs , with Dean Jones scoring 90 . Kapil and Prabhakar were the pick of the bowlers with identical figures of 3 / 41 . Due to rain , India 's target was revised to 235 and the overs reduced to 47 . Azharuddin led India 's reply with a near - century ( 93 from 102 balls , 10 fours ) , but the rest of India 's batsmen were unable to cross 50 and with Prabhakar ( 1 from 1 ball ) and Raju ( 0 from 1 ball ) run out in successive balls , India crashed to 234 all out in the second - last ball of the innings , ensuring that Australia scraped to victory by 1 run . India 's next match was against arch - rivals Pakistan at Sydney . It was the first time ever in the history of the Cricket World Cup that India and Pakistan played each other and therefore , the match was highly anticipated . India won the toss and batted first , posting a modest 216 / 7 in a match reduced to 49 overs due to rain , with the top contributors being Tendulkar ( 54 not out from 62 balls , 3 fours ) and rookie opener Ajay Jadeja ( 46 from 77 balls , 2 fours ) . Pakistan 's leg - spinner Mushtaq Ahmed was the pick of Pakistan 's bowlers , taking 3 / 59 , while fast bowler Aaqib Javed was economical , taking 2 / 28 in his 8 overs . In Pakistan 's reply , only opener Aamer Sohail , who scored 62 , could cross 50 runs with Kapil ( 2 / 30 ) , Prabhakar ( 2 / 22 ) and rookie Javagal Srinath ( 2 / 37 ) taking 2 wickets each , as Pakistan crashed to 173 all out in the 49th over , losing by 43 runs , earning India its first win in the tournament , a famous victory which would begin an all - win record over the arch - rivals in subsequent Cricket World Cups ( both 50 - over and 20 - over ) . The match also had its share of drama which is a regular feature in Indo - Pak cricket matches , with Javed Miandad imitating Indian wicketkeeper Kiran More 's appealing behind the stumps . Tendulkar won his first Man of the Match award in a World Cup for his allround performance ( 54 * and 1 / 37 , picking up the prized wicket of Aamer Sohail ) . However , India 's time was running out and they had to play really well from then on to have any chance of reaching the semifinals . India then moved on to New Zealand for the second half of the tournament . Their first match in New Zealand was against minnows Zimbabwe at Hamilton . India won the rain - curtailed match as expected , with Tendulkar ( 81 from 77 balls , 8 fours and 1 six ) playing an aggressive knock as India posted 203 / 7 . Zimbabwe , chasing 159 in 19 overs after a rain delay , could only score 104 / 1 in the 19 overs , Tendulkar taking the lone wicket . Tendulkar received his second Man of the Match award in the Cricket World Cup for his contribution in the match . But now India needed to win their last three matches comprehensively and also depend on other results to reach the semifinals . India next played the West Indies at Wellington . The West Indies were slowly declining at the time with the retirements of several key players , yet were still a dangerous opponent . India lost the match . Only Azharuddin ( 61 from 84 balls , 4 fours ) showed any sort of resistance against the pace attack of Curtly Ambrose ( 2 / 24 ) and Anderson Cummins ( 4 / 33 ) as India were bowled all out for 197 . The West Indies comfortably reached their target of 195 ( with the score and number of overs being reduced by rain again ) with 6 overs to spare . India crashed out of the tournament with this loss , with their last two matches against co-hosts New Zealand at Dunedin and World Cup debutants South Africa back in Australia at Adelaide reduced to dead rubbers . India lost both the one - sided matches . Only Tendulkar ( 84 from 107 balls , 6 fours ) and Azharuddin ( 55 from 98 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) made any significant contribution in India 's score of 230 / 6 , which New Zealand easily chased down . Against South Africa , in a match reduced to 30 overs due to rain , the only person who contributed for India was Azharuddin ( 79 from 77 balls , 6 fours ) . India scored 180 / 6 , which South Africa chased down without much effort . With only 2 wins and 1 abandoned match , India finished 7th in the Round - Robin stage , just above Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe . It was the first time since 1979 that India could not qualify for the semifinals of the World Cup . Ironically , Pakistan , one of the only 2 teams which India defeated , would go on to win the World Cup . There were not much positives India could take from the tournament . No Indian batsman was able to score a century and no Indian bowler could take more than 3 wickets in an innings . India 's highest scorer in the tournament was Azharuddin , who scored 332 runs . Tendulkar followed with a total score of 283 runs . Among the bowlers , Prabhakar was the best for India , taking 12 wickets . The tournament marked the end of Srikkanth 's international career , as he was dropped after the World Cup and retired from all forms of cricket the following year . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1992 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Ravi Shastri ( vice-captain ) Ajay Jadeja Javagal Srinath Kapil Dev Kiran More ( wicketkeeper ) Krishnamachari Srikkanth Manoj Prabhakar Pravin Amre Sachin Tendulkar Sanjay Manjrekar ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Subroto Banerjee Venkatapathy Raju Vinod Kambli India 's record : 2 − 5 and 1 abandoned match ( Round - Robin , 7th place ) Pakistan 's record : 6 − 3 and 1 abandoned match ( Champions ) India at the 1996 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1996 Cricket World Cup Sachin Tendulkar , the top - scorer for the tournament India were the co-hosts of the 1996 Cricket World Cup along with Pakistan and Sri Lanka and were expected to perform well at home . Their batting was their strongest point , with Sachin Tendulkar , captain Mohammed Azharuddin , Ajay Jadeja , Navjot Singh Sidhu , Vinod Kambli and Sanjay Manjrekar together forming the strongest batting line - up in the tournament . While the bowling was a bit suspect , the team had a decent set of bowlers who were good at home conditions in Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath , Manoj Prabhakar and Venkatapathy Raju . The group format was reintroduced for the tournament , with teams divided into 2 groups of 6 teams each , with the top 4 teams from each group entering the quarterfinals , where a team from one group in the Group stage would play a single match against a team which qualified from the other group . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group A with co-hosts Sri Lanka , Australia , the West Indies , Zimbabwe and World Cup debutants Kenya . India started their World cup campaign well by defeating Kenya at Cuttack , first restricting them to 199 / 6 with Kumble taking 3 / 28 and then chasing it down easily to win by 7 wickets due to Tendulkar 's century ( 127 not out from 138 balls , 15 fours , 1 six ) . India 's next match against the West Indies at Gwalior went much the same way : after bowling the West Indies side out for 173 with Kumble capturing 3 / 35 and Prabhakar 3 / 39 , Tendulkar ( 70 runs , 91 balls , 8 fours ) led the way to another victory . India then faced tournament favourites Australia at Bombay , and the tourists batted first after winning the toss . Mark Waugh 's 126 and Australian captain Mark Taylor 's 59 set the foundation with a 103 run opening stand . Australia suffered five run - outs , four in the last ten overs whilst chasing quick runs , with medium - pacer Venkatesh Prasad and Raju taking two wickets each . India 's chase started poorly , with Jadeja and Vinod Kambli dismissed by Damien Fleming with only seven runs scored . Tendulkar ( 90 from 84 balls , 14 fours , 1 six ) counter-attacked ferociously , and India were well ahead of the required run rate at 143 / 3 when Tendulkar charged a wide from Mark Waugh and was stumped for 90 . From there onward , the run chase began to falter , with only Manjrekar managing a half century ( 62 from 91 balls , 7 fours ) , resulting in a 16 - run loss , dismissed for 242 in the 48th over . India next faced Sri Lanka at New Delhi . Tendulkar hit another run - a-ball century ( 137 from 137 balls , 8 fours , 5 sixes ) and Azharuddin made 72 from 80 balls in a 175 run partnership as India compiled 271 / 3 . However , the opening pair of Romesh Kaluwitharana and Sanath Jayasuriya launched Sri Lanka to 42 after just three overs . Jayasuriya managed to score 79 from 77 balls , leaving the score at 4 / 141 . With the run - rate under control , Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga ( 46 not out from 63 balls ) and Hashan Tillakaratne ( 70 not out from 98 balls ) made a 131 run partnership to steer them to a six wicket win with eight balls remaining . Kumble led the bowling with 2 / 39 whilst Prabhakar was punished for 47 runs in four overs . India ended the group stage with a win against Zimbabwe at Kanpur , who won the toss and sent the Indians in to bat . After slumping to 32 / 3 , opener Sidhu ( 80 from 116 balls , 5 fours ) and Kambli ( 106 from 110 balls , 11 fours ) put on 142 runs before Jadeja finished off the innings with 44 not out from 27 balls , with India scoring 247 / 5 . The Zimbabweans lost wickets at regular intervals and fell 40 runs short , with Raju taking 3 / 30 and Kumble , Srinath and Jadeja two each . With this win , India finished third in their group and qualified for the quarterfinals , setting up a match against arch - rivals and defending champions Pakistan at Bangalore . The match was widely anticipated and had a huge leadup . Pakistani captain Wasim Akram withdrew due to injury . India elected to bat after winning the toss , with Sidhu ( 93 from 115 balls , 11 fours ) and Tendulkar ( 31 off 59 balls , 3 fours ) reaching 90 before Tendulkar was dismissed by Pakistan fast bowler Ata - ur - Rehman . Although wickets fell regularly , with all Pakistani bowlers barring part - timer Salim Malik among the wickets , the Indians continued to score quickly , with Jadeja making a rapid 45 from 25 balls in the final overs , including 40 from Waqar Younis ' last two overs . India scored 287 / 8 in their 50 overs . Prasad and Kumble then took three wickets each to restrict Pakistan to 248 / 9 , despite their strong start due to a quick 55 from Pakistan 's stand - in - captain and opener Aamer Sohail , to complete a memorable victory and qualify for the semifinals , making it 2 wins in 2 World Cup matches against the arch - rivals . This resulted in widespread disappointment in Pakistan , leading to a government inquiry , crowd demonstrations outside players ' homes and the suicide of one distraught fan . In the semifinals at the Eden Gardens in Calcutta on 13 March 1996 , India played Sri Lanka in a match which became notorious for the extremely poor crowd behaviour . India won the toss and chose to field first . Both the openers Kaluwitharana and Jayasuriya were dismissed in Srinath 's first over , uppercutting wide balls down to third man . Srinath then removed veteran Asanka Gurusinha to leave the score at 35 / 3 . However half centuries from Aravinda de Silva and Roshan Mahanama helped Sri Lanka reach a formidable total of 251 / 8 . India made a solid start , with Sachin Tendulkar ( 65 from 88 balls , 9 fours ) scoring a half - century and taking India to 1 / 98 . However , the pitch began to crumble and take more spin , and when Tendulkar was stumped , the remaining Indian batsmen were unable to cope with the four pronged spin - attack of Jayasuriya , Muttiah Muralitharan and part timers de Silva and Kumar Dharmasena , who altogether took 6 wickets as India lost 7 wickets for 22 runs to slump to 120 / 8 in the 35th over , with still 132 runs to win . At this point , sections of the crowd began setting fire to the stands and throwing missiles onto the field . Play was stopped as the crowd 's anger began to develop into a dangerous riot . The umpires and match referee Clive Lloyd decided to award the game to Sri Lanka because India had no chance of winning from their current position in the match even if the match were to resume , knocking them out of the World Cup . India 's campaign was highlighted by the consistency of Tendulkar , who managed 50 plus scores in all but two matches . With 523 runs at an average of 87.16 , Tendulkar was the leading run scorer in the tournament , with two of his six dismissals due to run outs rather than batting errors . His 137 against Sri Lanka was the 4th highest score in the tournament and his partnership of 175 with Azharuddin the 4th highest partnership in the tournament . No other Indian batsmen aggregated 250 runs . India were also bolstered by the performances of leg - spinner Kumble , who was the leading wicket taker in the tournament with 15 wickets at 18.73 apiece and also made the most number of catches ( eight ) . Raju , Prasad and Srinath were tied in 10th spot with eight wickets each . Veteran all - rounder Manoj Prabhakar retired from international cricket in the middle of the tournament after being dropped for poor performance . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 1996 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Sachin Tendulkar ( vice-captain ) Aashish Kapoor Ajay Jadeja Anil Kumble Javagal Srinath Manoj Prabhakar Navjot Singh Sidhu Nayan Mongia ( wicketkeeper ) Salil Ankola Sanjay Manjrekar ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Venkatapathy Raju Venkatesh Prasad Vinod Kambli India 's record : 4 − 3 ( Semifinalists ) Sri Lanka 's record : 8 − 0 with 2 matches won by walkovers ( Champions ) India at the 1999 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1999 Cricket World Cup The 1999 Cricket World Cup in England was one in which India were not expected to perform too well . Despite having the likes of Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly , Rahul Dravid , Ajay Jadeja and captain Mohammed Azharuddin in batting and Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath and Venkatesh Prasad in bowling , they were n't having too much of a good run , losing to arch - rivals Pakistan in the finals of 2 consecutive triangular tournaments at home and at Sharjah . The format used for the tournament was slightly different from the 1996 format . Teams were divided into 2 groups of 6 teams each , with the top 3 teams in each group progressing to the Super Six stage , where a team belonging to one group in the Group stage would play once against all 3 teams belonging to the other group . India were placed in Group A in the Group stage along with hosts England , defending champions Sri Lanka , South Africa , Zimbabwe and minnows Kenya . India began their campaign with a close loss to South Africa at Hove in the final overs of the match . Although South Africa won by 4 wickets , the match was not without drama as South Africa had to score had approximately a run a ball in the last 10 overs . The match featured a good performance from Ganguly ( 97 from 142 balls , 11 fours , 1 six ) and Dravid ( 54 from 75 balls , 5 fours ) . None of the bowlers backed up the batting performance however , with Srinath the leading wicket - taker despite being very expensive , taking 2 wickets and conceding 69 runs . South Africa scored runs more quickly than India did , with Jacques Kallis ( 96 from 128 balls ) leading the way . India next played Zimbabwe at Leicester , without the services of Tendulkar , as the star batsman had returned to India due to his father 's death . The match was a thriller , with India losing in the end by 3 runs . The tailenders embarrassed supporters as India , chasing 252 , went from 246 / 7 to 249 all out with 3 overs left , with Zimbabwean fast bowler Henry Olonga taking 3 / 22 . India made up for their early losses with a very convincing win over Kenya at Bristol by 94 runs four days later . India scored a massive 329 / 2 through centuries from Tendulkar ( 140 not out from 101 balls , 16 fours , 3 sixes ) , who had rejoined the team , and Dravid ( 104 not out from 109 balls , 10 fours ) . The pair scored 237 in 29 overs at a run rate of 8.17 before medium pacer Debashish Mohanty wiped up the Kenyan batsmen with a 4 - wicket haul ( 4 / 56 ) . Tendulkar , declared Man of the Match , later dedicated his ton to his late father . India followed this victory with a record win against Sri Lanka at Taunton by 157 runs . Ganguly ( 183 from 158 balls , 17 fours , 7 sixes ) and Dravid ( 145 from 129 balls , 17 fours , 1 six ) picked up two centuries at over a run a ball to get India to a mammoth total of 373 / 6 , sharing a partnership of 318 runs in 44.9 overs . Sri Lanka were then rattled due to Robin Singh 's 5 / 31 , crashing to 216 all out . India then went on to seal a place in the Super Six stage with a win against hosts England at Edgbaston in Birmingham by 63 runs ; in a match extended by a day due to rain , once again Ganguly ( 40 from 59 balls , 6 fours ) and Dravid ( 53 from 82 balls , 6 fours ) starred with the bat to score 238 / 2 , while a strong team effort with the ball , led by Ganguly 's 3 / 27 , got England all out for just 169 . Despite India finishing second in Group A , they began the Super Six stage with no points due to the controversial Byzantine points system which gave a team 2 points at the start of the Super Six stage for beating a team in the Group stage which had also qualified for the Super Six stage ( India did not win against fellow qualifiers South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . India 's first match in the Super Six stage was against Australia at The Oval in London , which they lost badly by 77 runs , with only Jadeja ( 100 not out from 138 balls , 7 fours , 2 sixes ) and Robin Singh ( 75 from 94 balls , 5 fours , 3 sixes ) putting up any resistance . Mark Waugh 's 83 and Glenn McGrath 's 3 / 34 took the match away from India . Due to this loss , India , in order to reach the semifinals , now not only had to beat Pakistan and New Zealand , they also had to depend on other results . India beat Pakistan in their next match at Old Trafford in Manchester by 47 runs , maintaining their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup . Dravid ( 61 from 89 balls , 4 fours ) and Azharuddin ( 59 from 77 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) , led the way as India posted a total of 227 / 6 in their 50 overs . Prasad then ripped through the Pakistani batting line - up , taking 5 / 27 as Pakistan were bowled all out for 180 . The match was even more significant than usual as the two nations were at war with each other ( see 1999 Kargil Conflict ) . Unfortunately , despite the win against Pakistan , India were soon eliminated from the tournament due to other results and their handicap in terms of points in the Super Six stage . India 's last match in the Super Six stage against New Zealand at Trent Bridge in Nottingham was also the team 's last match in the tournament . The match , reduced to a dead rubber since New Zealand had already qualified for the semifinals , was a thriller , with India losing in the end by 5 wickets as New Zealand achieved the target of 252 with just 8 balls to spare , despite a strong performance from Jadeja ( 76 from 103 balls , 6 fours , 2 six ) . Despite having a mediocre tournament , there were many plus - points for India . The tournament marked the start of the domination of the Big 3 of Indian batting viz . Tendulkar , Dravid and Ganguly , all of whom showed remarkable consistency . Dravid , who until the start of the World Cup was criticised for not being good enough for one - day cricket , was involved in two mammoth partnerships and was the leading run - scorer of the entire tournament with 461 runs at an average of 65.85 . The top 3 highest scores of the tournament were from Indians , which were Ganguly 's 183 , Dravid 's 145 and Tendulkar 's 140 not out . However , following the World Cup , Azharuddin , who had an indifferent tournament , was sacked as captain and was dropped from the team too . The Indian Squad that took part in the 1999 World Cup comprised Mohammed Azharuddin ( captain ) Ajay Jadeja ( vice-captain ) Ajit Agarkar Amay Khurasiya Anil Kumble Debashish Mohanty Javagal Srinath Nayan Mongia ( wicketkeeper ) Nikhil Chopra Rahul Dravid ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Robin Singh Sachin Tendulkar Sadagoppan Ramesh Sourav Ganguly Venkatesh Prasad India 's record : 4 − 4 ( Super Six , 6th place ) Australia 's record : 7 − 2 and 1 tie ( Champions ) India at the 2003 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup Like in the previous World Cup , India began their 2003 Cricket World Cup campaign in South Africa and Zimbabwe on a string of poor performances , having just come off a disastrous tour of New Zealand . The 1999 World Cup format was retained for the tournament . The Indian team was somewhat stronger than the team representing them in the 1999 World Cup , but still contained the batting trio of Sachin Tendulkar , Rahul Dravid and Sourav Ganguly and the pace - spin duo of Javagal Srinath and Anil Kumble , now accompanied by rising talents Yuvraj Singh , Zaheer Khan , Harbhajan Singh , Mohammed Kaif and Virender Sehwag . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group A , accompanied by co-hosts Zimbabwe , defending champions Australia , arch - rivals Pakistan , England and minnows Holland and Namibia , who were playing their first World Cup . India had a horrid beginning to the tournament . Their first match was against minnows Holland at Paarl , who tumbled the Indian batsmen out for just 204 ( all out , 48.5 overs , 206 minutes ) , with only Tendulkar ( 52 from 72 balls , 7 fours ) putting up resistance , although veterans Srinath and Kumble reverted the damage with 4 wickets each and India ended up winning by 68 runs , the unconvincing victory setting the stage for immense criticism . India 's next match was against Australia at Centurion . The Indian team , batting first , was steadily making progress at 41 / 1 when disaster struck . Sehwag 's wicket triggered a middle order collapse that left India struggling at 50 / 5 having lost 4 wickets for 9 runs . Tendulkar and Harbhajan offered some resistance but the damage was done as India were out for 125 ( all out , 41.4 overs , 176 minutes ) . Australia scored the target in 22.2 overs , only losing one wicket . The Indian team 's mediocre performance in the first two matches triggered uproar in India . Player effigies were said to be burnt on streets and the Board of Control for Cricket in India was under immense pressure to reshuffle the team at the end of the World Cup . This reaction at home may have triggered the Indian team 's performance for the remainder of the World Cup . India then travelled to Zimbabwe to play their third match against the co-hosts at Harare , lacking confidence . Tendulkar ( 81 from 91 balls , 10 fours ) took India to 255 ( 7 wickets , 50 overs ) and 3 wickets from Ganguly set the stage for a strong 83 run win by the Indians . This was followed by a 181 run thrashing handed out to minnows Namibia , back in South Africa at Pietermaritzburg . Tendulkar ( 152 from 151 balls , 18 fours ) and Ganguly ( 112 from 119 balls , 6 fours , 4 sixes ) both scored centuries , contributing to a second - wicket partnership of 244 runs in 39.5 overs to take India to 311 ( 2 wickets , 50 overs , 207 minutes ) . Namibia were then all out for 130 ( all out , 42.3 overs , 163 minutes ) thanks to 4 wickets from part - timer Yuvraj . The Man of the match was Tendulkar in both matches . India finished off their engagements in Group A with an 82 run victory over England at Durban and a 6 wicket victory over Pakistan at Centurion . Paceman Ashish Nehra achieved 6 / 23 against England to help India defend 250 as England were all out for 168 . The Indian batting was bolstered by half - centuries from Dravid ( 62 from 72 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) and Tendulkar ( 50 from 52 balls , 8 fours and 1 six ) , and an attacking cameo from Yuvraj ( 42 from 38 balls , 4 fours and 1 six ) . The match against Pakistan , the most anticipated match of the tournament , lived up to its billing and was a thriller . It was ( and still is ) noted for being a match in which Tendulkar played one of his best - ever ODI innings . Chasing 274 , Tendulkar ( 98 from 75 balls , 12 fours , 1 six ) pulled off a near century , only to get out after suffering from cramps , to guide India to an unlikely victory , maintaining India 's unbeaten record over Pakistan in World Cups . Tendulkar was once again awarded the Man of the Match . With 5 victories and 1 loss from 6 matches , India finished second in Group A and qualified for the Super Six stage . India were untroubled in the Super Six stage and continued their streak of strong performances with three wins out of three matches , earning them a berth in the semifinals . The wins were comfortable , beating Kenya at Cape Town by 6 wickets through a century from Ganguly ( 107 from 120 balls , 11 fours , 2 sixes ) ; beating Sri Lanka at Johannesburg by 183 runs thanks to Tendulkar ( 97 from 120 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) , Sehwag ( 66 from 76 balls , 5 fours , 3 sixes ) and veteran Srinath 's 4 / 35 ; and winning against New Zealand at Centurion by 7 wickets , due to Zaheer 's 4 / 42 which bundled out the Black Caps for 146 , followed patient knocks from Kaif ( 68 not out off 129 balls , 8 fours ) and Dravid ( 53 not out off 89 balls , 7 fours ) in the chase . In the semifinals , India played the surprise package of the tournament , Kenya , at Durban . The match was not dramatic . Tendulkar ( 83 from 101 balls , 5 fours , 1 six ) and Ganguly ( 111 from 114 balls , 5 fours , 5 sixes ) took India to 270 / 4 in their 50 overs , from where a combined bowling effort from India 's bowlers got Kenya all out for 179 . This brought India into the finals for the first time since 1983 , where they faced a strong Australia , who had dominated the tournament from the start with an all - win record . The final , played on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , saw Ganguly electing to field first after winning the toss , in the hope that his pacers would exploit a damp pitch . However , the plan backfired completely on India as the Australians dominated from the very start , with the openers Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden sharing a partnership of 105 runs for the 1st wicket , which was achieved in only 14 overs . Australian captain Ricky Ponting and Damien Martyn then scored 140 not out and 88 not out respectively , taking Australia to an Australian record of 359 / 2 , a record that would not be beaten until 2006 . Chasing a mammoth 360 to win , India never stood a chance after Tendulkar ( 4 from 5 balls , 1 four ) lost his wicket early . Sehwag ( 82 from 81 balls , 10 fours , 3 sixes ) and Dravid ( 47 from 57 balls , 2 fours ) then steadied the innings , sharing a partnership of 88 runs which brought India to a decent 147 / 3 in the 24th over . With India scoring at 5.96 runs an over , it seemed that they would end up creating a miracle by winning the match , but the remaining Indian batsmen struggled against the Aussie pace attack of Glenn McGrath and Brett Lee and fell to cheap shots while trying to accelerate the scoring rate . India lost their last 7 wickets for only 87 runs and crashed to 234 all out in the 40th over , losing the match by 125 runs . Though they finished the tournament as the runner up , there were a huge amount of bright sides for India . Firstly , Tendulkar was awarded the Man of the Tournament award for being the leading run scorer with 673 runs . Ganguly ended up as the second leading run scorer in the tournament , but 208 runs behind Tendulkar . Tendulkar 's 152 against Namibia was the second highest score of the tournament and he achieved an average of 61.18 . Secondly , there were upsides in the bowling department as well with Zaheer 4th on the wicket takers list . Finally , India as a team had achieved a streak of 9 wins and 2 losses from 11 matches , with both losses coming against the tournament winners Australia . The Indian Squad that finished as the runner up of the 2003 World Cup comprised Sourav Ganguly ( captain ) Rahul Dravid ( vice-captain and wicketkeeper ) Ajit Agarkar Anil Kumble Ashish Nehra Dinesh Mongia Harbhajan Singh Javagal Srinath Mohammad Kaif Parthiv Patel ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Sachin Tendulkar Sanjay Bangar Virender Sehwag Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 9 − 2 ( Runner up ) Australia 's record : 11 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 2007 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Cricket World Cup India , this time , had gone to the West Indies with 2 convincing home series wins against the West Indies and Sri Lanka . For the 2007 tournament , India had what was considered a decent World Cup squad , as they had three batsmen who had scored more than 10,000 ODI runs ( Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid ) , world class spin bowlers ( Harbhajan Singh and Anil Kumble ) , destructive batsmen ( Virender Sehwag , Yuvraj Singh , Robin Uthappa and Mahendra Singh Dhoni ) , and a decent pace bowling attack led by Zaheer Khan . The format of this tournament was completely different from the 1999 format . Teams were divided into groups of 4 , with the top two teams from each group moving on to the Super Eight stage , where each team would play each other in a round - robin format . In the Group stage , India were placed in Group B , pitted against Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and World Cup debutants Bermuda . All of India 's Group matches were played at the Queen 's Park Oval in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . India 's World Cup campaign started disastrously , as they unexpectedly lost to minnows Bangladesh in their opening match , leaving them with two must - win matches in their group . All the Indian batsmen , barring Ganguly ( 63 from 129 balls , 4 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 47 from 58 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) , faltered against the pace of Mashrafe Mortaza ( 4 / 38 ) and the left arm spin of Abdur Razzak ( 3 / 38 ) and Mohammad Rafique ( 3 / 35 ) as India were bowled all out for 191 . None of the Indian bowlers could make an impact as Bangladesh chased down the target with ease . India next scored 413 / 5 against Bermuda , the highest team total in a World Cup game . Sehwag played a brilliant knock ( 114 from 87 balls , 17 fours and 3 sixes ) , exposing the amateur Bermudan bowling . Ganguly ( 89 from 114 balls , 6 fours and 2 sixes ) , Yuvraj ( 83 from 46 balls , 3 fours and 7 sixes ) and Tendulkar ( 57 not out from 29 balls , 2 fours and 4 sixes ) too contributed , with Ganguly and Sehwag sharing a 202 - run partnership for the 2nd wicket , followed by Tendulkar and Yuvraj sharing a 122 - run partnership for the 5th wicket . Agarkar and Kumble then contributed with identical bowling figures of 3 / 38 as Bermuda were bowled all out for 156 in the 44th over , India winning the lopsided game by 257 runs . But they still needed to beat Sri Lanka in their last group match in order to enter the Super Eight stage . The match against Sri Lanka on 23 March 2007 turned out to be a one - sided contest . Chasing 255 , the Indian batting crumbled against the Sri Lankan bowling attack with off - spinner Muttiah Muralitharan and pace bowler Chaminda Vaas taking 2 / 39 and 3 / 41 respectively , crashing to 185 all out in the 44th over . Only Dravid ( 60 from 82 balls , 6 fours ) and Sehwag ( 48 from 46 balls , 5 fours and 1 six ) made any significant contribution for India . With one victory and two losses , India 's hopes of entering the Super Eight stage were now grim and depended on a Bermuda victory over Bangladesh by a heavy margin in the last Group B match . But with Bangladesh beating Bermuda , India crashed out of the World Cup in the first round , the first time since 1992 . There were no positives India could take from the tournament , barring the heavy win against Bermuda . Apart from Sehwag , Ganguly and Yuvraj , who scored 164 , 162 and 136 runs respectively , no other Indian batsman could accumulate even 100 runs . Sehwag , with his 114 against Bermuda , was India 's only centurion in the tournament . The bowling was even more pathetic , with Zaheer being India 's best bowler with 5 wickets . After the debacle , Kumble retired from ODI cricket , while coach Greg Chappell resigned after reports that none of the senior players , including Tendulkar , were happy with him and his coaching methods . However , Dravid retained the captaincy . There were several attacks on players homes and protests by infuriated fans , especially in Bangalore and Mumbai . The Indian Squad that took part in the 2007 World Cup comprised Rahul Dravid ( captain ) Sachin Tendulkar ( vice-captain ) Ajit Agarkar Anil Kumble Dinesh Karthik ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Harbhajan Singh Irfan Pathan Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( wicketkeeper ) Munaf Patel Robin Uthappa Shanthakumaran Sreesanth Sourav Ganguly Virender Sehwag Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 1 − 2 ( Group B , 3rd place ) Australia 's record : 12 − 0 ( Champions ) India at the 2011 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Cricket World Cup As one of the host nations for the 2011 World Cup , India were expected to perform well in familiar conditions , and were considered pre-tournament favourites by the media and press . Like in 2007 , India came into the World Cup on a string of strong performances , with back - to - back series wins against Australia and New Zealand at home , followed by a moderately successful tour of South Africa . The Indian team were generally considered to be the strongest batting side in the tournament , comprising the openers Virender Sehwag and veteran Sachin Tendulkar , playing in his 6th consecutive World Cup , followed by Gautam Gambhir and rising star Virat Kohli , with Yuvraj Singh , skipper Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Yusuf Pathan and Suresh Raina completing the star - studded batting line - up . While the bowling attack was considered more suspect , three veterans in pacers Zaheer Khan and Ashish Nehra and offspinner Harbhajan Singh were joined by Munaf Patel , Piyush Chawla , Ravichandran Ashwin , and Shantakumaran Sreesanth . The 1996 World Cup format was used for the tournament , following widespread criticism , particularly from the BCCI , over the 2007 format . India were placed in Group B in the Group stage alongside co-hosts Bangladesh , South Africa , England , the West Indies and associates Holland and Ireland . India 's 2011 World Cup campaign started with an 87 - run win against Bangladesh at Dhaka . With centuries from Sehwag ( 175 from 140 balls , 14 fours , 5 sixes ) and Kohli ( 100 not out from 83 balls , 8 fours , 2 sixes ) India scored 4 / 370. Virat Kohli becomes first Indian to score century in worldcup debut match . Fast bowler Munaf ( 4 - 48 ) took 4 wickets during the Bangladesh reply , including that of opener Tamim Iqbal ( 70 from 86 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) as Bangladesh scored 9 / 283 in 50 overs to fall short . India next played England at Bangalore , which was a thriller . On a batting - friendly track at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , India chose to bat first . Tendulkar ( 120 from 115 balls , 10 fours , 5 sixes ) lashed his way through the English attack , ably supported by Gambhir ( 51 from 61 balls , 5 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 58 from 50 balls , 9 fours ) . After the 45th over , India were 305 / 3 and were looking to pass 350 during the batting Powerplay . Instead , English bowler Tim Bresnan ( 5 - 48 ) engineered a collapse with four quick wickets in 16 deliveries , as India slumped to a still - formidable total of 338 all out . England started their run chase by blasting 77 runs off the first 10 overs . Skipper Andrew Strauss ( 158 from 145 balls , 18 fours , 1 six ) decimated the Indian bowling attack with unparalleled ferocity , and was supported by Ian Bell ( 69 from 71 balls , 4 fours , 1 six ) . At 2 / 280 in the 43rd over , England was cruising to an extraordinary victory . However , Zaheer responded by taking the wickets of Strauss , Bell , and Paul Collingwood in 11 deliveries , as England were reduced to 289 / 6 . Tailenders Bresnan , Graeme Swann , and Ajmal Shahzad each hit massive sixes in the final few overs to regain some momentum , and Swann scored 13 runs off the final over to salvage a tie with India ( 338 / 8 in 50 overs ) . It was only the fourth tied match in World Cup history . In their third group match , India defeated minnows Ireland , again at Bangalore , by 5 wickets . After winning the toss and choosing to field , India 's bowling attack proved superior to the Irish batting lineup . Yuvraj ( 5 - 31 ) was the best bowler for India , taking five successive wickets -- including the top scorer for Ireland , William Porterfield ( 75 from 104 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) . Ireland was eventually bowled for 207 all out . During their reply , India slumped to 100 / 4 , as the batting lineup struggled to cope with the tight and accurate Irish bowling . Once again however , Yuvraj ( 50 not out from 75 balls , 3 fours ) helped the Indian side with an unbeaten half - century , and guided India to a five - wicket victory . India followed this victory with a win over Holland at New Delhi . After choosing to bat first , Holland was restricted to 189 all out , with Zaheer ( 3 - 20 ) and Yuvraj ( 2 - 43 ) doing most of the damage . Despite Sehwag 's blistering start , India 's run - chase started out poorly , as they slumped to 4 / 99 . And , once again , it was Yuvraj ( 51 not out from 73 balls , 7 fours ) who guided India to victory in a crucial 5th - wicket stand with Dhoni ( 19 not out off 56 balls , 2 fours ) . India next played South Africa at Nagpur in what was one of the most anticipated matches of the tournament . India started well , riding on the power hitting of Sehwag ( 73 from 66 balls , 12 fours ) , as well as brilliant knocks from Tendulkar ( 111 from 101 balls , 8 fours , 3 sixes ) and Gambhir ( 69 from 75 balls , 7 fours ) . However , India , from a very strong position of 267 / 2 in the 40th over , lost their last 8 wickets for just 29 runs in a massive collapse , slumping to 296 all out , with South African fast bowler Dale Steyn ripping through the Indian batting line up , generating figures of 5 - 50 in his 9.4 overs . Hashim Amla ( 61 from 72 balls , 5 fours ) and Jacques Kallis ( 69 from 88 balls , 4 fours ) top - scored in reply , as South Africa chased down the total with only 3 wickets and 2 deliveries to spare . AB de Villiers ( 52 from 39 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) scored a quick half - century to keep South Africa ahead of the required run rate . It was India 's first and only loss in their World Cup campaign . India 's final group match was against the West Indies at Chennai . India chose to bat first . Yuvraj ( 113 from 123 balls , 10 fours , 2 sixes ) and Kohli ( 59 from 76 balls , 5 fours ) batted well but received little support from the rest of the lineup , as India were all out for 268 . With Devon Smith ( 81 from 97 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) leading the way , the West Indies reached 154 / 2 in the 30th over before losing their last 8 wickets for 34 runs due to Zaheer 's 3 - 26 , allowing India to coast to an 80 - run victory . With this victory , India reached the quarterfinals and finished second in Group B . In the quarterfinals , India faced defending champions Australia at Ahmedabad . Australia won the toss and chose to bat first . Captain Ricky Ponting ( 104 from 118 balls , 7 fours , 1 six ) and wicketkeeper Brad Haddin ( 53 from 62 balls , 6 fours , 1 six ) scored fluently , but Ashwin , Zaheer and Yuvraj took wickets at regular intervals to restrict Australia to 260 / 6 in 50 overs . Tendulkar ( 53 from 68 balls , 7 fours ) Gambhir ( 50 from 64 balls , 2 fours ) and Yuvraj ( 57 not out from 65 balls , 8 fours ) all scored half - centuries in reply , as India chased down the target with 5 wickets and 14 deliveries to spare . With this win , Australia 's title defence ended and India entered the semifinals . India played arch - rival Pakistan in the semifinals at Mohali . India won the toss and chose to bat first . Despite Sehwag 's customary fast start ( 38 from 25 balls , 9 fours ) , the Indian batsmen had trouble coping with the Pakistani bowling attack . Pakistani fast bowler Wahab Riaz ( 5 - 46 ) took a 5 - wicket haul for Pakistan and Tendulkar ( 85 from 115 balls , 11 fours ) top - scored for India despite being dropped four times in the field . With India slumping at 187 / 5 in the 37th over , Suresh Raina ( 36 not out from 39 balls , 3 fours ) shored up the tail as India reached 260 / 9 in 50 overs . All five Indian bowlers ( Zaheer , Munaf , Nehra , Harbhajan and Yuvraj ) took two wickets in the Pakistani reply , as Pakistan fell behind the run rate and were bowled all out for 231 with 1 delivery remaining . Misbah - ul - Haq ( 56 from 76 balls , 5 fours , 1 six ) top scored for Pakistan , but his slow start allowed the required run - rate to balloon beyond Pakistan 's reach . The win ensured that India maintained their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup and set up a final with Sri Lanka at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai on 2 April 2011 . On a batting - friendly pitch , Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat first . Zaheer ( 2 - 60 ) , using the new ball , bowled three maiden overs and took the wicket of Upul Tharanga to leave Sri Lanka at 31 / 1 after 10 overs -- their lowest 10 - over score in the tournament . However , Mahela Jayawardene ( 103 not out from 88 balls , 13 fours ) rebuilt the Sri Lankan innings with a superb century , helped by captain Kumar Sangakkara ( 48 from 67 balls , 5 fours ) . Nuwan Kulasekara ( 32 from 30 balls , 1 four , 1 six ) and Thisara Perera ( 22 from 9 balls , 3 fours , 1 six ) plundered 91 runs from the last 10 overs , lifting Sri Lanka to a formidable total of 274 / 6 after 50 overs . India 's run chase began badly , as Sehwag and Tendulkar were bowled cheaply by Lasith Malinga ( 2 - 42 ) to leave India at 31 / 2 at the 7th over . However , Gambhir ( 97 from 122 balls , 9 fours ) rebuilt the Indian innings with an 83 - run partnership for the third wicket with Kohli ( 35 from 49 balls , 4 fours ) . After Kohli was caught and bowled to leave India at 114 / 3 , Gambhir and Dhoni ( 91 not out from 79 balls , 8 fours , 2 sixes ) scored 109 runs for the fourth wicket , in a vicious attack on the tiring Sri Lankan bowlers . After Gambhir was bowled by Perera , Yuvraj and Dhoni ensured that India would successfully chase Sri Lanka 's score , with Dhoni blasting a massive six off the final delivery . India won the match by six wickets . With the win , India secured their second World Cup , the first since 1983 . It was also the first time that the World Cup was won by the host nation in their own backyard ( Sri Lanka , though co-hosts of the 1996 World Cup , played the final at Lahore in Pakistan ) . Dhoni was named Man of the Match for his blistering innings of 91 . Apart from the win , there were other achievements for India in the tournament. Sachin played his sixth worldcup which is worldrecord . Sachin scored his sixth worldcup century which is world record. He also Tendulkar scored 482 runs , and was the second - highest run scorer in the tournament after Sri Lankan opener Tillakaratne Dilshan , who scored 500 runs . Zaheer took 21 wickets , and was the leading wicket - taker in the World Cup along with Pakistan 's Shahid Afridi . Yuvraj , who scored 362 runs and took 15 wickets , was named Man of the Tournament for his all - round performance . Yuvraj 's performance in particular was very significant as he played the tournament battling germ cell cancer . The Indian Squad that won the 2011 World Cup comprised Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) Virender Sehwag ( vice-captain ) Ashish Nehra Gautam Gambhir Harbhajan Singh Munaf Patel Piyush Chawla Ravichandran Ashwin Sachin Tendulkar Shanthakumaran Sreesanth Suresh Raina Virat Kohli Yusuf Pathan Yuvraj Singh Zaheer Khan India 's record : 7 - 1 and 1 tie ( Champions ) India at the 2015 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Cricket World Cup As the defending champions , India went into the 2015 World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand with high expectations and were billed pre-tournament favourites . Unlike in 2007 and 2011 , this time India went into the World Cup on the back of poor results , with a mediocre Australian tour preceding the event . Despite this , it was expected that India would still do well in the World Cup due to their familiarity with the Australian conditions , having already spent more than 2 months there . The Indian team for the 2015 World Cup comprised only 4 members from the 2011 World Cup - winning squad , which included captain and wicketkeeper Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Virat Kohli , who was now the vice-captain of the side and one of the best batsmen in ODI cricket , Suresh Raina and Ravichandran Ashwin . For the first time since the 1987 World Cup , the Indian World Cup squad was without Sachin Tendulkar , who had retired from all forms of cricket in 2013 , while the other stars of the 2011 World Cup such as Virender Sehwag , Yuvraj Singh , Gautam Gambhir , Harbhajan Singh and Zaheer Khan were dropped due to poor form . Despite the absence of these key performers , the Indian World Cup squad was still a strong side , with a power - packed batting lineup comprising Kohli , Dhoni , Raina , destructive openers Rohit Sharma and Shikhar Dhawan and the stylish middle - order bat Ajinkya Rahane , and a strong bowling attack comprising pacers Mohammed Shami , Umesh Yadav , Mohit Sharma and Bhuvneshwar Kumar , supplemented by the spinners Ashwin and all - rounder Ravindra Jadeja . The 1996 World Cup format , which was also used in 2011 , was used for the last time in the World Cup , as the 2019 World Cup would see the return of the round - robin format last used in 1992 . In the Group Stage , India were placed in Group B with arch - rivals Pakistan , South Africa , the West Indies , minnows Zimbabwe and associates Ireland and the UAE . India 's 2015 World Cup campaign began with a highly anticipated match against Pakistan at Adelaide . Batting first , India lost Rohit ( 15 from 20 balls , 2 fours ) early , but a century from Kohli ( 107 from 126 balls , 8 fours ) along with half - centuries from Raina ( 74 from 56 balls , 5 fours and 3 sixes ) and Dhawan ( 73 from 76 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) looked to steer India to a big total . However , excellent death bowling by the Pakistani bowlers , with fast bowler Sohail Khan ( 5 - 55 ) taking a 5 - wicket haul , restricted India to exactly 300 / 7 , with India losing 5 wickets for just 27 runs . Pakistan 's reply , however , had little effect . Barring captain Misbah - ul - Haq , who scored 76 , the Pakistani batting crumbled against the Indian pace attack , with Shami taking 4 / 35 , and crashed to 224 all out . India won the match by 76 runs , their biggest win against Pakistan in the World Cup by margin of runs , and as a result , once again maintained their all - win record over their arch - rivals in the World Cup . India next played South Africa at Melbourne , which was another highly anticipated match , in front of a packed crowd comprising mostly Indian supporters . Once again India batted first . Though India lost Rohit early for a duck , they recovered from the early setback thanks to a brilliant century from Dhawan ( 137 from 146 balls , 16 fours and 2 sixes ) and a classy half - century from Rahane ( 79 from 60 balls , 7 fours and 3 sixes ) . However , the lower middle - order then crumbled due to good death bowling from the South African pace attack , with India losing 5 wickets for just 31 runs to finish their innings at 307 / 7 . In the chase , despite losing the openers Hashim Amla and Quinton de Kock early , South Africa were going steady at 108 / 3 , with Faf du Plessis scoring a half - century . But the Indian bowlers led by Ashwin ( 3 / 41 ) then struck back as the Proteas lost their last 7 wickets for 69 runs to be bowled all out for 177 , India winning by 130 runs . It was the first time that India defeated South Africa in the World Cup , having lost to them in 3 previous Cup encounters in 1992 , 1999 and 2011 and was the heaviest defeat for South Africa in the Cricket World Cup . India ended their Australian leg of the Group stage with back - to - back victories against the UAE and the West Indies at Perth . Ashwin once again starred with the ball in the match against the UAE with his 4 / 25 as the minnows crashed to 102 all out , which was the lowest score ever registered by a team against India in the World Cup , following which an attacking half - century from Rohit ( 57 not out from 55 balls , 10 fours and 1 six ) ensured that India won the match by 9 wickets , a facile victory which was achieved even before the floodlights could be turned on at the WACA Ground . The match against the West Indies was a low - scoring thriller . Bowling first on a typical fast and bouncy Perth wicket , India restricted the West Indies to 182 all out , with Shami taking 3 / 35 . In reply , the Indian top - order were unable to successfully negotiate the West Indian fast bowling attack of Kemar Roach , Jerome Taylor and Andre Russell and were soon struggling at 107 / 5 , before Dhoni ( 45 not out from 56 balls , 3 fours and 1 six ) took India to victory by 4 wickets . The win against the Caribbeans ensured India 's passage into the quarterfinals . India travelled to New Zealand to play their remaining Group matches . Their first match in New Zealand in this World Cup was against Ireland at Hamilton . Batting first on a perfect batting track , the Irish captain William Porterfield and middle - order batsman Niall O'Brien gave a massive scare to India as they scored half - centuries to propel Ireland to a formidable 206 / 3 in the 39th over , with the probability of them achieving a 300 + score high . However , Shami ( 3 / 41 ) and Ashwin ( 2 / 38 ) then triggered a collapse , with the Irish losing their last 7 wickets for just 53 runs to collapse to 259 all out . In reply , India were untroubled by the Irish bowling , with a blistering century from Dhawan ( 100 from 85 balls , 11 fours and 5 sixes ) , his second in the tournament , along with a half - century from Rohit ( 64 from 66 balls , 3 fours and 3 sixes ) reducing the match to a no - contest as India scaled down the required target with 13 overs and 8 wickets to spare . India topped Group B with 1 match remaining due to the win . India 's last match in the Group stage was against Zimbabwe at Auckland , a dead rubber since India had already topped Group B and Zimbabwe were no longer in contention for the quarterfinals with just a single win in this World Cup until this match . However , the match proved to be a thriller . Bowling first , the Indian pace attack struck early to leave Zimbabwe tottering at 33 / 3 . But Zimbabwean skipper Brendan Taylor , who was playing his last match for Zimbabwe , scored a belligerent 138 , toying with the spinners . With the support of Sean Williams , who scored 50 , and then Craig Ervine , Taylor brought Zimbabwe to a solid position of 235 / 5 in the 42nd over after which he departed . A 300 + score was imminent at the time , but good death bowling from the Indian fast bowlers comprising Yadav ( 3 / 43 ) as well as Shami and Mohit , who both took identical figures of 3 / 48 , saw Zimbabwe lose their last 5 wickets for 52 runs to be bowled all out for 287 . India 's reply began shakily , with a 2 - wicket maiden over from Tinashe Panyangara accounting for both openers Rohit ( 16 from 21 balls , 2 fours ) and Dhawan ( 4 from 20 balls , 1 four ) early in the innings . Due to good bowling and fielding from the Zimbabweans , the defending champions were soon struggling at 92 / 4 in the 23rd over and an upset win by Zimbabwe seemed likely . But Raina ( 110 not out from 104 balls , 9 fours and 4 sixes ) scored a breathtaking century under pressure . Though he began his innings scratchily , struggling against the short ball , he soon developed confidence and hammered the Zimbabwean bowling with the support of Dhoni ( 85 not out from 76 balls , 8 fours and 2 sixes ) , who secured yet another victory in the World Cup for India in his trademark style by hitting a sixer with just 6 runs to win in the 49th over . India finished the Group stage with an all - win record . India returned to Australia to play the knockout matches . In the quarterfinals , India played Bangladesh at Melbourne , which they won comfortably by 109 runs . India , batting first , scored 302 / 6 , thanks to an attacking century from Rohit ( 137 from 126 balls , 14 fours and 3 sixes ) , who dominated the Bangladeshi bowling with support from Raina ( 65 from 57 balls , 7 fours and 1 six ) . The duo shared a partnership of 122 runs for the 4th wicket . Then the Indian pacers , led by Yadav ( 4 / 31 ) and Shami ( 2 / 37 ) , never allowed the Bangladeshi batsmen to settle down as they were bowled all out for 193 . The match became controversial due to an erroneous umpiring decision involving Rohit . During the 40th over , Rohit , who was batting on 90 , pulled a full toss bowled by Bangladeshi bowler Rubel Hossain and was caught at square - leg . However , the umpire Aleem Dar thought that the ball was above waist height and declared it a no - ball , meaning that Rohit was not out . Replays showed that the ball was waist height , and therefore a legal delivery . This decision led to an uproar in Bangladesh , with irate Bangladeshi fans burning effigies of Dar in protest . Even the ICC President Mustafa Kamal , who hails from Bangladesh , and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina opposed the controversial decision . Nevertheless , this incident did not remove the shine from India 's clinical victory , which brought them to the semifinals , where they played co-hosts Australia at Sydney . India lost the toss and were made to bowl first on a perfect batting pitch . Australia recovered from the early loss of opener David Warner due to a brilliant century from vice-captain Steve Smith . Supported by a half - century from opener Aaron Finch , the duo put on 182 runs for the 2nd wicket . However , after that the Australian innings wobbled due to good bowling from Yadav ( 4 / 72 ) , who achieved a second consecutive 4 - wicket haul and provided the important breakthroughs , but due to a late blitz by fast bowler Mitchell Johnson , who scored 27 not out from just 14 balls , the Australians finished their innings at 328 / 7 . A score of 329 , though a huge one , was considered gettable taking into account the strength of the Indian batting lineup . The Indians started the chase well with an opening stand of 76 between Rohit ( 34 from 48 balls , 1 four and 2 sixes ) and Dhawan ( 45 from 41 balls , 6 fours and 1 six ) . But following the dismissal of Dhawan , the rest of the Indian batsmen succumbed to a combined effort from the Australian pace attack . A slow 70 run stand between Rahane ( 44 from 68 balls , 2 fours ) and Dhoni ( 65 from 65 balls , 3 fours and 2 sixes ) for the 5th wicket only delayed the inevitable as India crashed to 233 all out in the 47th over , losing the match by 95 runs and ending their title defence . It was the second time since 1987 that India failed to defend their World Cup title . Although India could not successfully defend their World Cup title , several positives emerged from the tournament from an Indian point of view . For the first time ever in a Cricket World Cup , India finished the Group stage unbeaten , with their only loss in the tournament coming against the eventual champions Australia in the semifinal . They achieved 11 consecutive World Cup match victories starting from 2011 during the tournament , which is just below the Cup record of 25 wins in a row , held by Australia . Barring the semifinal , the Indian team bowled out the opposition in every match , a remarkable feat for a bowling attack traditionally considered to be weaker than the batting . With 412 runs from 8 matches including 2 centuries , opener Dhawan was the fifth highest run scorer of the tournament , while the fast bowlers Yadav and Shami bagged the third and fourth spots respectively among the tournament 's leading bowlers with 18 and 17 wickets respectively . Skipper and wicketkeeper Dhoni effected 15 dismissals in the Cup , coming second among the leading wicketkeepers in the tournament . The Indian Squad that made the semifinals of the 2015 World Cup comprised Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) Virat Kohli ( vice-captain ) Ajinkya Rahane Ambati Rayudu ( reserve wicketkeeper ) Axar Patel Bhuvneshwar Kumar Mohammed Shami Mohit Sharma Ravichandran Ashwin Ravindra Jadeja Rohit Sharma Shikhar Dhawan Stuart Binny Suresh Raina Umesh Yadav India 's record : 7 - 1 ( Semifinalists ) Australia 's record : 8 - 1 ( Champions ) Team records ( edit ) Highest innings totals ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Season 413 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) v Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 373 -- 6 ( 50 overs ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 370 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) † v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 338 ( 49.5 overs ) † v England Bangalore 2011 Lowest completed innings ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Season 125 ( 41.4 overs ) v Australia Centurion 2003 158 ( 37.5 overs ) v Australia Nottingham 182 ( 55.5 overs ) † v New Zealand Leeds 1979 183 ( 54.4 overs ) † v West Indies Lord 's 185 ( 43.3 overs ) v Sri Lanka Port of Spain 2007 Best innings figures ( edit ) Bowling figures Player Match Venue Date 6 -- 23 ( 10 overs ) Ashish Nehra v England Durban 2003 5 -- 27 ( 9.3 overs ) Venkatesh Prasad v Pakistan Manchester 1999 5 -- 31 ( 9.3 overs ) Robin Singh v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 5 -- 31 ( 10 overs ) Yuvraj Singh v Ireland Bangalore 2011 5 -- 43 ( 12 overs ) Kapil Dev v Australia Nottingham Last updated : 3 February 2015 Highest partnerships ( edit ) Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 318 ( 2nd wicket ) Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 244 ( 2nd wicket ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 152 ) & Sourav Ganguly ( 111 ) v Namibia Pietermaritzburg 2003 237 * ( 3rd wicket ) Rahul Dravid ( 104 * ) & Sachin Tendulkar ( 140 * ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 203 ( 3rd wicket ) Virender Sehwag ( 175 ) & Virat Kohli ( 100 ) v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 202 ( 2nd wicket ) Sourav Ganguly & Virender Sehwag ( 115 ) v Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 Last updated : 24 February 2015 Highest partnership for each wicket ( edit ) Wicket Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 1st 172 Rohit Sharma ( 64 ) & Shikhar Dhawan ( 100 ) v Ireland Hamilton 2015 2nd 318 Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 3rd 237 * Rahul Dravid ( 104 * ) & Sachin Tendulkar ( 140 * ) v Kenya Bristol 1999 4th 142 Navjot Singh Sidhu ( 80 ) & Vinod Kambli ( 106 ) v Zimbabwe Kanpur 5th 196 * Suresh Raina ( 110 * ) & Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( 85 * ) v Zimbabwe Auckland 2015 6th 74 * Suresh Raina & Yuvraj Singh v Australia Ahmedabad 2011 7th 58 Kapil Dev ( 175 * ) & Madan Lal ( 17 ) v Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 8th 82 * Kapil Dev & Kiran More v New Zealand Bangalore 9th 126 * Kapil Dev ( 175 * ) & Syed Kirmani ( 24 * ) v Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 10th 32 Zaheer Khan & Munaf Patel v Bangladesh Port of Spain 2007 Last updated : 12 March 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` India vs Australia , 2nd Quarter - Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , 2nd Semi-Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Sri Lanka , Final ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 ICC World Cup Batting Statistics '' . Cricket Archives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 ICC World Cup Bowling Statistics '' . Cricket Archives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Yuvraj Singh Named Man of the Tournament '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs UAE , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ `` India vs West Indies , group stage match ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . Cricket Archives . Jump up ^ Ashwin , Dhawan make it nine in a row Jump up ^ Raina , Dhoni ensure clean slate Jump up ^ Responsible Rohit sees off Bangladesh threat Jump up ^ Smith ton sets up trans - Tasman finale Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national cricket team matches in the World Cup . Team India at Cricket World Cup and World T20 Countries at the Cricket World Cup Team appearances Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates Africa East Africa Kenya Namibia South Africa Zimbabwe America Bermuda Canada West Indies East Asia - Pacific Australia New Zealand Europe England Ireland Netherlands Scotland Full Member Test playing Countries Associate Member Countries Country no longer exists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=858109865 '' Categories : India in international cricket History of the Cricket World Cup Indian cricket lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2018 , at 03 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	india won its first cricket world cup fill in the blanks	[]	[]
73298798333783882	Geographical centre of Earth	Geographical centre of Earth - wikipedia Geographical centre of Earth Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One calculation of the geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth , lower Egypt . The geographical centre of Earth is the geometric centre of all land surfaces on Earth . In a more strict definition , it is the superficial barycenter of the mass distribution produced by treating each continent or island as a region of a thin shell of uniform density and approximating the geoid with a sphere . The centre is inside Earth but can be projected to the closest point on the surface . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of geo - centroid calculation 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History of geo - Centroid calculation ( edit ) In 1864 , Charles Piazzi Smyth , Astronomer Royal for Scotland , gave in his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid the coordinates with 30 ° 00 ′ N 31 ° 00 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 31.000 ° E / 30.000 ; 31.000 ( Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth ( Smyth 1864 ) ) , the location of the Great Pyramid of Giza . In addition , in October of that year , Smyth proposed to position the prime meridian at the longitude of the Great Pyramid because there it would `` pass over more land than any other '' . He also argued the cultural significance of the location and its vicinity to Jerusalem . The expert committee deciding the issue , however , voted for Greenwich because `` so many ships used the port of London '' . Referring to Smyth 's book , Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard wrote in his 1884 book , The imaginary metrological system of the Great pyramid of Gizeh , that the perfect location of the Great Pyramid along the longitudinal line could only have been purposefully done by its builders . In the September 1919 issue of Trestle Board Magazine , Mason William Galliher stated that knowledge of the Great Pyramid being the geographical centre was `` determined by many years of scientific investigation '' and that the Great Pyramid was likely to be the `` last of the present land surface of the earth '' to survive a cataclysmic event , due to its positioning . In 1973 , Andrew J. Woods , a physicist with Gulf Energy & Environmental Systems in San Diego , used a digital global map and calculated the coordinates on a mainframe system as 39 ° 00 ′ N 34 ° 00 ′ E / 39.000 ° N 34.000 ° E / 39.000 ; 34.000 ( Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth ( Woods 1973 ) ) , in modern Turkey , 1,000 km north of Giza In 2007 , Susan Wise Bauer claimed in her book Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome , that the theory that the Great Pyramid was the geographical centre of Earth would only hold true if a Mercator projection is used as the map for Earth , which was `` unlikely to have been a common practice of the ancient Egyptians '' . See also ( edit ) Land and water hemispheres References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Isenberg , Holger . `` Giza , Center of Earth ( page 3 of 10 ) '' . mars-news.de . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Charles Piazzi ( 1864 ) . Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid . London : W. Isbister & Co. pp. V , 55,460 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Colin ; Rand Flem - Ath ( 2002 ) . The Atlantis Blueprint : Unlocking The Ancient Mysteries Of A Long - Lost Civilization . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 63 -- 64 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Frederick Augustus Porter ( 1884 ) . The imaginary metrological system of the Great pyramid of Gizeh . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 12 -- 13 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ William Galliher ( September 1919 ) . `` The Riddle of Cheops Pyramid '' . Trestle Board Magazine . Kessinger Publishing . 33 ( 3 ) : 9 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woods , Andrew J. ( 1973 ) . The Center of the Earth . I.C.R. Technical Monographs. 3 . London : I.C.R. Jump up ^ Bauer , Susan Wise ( 2007 ) . The History of the Ancient World : From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 86 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Huber , W ( Jan 17 , 2014 ) . `` What is Centroid of all lands of Earth ? '' ( Where is the center of continental land area ) . Stack Exchange . GIS . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographical_centre_of_Earth&oldid=808742435 '' Categories : Geographical centres Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 21 : 37 . About Wikipedia	which area is the center of the earth	[]	[]
4803144194574208895	Dorsalis pedis artery	Dorsalis pedis artery - wikipedia Dorsalis pedis artery Jump to : navigation , search Dorsalis pedis artery Anterior tibial artery , dorsalis pedis artery and the muscles and bones of the leg ( anterior view ) . Details Source anterior tibial artery Branches First dorsal metatarsal artery and Deep plantar artery Supplies dorsal surface of the foot Identifiers Latin arteria dorsalis pedis Dorlands / Elsevier a_61 / 12154185 TA A12. 2.16. 048 FMA 43915 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In human anatomy , the dorsalis pedis artery ( dorsal artery of foot ) , is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot . It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery . It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space , where it divides into two branches , the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery . The dorsalis pedis communicates with the plantar blood supply of the foot through the deep plantar artery . Along its course , it is accompanied by a deep vein , the dorsalis pedis vein . Palpation of the dorsalis pedis artery pulse ( edit ) The dorsalis pedis artery pulse can be palpated readily lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon ( or medially to the extensor digitorum longus tendon ) on the dorsal surface of the foot , distal to the dorsal most prominence of the navicular bone which serves as a reliable landmark for palpation . It is often examined , by physicians , when assessing whether a given patient has peripheral vascular disease . It is absent , unilaterally or bilaterally , in 2 -- 3 % of young healthy individuals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mowlavi , A ; Whiteman , J ; Wilhelmi , BJ ; Neumeister , MW ; McLafferty , R ( 2002 ) . `` Dorsalis pedis arterial pulse : palpation using a bony landmark '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 78 ( 926 ) : 746 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / pmj. 78.926. 746 . PMC 1757948 . PMID 12509693 . Jump up ^ Robertson , GS ; Ristic , CD ; Bullen , BR ( 1990 ) . `` The incidence of congenitally absent foot pulses '' . Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England . 72 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 100 . PMC 2499134 . PMID 2185683 . External links ( edit ) Gray 's s157 - `` The Arteries of the Lower Extremity '' Gray 's s160 - `` Dorsalis pedis artery '' Gray 's s95 - `` Ankle joint '' Anatomy figure : 12 : 04 - 19 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Arteries of the lower extremity shown in association with major landmarks . '' Image at umich.edu http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_17/17-3.HTM Arteries of the human leg Inferior epigastric cremasteric ♂ / round ligament ♀ Deep circumflex iliac no major branches Femoral In femoral canal superficial epigastric superficial circumflex iliac superficial external pudendal deep external pudendal ( anterior scrotal ♂ Descending genicular saphenous branch articular branches Profunda femoris medial circumflex femoral ascending descending superficial deep acetabular lateral circumflex femoral descending transverse ascending perforating Cruciate anastomosis Trochanteric anastomosis Popliteal Genicular superior genicular ( medial , lateral ) middle genicular inferior genicular ( medial , lateral ) Sural no major branches Anterior tibial tibial recurrent posterior anterior ) anterior malleolar medial lateral dorsalis pedis : tarsal ( medial , lateral ) Tibial - fibular ( Tibial - peroneal ) trunk Posterior tibial circumflex fibular medial plantar lateral plantar fibular ( peroneal ) Arches arcuate dorsal metatarsal first dorsal metatarsal deep plantar dorsal digital arteries plantar arch plantar metatarsal common plantar digital proper plantar digital Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorsalis_pedis_artery&oldid=806619220 '' Categories : Arteries of the lower limb Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do you find the dorsalis pedis pulse	[ "In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. The dorsalis pedis communicates with the plantar blood supply of the foot through the deep plantar artery." ]	[ "dorsal surface of the foot" ]
-2674218148248207125	Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4)	Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) - Wikipedia Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) Wizards of Waverly Place season four cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 27 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) -- January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes The fourth and final season of Wizards of Waverly Place aired on Disney Channel from November 12 , 2010 to January 6 , 2012 . The Russo children , Alex ( Selena Gomez ) , Justin ( David Henrie ) , and Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) continue to compete to become the leading wizard in their magical family and begin to make difficult decisions about their futures . Maria Canals Barrera and David DeLuise co-star as their parents and Jennifer Stone co-stars as Alex 's best friend , Harper Finkle . This is the second season of the series to be broadcast in high - definition . Contents 1 Opening sequence 2 Synopsis 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Opening sequence ( edit ) Season 4 of the series features a revamped opening sequence with clips from past seasons . The opening sequence takes place in the wizard lair at the Russo home . Footage of Alex ( Selena Gomez ) and Justin Russo ( David Henrie ) is shown in the Crystal replay ball from the season premiere `` Alex Tells the World '' . Then , a spell book opens and footage of Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) and Harper Finkle ( Jennifer Stone ) appear . After that , footage of Theresa ( Maria Canals Barrera ) and Jerry Russo ( David DeLuise ) are shown in a cauldron . After the footage is played , Alex transports them to Times Square , with Alex waving her wand to reveal the title logo and the name of the creator . The theme song Everything Is Not What It Seems has also been remixed and sung by Selena Gomez for the fourth season of the show . Synopsis ( edit ) Alex and Justin are sent back to level one in the wizard competition after `` exposing '' wizardry in `` Alex Tells the World '' , leaving Max as the most expected to become the family wizard . In `` Alex Gives Up '' , Alex quits the competition , but eventually decides to stay in the competition in `` Journey to the Center of Mason '' to be with Mason . Before then , Harper tries to get Alex to enjoy life without wizardry . Meanwhile , Justin tries to tutor a class of delinquent wizards . In the episode , `` Three Maxes and a Little Lady '' , Alex and Justin accidentally turn Max into a little girl , Maxine , portrayed by Bailee Madison . She ends up making Alex jealous when their father prefers Maxine over Alex . Maxine remains until `` Back to Max '' . In the episode `` Everything 's Rosie for Justin '' , Justin falls in love with Rosie , a guardian angel , but at the end of `` Dancing with Angels '' she becomes an Angel of Darkness . In `` Zeke Finds Out '' , the Russos finally reveal to Zeke that they are wizards . In `` Wizard of the Year '' , Alex is crowned Wizard of the Year for saving the world from the angels of darkness , and is reinstated in the Wizards Competition . In `` Justin 's Back In '' , Justin is reinstated in the Wizard Competition , after his class of delinquent wizards passes . Meanwhile , Alex 's relationship with Mason is jeopardized again when a beast tamer , Chase Riprock , falls in love with Alex and Mason gets jealous . This results in Alex breaking up with Mason . Alex , Justin and Max then save the world from being destroyed by an asteroid . Later , Alex and Harper move into an apartment building with a secret 13th floor for wizards and other creatures in the wizard world . However , it turns out to be a trap made by Gorog to capture the wizards who live in the same floor to make them join the dark side and rule the wizard world . He is defeated and destroyed by Alex , Justin and Max who were using the Power of Three . During this , Alex and Mason get back together and , after a long time , Justin finally gets back together with Juliet . Finally , in the hour - long series finale , Alex , Justin , and Max compete in the family wizard competition . Alex wins and gains full wizardry ; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin . Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore . The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy . Guest stars and recurring cast include : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Greybeck , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , David Barrera as Carlos Cucuy , Samantha Boscarino as Lisa Cucuy , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen , Daniel Samonas as Dean Moriarty , Bailee Madison as Maxine Russo , Shane Harper as Fidel , Dan Benson as Zeke Beakerman , John Rubinstein as Gorog , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Leven Rambin as Rosie , China Anne McClain as Tina , Kari Wahlgren as Helen , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Jackie Evancho as Herself , McKaley Miller as Talia , Valente Rodriguez as Muy Macho , and Nick Roux as Chase Riprock . Cast ( edit ) Selena Gomez as Alex Russo David Henrie as Justin Russo Jake T. Austin as Max Russo Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo David DeLuise as Jerry Russo Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes This season consists of 27 episodes . Wizards of Waverly Place Season 4 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Alex Tells the World '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 401 4.1 The Russos and Mason finally make it back home , but their wizard powers are still gone . While the family wants to stay quiet , Alex believes that they should take action , so she reveals that they are wizards to reporters and tells them that a group of wizards are being held captive by the government . As she urges them to spread the word , Professor Crumbs appears and tells her that everything that had happened was a test that she failed miserably and orders her to Wizard Court for exposing wizardry to the world . Justin is also ordered to attend because he exposed magic to Agent Lamwood , who was a creation from Professor Crumbs ' mind . The judges rule Alex and Justin guilty , and Professor Crumbs sentences them both to be demoted to level one in the Family Wizard Competition , making them behind Max by two levels . Meanwhile , Max sets up traps in the Sub Station for the `` government '' , but ends up falling for one of them . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs 81 `` Alex Gives Up '' Victor Gonzalez Todd J. Greenwald November 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 27 ) 402 N / A Alex decides to give up the wizard competition to spend more time with Mason and thinks that it does not matter since Max is all the way in the lead , but Chancellor Tootietootie tells Alex that non-wizards and werewolves can not date , because the werewolf always eats the human . Max 's picture on the front of Future Wizards magazine attracts the daughter of a family of Cucuys ( mythical Latino monster ) and they invite him to a dinner party on their yacht . Alex comes up with a scheme to invite Chancellor Tootietootie to the Cucuy party in hopes of getting him to appeal the law against werewolves and mortals dating . Lisa Cucuy finds out that Mason is a werewolf and decides that she wants him instead of Max . Alex gets jealous when Lisa flirts with Mason , so Alex says embarrassing things about Mason to everyone on the yacht so that he will be mad enough to turn into a werewolf . Carlos and Julie Cucuy jump off the boat as Cucuys are scared of werewolves . Jerry jumps off after them . Alex tells Lisa that she can get off the boat the easy way or her way . Once Lisa jumps off the boat , Chancellor Tootietootie says that their case will not be appealed as by Mason turning into a werewolf proved his point that they are dangerous . In the end , Alex and Mason have to break up to be friends and Harper finishes writing her first novel based on the werewolf - wizard relationship . Jerry tries to get Harper to help him out of the water but accidentally grabs her just finished novel , which causes him to fall back into the water . Meanwhile , Justin tutors a class of delinquent wizards in an attempt to gain a level to re-enter the Wizard Competition . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Frank Pacheco as Felix , David Barrera as Carlos Cucuy , Roxana Brusso as Julie Cucuy , Samantha Boscarino as Lisa Cucuy , Kari Wahlgren as Helen 82 `` Lucky Charmed '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 403 3.0 Harper tries teaching Alex how to live without magic , but the strain of taking responsibility for her actions instead of using magic causes a disagreement between the two best friends when Alex gets in big trouble for crashing Mr. Laritate 's car . As punishment , Alex has to clean the school 's garbage cans . Mr. Laritate forgives Alex after seeing how the crash influenced her , and Alex realizes that she will be okay without magic . Wanting to thank Harper , Alex uses Mr. Laritate 's lucky life - saving hula girl figurine , Leilani , for luck , as Mr. Laritate does . During Harper 's driving test , Alex turns into the hula girl and guides Harper through the test , knowing that she might fail . In the end , Harper passes her test . Meanwhile , Jerry wants to pass on the wizard family robe to Max , but Justin has a hard time letting go of it . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Julio Oscar Mechoso as DMV Instructor Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 83 `` Journey to the Center of Mason '' Robbie Countryman Peter Dirksen December 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) 404 N / A After she finds out that she will lose her powers , Alex can no longer date Mason , so they decide to try being best friends instead . After watching a film at the theaters , Harper , Alex , and Mason go home , Dean , who was Alex 's Ex-Boyfriend comes and asks Alex to get back together with him . Mason gets jealous . When Dean brings a gift for Alex , Mason then asks what Alex 's relationship is with Dean , and Max tells him that Dean and Alex used to date , making Mason more jealous . Mason then turns into a werewolf and eats Dean . Alex , Justin , and Max come up with a solution to turn Justin 's toy Captain Jim Bob submarine big and go in it . They then shrink it and go into Mason 's mouth . While there , Alex , Max , and Justin see Mason 's thoughts , which are all of Alex . They get Dean out , and Alex , when Harper , Max , and Justin leave , Alex tells Dean that he was knocked out and the doctor 's solution was for them all to dress up as cows . Dean then gives her his offer once again : he wants to get back with her . Alex tells him ' no ' , and then gets back together with Mason , with deciding to get back to the Wizard Competition . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Daniel Samonas as Dean , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Shoshana Bush as Tyler 84 5 `` Three Maxes and a Little Lady '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 405 4.0 Alex joins Justin 's wizard class to try to move up in the competition . Max joins a sophisticated wizard society . They suggest he move the wizard competition up and he moves it to a few days away . Max quits the society because he finds out that they are taking advantage of him . Alex and Justin transform into Max in an attempt to change the date of the family wizard competition back to its original date and succeed . In the end of the episode they accidentally turn Max indefinitely into a little girl . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Kari Wahlgren as Helen , Shane Harper as Fidel Note : Bailee Madison begins her recurring role as Maxine , the female Max in this episode . Jake T. Austin was absent in four other episodes and returns at the end of the tenth episode `` Back to Max '' . 85 6 `` Daddy 's Little Girl '' Robbie Countryman Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 406 3.4 With Max still a little girl , their parents pay more attention to Max ( Maxine ) , and Alex becomes jealous . Justin takes Maxine to her ( Max 's ) karate class and Maxine kicks Justin 's butt . After the class , Alex decides to make Jerry 's favorite sandwich in order to win his love back , but Maxine comes along with Justin , announcing that she beat Justin in karate , and Jerry immediately falls for her cuteness again . More jealous than ever , Alex comes back with Justin to Maxine 's karate class with their parents , having a slight idea of knowing how to change Maxine back to Max . They cast spells on Maxine , Justin using the spell he used on Max that turned him into Maxine , and Alex using the reverse spell . Unfortunately , it only makes Maxine cuter , which makes her furious . Instead of going against the person she was supposed to , she demands that she kicks either Alex or Justin 's butt . Justin goes against her , but seeing that he would lose , Alex casts a spell on Justin to make him a karate master . Too fast for Maxine , Justin beats her , and Maxine is hurt ( physically ) . Jerry and Theresa rush to her side , caring for Maxine more than they care that Justin beat Maxine in karate . Justin leaves , and Alex leaves after him , heartbroken . Back at home , Jerry tells Alex that he fell for Maxine because she reminded him of Alex when she was little and they bond again . Meanwhile , Zeke thinks the Russos hate him , but really it was just Harper 's alibi in order to keep him away from the Sub Station so as not to make him suspicious about Max 's disappearance and Maxine 's appearance . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Dan Benson as Zeke , Lanny Joon as Sensei Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 86 7 `` Everything 's Rosie for Justin '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 407 3.9 Justin and his delinquent class have a wizard wand dance assessment to do which will get them back in Wiztech . A new student named Rosie joins , whom Justin falls madly in love with to later find out that she is an Angel . Meanwhile , Jerry , Teresa , and Harper try to think of ideas of how to get more people to come to their restaurant . Harper makes cards which customers get hole punched each time they buy a sandwich ; when you get 9 hole punches , they get a free sandwich . Contrary to the original purpose , one man punches his own card , demands a free sandwich , and then brings dozens of people into the restaurant , who also have pre-punched cards . Maxine uses her charming cuteness to convince the customers to not exploit her parents . Meanwhile , Justin kicks Rosie out of his class so that it does not fail the wizard dance assessment . Sympathizing , Alex gets Rosie to rejoin the class and puts a copycat spell on her so that Rosie can mimic Alex 's move and pass the class . The assessment ends in disaster when a squirrel - frog attaches itself to Alex 's foot , and Rosie reveals herself to be an angel . The class fails , but Justin starts dating Rosie . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Leven Rambin as Rosie , Diane Delano as Penny , Chris Coppola as Customer , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 87 8 `` Dancing with Angels '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 408 4.5 Justin and Rosie start dating but when their date gets ruined , they want a second date . Alex suggests an Angel Club in Los Angeles , but Rosie says that only Angels are allowed . Maxine will not tell their parents as long as Alex brings her back an Ozzy Osbourne stone . After Justin , Harper and Alex sneak in along with Rosie , Zeedrik asks them if they are angels and they say they are . Back at the sub shop , Theresa and Jerry question Maxine to find out where Justin , Alex and Harper are , and Maxine does not say , so they force her to join a Pageant in order for her to tell them where they are . Things get bad at the angel club when Alex and Harper can not fly , until Justin secretly pulls out his wand and gives Harper flying powers . Zeedrik still questions them by giving them a test to sing while playing the harp . Though Alex , Justin , and Harper fail to do so , they are accepted as `` angels '' until the key - chain of Ozzy Osbourne 's star reverts to normal . Zeedrik believes they are really angels of darkness , causing everyone in the club to run off , even Rosie . Rosie comes back at the end of the episode to comfort Justin , but when they both look over the city , Rosie 's wings are shown to be black , the color of an angel of darkness ' wings , but Justin does not see because he is looking forward . Meanwhile , Maxine ends up winning the beauty pageant , making Jerry and Theresa celebrate . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Leven Rambin as Rosie , Ransford Doherty as Zeedrik Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 88 9 `` Wizards vs. Angels '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 409 -- 410 5.1 Rosie is an Angel of Darkness , and has been tricking Justin all along to make him evil . Alex finds out , with the help of Tina ( a guardian angel in training trying to earn her wings ) that Rosie is an Angel of Darkness . Justin crosses over to the dark side with Rosie , steals the `` moral compass '' , and gives it to Gorog , so Gorog can turn the compass from good to bad , so that the world will be covered in darkness and every human being will be corrupted . Rosie tries to get Justin to run away and save him , because Gorog wants to destroy him , but Justin refuses to leave , stating that he is no longer a wizard but an Angel of Darkness and breaks his wand in halves . Alex tries to convince Justin that he is a wizard , a good wizard and not an Angel of Darkness . Meanwhile , Maxine is enrolled in Tribeca Prep , since she is participating in a `` cousin exchange program . '' After her first day of school , Maxine laments that she has no friends , which leads Harper to insist Maxine have a slumber party ( which is really what Harper wants because she has never had a slumber party ) , that eventually becomes a disaster . Tina reveals that Rosie was a good angel , and her teacher however , Gorog reached her before her transport arrived and corrupted her . Alex and Tina go to the Dark Realm to save Justin . Alex borrows a pair of wings from the guardian angels . Alex takes the Moral Compass and tries to turn it to good but Justin stops her and then Rosie used her good angel side and they fly up and when they land , Justin turns the compass to good . Tina and Alex take it and run . When Rosie and Justin kiss , Rosie turns into a good angel ( with white wings ) , and Justin loses the dark wings . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Bailee Madison as Maxine , Leven Rambin as Rosie , John Rubinstein as Gorog , China McClain as Tina , Amy Tolsky as Florence Note : This is a one - hour special . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 89 10 `` Back To Max '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 411 3.7 Justin invites Professor Crumbs to check on his delinquent wizards class , to see how their wizard training is progressing . During the conversation , Maxine interrupts , causing Alex and Justin to panic since they do not know how to explain `` Maxine '' , and they try to find a way to turn Maxine back to Max . Meanwhile , Harper takes a role in the school 's `` Spirit of America '' play , only to be replaced by Maxine . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Bailee Madison as Maxine , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis , LJ Benet as Little Crumbs , Jackie Evancho as Choir Girl Note : Jake T. Austin returns as Max near the end of the episode . Bailee Madison marks her final appearance as Maxine in this episode . 90 11 `` Zeke Finds Out '' David DeLuise Peter Dirksen April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 412 3.0 When Alex gets bored of Zeke 's failing magic tricks , she decides to use magic to make Zeke 's tricks come true . Everything goes downhill when Zeke tells Harper he believes he is a wizard and is now booking a magic act at the sub station for a kid 's birthday party . Since Justin and Harper are tired of Alex ruining things all the time , they decide to leave everything up to her . Harper , not wanting to let Zeke make a fool of himself , tells Alex to tell Zeke the truth about wizards , but she is reluctant to , as exposing wizardry to another mortal could get her kicked out of the wizard competition forever if anyone finds out . Zeke goes on with his belief that he is a `` wizard '' , but he finds out Harper is keeping a secret from him so he breaks up with her . Alex realizes what a mess she created and on the day of Zeke 's magic act , she makes Harper disappear before she can expose wizardry to Zeke , which freaks him out . The Russos really are in deep waters when Zeke is going to saw Max in half with a real saw for his next act , so Justin takes matters into his own hands and freezes everyone except for himself and Zeke . Justin tells Zeke that he is a wizard , not Zeke , and that he did everything . Still not believing him , he flashes Zeke into their lair and unveils the secret to him . They go back outside and tell Harper and Alex who are fighting , that Zeke now knows about the existence of wizards , but he promises he will never tell anyone . Zeke and Harper reconcile their relationship and Alex and Harper apologize and make up with each other . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Maurice G. Smith as Big Mitch Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 91 12 `` Magic Unmasked '' David DeLuise Justin Varava May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) 413 2.7 When a former legendary Luchador `` Muy Macho '' visits the Sub Station , Alex finds out that she was the reason why he quit lucha libre ( wrestling ) , so she tries to make it up to him by arranging a lucha libre match with him and Jerry to restore his honor . Meanwhile , Zeke asks too many questions about wizardry , so Justin offers to grant him one magical wish if he promised he would stop questioning him about magic . Unfortunately , Zeke 's wish is to defeat Muy Macho in the match . Max pretends to like Talia 's hobbies , but does not enjoy them . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Valente Rodriguez as Muy Macho , McKaley Miller as Talia 92 13 `` Meet the Werewolves '' Victor Gonzalez David Henrie June 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) 415 4.0 When Alex asks Mason if she can meet his parents , Mason shows his fake parents and she finds out soon after . She gets upset at Mason and demands him to take her to his real parents . Mason takes her to the Autumn Moon Feast ( werewolf holiday ) to meet his parents . Soon after that Alex finds out he told his parents that she is a werewolf and is frustrated . She uses a spell to change herself and Harper into werewolves . She tries to be the worst werewolf possible in front of Mason 's parents during the feast . In the end Mason 's parents like her as a werewolf and she says to him that they do not know the real her . She begins to leave and he says that he truly loves Alex to his parents and that she is a wizard . She changes back to a wizard and Mason turns back to human form . After the parents find out they try to eat her and Mason and Alex make a near escape . Meanwhile Max makes his parents ' food taste like kid food in order to make it taste good . Afterwards Jerry and Theresa eat it , and as a result they act like little kids . Justin thinks he will have to fix it but Max comments on how he does not need help , as he will be the future family wizard . Max uses another spell on cookies to make them older , but they turn into teenagers . Finally , Justin uses a spell on a pizza to turn them back into their regular selves . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Harry Van Gorkum as Grant Greybeck , Robin Riker as Linda Greybeck , Marianne Muellerleile as Molly , Eric Zuckerman as Bill 93 14 `` Beast Tamer '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein June 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) 416 4.0 When Alex , Justin and Max win four tickets to the `` Beast Bowl '' , the tickets are delivered by Beast Tamer Chase Riprock , who begins flirting with Alex and invites the group for a pre-bowl tour . Alex invites Mason to go with them but he says he can not . During the tour , despite Chase 's warnings , Justin attempts to tame the beast so that Max can have his photo taken with the beast , but both are caught and banned from the event . Chase tries to kiss Alex but she rejects him and returns to the mortal world where she finds Mason coming out a hardware store . Mason is evasive about his plans , which involve making an anniversary present for Alex , so Alex returns to the Beast Bowl. Harper tells Mason that Chase likes Alex and urges him to surprise her with the gift at the Beast Bowl . Meanwhile , Justin and Max return to the Beast Bowl disguised as beast taming clowns where they allow the beast to escape and snatch Alex who throws the whip to Chase . Chase tames the beast who drops Alex and Mason is able to reveal his gift , which is a sculpture of himself and Alex. Alex and Mason leave together , with the sculpture . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Nick Roux as Chase Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 94 15 `` Wizard of the Year '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman July 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 08 ) 417 3.6 Alex has been crowned Wizard of the Year after saving the world from dark angels , as well as being reinstated in the Wizard Competition , and a banquet honoring her achievement is hosted . With paparazzi in tow , Chase Riprock visits the lair to congratulate Alex . As he leaves , Keith Keith hounds them about being in a romantic relationship , to which Alex states she already has a boyfriend . Later , Mason and Alex watch his gossip segment , and to their horror , Keith Keith confirms that Chase and Alex are dating . For Alex winning Wizard of the Year , the Russo family must record a holographic video congratulating Alex . However , much to Justin 's displeasure , Justin 's video instead only contains him complaining about Alex . The night of the awards banquet , Mason stands Alex up , leaving her devastated . At the banquet , Chancellor TootieTootie tells Justin that his display of affection and pride for Alex may reinstate him into the competition , causing Justin to be frantic and do everything within his power to destroy the tape . Chase purposely invites himself to sit at the Russo 's table . However , Mason shows up late and sees Alex and Chase flirting together . A short battle ensues between Mason and Chase . Alex soon breaks up the fight , and is forced to choose either Mason or Chase . Appalled by both of their behaviors that evening , Alex chooses neither and breaks up with Mason . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Nick Roux as Chase , Justin Guarini as Keith Keith 95 16 `` Misfortune at the Beach '' Jody Margolin Hahn Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 420 3.5 The Russos head to the beach on an extremely hot day , and Harper hopes to enjoy reading her book while at the beach . The Russos come across Zelzar , a fortune - telling machine . Jerry warns the kids about Zelzar -- he is from the wizard world , and a wizard 's fortune really comes true . After Max and Justin receive good fortunes , Alex decides to get a fortune despite her father 's warning . However , her fortune says , `` Say good - bye to your life . '' Alex thinks nothing of it and proceeds to enjoy the day at the beach , but comes close to life - threatening situations multiple times . Alex , Justin , Max , and Harper make a compromise with Zelzar -- if they can extract him from the machine and let him enjoy a day at the beach , he will take back Alex 's fortune . Max replaces Zelzar , and Justin is forced to drive the beach - goers away from the machine ( as Max gives out silly fortunes about his new facial hair ) ; meanwhile , the girls help Zelzar fancy his day at the beach . In the end , Zelzar reveals that while he can not take away Alex 's fortune , he can give it to the next person . The next person happens to be a little girl , who gets Alex 's fortune . However , it is revealed that a man from Random Prize Giveaway shows up , saying : `` Say good - bye to your life because we 're randomly giving you one million dollars ! '' Guest stars : Michael Carbonaro as Zelzar , John J. York as Game Show Host 96 17 `` Wizards vs. Asteroid '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen August 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) 418 3.6 When it is announced that a huge asteroid is hurtling towards the earth , the Russos decide to hide in the wizard world , but Alex , Justin , and Max change their minds and go into space to destroy the asteroid . Meanwhile , Alex finds out that she is not graduating high school , but when a small part of the asteroid hits the school , she gets a chance to graduate . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Kristina Hayes as Reporter 97 18 `` Justin 's Back In '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald August 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) 419 3.2 Justin 's class of delinquent wizards has completed their studies , which means they are eligible to rejoin WizTech if they all pass their final evaluation . When they all fail , Alex suspects something is not right . The truth soon uncovered -- the class had actually passed , but the historian who checked the exams was revealed to be evil , and had lied about the exam scores . He tries to attack Justin 's class , so Justin must stop the historian , and save Alex. but one of the students in the class is able to stop him by pulling the most powerful wand in the wizard world out of a crystal ball and using it . This means that he is actually the descendant of a famous wizard who had previously been thought to have no living descendants . Justin 's class is revealed to have passed the final exam , so they are readmitted into WizTech and Justin is officially back in the family wizard competition . Meanwhile , Jerry and Theresa realize that they never saved any of Max 's childhood accomplishments , so they try to recreate them with the help of Harper . During the credits , it is revealed that Max had kept his favorite memories all along . Special guest star : Tim Conway as Cragmont Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis 98 19 `` Alex the Puppetmaster '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 421 3.0 Alex and Harper decide to do a puppet show to raise money for a new apartment and Zeke and Justin help them . But Alex forgets to write the lines for the show . Harper gets mad and decides to do a show of her own and makes her puppets act like the way Alex treats her . Alex makes Justin and Zeke puppets for her show and steals Harper 's crowd which makes Harper upset . Then Alex apologizes to Harper using the puppets . Meanwhile , Talia 's parents meet Theresa and Jerry for the first time , but it does not go well . Justin puts a spell on Talia 's parents to forget they ever meet Theresa and Jerry . They meet again , but this time they end up watching a 16 - hour play together . Special guest star : Joely Fisher as Meg Robinson Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , James Urbaniak as Rob Robinson , McKaley Miller as Talia 99 20 `` My Two Harpers '' Victor Gonzalez Manny Basanese September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 422 3.0 Harper and Zeke spend so much time together that Alex decides to make a Harper - clone . Justin comes with lots of different ideas to save money in the sub-shop and Max starts a fast - food restaurant in the wizard world . Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 100 21 `` Wizards of Apartment 13B '' Guy Distad Justin Varava October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 423 3.5 Alex and Harper receive a flyer for a hotel . They meet the hotel 's owner , Dexter , who sells them Apartment 13B , which belongs to a floor for non-humans . They rent it , but Harper is forced to use a training wand that can only open things . Later at their apartment , they realize Mason lives on the floor . Mason will stop at nothing to win Alex back ; Alex tells him she does not want a boyfriend , but Mason is relentless . That night , Alex and Harper throw a party , where the whole floor comes , including Felix . Mason goes to the party and uses Harper 's wand to open Alex 's heart . However , she flirts with an ugly giant . Mason tries again , but makes Alex opens her heart to Felix . Meanwhile , Theresa and Jerry trick Justin into going to Alex 's apartment to drive him out of the house . When Justin arrives , he fixes Mason 's mistakes by resetting Harper 's wand and it is revealed that despite his actions , he misses Alex. Alex , freed from Mason 's spell , is angry at Mason , and Mason , deflated , leaves . Outside their door , Dexter turns into Gorog when no one is looking . He wants revenge . Max appears in the apartment , and when Harper and Alex kick him out , he encounters Gorog , who gives him a flyer for a free camp . Max accepts . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : John Rubinstein as Gorog , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre Note : This is part 1 of a 4 - part arc and also the 100th episode . 101 22 `` Ghost Roommate '' David DeLuise Richard Goodman October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 424 4.1 Alex and Harper have trouble paying the apartment bills , so Dexter recommends getting a roommate . Alex and Harper find a wealthy ghost named Lucy , who they let move in . Meanwhile , Justin orders a robot to help Zeke at the sub station , as Justin is busy studying for the wizard competition . The robot is lost in transit , but Dexter ( Gorog in disguise ) makes an evil robot to spy on Justin to pass information to Gorog . While Zeke and the robot are working , the robot asks him about Justin and the wizard competition , which confuses Zeke because no one had talked about it in front of the robot . Later that night , Lucy starts crying and explains that her boyfriend Donny had disappeared sixty years prior in a plane accident . Alex tries to set Lucy up with Justin , but he makes matters worse . Later , Lucy meets Mason and they go out on a long date , which makes Alex jealous . Meanwhile , the robot again asks Zeke about the wizard world and Zeke realizes that the robot might have a secret agenda . He tells Justin , who simply does not believe him and is ignorant of the situation because of his intensive studying . Because of her jealousy , Alex helps Lucy locate Donny , who had been stranded on an island in the Bermuda Triangle . They soon reconnect , but not after Alex realizes that she can not get back home , due to heavy magnetic currents interfering with her magic . Mason goes to save Alex after he finds out that she had left for the Bermuda Triangle . The robot attacks Justin and Zeke after they find him scanning the spell book . Mason and Alex manage to get off of the island using the Bermuda shorts given to them by Justin . The robot is shown giving Gorog the spell he needed that he got from the Russos . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Linsey Godfrey as Lucy , Travis Caldwell as Donny , Michael Carbonaro as Robot Note : This is part 2 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 102 23 `` Get Along , Little Zombie '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) 425 3.4 Alex and Harper are going to their apartment when they run into Mr. Laritate , who also lives in the hotel . Felix tells Justin he broke his wand and Justin informs him that it 's fake , because he saw batteries in it . He concludes that someone stole Felix 's wand . Dexter is showing a zombie to the hall for magical creatures while he introduces them to Alex and Harper . Mason , who will stubbornly not stop asking Alex on a date , meets them in the elevator . When Alex ignores him , Mason messes with the buttons so he can spend more time with her and they land on the second floor . Justin tells Jerry that Felix lost his wand and Jerry tells them to use the abracadoobler wand app and Felix realizes that his wand is around the area . Meanwhile , because Mason messed with the buttons , all the humans have discovered the mysterious thirteenth floor . Alex lies and tells the humans that they accidentally got into a secret open house floor for the people in the hotel . Mr. Laritate , after all the other humans left , discovers the thirteenth floor too and sees Alex , Harper , and Mason . Mr. Laritate sees the zombie , Alex explains this is a haunted house , but Mr. Laritate does not believe them . The zombie bites Mr. Laritate and turns him into a zombie . They take him to their apartment while Alex looks for a spell to turn Mr. Laritate human again . Mr. Laritate runs away and Alex , Harper , and Mason suspect he went to the substation . Professor Crumbs questions Felix , who reveals the 13th floor to them , and Crumbs denies the existence of a `` 13th floor '' , so they go to investigate . At Waverly Place they 're throwing a festival while Alex tells Jerry what happened . Alex and Mason , trying to sneak the zombie into the substation , are forced into dance . They then , after Harper causes a distraction , take Laritate to the substation and give him a medicine from the wizard world that turns Laritate human . He remembers nothing and goes outside to dance . Alex kisses him on the cheek , and Mason suggests they just be friends . Alex gets back together with Mason . Crumbs tells Felix the floor should not exist . Harper , Mason , and Alex return to the thirteenth floor . Justin tells them that the floor does not exist . Crumbs thinks that there is evil going on . Dexter then comes with dark angel wings and it is revealed he stole Felix 's wand . Dexter tricks Felix into turning to the dark side in return for the wand . Felix casts a spell that traps them all on the floor . Back at Waverly Place , Mr. Laritate is dancing while Jerry is selling chili , when Mr. Laritate gets one and gets water to get `` the burn '' out of his mouth . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Regan Burns as Everett , Jane Carr as Martha St. Claire Note : This is part 3 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 103 24 `` Wizards vs. Everything '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 426 3.4 The wizards of 13th floor come out and Alex explains Dexter 's evil . Dexter reveals himself as Gorog , and that he is trying to rebuild his army of darkness . Felix uses a spell that makes all the wizards from the 13th floor go with them , so they can make them all evil , all except Alex , Justin , and Harper , who are left behind . A trashcan tells them to go through it , however Alex ends up in the room again . Justin realizes only mortals can go through it . Alex convinces Harper into going through it , Harper then arrives in the wizard lair . Gorog takes the kidnapped wizards to his evil lair , where he plans to make them evil . He tricks Hugh Normous into becoming one of the evil wizards in his army . Professor Crumbs fakes becoming evil when Gorog plans on making him evil . Harper contacts Max and tells him about Gorog . Max arrives and suggests they look for spells in the wizard books . Gorog makes the wizard army to dig a hole to the atmosphere to the wizard world , so they can take over it . Gorog also tries to trick Mason into being one of the members in his army , but Mason refuses . Gorog tricks him into joining , however . Gorog then makes Felix send a black whole to suck Alex and Justin in it . Gorog gives the kidnapped wizards their wands so they can take over the wizard world , but Crumbs refuses to let them . Felix then gets rid of Crumbs on Gorog 's order . The black hole nearly sucks Alex and Justin when Crumbs arrives at the wizard lair . Max suggests they put a black hole in the wizard lair . Max goes in and rescues Alex and Justin . Crumbs tells them to use their magic to stop Gorog . They arrive at Gorog 's lair and attempt to destroy him , but Mason tries to convince Alex to join them . Gorog also reveals Juliet ( young again ) , Justin 's ex-girlfriend , and she convinces Justin to join . Alex also surrenders , and Max is forced to as well , the three then use their combined magic to get rid of Gorog , and all the supernatural beings are freed from his influence . Juliet and Justin get back together . Alex tricks Harper into moving in the Russos ' basement by making her think all the wizards and supernatural creatures , with no home , are going to stay . Special guest stars : Gregg Sulkin as Mason , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , John Rubinstein as Gorog , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre Note : This is part 4 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 104 25 `` Rock Around the Clock '' Guy Distad Robert Boesel November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 414 3.8 The current landlord of the Russo 's building decides to sell the sub shop , evicting the Russos of the shop , as well as their apartment and lair , which contains their portal . Without the portal , the Russos will lose all contact with the Wizard world . So , the entire family ( along with Harper ) travel back to 1957 to stop Jerry 's father ( the previous owner of the shop ) from selling the shop to the landlord , so that they do not get evicted . Jerry 's father agrees not to sell the shop , and the Russos return to present day . However , they accidentally leave Harper behind when Harper is distracted by a woman with a poodle , and Harper suggests that the woman should put a picture of a poodle on her skirt , creating a poodle skirt , which were popular in the 1950s . Back in present day , the Russos ( who have not yet realized Harper 's absence ) find the sub shop obsolete , boarded up , and empty , with the subway car and the lair missing , too . The Russos realized that they have messed with the fabric of time , and something they did while time - traveling in 1957 must have created a ripple effect , and affected present day . While Alex suggests that they go back to 1957 to find out what they did wrong , Justin denies this , saying they should not solve the problem by doing exactly what caused the problem , however Theresa states that they will have to go back , when she realizes that they left Harper in 1957 . The Russos return to 1957 , where Jerry 's father reveals that he did not sell the restaurant to the landlord , however the restaurant failed to make enough business , and that he has been forced to close it . Justin realizes that when Jerry 's father lost the restaurant , he moved out of the building and since their family no longer lived in the building , the lair disappeared in present day . The Russos decide just to find Harper and go back to present day , and discover that Harper enrolled at Tribeca Prep as soon as they forgot her in 1957 , as Harper did not want to ruin her perfect attendance record . Justin , Alex , and Max go to Tribeca Prep to retrieve Harper , while Jerry and Theresa wait at the sub shop , however Harper decides to stay in the past , as she finds new popularity in 1957 that she does not experience in present day . While at Tribeca , Max introduces the high - five to several students . Alex realizes that if they make the sub shop the 1957 high school hangout , the sub shop will get better business and will not have to close . However , no one has any fun at the sub shop that night as the jukebox is broken . Just as everyone is about to leave , Max plugs his MP3 player into the jukebox and Harper uses her popularity to get the students dancing and having fun at the shop , and the business at the sub shop peaks . The Russos return to the present day , where the lair and the sub shop are back , and Jerry owns the entire building , while the landlord is now the owner of a Janitor service , instead of the building , and the high - five is now called a `` Max '' . Alex then remembers that they forgot Harper back in 1957 and they go back and get her . ( the Russos accidentally end up in 1977 twice in the episode , thanks to Justin ) Guest stars : Brendan Bradley as Hank , Carlo Michael Mancini as Lenny Hune 105 26 `` Harperella '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman & Justin Varava November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 427 3.5 The episode begins on Waverly Place where Harper is reading a storybook to a group of children when Alex pushes her away . Alex explains that it 's a Wizard Storybook , a magical storybook that has the power of turning what the person reads real . Then Harper is teleported into the loft where Theresa , her evil ( or `` wicked '' as she referred ) stepmother calls her Harperella ( a combination of Harper and Cinderella ) and forces her to do the chores . Then her evil stepbrothers , Justin and Max come down and give her laundry to her wash . Later Harper is washing the Waverly Substation when Alex appears , as she is Harper 's fairy godmother . Alex explains to Harper that the fairy tale has to run as it 's supposed to before things can go back to the way they were and then vanishes . Then Max comes in and says that the prince charming has decided to use the Substation to be the ballroom for the royal party . Harper says that she can go to the party but her stepfamily laughs at her . Back in the loft Harper summons Alex , she uses a spell to transform Harper 's bookdress into a princess gown and glass bowls into glass slippers . They go down ( through the door ) into the street and Alex turns the hot dog stand into a carriage to take Harper to the party . There she dances with prince charming , Zeke . At the stroke of midnight she goes outside leaving her glass slipper behind . Then , to both girls ' shock , Justin , Max and Zeke ( with pig noses ) rush inside the substation being chased by the big , bad wolf , Mason . Alex realizes that some pages are missing and Cinderella and three little pigs stories were blended together . The pig - turned boys and Harper rush into the loft being chased by Mason . While Alex finds the pages Harper has to keep Mason from eating Zeke ( who built the straw house ) , Alex eventually finds the book pages in a drawer along with other book pages . Alex tries a page from Max 's favourite magic trick book then David Copperfield comes into the room and does some magic tricks which impresses Harper . But another page that Alex tried was from Justin 's science book and a caveman appeared , but the caveman has a thing for Harper . So when Harper is impressed by the magic trick he is jealous and tries to attack David Copperfield . Alex finds the right pages and the story goes back to Cinderella . Zeke Charming comes in and Theresa tries to wear the slipper but fails . Then Harper tries it and fits . She and Zeke go back to the royal party where they dance and then the story ends and the world is returned to its normality . Last but not least , Harper was back in the real world and she lived happily ever after . Finally , Alex planned that Harper and Zeke dance because they were great when they danced in romance , so they practiced but they were really bad . The ball dance is turned into a clogging dance . Special guest stars : David Copperfield as himself , Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 106 27 `` Who Will Be the Family Wizard '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio ( Part 1 ) Todd J. Greenwald ( Part 2 ) January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 428 -- 429 9.8 During a dinner that Alex made for the family , Professor Crumbs visits to reveal that with this selfless act , the Russo children can finally have their family wizard competition . Round one of the competition is a trivia round , in which questions related to magic are asked . During this round , Harper and Zeke appear . Zeke has accidentally smelled a purple substance in the lair that caused him to turn purple . This causes a griffin to kidnap him and Harper . Alex , Justin and Max use their three time - outs to go and rescue their friends . They make it back , only to discover that they have been gone too long and have been disqualified from the competition . They all return home , where the lair disappears and they all lose their magic , thus becoming mortals . Justin and Max begin to hate Alex because of her insistence on saving Zeke and Harper resulting in them losing . Convinced that the loss of their powers has ruined the family , Jerry decides to sell the sub shop . The kids go for a day without magic , during which , slowly gaining back trust in each other as they reopen and run the shop . Suddenly , they are returned to the area of the Wizard Competition , where the host reveals that the griffin attack ( which was actually meant for Professor Crumbs ) and the weeks they went without magic were tests to test their family bond . They enter the final round of the competition , a massive labyrinth . The first out of the maze will win . Justin makes it out first and is declared the Family Wizard . However , he decides he can not accept this because Alex was about to get out first : Justin had been trapped by magical vines and Alex , near the exit , came back to help . Alex is thus declared the true family wizard . Professor Crumbs , proud of Justin 's integrity in telling the truth , declares that he is going to retire as Headmaster of Wiz - Tech and declares Justin the new headmaster , granting him full wizard powers . Considering Max is the only Russo child that does not get powers or becomes a full wizard , Jerry thus decides to one day pass down the sub shop to Max , which he happily accepts . It ends with the Russo family hugging and gathering together with Alex stating that they are all finally happy at the same time . Special guest stars : Gregg Sulkin as Mason , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie Note : This is an hour long special . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- wizards of waverly place on disney '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Rises + Friday Night Smackdown ! , Avalon High , NBA , Wizards of Waverly & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Leads Night , Plus ' Conspiracy Theory , ' ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Alaska , Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly , Merlin and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Merlin ' Dethrones ' Camelot ' ; Plus ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Say Yes To The Dress ' and More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : Thunder / Grizzlies Leads Night + ' American Restoration , ' ' Friday Night Smackdown ! ' and More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' American Restoration ' Leads Primetime Originals , ' Smackdown ' Dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BET Awards , ' ' True Blood , ' NASCAR ' and ' Burn Notice ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : More ' Torchwood : Miracle Day , ' + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' The Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Up , Tops Night ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady + ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Tops Night ; Hurricane Irene Boosts Weather Channel + ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Friday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Primetime ; ' Smackdown ' Falls ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary ' Premiere ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : NLCS Leads Night Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Make Your Mark , ' ' Jessie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Smackdown ! ' Ties ' SpongeBob ; ' Plus ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss , ' ' House Of Payne ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/31/friday-cable-ratings-discoverys-gold-rush-tops-cable-friday-night-smackdown-sancturary-boss-more/109085/ Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel and Disney Junior January 2012 Highlights '' . Disney Channel Media Net . January 4 , 2012 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Wizards of Waverly Place Finale , ' ' Gold Rush ' Lead + ' Jessie , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- wizards of waverly place on disney '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . `` Wizards of Waverly Place Season 4 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . `` Wizards of Waverly Place : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) List of Wizards of Waverly Place season 4 episodes at TV.com Wizards of Waverly Place Characters Alex Russo Episodes Seasons : ( 1 4 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Soundtrack Video game Spellbound Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizards_of_Waverly_Place_(season_4)&oldid=853369804 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Wizards of Waverly Place Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 08 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who gets the powers wizards of waverly place	[ "Finally, in the hour-long series finale, Alex, Justin, and Max compete in the family wizard competition. Alex wins and gains full wizardry; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin. Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore. The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy.\n" ]	[ "Alex" ]
6900662953695403491	Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire?	Who Wants to Marry a multi-millionaire ? - Wikipedia Who Wants to Marry a multi-millionaire ? Jump to : navigation , search Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire ? Genre Reality Created by Mike Fleiss Written by Jonathan Bourne Directed by Don Weiner Presented by Jay Thomas Narrated by Mark Thompson Composer ( s ) John Carta Danny Lux Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes Production Executive producer ( s ) Mike Fleiss , Don Weiner Producer ( s ) Chris Briggs Location ( s ) Las Vegas , Nevada Running time 120 minutes Release Original network FOX Original release February 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 15 ) Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire ? Is a Fox network reality show in which a multi-millionaire named Rick Rockwell married the contest winner , Darva Conger , on television . The show was aired as a single two - hour broadcast on February 15 , 2000 , and was hosted by Jay Thomas . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked it number 25 on its TV Guide 's 50 Worst TV Shows of All Time list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Controversy 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The special was structured as a beauty pageant - like competition in which 50 women ( one from each U.S. state ) competed to be the bride of an unknown multi-millionaire , whom they did not see except in silhouette . The competition included a swimwear portion and a question - and - answer portion . The millionaire , ultimately revealed as Rick Rockwell , selected Darva Conger of California and married her on the spot . In addition to the television wedding , Conger also received a three - carat ( 600 - mg ) diamond ring and more than $100,000 in prizes . More than 22 million people viewed the show 's broadcast . The special 's name was a parody of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , the popular game show that was airing on competing network ABC at the time . Controversy ( edit ) Despite the program 's high ratings , it was harshly condemned as exploitative . Both the liberal - leaning National Organization for Women and the conservative - leaning Media Research Center denounced the show . Shortly after the program aired , questions were also raised as to whether Rockwell was actually a multi-millionaire . Fox stated that Rockwell had $750,000 in liquid assets and a net worth just more than $2 million . But Rockwell 's ordinary - looking home , which had a discarded toilet in the backyard , did not burnish his image . Several of his other claims were called into question . For instance , Rockwell claimed to have given up his career as a comedian in 1990 in order to become a motivational speaker . However , he 'd performed at a comedy club as late as 1998 , and several organizations where he claimed to have spoken said they 'd never hired him . Then , on February 19 , The Smoking Gun discovered that one of Rockwell 's former girlfriends , Debbie Goyne , had filed a restraining order against him for domestic violence in 1991 . Goyne claimed that Rockwell assaulted her and stalked her when she tried to break off their engagement . It was later discovered that Rockwell was not his original last name . He was born Richard Balkey in Pittsburgh on October 26 , 1957 . Conger quickly expressed regret for taking part in the show . After returning from their honeymoon in Barbados , she told Good Morning America , `` I am not married to him . In my heart I 'm not married to him . '' Conger said that the marriage was not consummated , and they stayed in separate cabins during their honeymoon . After the honeymoon , Conger sought an annulment and later sold the engagement ring and other prizes she won on the show on an online auction site . The annulment was finalized on April 5 , 2000 . Due to the controversy , Fox canceled a scheduled repeat airing of the show and future installments . The network also swore off similar programming in the future . Fox Entertainment chairman Sandy Grushow said that as lucrative as programs of this nature had been for the network , it could not reap any long - term benefit from them . An internal probe by Fox found there was no negligence on the part of either the network or producer Next Entertainment . It determined that the private investigators hired by Next would not have found the restraining order because the Fair Credit Reporting Act bars consumer reporting agencies from reporting information going further than seven years except for criminal convictions . Aftermath ( edit ) After the show aired , Conger made numerous public comments about how she was offended by Rockwell 's kissing her on stage , that they never consummated their marriage , and how the entire episode went against her set of morals . She posed nude for Playboy magazine in the August 2000 issue . Matt Lauer was publicly critical of Conger being asked to do multiple interviews on the Today Show ; saying he did n't want her on after the first interview , became incredulous at her claims she did n't want to be well - known , and making sarcastic comments in the second interview where he pointedly said `` You 're not coming back , right ? '' and responding to her `` Only if I do something amazing '' response with the notion that he would never talk to her again . Lauer and Jeffrey Zucker agreed she would never be asked back to the Today Show . In February 2001 , Conger and Rockwell appeared on Larry King Live and sparred over comments each of them had made about the other . Conger claimed that she should not have appeared on the program at all , and admitted that she had been overly harsh in her public statements about Rockwell . Conger married physician assistant Jim Arellano in 2003 with whom she had one son , Cassius . They divorced in 2009 and she and her son live in Northern California , where she works as an nurse anesthetist . Rockwell toured the country on a comedy tour he called `` The Annulment Tour , '' and appeared on an episode of The Norm Show . He later appeared as presenter on several aviation computer - based training CD - ROM courses from King Schools . See also ( edit ) Joe Millionaire The Bachelor ( U.S. TV series ) Married at First Sight ( U.S. TV series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 228 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Kyle ( 2000 - 03 - 20 ) . `` TV 's Reality Check '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV 's Millionaire Bride Auctions Prizes for Charity ; Darva Conger Offers Diamond Ring and New Car at BuyBidWin.com '' . Business Wire. 2000 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2000 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Wedding Banned '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( 2000 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Fox Network Will End ' Multimillionaire ' Marriage Specials '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Labi , Nadya ( 2000 - 02 - 27 ) . `` An Online Paper Trail '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ 1991 restraining order obtained by The Smoking Gun Jump up ^ Andrew Heenan . `` Ro - Real Names of Famous Folk - Rok '' . Famousfolk.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who wants to marry a multimillionaire ? Not the bride '' . CBC News . 2000 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` TV bride dumps millionaire husband '' . BBC news . 2000 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 2000 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Probe Absolves ' Multi-Millionaire ? , ' Fox Says '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( 2000 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Matt Lauer is sick of Darva '' . Deseret News . Deseret News Publishing Company . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rose Palazzolo ( 2001 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Darva Conger and Rick Rockwell Reunite '' . abcnews.com . Jump up ^ Norm Clarke ( 2002 - 11 - 24 ) . `` NORM ! : Conger back in Vegas for bachelorette party '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire ? Darva Conger 's Life After Reality TV '' . People Magazine . 2010 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rose Palazzolo ( 2001 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Darva Conger and Rick Rockwell Reunite '' . abcnews.com . External links ( edit ) Darva Conger on IMDb Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire ? on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Marry_a_Multi-Millionaire%3F&oldid=811989971 '' Categories : 2000 American television series debuts 2000 American television series endings 2000s American television series 2000s American television specials American dating and relationship reality television series Fox network shows Wealth in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 06 : 56 . About Wikipedia	who wants to marry a millionaire reality show	[]	[]
-6625228329580716412	2022 FIFA World Cup	2022 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2022 FIFA World Cup This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 August 2018 . 2022 FIFA World Cup كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2022 Kaʾs al - ʿālam li - kurrat al - qadam 2022 Qatar 2022 Bid logo Tournament details Host country Qatar Dates 21 November -- 18 December Teams 32 ( from 5 or 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 8 or 12 ( in 5 or 8 host cities ) ← 2018 2026 → The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022 . This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country . This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan ( the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue , Yekaterinburg ) . In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams , with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament . This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May , June , or July ; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December . It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days , with the final being held on 18 December 2022 , which is also Qatar National Day . Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event . A FIFA internal investigation and report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing , but the chief investigator Michael J. Garcia has since described FIFA 's report on his inquiry as `` materially incomplete and erroneous '' . On 27 May 2015 , Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . On 7 June 2015 , it was announced that Qatar would possibly no longer be eligible to host the event , if evidence of bribery was proven . According to Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit and Compliance Committee : `` Should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar ... came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled . '' Qatar has faced strong criticism due to the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup , with Amnesty International referring to `` forced labour '' and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses , despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014 . On 6 August 2018 , former FIFA president Sepp Blatter claimed that Qatar had used `` black ops '' , suggesting that the bid committee had cheated to win the hosting rights . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Possible expansion 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 4 Venues 5 Schedule 6 Controversies 6.1 Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths 6.2 Move to November and December 6.3 Bidding corruption allegations 7 Sponsorship 8 Broadcasting rights 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid . Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , until Qatar took the 2022 cup . During the bidding process , all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew their 2018 bids , thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the 2022 bid . In the end , there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup : Australia , Japan , Qatar , South Korea and the United States . The twenty - two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes . The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar , which was graded as having `` high operational risk '' , generated criticism from media commentators . It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals . The voting patterns were as follows : 2022 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Australia Eliminated There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA 's executive committee . These allegations are being investigated by FIFA . ( See § Bidding corruption allegations , below . ) Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup -- the next smallest by area is Switzerland , host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup , which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32 . Possible expansion ( edit ) On 12 April 2018 , CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams , four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned . FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request . However , the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48 - team World Cup , and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country . Qualification ( edit ) The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced . All FIFA member associations , of which there are currently 211 , are eligible to enter qualification . Qatar , as hosts , qualified automatically for the tournament . However , Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup . If they reach the final stage , their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval . If the hosts choose not to compete , the next - ranked team will advance instead . For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934 , the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before . The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments , i.e. : CAF ( Africa ) : 5 AFC ( Asia ) : 4.5 ( not including host nation ) UEFA ( Europe ) : 13 CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) : 3.5 OFC ( Oceania ) : 0.5 CONMEBOL ( South America ) : 4.5 The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019 . Qualified teams ( edit ) Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Previous best performance Qatar Host nation 2 December 2010 None ( debut ) -- Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Venues ( edit ) The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010 . The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) , and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure . Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards . The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country . The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials , harmless equipment , and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions . Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System ( GSAS ) for all the world cup stadiums . All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners . Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging , due to concerns about the heat . A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup . However , no specific countries were named in the report . Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA 's executive committee . Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament . According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch , the investment banking division of Bank of America , the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs . Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the twelve originally planned . Although as of April 2017 , FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years ' time , Qatar 's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight . Lusail Al Khor Al Rayyan Al Wakrah Lusail Iconic Stadium Al - Bayt Stadium Ahmed bin Ali Stadium Al Wakrah Stadium Capacity : 86,250 ( under construction ) Capacity : 60,000 ( under construction ) Capacity : 44,740 ( Expanded for World Cup ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Lusail Doha Al - Khor Al - Wakrah Al - Rayyan Cities in Qatar being used Foundation Ras Abu Aboud Khalifa Al Thumama Stadiums in Doha Doha Khalifa International Stadium Qatar Foundation Stadium Ras Abu Aboud Stadium Al Thumama Stadium Capacity : 40,000 ( upgraded ) Capacity : 45,350 ( under construction ) Capacity : 40,000 ( planned ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Schedule ( edit ) The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022 . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event , with regard to interpretations of human rights , particularly worker conditions , the rights of fans in the LGBT community because the status of homosexuality is illegal in Qatar , climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially . Hassan Abdulla al Thawadi , chief executive of the Qatar 2022 World Cup bid , said the Muslim state would also permit alcohol consumption during the event , drinking in public is not permitted as Qatar 's legal system is based on Sharia . The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial ; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to `` buy '' the World Cup , the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups , and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised . The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible , with initial plans for air - conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter . Sepp Blatter , who was FIFA President when Qatar was selected , later remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a `` mistake '' because of the extreme heat . Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths ( edit ) The issue of migrant workers ' rights has also attracted attention , with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water , have their identity papers taken away from them , and that they are not paid on time or at all , making some of them in effect slaves . The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held . These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese workers and over 700 Indian workers have died since 2010 , when Qatar 's bid as World Cup 's host was won , about 250 Indian workers dying each year . Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar , the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths . In the United Kingdom , in any group of half a million 25 - to 30 - year - old men , an average of 300 die each year , a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar . In 2015 , a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country . The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Government of Qatar . The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation 's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real - estate projects related to the World Cup , and the Qatar Government 's counter-claim that none had . The BBC later reported that this often - cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct , and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar , not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup , and not just of construction workers . Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low - skilled jobs ; additionally , they are given preference at the workplace . Michael van Praag , president of Royal Dutch Football Association , requested the FIFA Executive Committee to pressure Qatar over those allegations to ensure better workers ' conditions . He also stated that a new vote on the attribution of the World Cup to Qatar would have to take place if the corruption allegations were to be proved . In March 2016 , Amnesty International accused Qatar of using forced labour and forcing the employees to live in poor conditions and withholding their wages and passports . It accused Fifa of failing to stop the stadium being built on `` human right abuses '' . Migrant workers told Amnesty about verbal abuse and threats they received after complaining about not being paid for up to several months . Nepali workers were even denied leave to visit their family after the 2015 Nepal earthquake . In October 2017 , the International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country . According to the ITUC , the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system , including ending the Al - Kafala system . The ITUC also stated that the agreement would positively affect the general situation of workers , especially of those who work on the 2022 FIFA World Cup infrastructure projects . The workers will no longer need their employer 's permission to leave the country or change their jobs . Move to November and December ( edit ) Owing to the climate in Qatar , concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional timeframe of June and July . In October 2013 , a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . On 24 February 2015 , the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022 , to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April . The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world . Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption , whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be . FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar 's desert state was a `` blatant mistake '' . Frank Lowy , chairman of Football Federation Australia , said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League , they would seek compensation from FIFA . Richard Scudamore , chief executive of the Premier League , stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League 's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme . On 19 March 2015 , FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December . Bidding corruption allegations ( edit ) See also : Garcia Report Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid . A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She retracted her claims , but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials . More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . Five of FIFA 's six primary sponsors , Sony , Adidas , Visa , Hyundai and Coca - Cola , have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims . The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents . Jim Boyce , Vice President of FIFA , has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven . FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing . Despite the claims , the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media . In the 2015 FIFA corruption case , Swiss officials , operating under information from the United States Department of Justice , arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich , Switzerland . They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA 's main headquarters . The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided . The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million ( USD ) corruption and bribery scandal . On 7 June 2015 , Phaedra Almajid , the former media officer for the Qatar bid team , claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup . In an interview published on the same day , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit and Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled . '' Sponsorship ( edit ) FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors Adidas Coca - Cola Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Anheuser - Busch InBev Vivo Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Albania -- RTSH Armenia -- ARMTV Australia -- SBS Austria -- ORF Azerbaijan -- İTV Belarus -- BTRC Belgium -- VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina -- BHRT Brazil -- Rede Globo , SporTV Bulgaria -- BNT Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS Caribbean -- International Media Content , SportsMax China -- CCTV Croatia -- HRT Cyprus -- CyBC Czech Republic -- ČT Estonia -- ERR Europe -- European Broadcasting Union ( 37 countries ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Georgia -- GPB Hungary -- MTVA Iceland -- RÚV Ireland -- RTÉ Israel -- IPBC Latvia -- LTV Lithuania -- LRT Macedonia -- MRT Malta -- PBS Mexico -- Televisa , TV Azteca Moldova -- TRM Montenegro -- RTCG Netherlands -- NOS New Zealand -- Sky Sport Poland -- TVP Portugal -- RTP Romania -- TVR Serbia -- RTS Slovakia -- RTVS Sweden -- SVT , TV4 United Kingdom -- BBC , ITV United States -- Fox Sports , Telemundo Deportes See also ( edit ) 2020s portal Middle East portal 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup 2026 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fifa , Qatar 2022 : Mondiali dal 21 novembre al 18 dicembre '' ( Fifa , Qatar 2022 : World Cup from 21 November to 18 December ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee confirms November / December event period for Qatar 2022 '' . FIFA. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa report ' erroneous ' , says lawyer who investigated corruption claims '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal investigation into 2018 and 2022 World Cup awards opened '' . ESPN FC . ESPN . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland seizes documents at FIFA '' . The Federal Council . The Swiss Government . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups ' -- Fifa official '' . BBC News . 7 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Owen ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty says workers at Qatar World Cup stadium suffer abuse '' . 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter says Qatar cheated to host World Cup '' . 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Future World Cups '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids begin in January 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 '' . 5 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed '' . FIFA. 20 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : meet Amos Adamu and Reynald Temarii , the Fifa pair suspended over corruption '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Blow to Qatar 's 2022 bid as FIFA brands it `` high risk '' `` . Bloomberg. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : ' Political craziness ' favours Qatar 's winning bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar world cup part of FIFA corruption scandal '' . 7 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ; Busfield , Steve ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live ! '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` FIFA President Gianni Infantino open to CONMEBOL 's request to expand Qatar World Cup '' . ESPN . 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA President Gianni Infantino '' . Reuters. 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Dan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Hosts Qatar to compete in qualifying for 2022 World Cup '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , David ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` World Cup failure puts Qatar back in spotlight '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERNATIONAL mATCH CALENDAR 2018 -- 2024 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bidding Nation Qatar 2022 -- Stadiums '' . Qatar2022bid.com . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Football and Sustainability in the Desert , Qatar 2022 Green World Cup 's Stadiums : Legal Perspective '' . European Journal of Social Sciences . p. 475 - 493 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report : Qatar '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : European clubs want spring finals in Qatar '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Qatar neighbors could host 2022 WC games '' . Fox Soccer / AP . 9 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA ' backs ' winter 2022 Qatar cup -- FOOTBALL '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Prince Ali calls for winter WCup in Qatar '' . Yahoo ! Sports / AP . 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : Nine stadiums instead of twelve ? -- '' . Stadiumdb.com. 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Qatar Is in Talks to Reduce World Cup Stadiums , BofA Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Qatar has cut its 2022 World Cup budget almost in half '' . Doha News . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadiums '' . Jump up ^ `` Al Bayt Stadium : A uniquely Qatari stadium , to rival the best in the world '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Rayyan Stadium : The gateway to the desert opens its doors to the world '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Wakrah Stadium : An extraordinary stadium for an adventurous city '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalifa International Stadium : Qatar 's most historic stadium & a crucial player for 2022 '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ras Abu Aboud Stadium : A legacy for the community '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Foundation Stadium : An amazing experience for fans & a bright future for football '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Thuymama Stadium : A tribute to our region '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Michelle . `` Tiny Qatar beats out America for World Cup -- Total Soccer Fútbol Total '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James , Stuart ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : ' Political craziness ' favours Qatar 's winning bid '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Geen , Jessica . `` Gay groups ' anger at ' homophobic ' World Cup hosts Russia and Qatar '' . Pink News . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's World Cup wo n't be gay - friendly '' . news.com.au. 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Still Slaving Away . '' The Economist. 6 June 2015 : 38 -- 39 . Print . Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` New Qatar controversy as World Cup hosts are linked to terrorism '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Beer on Tap for 2022 World Cup '' . Aroundtherings.com. 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 Drinking Laws In Qatar Alcohol Qatar '' . SportsGrid. 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Liquor Licenses in Qatar - Qatar '' . Angloinfo . Angloinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Valcke denies 2022 ' bought ' claim '' . BBC News . 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Robert . `` Qatar World Cup construction ' will leave 4,000 migrant workers dead ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : awarding 2022 World Cup to Qatar was a mistake Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter admits summer World Cup in Qatar mistake -- CBC Sports -- Soccer '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2022 World Cup : Is Qatar doing enough to save migrant workers ' lives ? '' . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` More than 500 Indian workers have died in Qatar since 2012 , figures show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Wesley ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar ? '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Matthew . `` Fifa to investigate arrest of BBC news team in Qatar '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jones , Rory ; Parasie , Nicolas ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Blatter 's Resignation Raises Concerns About Qatar 's FIFA World Cup Prospects '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Rights , Migrant . `` Qatar : No country for migrant men '' . migrant-rights.org . Jump up ^ KNVB leader Michael van Praag to run for FIFA president against Sepp Blatter , ESPN , 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : ' Forced labour ' at World Cup stadium '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup workers ' rights to improve with end of kafala system , claims union '' . The Guardian . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Fifa task force to seek new dates for tournament '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Late - November / late - December proposed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup : Qatar event set for November and December '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Grant ( 18 February 2015 ) , `` Insider notes : Qatar set for winter World Cup , MLS CBA update , more '' , Planet Football , retrieved 19 February 2015 , Multiple sources say it 's a done deal that World Cup 2022 will take place in November and December of 2022 in Qatar . A FIFA task force will ... make that recommendation , and the FIFA Executive Committee is set to make the decision final ... next month . Jump up ^ `` Whether in June or November , Qatar 's World Cup is about death and money '' . The Guardian . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup decision ' a blatant mistake ' -- RTÉ Sport '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Tom ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : Australia wants Fifa compensation for failed bid '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Peck , Tom ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Premier League chief Richard Scudamore threatens to sue over November / December proposal '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2022 one week before Christmas '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh corruption claims over Qatar World Cup bid '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , `` Sorry Soccer '' , 23 May 2011 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ FIFA tight - lipped over whistleblower . Al Jazeera . 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qatar World Cup whistleblower retracts her claims of Fifa bribes . The Guardian . 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Watt , Holly ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 investigation : demands to strip Qatar of World Cup '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : Fifa sponsor demands ' appropriate investigation ' '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Roger ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Big sponsors pile pressure on Fifa over Qatar World Cup '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plot to buy the World Cup '' . The Sunday Times . 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` BBC Sport -- World Cup 2022 : Qatari officials consider legal action '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup bribery accusations denied by Qatar organizers -- World -- CBC News '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Qatar 2022 : Sepp Blatter says corruption claims are racist '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen . `` Sepp Blatter launches broadside against the ' racist ' British media '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Officials Arrested Over Alleged ' Rampant , Systematic ' $150 M Bribery Scheme '' . ABC News . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ( 7 June 2014 ) . `` Fifa corruption whistleblower says Qatar will be stripped of 2022 World Cup '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 '' . FIFA. 21 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Sam ( 22 November 2005 ) . `` Coca - Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 '' . Campaign . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai - Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 '' . FIFA. 24 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA. 7 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mickle , Tripp ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years '' . Sports Business Daily . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser - Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 '' . FIFA. 25 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EBU in European media rights deal with FIFA for 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' ( Press release ) . European Broadcasting Union . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . TSN. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Myers , Sanjay ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SportsMax lands long - term FIFA package '' . Jamaica BServer . Archived from the original on 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA grants media rights in China PR to CCTV until 2022 '' . FIFA. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Barros , Carlos . `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' . RTP.pt . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . '' teraz.sk . Retrieved on 27 January 2018 . `` RTVS získala vysielacie práva na zápasy EURO 2020 a MS 2022 . '' Jump up ^ Ekeliw , Jonathan . `` SVT och TV4 delar på fotbolls - VM till 2022 '' ( in Swedish ) . Aftonbladet.se . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC and ITV win rights to 2018 and 2022 Fifa World Cup finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2022 . FIFA.com 2022 website Qatar 2022 official website 2022 FIFA World Cup General information Qualification Bids Controversies 2015 FIFA corruption case Garcia Report 2022 FIFA World Cup stadiums Al Bayt Stadium ( Al Khor ) Al Rayyan Stadium ( Al Rayyan ) Al Thumama Stadium ( Doha ) Al Wakrah Stadium ( Al Wakrah ) Education City Stadium ( Doha ) Khalifa International Stadium ( Doha ) Iconic Stadium ( Lusail ) Ras Abu Aboud Stadium ( Doha ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854449783 '' Categories : 2022 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup tournaments 2022 in association football 2022 -- 23 in Qatari football International association football competitions hosted by Qatar Scheduled association football competitions November 2022 sports events December 2022 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Articles needing the year an event occurred from July 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 12 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the world cup going to begin	[]	[]
-8725821244924604364	World energy consumption	World energy consumption - Wikipedia World energy consumption Jump to : navigation , search See also : World energy resources and Worldwide energy supply This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) The world 's energy consumption ( 2015 data ) World total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2015 Coal ( 30 % ) Natural Gas ( 24 % ) Hydro ( Renewables ) ( 7 % ) Nuclear ( 4 % ) Oil ( 33 % ) Others ( Renewables ) ( 2 % ) World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization . Typically measured per year , it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity 's endeavours across every single industrial and technological sector , across every country . It does not include energy from food , and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented . Being the power source metric of civilization , World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity 's socio - economic - political sphere . Institutions such as the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and the European Environment Agency ( EEA ) record and publish energy data periodically . Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns , which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions . Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes . Since changes of energy storage over the year are minor , TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy consumption . However , TPES ignores conversion efficiency , overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency ( e.g. coal , gas and nuclear ) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms ( e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity ) . The IEA estimates that , in 2013 , total primary energy supply ( TPES ) was 1.575 × 10 Wh ( = 157.5 PWh , 157,500 TWh , 5.67 × 10 joules , or 13,541 Mtoe ) or about 18 TW - year . From 2000 -- 2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth . The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth , followed by hydropower and renewable energy . Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period . The demand for nuclear energy decreased , in part due to nuclear disasters ( e.g. Three Mile Island 1979 , Chernobyl 1986 , and Fukushima 2011 ) . In 2011 , expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD , or about 10 % of the world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Europe spends close to one - quarter of the world 's energy expenditures , North America close to 20 % , and Japan 6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Energy supply , consumption and electricity 1.2 Electricity generation 1.3 Trends 1.4 Emissions 2 By source 2.1 Fossil fuels 2.1. 1 Coal 2.1. 2 Oil 2.1. 3 Natural Gas 2.2 Nuclear power 2.3 Renewable energy 2.3. 1 Hydro 2.3. 2 Marine energy 2.3. 3 Wind 2.3. 4 Solar 2.3. 5 Geothermal 2.3. 6 Bio energy 3 By country 3.1 Oil 3.2 Coal 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Wind power 4 By sector 4.1 European Union 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Further information : Primary energy and List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production Energy supply , consumption and electricity ( edit ) Key figures ( TWh ) Year Primary energy supply ( TPES ) Final energy consumption Electricity generation Ref 1973 71,013 ( Mtoe 6,106 ) 54,335 ( Mtoe 4,672 ) 6,129 1990 102,569 -- 11,821 -- 2000 117,687 -- 15,395 -- 147,899 ( Mtoe 12,717 ) 100,914 ( Mtoe 8,677 ) 21,431 2011 152,504 ( Mtoe 13,113 ) 103,716 ( Mtoe 8,918 ) 22,126 2012 155,505 ( Mtoe 13,371 ) 104,426 ( Mtoe 8,979 ) 22,668 2013 157,482 ( Mtoe 13,541 ) 108,171 ( Mtoe 9,301 ) 23,322 2014 155,481 ( Mtoe 13,369 ) 109,613 ( Mtoe 9,425 ) 23,816 2015 168,519 ( Mtoe 13,647 ) converted from Mtoe into TWh ( 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh ) and from Quad BTU into TWh ( 1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh ) World total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , or `` primary energy '' differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers . For instance , when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline , so that it can be used in a car , and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers . World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world 's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity . In 2014 , world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt - hour ( TWh ) or 13,541 Mtoe , while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5 % less than the total supply . World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants , asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel . This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh ( 809 Mtoe ) in 2012 . 2014 World electricity generation ( 23,816 TWh ) by source ( IEA , 2016 ) Coal / Peat ( 40.8 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.6 % ) Hydro ( 16.4 % ) Nuclear ( 10.6 % ) Oil ( 4.3 % ) Others ( Renewables ) ( 6.3 % ) The United States Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources . For 2013 , estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 10 joules , or 157,481 TWh . According to the IEA the total world energy consumption in past years was 143,851 TWh in 2008 , 133,602 TWh in 2005 , 117,687 TWh in 2000 , and 102,569 TWh in 1990 . In 2012 approximately 22 % of world energy was consumed in North America , 5 % was consumed South and Central America , 23 % was consumed in Europe and Eurasia , 3 % was consumed in Africa , and 40 % was consumed in the Asia Pacific region . Electricity generation ( edit ) The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in 2013 , 16,503 TWh in 2008 , 15,105 TWh in 2005 , and 12,116 TWh in 2000 . By the end of 2014 , the total installed electricity generating capacity worldwide was nearly 6.142 TW ( million MW ) which only includes generation connected to local electricity grids . In addition there is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed off - grid by isolated villages and industries . In 2014 , the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 40.8 % , natural gas at 21.6 % , nuclear at 10.6 % , hydro at 16.4 % , other sources ( solar , wind , geothermal , biomass , etc . ) at 6.3 % and oil at 4.3 % . Coal and natural gas were the most used energy fuels for generating electricity . The world 's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh in 2012 . This figure is about 18 % smaller than the generated electricity , due to grid losses , storage losses , and self - consumption from power plants ( gross generation ) . Cogeneration ( CHP ) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted for use in buildings or in industrial processes . In 2016 while total world energy came from 80 % fossil fuels , 10 % biofuels , 5 % nuclear and 5 % renewable ( hydro , wind , solar , geothermal ) , only 18 % of that total world energy was in the form of electricity . Most of the other 82 % was used for heat and transportation . Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans , such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive , to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas . One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme 's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources . From 2000 -- 2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history , with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil . During this period , oil , coal , and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy . The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period . Trends ( edit ) World primary energy consumption in quadrillion Btu Energy intensity of different economies : The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries . GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation . GDP and energy consumption in Japan , 1958 -- 2000 : The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use ; however , it also shows that this link can be broken . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan 's GDP continued to grow , after 1985 , under the influence of the then much cheaper oil , energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP . The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2 % in 2011 , after the strong increase of 2010 . The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth . For several years now , the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets , while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies , high oil prices , resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption . According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008 , the average energy use per person increased 10 % while world population increased 27 % . Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008 : the Middle East increased by 170 % , China by 146 % , India by 91 % , Africa by 70 % , Latin America by 66 % , the USA by 20 % , the EU - 27 block by 7 % , and world overall grew by 39 % . In 2008 , total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt - hours ( TWh ) or 474 exajoules ( EJ ) . In 2012 , primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh ( 567 EJ ) . Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5 % in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009 . In 2009 , world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1 % , or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( Mtoe ) , as a result of the financial and economic crisis , which reduced world GDP by 0.6 % in 2009 . This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends : Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries , specifically in Asia ( + 4 % ) . Conversely , in OECD , consumption was severely cut by 4.7 % in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels . In North America , Europe and the CIS , consumptions shrank by 4.5 % , 5 % and 8.5 % respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity . China became the world 's largest energy consumer ( 18 % of the total ) since its consumption surged by 8 % during 2009 ( up from 4 % in 2008 ) . Oil remained the largest energy source ( 33 % ) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time . Coal posted a growing role in the world 's energy consumption : in 2009 , it accounted for 27 % of the total . Most energy is used in the country of origin , since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials . In 2008 , the share export of the total energy production by fuel was : oil 50 % ( 1,952 / 3,941 Mt ) , gas 25 % ( 800 / 3,149 bcm ) and hard coal 14 % ( 793 / 5,845 Mt ) . Most of the world 's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun 's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet . Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy , some is directly or indirectly usable ; for example , via solar PV / thermal , wind , hydro - or wave power . The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter ( see solar constant ) , though it fluctuates by about 6.9 % during the year due to the Earth 's varying distance from the sun . This value , after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth , is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet ; about half , 89,000 TW , reaches the Earth 's surface . The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary , with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 yottajoule ( YJ ) or 4 × 10 joules , and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ . Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable . The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year , though not all of this is available for human consumption . The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and `` credible policy frameworks . '' According to IEA ( 2012 ) the goal of limiting warming to 2 ° C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes . If action is not taken before 2017 , CO emissions would be locked - in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017 . Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix , supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011 , up almost 30 % on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables . Regional energy use ( kWh / capita & TWh ) and growth 1990 -- 2008 ( % ) kWh / capita Population ( million ) Energy use ( 1,000 TWh ) Region 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth USA 89,021 87,216 − 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 % EU - 28 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 % Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 % China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 % Latin America 11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 % Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 % India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 % Others * 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 % The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 % Source : IEA / OECD , Population OECD / World Bank Energy use = kWh / capita * billion capita ( population ) = 1 TWh Others : Mathematically calculated , includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia . The use of energy varies between the `` other countries '' : E.g. in Australia , Japan , or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma . Emissions ( edit ) Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem . Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol , which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts , which a number of nations have signed . Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius , thought to be a risk by the SEI , is now doubtful . To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75 % decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050 , if the population is 10 billion in 2050 . Across 40 years , this averages to a 2 % decrease every year . In 2011 , the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem . Hypothetically , according to Robert Engelman ( Worldwatch institute ) , in order to prevent collapse , human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population ( 2009 ) . Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption . Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides ( SO ) , nitrous oxides ( NO ) , and particulate matter ( PM ) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass ; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution . Biomass combustion is a major contributor . In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion , most biomass has high CO emissions . By source ( edit ) Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) Oil ( 31.3 % ) Coal / Peat / Shale ( 28.6 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.2 % ) Biofuels and waste ( 10.3 % ) Hydro Electricity ( 2.4 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 1.4 % ) Nuclear ( 4.8 % ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fossil fuel The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels . Between 1980 and 2006 , the worldwide annual growth rate was 2 % . According to the US Energy Information Administration 's 2006 estimate , the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 , was divided as given in the table above , with fossil fuels supplying 86 % of the world 's energy : Coal ( edit ) Main articles : Coal and List of countries by coal production In 2000 , China accounted for 28 % of world coal consumption , other Asia consumed 19 % , North America 25 % and the EU 14 % . The single greatest coal - consuming country is China . Its share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and rose to 48 % in 2009 . In contrast to China 's ~ 70 % increase in coal consumption , world coal use increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009 . In practice , the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia . China 's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector , the majority of which comes from coal consumption . World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32 % in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005 , of which over 70 % was in China and 8 % in India . Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt , and 2009 6,903 Mt , equal to 12.7 % production increase in two years . If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008 , proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years . This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe . Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world . According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO emissions from coal . Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1 % of the world coal export in 2011 . China , Japan , South Korea , India and Taiwan had 65 % share of all the world coal import in 2011 . Regional coal supply ( TWh ) , share 2010 ( % ) and share of change 2000 -- 2010 Region 2000 2008 2009 * 2010 * % * Change 2000 -- 2009 * North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16 % − 1.2 % Asia excl . China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19 % 18.9 % China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48 % 85.5 % EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8 % − 3.8 % Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3 % 0.4 % Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3 % − 2.0 % Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4 % 2.2 % Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100 % 47.9 % Source : IEA , * in 2009 , 2010 BP * Change 2000 -- 2009 : Region 's share of the world change + 12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009 Top 10 coal exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Indonesia 162 309 29.7 % 383 Australia 298 285 27.4 % 302 Russia 89 99 9.5 % 103 US 57 85 8.2 % 106 5 Colombia 68 76 7.3 % 82 6 South Africa 68 70 6.7 % 72 7 Kazakhstan 33 34 3.3 % 32 8 Canada 24 24 2.3 % 25 9 Vietnam 21 23 2.2 % 18 10 Mongolia 17 22 2.1 % 22 x Others 19 14 1.3 % Total ( Mt ) 856 1,041 1,168 Top ten 97.8 % 98.7 % Oil ( edit ) Main articles : Petroleum , List of countries by oil production , and List of countries by oil consumption Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century . With the advent of the automobile , aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity , oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century . The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973 . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 , during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel , there was a shift away from oil . Coal , natural gas , and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency . In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon . Japan , which bore the brunt of the oil shocks , made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world . From 1965 to 2008 , the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased . From 2003 to 2008 , coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel . It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present . Natural gas ( edit ) Main articles : Natural Gas , List of countries by natural gas production , and List of countries by natural gas consumption In 2009 , the world use of natural gas grew 31 % compared to 2000 . 66 % of this growth was outside EU , North America , Latin America , and Russia . Others include the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . The gas supply increased also in the previous regions : 8.6 % in the EU and 16 % in the North America 2000 -- 2009 . Regional gas supply ( TWh ) and share 2010 ( % ) Land 2000 2008 2009 % North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27 % Asia excl . China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14 % China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3 % EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16 % Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3 % Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13 % Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23 % Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100 % Source : IEA , in 2009 , 2010 BP Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear Power As of 1 July 2016 , the world had 444 operable grid - electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction . Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s , 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid , although two were connected in 2009 . Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007 , decreasing 1.8 % in 2009 to 2558 TWh , and another 1.6 % in 2011 to 2518 TWh , despite increases in production from most countries worldwide , because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan . Nuclear power met 11.7 % of the world 's electricity demand in 2011 . Source : IEA / OECD Renewable energy ( edit ) Main articles : Renewable energy , List of renewable energy topics by country , and Renewable energy commercialization Strong public support for renewables worldwide in 2011 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas : electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural ( off - grid ) energy services . Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( non-biomass ) , 3.8 % hydro electricity and 2 % electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US $214 billion in 2013 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity , and has capacity factors that range from 11 % for solar , to 40 % for hydropower . Selected renewable energy global indicators 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Investment in new renewable capacity ( annual ) ( 10 USD ) 182 178 237 279 256 232 270 285 Renewables power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 1,140 1,230 1,320 1,360 1,470 1,578 1,712 1,849 Hydropower capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 885 915 945 970 990 1,018 1,055 1,064 Wind power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 121 159 198 238 283 319 370 433 Solar PV capacity ( grid - connected ) ( GWe ) 16 23 40 70 100 138 177 227 Solar hot water capacity ( existing ) ( GWth ) 130 160 185 232 255 373 406 435 Ethanol production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 67 76 86 86 83 87 94 98 Biodiesel production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 12 17.8 18.5 21.4 22.5 26 29.7 30 Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use 79 89 98 118 138 144 164 173 Source : The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ( REN21 ) -- Global Status Report Renewable energy 2000 - 2013 ( TWh ) 2000 2013 North - America 1,973 2,237 2,443 EU 1,204 2,093 2,428 Russia 245 239 271 China 2,613 3,374 3,847 Asia ( - China ) 4,147 4,996 5,361 Africa 2,966 3,930 4,304 Latin America 1 502 2,127 2,242 Other 567 670 738 Total renewable 15,237 19,711 21,685 Total energy 116,958 148,736 157,485 Share 13.0 % 13.3 % 13.8 % Total nonrenewable 101,721 129,025 135,800 From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh . Hydro ( edit ) Main articles : Hydroelectricity and Hydropower Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water . In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6 % of the world 's total electricity and 70 % of all renewable electricity , which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009 . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia - Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 2,600 PJ ( 721 TWh ) of production in 2010 , representing around 17 % of domestic electricity use . There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW : the Three Gorges Dam in China , Itaipu Dam in Brazil , and Guri Dam in Venezuela . Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric , one is wind . Marine energy ( edit ) Main article : Ocean energy Marine energy , also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy ( MHK ) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy , with most projects still in the pilot phase , but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4 -- 18 million tonne of oil equivalent ( toe ) . MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as , wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves , tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas , in - stream turbines in fast - moving rivers , ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents , and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters . Wind ( edit ) Main articles : Wind power and Wind power by country Wind power is growing at the rate of 17 % annually , with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts ( MW ) at the end of 2015 , and is widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration , such as 21 % of stationary electricity production in Denmark , 18 % in Portugal , 16 % in Spain , 14 % in Ireland and 9 % in Germany in 2010 . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis . Continuing strong growth , by 2016 wind generated 3 % of global power annually . Solar ( edit ) Main articles : Solar energy , Solar power , and Solar power by country Solar energy , radiant light and heat from the sun , has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever - evolving technologies . Solar energy technologies include solar heating , solar photovoltaics , concentrated solar power and solar architecture , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces . The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide `` a third of the global final energy demand after 2060 , while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels . '' Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute solar energy . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3 % of global energy . Geothermal ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal energy and Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries . In 2004 , 200 petajoules ( 56 TWh ) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources , and an additional 270 petajoules ( 75 TWh ) of geothermal energy was used directly , mostly for space heating . In 2007 , the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000 ♠ 28 GW of direct heating , including extraction by geothermal heat pumps . Heat pumps are small and widely distributed , so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 GW . Bio energy ( edit ) Main articles : Biomass , Biogas , and Biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel , today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply . Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005 . Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100 % in Germany , Hungary , the Netherlands , Poland , and Spain . A further 220 GW was used for heating ( in 2004 ) , bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW . The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded . World production of bioethanol increased by 8 % in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres ( 8.7 × 10 US gal ) , with most of the increase in the United States , bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil . Biodiesel increased by 85 % to 3.9 gigalitres ( 1.0 × 10 US gal ) , making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005 . Over 50 % is produced in Germany . By country ( edit ) Main article : List of renewable energy topics by country See also : Energy by country , Worldwide energy supply , and List of countries by energy consumption per capita World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) OECD ( 38.4 % ) Middle East ( 5.3 % ) Non-OECD Eurasia ( 8.2 % ) China ( 22.4 % ) Rest of Asia ( 12.7 % ) Non-OECD Americas ( 4.7 % ) Africa ( 5.6 % ) Bunkers ( 2.7 % ) Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate , but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries , such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person . In developing countries , particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India , the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW . Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person . The US consumes 25 % of the world 's energy with a share of global GDP at 22 % and a share of the world population at 4.59 % . The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China , which has been growing at 5.5 % per year over the last 25 years . Its population of 1.3 billion people ( 19.6 % of the world population ) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person . One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity . This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product . The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) The World Bank : PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) Oil ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum Saudi Arabia , Russia and the United States accounted for 34 % of oil production in 2011 . Saudi Arabia , Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36 % of oil export in 2011 . Top 10 oil producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 517 12.9 % 544 Russia 470 485 494 502 510 12.7 % 520 United States 307 300 320 336 346 8.6 % 387 Iran 205 214 206 227 215 5.4 % 186 5 China 183 190 194 200 203 5.1 % 206 6 Canada 143 155 152 159 169 4.2 % 182 7 UAE nd 136 120 129 149 3.7 % 163 8 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 148 3.7 % 162 9 Mexico 188 159 146 144 144 3.6 % nd 10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 139 3.5 % nd x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd nd 152 x Iraq nd nd 114 140 nd nd 148 x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd nd nd Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 4,011 100 % Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 % 62 % 63 % Top 10 oil exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 333 17.0 % Russia 246 12.5 % Nigeria 129 6.6 % Iran 126 6.4 % 5 UAE 105 5.4 % 6 Iraq 94 4.8 % 7 Venezuela 87 4.4 % 8 Angola 84 4.3 % 9 Norway 78 4.0 % 10 Mexico 71 3.6 % x Others 609 31.0 % Total ( Mt ) 1,962 Coal ( edit ) Main article : Coal Top 10 coal producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 3,576 46 % 3,549 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 1,004 13 % 935 India 430 521 561 571 586 8 % 595 Australia 372 397 399 420 414 5 % 421 5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 376 5 % 443 6 Russia 222 323 297 324 334 4 % 354 7 South Africa 315 236 247 255 253 3 % 259 8 Germany nd nd nd nd 189 2 % 197 9 Poland 160 144 135 134 139 2 % 144 10 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 117 2 % 126 11 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1 % nd nd Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 7,783 100 % 7,831 Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 % 88 % nd 90 % * include hard coal and brown coal Top 10 coal importers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 China 25 nd 114 157 177 Japan 178 186 165 187 175 South Korea 77 100 103 119 129 India 37 58 66 88 101 5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63 66 6 Germany 38 46 38 45 41 7 UK 44 43 38 26 32 8 Turkey nd 19 20 27 24 9 Italy 24 25 19 22 23 10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19 21 x Spain 25 19 16 nd nd x France nd 21 nd nd nd x US 28 nd nd nd nd Total 778 778 819 949 1,002 Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 % 79 % 79 % Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 % 15 % 13 % * 2005 -- 2010 hard coal Natural gas ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas Top 10 natural gas producers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Russia 627 657 589 637 677 20.0 % US 517 583 594 613 651 19.2 % Canada 187 175 159 160 160 4.7 % Qatar nd 79 89 121 151 4.5 % 5 Iran 84 121 144 145 149 4.4 % 6 Norway 90 103 106 107 106 3.1 % 7 China nd 76 90 97 103 3.0 % 8 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 92 2.7 % 9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 92 2.7 % 10 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 81 2.4 % x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd nd x UK 93 nd nd nd nd nd Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100 % 3,388 Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 67 % bcm = billion cubic meters Top 10 natural gas importers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Japan 81 95 93 99 116 13.9 % Italy 73 77 69 75 70 8.4 % Germany 91 79 83 83 68 8.2 % US 121 84 76 74 55 6.6 % 5 South Korea 29 36 33 43 47 5.6 % 6 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 44 5.3 % 7 Turkey 27 36 35 37 43 5.2 % 8 France 47 44 45 46 41 4.9 % 9 UK nd 26 29 37 37 4.4 % 10 Spain 33 39 34 36 34 4.1 % x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd nd Total 838 783 749 820 834 100 % Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 % 69 % 67 % Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 % 25 % 25 % bcm = billion cubic meters Wind power ( edit ) Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity ( 2011 year - end ) Country Windpower capacity ( MW ) provisional % world total China 62,733 26.3 United States 46,919 19.7 Germany 29,060 12.2 Spain 21,674 9.1 India 16,084 6.7 France 6,800 2.8 Italy 6,747 2.8 United Kingdom 6,540 2.7 Canada 5,265 2.2 Portugal 4,083 1.7 ( rest of world ) 32,446 13.8 World total 238,351 MW 100 % Top 10 countries by windpower electricity production ( 2010 totals ) Country Windpower production ( TWh ) % world total United States 95.2 27.6 China 55.5 15.9 Spain 43.7 12.7 Germany 36.5 10.6 India 20.6 6.0 United Kingdom 10.2 3.0 France 9.7 2.8 Portugal 9.1 2.6 Italy 8.4 2.5 Canada 8.0 2.3 ( rest of world ) 48.5 14.1 World total 344.8 TWh 100 % By sector ( edit ) World energy use by sector , 2012 Sector 10 Btu Petawatt - hours percentage Residential 53.0 15.5 13 Commercial 29.3 8.6 7 Industrial 222.3 65.1 54 Transportation 104.2 30.5 26 Total * 408.9 119.8 100 Source : US DOE . PWh from 0.293 times Btu column . Numbers are the end use of energy The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors , according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy : Residential ( heating , lighting , and appliances ) Commercial ( lighting , heating and cooling of commercial buildings , and provision of water and sewer services ) Industrial users ( agriculture , mining , manufacturing , and construction ) Transportation ( passenger , freight , and pipeline ) Of the total 120 PWh ( 7020432000000000000 ♠ 120 × 10 Wh ) consumed , 19.4 were in the form of electricity , but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce . Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh ( ca 7020580280718941000 ♠ 550 × 10 Btu ) . The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38 % . The new generation of gas - fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55 % . Coal is the most common fuel for the world 's electricity plants . Another report gives different values for the sectors , apparently due to different definitions . According to this , total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28 % , transport 27 % and residential and service 36 % . Division was about the same in the year 2000 . World energy use per sector Year 2000 2008 2000 2008 Sector TWh % * Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8 Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3 Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0 Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9 Total * 81,970 98,022 100 100 Source : IEA 2010 , Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply ( 2008 ) 143,851 TWh European Union ( edit ) The European Environmental Agency ( EEA ) measures final energy consumption ( does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation ) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8 % of final energy consumption , households 26.2 % , industry 25.6 % , services 13.5 % and agriculture 2.9 % in 2012 . The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions ( 79 % ) , with the energy sector representing 31 % , transport 19 % , industry 13 % , households 9 % and others 7 % . While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues , more than 70 % of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32 -- 40 % . Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40 -- 45 % at newer plants . However , according to an impact assessment by the European Commission , this is still below the best available technological ( BAT ) efficiency levels of 46 -- 49 % . With gas - fired power plants the average efficiency is 52 % compared to 58 -- 59 % with best available technology ( BAT ) , and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36 % efficiency ( BAT delivers 47 % ) . According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission , raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants , through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions , to an average generation efficiency of 51.5 % in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km ( 3.6 cu mi ) of natural gas and 25 Mt ( 25,000,000 long tons ; 28,000,000 short tons ) of coal . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Comparisons of life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions Cubic mile of oil Domestic Energy Consumption Earth 's energy budget Electricity generation Electric energy consumption Energy development Energy intensity Energy policy Environmental impact of aviation Energy security and renewable technology Environmental tariff Feed - in Tariff Kardashev scale Peak oil Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy by country Sustainable energy A Thousand Barrels a Second : The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World ( book ) World Energy Outlook Regional Energy by country European countries by fossil fuel use ( % of total energy ) European countries by electricity consumption per person Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Energy use in the United States Asian brown cloud Making Sweden an Oil - Free Society Lists List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions List of countries by electricity consumption List of countries by electricity production List of countries by energy consumption and production List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by energy intensity List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions List of countries by renewable electricity production References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BP : Statistical Review of World Energy , Workbook ( xlsx ) , London , 2016 Jump up ^ Statistical Review of World Energy ( June 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Energy Assessment ( WEA ) . UNDP , United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , World Energy Council , New York Jump up ^ Nathalie Desbrosses , World Energy Expenditures , Leonardo Energy , Nov. 28 2011 ( accessed 30 January 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2012 . pp. 6 , 24 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2013 . pp. 6 , 24 , 26 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2014 . pp. 6 , 38 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 05 - 28 . pp. 27 , 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2017 - 05 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . IEA . September 2017 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook 2017 '' ( PDF ) . EIA. 2017 - 09 - 14 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Search '' . IEA . ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity - Installed generating capacity , 2014 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios/shell-scenarios-energy-models/world-energy-model/_jcr_content/par/textimage.stream/1510344160326/d62f12b8fe88e85dc3349c38b1ca5e44cc22c5ccc6f70beed634020cfb527c82/shell-world-energy-model.pdf pg4 Jump up ^ Nakićenović , Nebojša ; Grübler , Arnulf ; McDonald , Alan ( 1998 ) . Global energy : perspectives . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521642000 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Energy Intensity : Total Primary Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product using Purchasing Power Parities , 1980 -- 2004 '' . Energy Information Administration , U.S. Department of Energy . 23 August 2006 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Statistics of Japan '' . Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sluggish growth of World energy demand in 2011 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Consumption by fuel , 1965 -- 2008 '' . Statistical Review of World Energy 2009 . BP . 8 June 2009 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` World Energy Statistics -- Energy Supply & Demand '' . Enerdata . Jump up ^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 and IEA Key energy statistics 2009 oil page 11 , gas p. 13 , hard coal ( excluding brown coal ) p. 15 and electricity p. 27 Jump up ^ Schreiber , William ( May -- June 2007 ) . `` Solving the Energy Problem '' . MIT Faculty Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` IEA estimates $48 tn investments till 2035 to meet global energy demands '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ IEA World Energy Outlook 2012 Executive Summary Jump up ^ Table 55 , Regional energy use , 1990 and 2008 ( p. 48 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Key energy statistics 2010 '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2010 . p. 48 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Energiläget 2050 by prof . Cristian Azar and Kristian Lindgren Chalmers Göteborg ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ State of the world 2009 , Worldwatch Institute ^ Jump up to : `` WHO - 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution '' . Jump up ^ `` Ambient ( outdoor ) air quality and health '' . WHO . Jump up ^ `` WHO - Household air pollution and health '' . Jump up ^ http://www.pfpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/PFPI-biomass-carbon-accounting-overview_April.pdf ^ Jump up to : Table 52 Global supply of coal , 1990 -- 2009 ( pp. 44 - 45 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ Ma , Damien . `` China 's Coming Decade of Natural Gas '' . Asia 's Uncertain LNG Future , NBR Special Report . November 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Key statistics 2012 , 2010 and 2006 IEA Jump up ^ The True Cost of Coal 27 November 2008 pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Key statistics 2012 IEA ^ Jump up to : Energiläget 2011 Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 , gas p. 15 Jump up ^ Yergin , p. 792 Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . pp. 48 -- 57 Jump up ^ Yergin , p. ? Jump up ^ How Much Oil Have We Used ? , Science Daily , 8 May 2009 . Retrieved March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Table 50 Global supply of gas 1990 -- 2009 ( p. 44 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ World Nuclear Association , ( July 1 , 2016 ) ( 1 ) , www.world-nuclear.org Jump up ^ Trevor Findlay ( 2010 ) . The Future of Nuclear Energy to 2030 and its Implications for Safety , Security and Nonproliferation : Overview Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Mycle Schneider , Steve Thomas , Antony Froggatt , and Doug Koplow ( August 2009 ) . The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 Archived 24 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Commissioned by German Federal Ministry of Environment , Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ipsos 2011 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The myth of renewable energy '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 2011 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2010 ) . Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 15 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2014 ) . `` Renewables 2014 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . pp. 13 , 17 , 21 , 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ International Energy Agency ( 2012 ) . `` Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007 : Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries '' ( PDF ) . www.unep.org . United Nations Environment Programme. 2007 . p. 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2013 ) . `` Renewables global futures report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Electricity generation : very different capacity factors ! '' . 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/GSR2015_Figure25.jpg Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2012 ) . Renewables Global Status Report 2012 Archived 15 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ REN21 . `` Renewables 2014 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf Jump up ^ Energiläget i siffror 2016 Energimyndigheten Sweden ( See Renewable energy 12.3 Total energy 12.1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_Full_Report_REN21.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Use and Capacity of Global Hydropower Increases '' . Worldwatch Institute . January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tethys '' . Jump up ^ Global Wind Energy Council . `` GWEC Global Statistics '' . Jump up ^ Lars Kroldrup . Gains in Global Wind Capacity Reported Green Inc. , 15 February 2010 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Global wind energy markets continue to boom -- 2006 another record year Archived 7 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Beattie , David ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Wind Power : China Picks Up Pace '' . Renewable Energy World . ^ Jump up to : `` World Wind Energy Report 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Report . World Wind Energy Association . February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables '' . eirgrid.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/wind-energy.html Jump up ^ http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/solar2011SUM.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of Geothermal Energy '' ( PDF ) . MIT . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Renewables , Global Status Report 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Fridleifsson , , Ingvar B. ; Bertani , Ruggero ; Huenges , Ernst ; Lund , John W. ; Ragnarsson , Arni ; Rybach , Ladislaus ( 11 February 2008 ) . O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin , ed . `` The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change '' ( PDF ) . Luebeck , Germany : 59 -- 80 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects '' . United Nations . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 , gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Global Wind Energy Commission . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Electricity Production From Renewable Energy Sources : Stats and Figures Series : Thirteenth Inventory -- Edition 2011 '' ( PDF ) . 2.2 Electricity Production From Wind Sources : Main Wind Power Producing Countries -- 2010 ( text & table ) : Observ'ER . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Table F1 of `` International Energy Outlook 2016 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy , Washington , DC . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy efficiency measures and technological improvements '' . e8.org . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Article by group of ten leading electricity companies Jump up ^ `` Coal Facts 2006 Edition '' ( PDF ) . World Coal Institute . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Table 56 , Total world energy use per sector 1990 -- 2008 ( pp. 48 - 49 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ European Environmental Agency . `` Final energy consumption by sector and fuel ( CSI 027 / ENER 016 ) - Assessment published Jan 2015 '' . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Eva Hoos European Commission 2011 . A new Directive on Energy Efficiency . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : European Commission 2011 . Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004 / 8 / EC and 2006 / 32 / EC . p. 106 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) World Energy Outlook BP global energy outlook to 2035 BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017 Energy Statistics and News from the European Union Official Energy Statistics from the US government Annual Energy Review , by the U.S. Department of Energy 's Energy Information Administration ( PDF ) International Energy Outlook 2017 , by the U.S. Energy Information Administration Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Equinor ( Norway ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil JXTG Holdings Lukoil Marathon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Category Commons Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Dani Rodrik Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_energy_consumption&oldid=840823967 '' Categories : Energy policy Energy economics Energy by region Energy consumption Human ecology Global environmental issues World Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Swedish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 11 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the main source of energy in the world is	[]	[]
6890577931213126481	Bronze Age	Bronze Age - wikipedia Bronze Age For other uses , see Bronze Age ( disambiguation ) . Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe and Asia Minor -- the darkest areas are the oldest . Bronze Age ↑ Chalcolithic Near East ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BC ) Anatolia , Caucasus , Elam , Egypt , Levant , Mesopotamia , Sistan , Canaan Late Bronze Age collapse South Asia ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BC ) Indus Valley Civilization Bronze Age South Asia Ochre Coloured Pottery Cemetery H Europe ( c. 3200 -- 600 BC ) Aegean ( Cycladic , Minoan , Mycenaean ) , Caucasus , Catacomb culture , Srubna culture , Beaker culture , Unetice culture , Tumulus culture , Urnfield culture , Hallstatt culture , Apennine culture , Canegrate culture , Golasecca culture , Atlantic Bronze Age , Bronze Age Britain , Nordic Bronze Age East Asia ( c. 2000 -- 300 BC ) Erlitou , Erligang , Gojoseon , Jomon , Majiayao , Mumun , Qijia , Siwa , Wucheng , Xindian , Yueshi arsenical bronze writing literature sword chariot ↓ Iron Age The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze , and in some areas proto - writing , and other early features of urban civilization . The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three - age Stone - Bronze - Iron system , as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen , for classifying and studying ancient societies . An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin , arsenic , or other metals , or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere . Bronze itself is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time , allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage . Copper - tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze began in the 3rd millennium BC . Worldwide , the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period , with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition . Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age , in some areas ( such as Sub-Saharan Africa ) , the Iron Age intruded directly on the Neolithic . Bronze Age cultures differed in their development of the first writing . According to archaeological evidence , cultures in Mesopotamia ( cuneiform script ) and Egypt ( hieroglyphs ) developed the earliest viable writing systems . Contents 1 History 1.1 Near East 1.1. 1 Anatolia 1.1. 2 Egypt 1.1. 2.1 Early Bronze dynasties 1.1. 2.2 Middle Bronze dynasties 1.1. 2.3 Late Bronze dynasties 1.1. 3 Iranian Plateau 1.1. 4 Levant 1.1. 5 Mesopotamia 1.2 Asia 1.2. 1 Central Asia 1.2. 1.1 Seima - Turbino Phenomenon 1.2. 2 East Asia 1.2. 2.1 China 1.2. 2.2 Korea 1.2. 2.3 Japan 1.2. 3 South Asia 1.2. 3.1 Indus Valley 1.2. 4 Southeast Asia 1.2. 4.1 Vietnam 1.3 Europe 1.3. 1 Balkans 1.3. 2 Aegean 1.3. 2.1 Aegean Collapse 1.3. 3 Central Europe 1.3. 4 South Europe 1.3. 5 West Europe 1.3. 5.1 Atlantic Bronze Age 1.3. 5.2 Great Britain 1.3. 5.3 Ireland 1.3. 6 North Europe 1.3. 7 Caucasus 1.3. 8 Pontic -- Caspian steppe 1.4 Africa 1.4. 1 Sub-Saharan Africa 1.4. 1.1 Nubia 1.4. 2 West Africa 1.5 Americas 2 Trade 3 See also 3.1 Seafaring 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The overall period is characterized by widespread use of bronze , though the place and time of the introduction and development of bronze technology were not universally synchronous . Human - made tin bronze technology requires set production techniques . Tin must be mined ( mainly as the tin ore cassiterite ) and smelted separately , then added to molten copper to make bronze alloy . The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and of developing trade networks ( See Tin sources and trade in ancient times ) . A 2013 report suggests that the earliest tin - alloy bronze dates to the mid-5th millennium BC in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik ( Serbia ) , although this culture is not conventionally considered part of the Bronze Age . The dating of the foil has been disputed . Near East ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Near East Western Asia and the Near East was the first region to enter the Bronze Age , which began with the rise of the Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC . Cultures in the ancient Near East ( often called one of `` the cradles of civilization '' ) practiced intensive year - round agriculture , developed a writing system , invented the potter 's wheel , created a centralized government , written law codes , city and nation states , empires , embarked on advanced architectural projects , introduced social stratification , economic and civil administration , slavery , and practiced organized warfare , medicine and religion . Societies in the region laid the foundations for astronomy , mathematics and astrology . Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details Main article : Ancient Near East § Periodization The Ancient Near East Bronze Age can be divided as following : Near East Bronze Age Divisions The archetypal Bronze Age divisions of the Near East have a well - established triadic clearness of expression . The period dates and phases below are solely applicable to the Near East and thus not applicable universally . Early Bronze Age ( EBA ) 3300 -- 2100 BC 3300 -- 3000 : EBA I 3000 -- 2700 : EBA II 2700 -- 2200 : EBA III 2200 -- 2100 : EBA IV Middle Bronze Age ( MBA ) Also , Intermediate Bronze Age ( IBA ) 2100 -- 1550 BC 2100 -- 2000 : MBA I 2000 -- 1750 : MBA II A 1750 -- 1650 : MBA II B 1650 -- 1550 : MBA II C Late Bronze Age ( LBA ) 1550 -- 1200 BC 1550 -- 1400 : LBA I 1400 -- 1300 : LBA II A 1300 -- 1200 : LBA II B ( Bronze Age collapse ) Anatolia ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Anatolia The Hittite Empire was established in Hattusa in northern Anatolia from the 18th century BC . In the 14th century BC , the Hittite Kingdom was at its height , encompassing central Anatolia , southwestern Syria as far as Ugarit , and upper Mesopotamia . After 1180 BC , amid general turmoil in the Levant conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples , the kingdom disintegrated into several independent `` Neo-Hittite '' city - states , some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC . Arzawa in Western Anatolia during the second half of the second millennium BC likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt that reaches from near the Turkish Lakes Region to the Aegean coast . Arzawa was the western neighbor -- sometimes a rival and sometimes a vassal -- of the Middle and New Hittite Kingdoms . The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia that was defeated by the Hittites under an earlier Tudhaliya I , around 1400 BC . Arzawa has been associated with the much more obscure Assuwa generally located to its north . It probably bordered it , and may even be an alternative term for it ( at least during some periods ) . Egypt ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egypt Early Bronze Dynasties ( edit ) Egyptian Bronze Age Bronze mirror with a female human figure at the base , Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt ( 1540 -- 1296 BC ) . Sphinx - lion of Thutmose III 1479 -- 1425 BC In Ancient Egypt the Bronze Age begins in the Protodynastic period , c. 3150 BC . The archaic early Bronze Age of Egypt , known as the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt , immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt , c. 3100 BC . It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties , lasting from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt until about 2686 BC , or the beginning of the Old Kingdom . With the First Dynasty , the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god - king . Abydos remained the major holy land in the south . The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization , such as art , architecture and many aspects of religion , took shape during the Early Dynastic period . Memphis in the Early Bronze Age was the largest city of the time . The Old Kingdom of the regional Bronze Age is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement -- the first of three `` Kingdom '' periods , which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley ( the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom ) . The First Intermediate Period of Egypt , often described as a `` dark period '' in ancient Egyptian history , spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC . Very little monumental evidence survives from this period , especially from the early part of it . The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases : Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt . These two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict , with the Theban kings conquering the north , resulting in the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the 11th Dynasty . Middle Bronze Dynasties ( edit ) The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from 2055 to 1650 BC . During this period , the Osiris funerary cult rose to dominate Egyptian popular religion . The period comprises two phases : the 11th Dynasty , which ruled from Thebes and the 12th and 13th Dynasties centered on el - Lisht . The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the 11th and 12th Dynasties , but historians now at least partially consider the 13th Dynasty to belong to the Middle Kingdom . During the Second Intermediate Period , Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time , between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom . It is best known for the Hyksos , whose reign comprised the 15th and 16th dynasties . The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the 11th Dynasty , began their climb to power in the 13th Dynasty , and emerged from the Second Intermediate Period in control of Avaris and the Delta . By the 15th Dynasty , they ruled lower Egypt , and they were expelled at the end of the 17th Dynasty . Late Bronze Dynasties ( edit ) The New Kingdom of Egypt , also referred to as the Egyptian Empire , lasted from the 16th to the 11th century BC . The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period . It was Egypt 's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt 's power . The later New Kingdom , i.e. the 19th and 20th Dynasties ( 1292 -- 1069 BC ) , is also known as the Ramesside period , after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses . Iranian Plateau ( edit ) Persian Bronze Age Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht , Fars , with linear - Elamite inscription . Further information : Iranian Plateau Elam was a pre-Iranic ancient civilization located to the east of Mesopotamia . In the Old Elamite period ( Middle Bronze Age ) , Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian Plateau , centered in Anshan , and from the mid-2nd millennium BC , it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands . Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire and especially during the Iranic Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it . The Oxus civilization was a Bronze Age Central Asian culture dated to c. 2300 -- 1700 BC and centered on the upper Amu Darya ( Oxus ) . In the Early Bronze Age the culture of the Kopet Dag oases and Altyndepe developed a proto - urban society . This corresponds to level IV at Namazga - Tepe . Altyndepe was a major centre even then . Pottery was wheel - turned . Grapes were grown . The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age c. 2300 BC , corresponding to level V at Namazga - Depe . This Bronze Age culture is called the Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex ( BMAC ) . The Kulli culture , similar to those of the Indus Valley Civilisation , was located in southern Balochistan ( Gedrosia ) c. 2500 -- 2000 BC . Agriculture was the economical base of this people . At several places dams were found , providing evidence for a highly developed water management system . Master of Animals in chlorite , Jiroft culture , c. 2500 BC , Bronze Age I , National Museum of Iran Konar Sandal is associated with the hypothesized `` Jiroft culture '' , a 3rd - millennium - BC culture postulated on the basis of a collection of artifacts confiscated in 2001 . Levant ( edit ) Mediterranean Bronze Age Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley , Negev Desert , Israel . Main article : Bronze Age Levant Further information : Canaan , Prehistory of the Levant , and List of archaeological periods ( Levant ) In modern scholarship the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into Early / Proto Syrian ; corresponding to the Early Bronze. Old Syrian ; corresponding to the Middle Bronze . Middle Syrian ; corresponding to the Late Bronze . The term Neo-Syria is used to designate the early Iron Age . The old Syrian period was dominated by the Eblaite first kingdom , Nagar and the Mariote second kingdom . The Akkadian conquered large areas of the Levant and were followed by the Amorite kingdoms , c. 2000 -- 1600 BC , which arose in Mari , Yamhad , Qatna , Assyria . From the 15th century BC onward , the term Amurru is usually applied to the region extending north of Canaan as far as Kadesh on the Orontes River . The earliest known Ugarit contact with Egypt ( and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization ) comes from a carnelian bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I , 1971 -- 1926 BC . A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found . However , it is unclear at what time these monuments got to Ugarit . In the Amarna letters , messages from Ugarit c. 1350 BC written by Ammittamru I , Niqmaddu II , and his queen , were discovered . From the 16th to the 13th century BC , Ugarit remained in constant touch with Egypt and Cyprus ( named Alashiya ) . The Mitanni was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south - east Anatolia from c. 1500 -- 1300 BC . Founded by an Indo - Aryan ruling class that governed a predominantly Hurrian population , Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Kassite Babylon created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia . At its beginning , Mitanni 's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids . However , with the ascent of the Hittite empire , Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination . At the height of its power , during the 14th century BC , it had outposts centered on its capital , Washukanni , which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the Khabur River . Eventually , Mitanni succumbed to Hittite , and later Assyrian attacks , and was reduced to a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire . The Israelites were an ancient Semitic - speaking people of the Ancient Near East who inhabited part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods ( 15th to 6th centuries BC ) , and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy . The name `` Israel '' first appears c. 1209 BC , at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Iron Age , on the Merneptah Stele raised by the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah . The Arameans were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria ( Biblical Aram ) during the Late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age . Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia , where they intermingled with the native Akkadian ( Assyrian and Babylonian ) population . The Aramaeans never had a unified empire ; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East . After the Bronze Age collapse , their political influence was confined to a number of Syro - Hittite states , which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC . Mesopotamia ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Mesopotamia In Mesopotamia , the Mesopotamian Bronze Age began about 3500 BC and ended with the Kassite period ( c. 1500 BC -- c. 1155 BC ) . The usual tripartite division into an Early , Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used . Instead , a division primarily based on art - historical and historical characteristics is more common . The cities of the Ancient Near East housed several tens of thousands of people . Ur , Kish , Isin , Larsa and Nippur in the Middle Bronze Age and Babylon , Calah and Assur in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations . The Akkadian Empire ( 2335 -- 2154 BC ) became the dominant power in the region , and after its fall the Sumerians enjoyed a renaissance with the Neo-Sumerian Empire . Assyria was extant from as early as the 25th century BC , and became a regional power with the Old Assyrian Empire ( c. 2025 -- 1750 BC ) . The earliest mention of Babylon ( then a small administrative town ) appears on a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 23rd century BC . The Amorite dynasty established the city - state of Babylon in the 19th century BC . Over 100 years later , it briefly took over the other city - states and formed the short lived First Babylonian Empire during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period . Akkad , Assyria and Babylonia all used the written East Semitic Akkadian language for official use and as a spoken language . By that time , the Sumerian language was no longer spoken , but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia , and would remain so until the 1st century AD . The Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture , even though Babylonia ( unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria ) itself was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples , such as Kassites , Arameans and Chaldeans , as well as its Assyrian neighbours . Asia ( edit ) Central Asia ( edit ) Seima - Turbino Phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Seima - Turbino Phenomenon The Altai Mountains in what is now southern Russia and central Mongolia have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the Seima - Turbino Phenomenon . It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological , economic and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe , eastward into China and southward into Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4,000 miles . This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metal working technology and , in some areas , horse breeding and riding . It is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the Uralic group of languages across Europe and Asia : some 39 languages of this group are still extant , including Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian . However , recent genetic testings of sites in south Siberia and Kazakhstan ( Andronovo horizon ) would rather support a spreading of the bronze technology via Indo - European migrations eastwards , as this technology was well known for quite a while in western regions . East Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Chinese Bronze Age A Shang dynasty two - handled bronze gefuding gui ( 1600 -- 1046 BC ) . Spring and Autumn period pu bronze vessel with interlaced dragon design ( 722 -- 481 BC ) Further information : Prehistoric China , Erlitou culture , Shang dynasty , Liaoning bronze dagger culture , and List of Bronze Age sites in China The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site ( between 3100 and 2700 BC ) , The term `` Bronze Age '' has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia , and there is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the `` Bronze Age '' in the context of Chinese prehistory . By convention , the `` Early Bronze Age '' in China is sometimes taken as equivalent to the `` Shang dynasty '' period of Chinese prehistory ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ) , and the `` Later Bronze Age '' as equivalent to the `` Zhou dynasty '' period ( 11th to 3rd centuries BC , from the 5th century also dubbed `` Iron Age '' ) , although there is an argument to be made that the `` Bronze Age '' proper never ended in China , as there is no recognizable transition to an `` Iron Age '' . Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou ( Wade -- Giles : Erh - li - t'ou ) period , which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty . Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia ( Wade -- Giles : Hsia ) dynasty . The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the `` period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC , '' a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule . The widespread use of bronze in Chinese metallurgy and culture dates to significantly later , probably due to Western influence . While there may be reason to believe that bronzework developed inside China separately from outside influence , the discovery of Europoid mummies in Xinjiang suggests a possible route of transmission from the West beginning in the early second millennium BC . The Shang dynasty ( also known as the Yin dynasty ) of the Yellow River Valley rose to power after the Xia dynasty around 1600 BC . While some direct information about the Shang dynasty comes from Shang - era inscriptions on bronze artifacts , most comes from oracle bones -- turtle shells , cattle scapulae , or other bones -- which bear glyphs that form the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters . Iron is found from the Zhou dynasty , but its use is minimal . Chinese literature dating to the 6th century BC attests knowledge of iron smelting , yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this . Historian W.C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze `` at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty ( 256 BC ) '' and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels all the way through the Later Han period , or to 221 BC ( sic ? ) . The Chinese bronze artifacts generally are either utilitarian , like spear points or adze heads , or `` ritual bronzes '' , which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels , as well as tools and weapons . Examples are the numerous large sacrificial tripods known as dings in Chinese ; there are many other distinct shapes . Surviving identified Chinese ritual bronzes tend to be highly decorated , often with the taotie motif , which involves highly stylized animal faces . These appear in three main motif types : those of demons , of symbolic animals , and of abstract symbols . Many large bronzes also bear cast inscriptions that are the great bulk of the surviving body of early Chinese writing and have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China , especially during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) . The bronzes of the Western Zhou dynasty document large portions of history not found in the extant texts that were often composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class . Further , the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve a permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts . These inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts : a reference to the date and place , the naming of the event commemorated , the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze , and a dedication . The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period , allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record . Korea ( edit ) Korean Bronze Age Bronze artifacts from Daegok - ri , Hwasun , Korea Main articles : Gojoseon and Mumun Pottery Period The beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula is around 1000 -- 800 BC . Although the Korean Bronze Age culture derives from the Liaoning and Manchuria , it exhibits unique typology and styles , especially in ritual objects . The Mumun pottery period is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage over the entire length of the period , but especially 850 -- 550 BC . The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago . The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern Korean Peninsula gradually adopted bronze production ( c. 700 -- 600 ? BC ) after a period when Liaoning - style bronze daggers and other bronze artifacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula ( c. 900 -- 700 BC ) . The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high - status megalithic burials at south - coastal centres such as the Igeum - dong site . Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and as for mortuary offerings until 100 . Japan ( edit ) Japanese Bronze Age 2nd century BC Yayoi dōtaku bronze bell . 2nd century BC Yayoi bronze spearhead . Main article : Yayoi period The Japanese archipelago experienced the introduction of bronze during the beginning of the Early Yayoi period ( ~ 300 BC ) , which saw the introduction of metalworking and agricultural practices bought in by settlers arriving from the continent . Bronze and iron smelting techniques spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilizations , particularly immigration and trade from the Korean peninsula and ancient Mainland China . Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools , whereas ritual and ceremonial artifacts were mainly made of bronze . South Asia ( edit ) Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details Indus Valley ( edit ) Main article : Indus Valley civilization The Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization . Inhabitants of the Indus Valley , the Harappans , developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead and tin . The Indian Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Period . The Late Harappan culture , which dates from 1900 -- 1400 BC , overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age ; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : Dong Son culture Dating back to the Neolithic Age , the first bronze drum , called the Dong Son drum , were uncovered in and around the Red River Delta regions of Northern Vietnam and Southern China . These relate to the prehistoric Dong Son Culture of Vietnam . In Ban Chiang , Thailand , ( Southeast Asia ) bronze artifacts have been discovered dating to 2100 BC . However , according to the radiocarbon dating on the human and pig bones in Ban Chiang , some scholars propose that the initial Bronze Age in Ban Chiang was in late 2nd millennium . In Nyaunggan , Burma , bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artifacts . Dating is still currently broad ( 3500 -- 500 BC ) . Ban Non Wat , excavated by Charles Higham , was a rich site with over 640 graves excavated that gleaned many complex bronze items that may have had social value connected to them . Ban Chiang , however , is the most thoroughly documented site while having the clearest evidence of metallurgy when it comes to Southeast Asia . With a rough date range of late 3rd millennium BC to the first millennium AD , this site alone has various artifacts such as burial pottery ( dating from 2100 -- 1700 BC ) , fragments of Bronze , copper - base bangles , and much more . What 's interesting about this site , however , is n't just the old age of the artifacts but the fact that this technology suggested on - site casting from the very beginning . The on - site casting supports the theory that Bronze was first introduced in Southeast Asia as fully developed which therefore shows that Bronze was actually innovated from a different country . Some scholars believe that the copper - based metallurgy was disseminated from northwest and central China via south and southwest areas such as Guangdong province and Yunnan province and finally into southeast Asia around 1000 BC . Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy ; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods . There are a few possible implications of this . One is the increase contact with bacterial and / or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing / cultivation . The other one is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture . The last is that there may have been an emergence of infectious disease in the Da But period that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period . Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions , social distribution shifting away from chiefdom - states to a heterarchical network . Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao , Ban Na Di , Non Nok Tha , Khok Phanom Di , and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no forentrenched hierarchy . Europe ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age in Europe A few examples of named Bronze Age cultures in Europe in roughly relative order . Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details The chosen cultures overlapped in time and the indicated periods do not fully correspond to their estimated extents . Balkans ( edit ) The oldest securely dated tin bronze artefact are found in the heart of the Balkans in Serbia . A tin bronze foil from the Pločnik ( archaeological site ) are dated to 4650 BC . The foil are not the only tin bronze artefact from the fifth millennium BC . 14 other artefacts from Serbia and Bulgaria are dated to before 4000 BC . The recent discoveries indicate that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought , and developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the Near East . The production of complex tin bronzes lasted for c. 500 years in the Balkans . Shortly before the end of the fifth millennium BC , there are no longer evidence for production of tin bronze . This coincides with the collapse of large cultural complexes in the Balkans . Tin bronze would be reintroduced to the area again some 1500 years later . Aegean ( edit ) Aegean Bronze Age Bronze Age copper ingot found in Crete Main article : Aegean Civilization The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC , when civilizations first established a far - ranging trade network . This network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus , where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze . Bronze objects were then exported far and wide , and supported the trade . Isotopic analysis of tin in some Mediterranean bronze artifacts suggests that they may have originated from Great Britain . Knowledge of navigation was well developed at this time , and reached a peak of skill not exceeded ( except perhaps by Polynesian sailors ) until 1730 when the invention of the chronometer enabled the precise determination of longitude . The Minoan civilization based in Knossos on the island of Crete appears to have coordinated and defended its Bronze Age trade . Illyrians are also believed to have roots in the early Bronze Age . Ancient empires valued luxury goods in contrast to staple foods , leading to famine . Aegean collapse ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age collapse Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Age in this region . At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region , the Mycenaean administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy . Several Minoan client states lost much of their population to famine and / or pestilence . This would indicate that the trade network may have failed , preventing the trade that would previously have relieved such famines and prevented illness caused by malnutrition . It is also known that in this era the breadbasket of the Minoan empire , the area north of the Black Sea , also suddenly lost much of its population , and thus probably some capacity to cultivate crops . Drought and famine in Anatolia may have also led to the Aegean Collapse by disrupting trade networks , and therefore preventing the Aegean from accessing bronze and luxury goods . The Aegean Collapse has been attributed to the exhaustion of the Cypriot forests causing the end of the bronze trade . These forests are known to have existed into later times , and experiments have shown that charcoal production on the scale necessary for the bronze production of the late Bronze Age would have exhausted them in less than fifty years . The Aegean Collapse has also been attributed to the fact that as iron tools became more common , the main justification for the tin trade ended , and that trade network ceased to function as it did formerly . The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought , famine , war , or some combination of those three , and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by which they could easily recover . The Thera eruption occurred around the Aegean Collapse , 110 km ( 68 mi ) north of Crete . Speculation include a tsunami from Thera ( more commonly known today as Santorini ) destroyed Cretan cities . A tsunami may have destroyed the Cretan navy in its home harbour , which then lost crucial naval battles ; so that in the LMIB / LMII event ( c. 1450 BC ) the cities of Crete burned and the Mycenaean civilization took over Knossos . If the eruption occurred in the late 17th century BC ( as most chronologists now think ) then its immediate effects belong to the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition , and not to the end of the Late Bronze Age ; but it could have triggered the instability that led to the collapse first of Knossos and then of Bronze Age society overall . One such theory highlights the role of Cretan expertise in administering the empire , post-Thera . If this expertise was concentrated in Crete , then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire . Archaeological findings , including some on the island of Thera , suggest that the centre of Minoan Civilization at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete . According to this theory , the catastrophic loss of the political , administrative and economic centre by the eruption as well as the damage wrought by the tsunami to the coastal towns and villages of Crete precipitated the decline of the Minoans . A weakened political entity with a reduced economic and military capability and fabled riches would have then been more vulnerable to human predators . Indeed , the Santorini Eruption is usually dated to c. 1630 BC , while the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record a few decades later , c. 1600 BC . Thus , the later Mycenaean assaults on Crete ( c. 1450 BC ) and Troy ( c. 1250 BC ) are revealed as mere continuations of the steady encroachments of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world . Central Europe ( edit ) See also : Bronze Age in Southeastern Europe and Bronze Age in Romania Central European Bronze Age Jenišovice cup Grenoble cuirass Mycenaean sword found in Romania Bronze Age weaponry and ornaments In Central Europe , the early Bronze Age Unetice culture ( 1800 -- 1600 BC ) includes numerous smaller groups like the Straubing , Adlerberg and Hatvan cultures . Some very rich burials , such as the one located at Leubingen with grave gifts crafted from gold , point to an increase of social stratification already present in the Unetice culture . All in all , cemeteries of this period are rare and of small size . The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze Age ( 1600 -- 1200 BC ) Tumulus culture , which is characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli ( barrows ) . In the eastern Hungarian Körös tributaries , the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the Mako culture , followed by the Otomani and Gyulavarsand cultures . The late Bronze Age Urnfield culture ( 1300 -- 700 BC ) is characterized by cremation burials . It includes the Lusatian culture in eastern Germany and Poland ( 1300 -- 500 BC ) that continues into the Iron Age . The Central European Bronze Age is followed by the Iron Age Hallstatt culture ( 700 -- 450 BC ) . Important sites include : Biskupin ( Poland ) Nebra ( Germany ) Vráble ( Slovakia ) Zug - Sumpf , Zug , Switzerland The Bronze Age in Central Europe has been described in the chronological schema of German prehistorian Paul Reinecke . He described Bronze A1 ( Bz A1 ) period ( 2300 -- 2000 BC : triangular daggers , flat axes , stone wrist - guards , flint arrowheads ) and Bronze A2 ( Bz A2 ) period ( 1950 -- 1700 BC : daggers with metal hilt , flanged axes , halberds , pins with perforated spherical heads , solid bracelets ) and phases Hallstatt A and B ( Ha A and B) . South Europe ( edit ) The Apennine culture ( also called Italian Bronze Age ) is a technology complex of central and southern Italy spanning the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age proper . The Camuni were an ancient people of uncertain origin ( according to Pliny the Elder , they were Euganei ; according to Strabo , they were Rhaetians ) who lived in Val Camonica -- in what is now northern Lombardy -- during the Iron Age , although human groups of hunters , shepherds and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic . Located in Sardinia and Corsica , the Nuragic civilization lasted from the early Bronze Age ( 18th century BC ) to the 2nd century AD , when the islands were already Romanized . They take their name from the characteristic nuragic towers , which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture , which built dolmens and menhirs . The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe . Their effective use is still debated : some scholars considered them as monumental tombs , others as Houses of the Giants , other as fortresses , ovens for metal fusion , prisons or , finally , temples for a solar cult . Around the end of the 3rd millennium BC , Sardinia exported towards Sicily a Culture that built small dolmens , trilithic or polygonal shaped , that served as tombs as it has been ascertained in the Sicilian dolmen of `` Cava dei Servi '' . From this region they reached Malta island and other countries of Mediterranean basin . The Terramare was an early Indo - European civilization in the area of what is now Pianura Padana ( northern Italy ) before the arrival of the Celts , and in other parts of Europe . They lived in square villages of wooden stilt houses . These villages were built on land , but generally near a stream , with roads that crossed each other at right angles . The whole complex denoted the nature of a fortified settlement . Terramare were widespread in the Pianura Padana ( specially along the Panaro river , between Modena and Bologna ) and in the rest of Europe . The civilization developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age , between the 17th and the 13th centuries BC . The Castellieri culture developed in Istria during the Middle Bronze Age . It lasted for more than a millennium , from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC . It takes its name from the fortified boroughs ( Castellieri , Friulian cjastelir ) that characterized the culture . The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age ( 13th century BC ) till the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana , in what are now western Lombardy , eastern Piedmont and Ticino . It takes its name from the township of Canegrate where , in the 20th century , some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found . The Canegrate culture migrated from the northwest part of the Alps and descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino . The Golasecca culture developed starting from the late Bronze Age in the Po plain . It takes its name from Golasecca , a locality next to the Ticino where , in the early 19th century , abbot Giovanni Battista Giani excavated its first findings ( some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects ) . Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of c. 20,000 square kilometers south to the Alps , between the Po , Sesia and Serio rivers , dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC . West Europe ( edit ) Atlantic Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic Bronze Age Atlantic Bronze Age Ceremonial giant dirk ( 1500 -- 1300 BC ) . Golden helmet ( Leiro , Galicia ) The Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the period of approximately 1300 -- 700 BC that includes different cultures in Portugal , Andalusia , Galicia and the British Isles . It is marked by economic and cultural exchange . Commercial contacts extend to Denmark and the Mediterranean . The Atlantic Bronze Age was defined by a number of distinct regional centres of metal production , unified by a regular maritime exchange of some of their products . Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Britain In Great Britain , the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC . Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent . Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicate that at least some of the migrants came from the area of modern Switzerland . Another example site is Must Farm , near Whittlesey , which has recently been host to the most complete Bronze Age wheel ever to be found . The Beaker culture displayed different behaviours from the earlier Neolithic people , and cultural change was significant . Integration is thought to have been peaceful , as many of the early henge sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers . The rich Wessex culture developed in southern Britain at this time . Additionally , the climate was deteriorating ; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued , forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys . Large livestock farms developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances . The Deverel - Rimbury culture began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age ( c. 1400 -- 1100 BC ) to exploit these conditions . Devon and Cornwall were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in northern Wales . Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent . The burial of the dead ( which , until this period , had usually been communal ) became more individual . For example , whereas in the Neolithic a large chambered cairn or long barrow housed the dead , Early Bronze Age people buried their dead in individual barrows ( also commonly known and marked on modern British Ordnance Survey maps as tumuli ) , or sometimes in cists covered with cairns . The greatest quantities of bronze objects in England were discovered in East Cambridgeshire , where the most important finds were recovered in Isleham ( more than 6500 pieces ) . Alloying of copper with zinc or tin to make brass or bronze was practised soon after the discovery of copper itself . One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales , extended to a depth of 70 meters . At Alderley Edge in Cheshire , carbon dates have established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC ( at 95 % probability ) . The earliest identified metalworking site ( Sigwells , Somerset ) is much later , dated by Globular Urn style pottery to approximately the 12th century BC . The identifiable sherds from over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in Somerset County Museum . Ireland ( edit ) See also : Atlantic Bronze Age The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced around 2000 BC , when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork . The preceding period is known as the Copper Age and is characterised by the production of flat axes , daggers , halberds and awls in copper . The period is divided into three phases : Early Bronze Age ( 2000 -- 1500 BC ) , Middle Bronze Age ( 1500 -- 1200 BC ) , and Late Bronze Age ( 1200 -- c. 500 BC ) . Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials . One of the characteristic types of artifact of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland is the flat axe . There are five main types of flat axes : Lough Ravel ( c. 2200 BC ) , Ballybeg ( c. 2000 BC ) , Killaha ( c. 2000 BC ) , Ballyvalley ( c. 2000 -- 1600 BC ) , Derryniggin ( c. 1600 BC ) , and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes . North Europe ( edit ) Main article : Nordic Bronze Age Bronze artifacts Assorted Celtic bronze castings dating from the Bronze Age . The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the entire 2nd millennium BC ( Unetice culture , Urnfield culture , Tumulus culture , Terramare culture , Lusatian culture ) lasting until c. 600 BC . The Northern Bronze Age was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history , c. 1700 -- 500 BC , with sites that reached as far east as Estonia . Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture , its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources . It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age . Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures were relatively late , and came into existence via trade , sites present rich and well - preserved objects made of wool , wood and imported Central European bronze and gold . Many rock carvings depict ships , and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role . Thousands of rock carvings depict ships , most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare , fishing and trade . These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age , as shown by the Hjortspring boat . There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period . Numerous artifacts of bronze and gold are found . No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age . The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts . Caucasus ( edit ) Arsenical bronze artifacts of the Maykop culture in the North Caucasus have been dated around the 4th millennium BC . This innovation resulted in the circulation of arsenical bronze technology over southern and eastern Europe . Pontic -- caspian steppe ( edit ) The Yamna culture is a Late Copper Age / Early Bronze Age culture of the Southern Bug / Dniester / Ural region ( the Pontic steppe ) , dating to the 36th -- 23rd centuries BC . The name also appears in English as Pit - Grave Culture or Ochre - Grave Culture . The Catacomb culture , c. 2800 -- 2200 BC , comprises several related Early Bronze Age cultures occupying what is presently Ukraine . The Srubna culture was a Late Bronze Age ( 18th -- 12th centuries BC ) culture . It is a successor to the Yamna and the Poltavka culture . Africa ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) See also : Copper metallurgy in Africa Iron and copper smelting appeared around the same time in most parts of Africa . As such , most African civilizations outside of Egypt did not experience a distinct Bronze Age . Evidence for iron smelting appears earlier or at the same time as copper smelting in Nigeria c. 900 -- 800 BC , Rwanda and Burundi c. 700 -- 500 BC and Tanzania c. 300 BC . There is a longstanding debate about whether the development of both copper and iron metallurgy were independently developed in sub-Saharan Africa or were introduced from the outside across the Sahara Desert from North Africa or from the Indian Ocean . Evidence for theories of independent development and for outside introduction are scarce and subject to active scholarly debate . Scholars have suggested that both the relative dearth of archeological research in sub-Saharan Africa as well as long standing prejudices have limited or biased our understanding of pre-historic metallurgy on the continent . One scholar characterized the state of historical knowledge as such : `` To say that the history of metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa is complicated is perhaps an understatement . '' Nubia ( edit ) The Bronze Age in Nubia , started as early as 2300 BC . Copper smelting was introduced by Egyptians to the Nubian city of Meroë , in modern - day Sudan , around 2600 BC . A furnace for bronze casting has been found in Kerma that is dated to 2300 -- 1900 BC . West Africa ( edit ) Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region . Evidence for copper smelting furnaces was found near Agadez , Niger that has been dated as early as 2200 BC . However , evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated . Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been founded at Akjoujt , Mauretania that suggests small scale production c. 800 to 400 BC . Americas ( edit ) See also : Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America The Moche civilization of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting . Bronze technology was developed further by the Incas and used widely both for utilitarian objects and sculpture . A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in West Mexico ( see Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ) suggests either contact of that region with Andean cultures or separate discovery of the technology . The Calchaquí people of Northwest Argentina had bronze technology . Trade ( edit ) Trade and industry played a major role in the development of the ancient Bronze Age civilizations . With artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization being found in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt , it is clear that these civilizations were not only in touch with each other but also trading with each other . Early long - distance trade was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices , textiles and precious metals . Not only did this make cities with ample amounts of these products extremely rich but also led to an inter-mingling of cultures for the first time in history . Trade routes were not only over land but also over water . The first and most extensive trade routes were over rivers such as the Nile , the Tigris and the Euphrates which led to growth of cities on the banks of these rivers . The domestication of camels at a later time also helped encourage the use of trade routes over land , linking the Indus Valley with the Mediterranean . This further led to towns sprouting up in numbers any and everywhere there was a pit - stop or caravan - to - ship port . See also ( edit ) Human timeline Life timeline Middle Bronze Age migrations ( Ancient Near East ) Namazga V and Altyndepe Oxhide ingot Seafaring ( edit ) Dover Bronze Age Boat -- the earliest known seagoing plank - built vessel Ferriby Boats Langdon Bay hoard -- see also Dover Museum Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iron In Africa : Revising The History : Unesco . Portal.unesco.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bronze was independently discovered in the Maykop culture of the North Caucasus as early as the mid-4th millennium BC , which makes them the producers of the oldest known bronze . However , the Maykop culture only had arsenical bronze . Other regions developed bronze and its associated technology at different periods . Jump up ^ Radivojevic , M ; Rehren , T ; Kuzmanovic - Cvetkovic , J ; Jovanovic , M ; Northover , JP ( 2013 ) . `` Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia , c. 6500 years ago '' . Antiquity. 87 ( 338 ) : 1030 -- 1045 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003598X0004984X . Jump up ^ Sljivar , D. ; Boric , D. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Context is everything : comments on Radivojevic et al. ( 2013 ) '' . Antiquity. 88 ( 342 ) : 1310 -- 1315 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00115480 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Radivojevic , M. ; Rehren , Th. ; Kuzmanovic - Cvetkovic , J. ; Jovanovic , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Context is everything indeed : a response to Sljivar and Boric '' . Antiquity. 88 ( 342 ) : 1315 -- 1319 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00115492 . Jump up ^ The Near East period dates and phases are unrelated to the bronze chronology of other regions of the world . Jump up ^ Piotr Bienkowski , Alan Ralph Millard ( editors ) . Dictionary of the ancient Near East . Page 60 . Jump up ^ Amélie Kuhr . The Ancient Near East , c. 3000 -- 330 BC . Page 9 . Jump up ^ Killebrew , Ann E. ( 2013 ) , `` The Philistines and Other `` Sea Peoples '' in Text and Archaeology `` , Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies , Society of Biblical Lit , 15 , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 721 - 8 , archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 03 , retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Quote : `` First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero ( 1896 ) , the somewhat misleading term `` Sea Peoples '' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka , Sherden , Shekelesh , Teresh , Eqwesh , Denyen , Sikil / Tjekker , Weshesh , and Peleset ( Philistines ) . ( Footnote : The modern term `` Sea Peoples '' refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from `` islands '' ( tables 1 -- 2 ; Adams and Cohen , this volume ; see , e.g. , Drews 1993 , 57 for a summary ) . The use of quotation marks in association with the term `` Sea Peoples '' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term . It is noteworthy that the designation `` of the sea '' appears only in relation to the Sherden , Shekelesh , and Eqwesh . Subsequently , this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms , including the Philistines , who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill ( see , e.g. , Sandars 1978 ; Redford 1992 , 243 , n . 14 ; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature , see Woudhuizen 2006 ) . Hencefore the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks . ) '' Jump up ^ The End of the Bronze Age : Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca . 1200 B.C. , Robert Drews , p48 -- 61 Quote : `` The thesis that a great `` migration of the Sea Peoples '' occurred ca . 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions , one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III . Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears . After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about ' the sea peoples ' , one Egyptologist ( Wolfgang Helck ) recently remarked that although some things are unclear , `` eins ist aber sicher : Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer ' Volkerwanderung ' zu tun . '' Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation . '' ^ Jump up to : Karin Sowada and Peter Grave . Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom . Jump up ^ Lukas de Blois and R.J. van der Spek . An Introduction to the Ancient World . Page 14 . Jump up ^ Hansen , M.H. ( 2000 ) . A comparative study of thirty city - state cultures : An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre . Copenhagen : Det Kongelike Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . Page 68 . Jump up ^ Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger . Gods , goddesses , and images of God in ancient Israel , 1998 . Page 17 ( cf . `` The first phase ( Middle Bronze Age IIA ) runs roughly parallel to the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty '' ) Jump up ^ Bruce G. Trigger . Ancient Egypt : a social history . 1983 . Page 137 . ( cf ... `` for the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period it is the Middle Bronze Age '' . ) Jump up ^ Dalton , O.M. , Franks , A.W. , & Read , C.H. ( 1905 ) . The treasure of the Oxus : With other objects from ancient Persia and India . London : British Museum . Jump up ^ V.M. Masson , The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana , chapter 10 in A.H. Dani and Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson ( eds . ) , History of civilizations of Central Asia , volume 1 : The dawn of civilization : earliest times to 700 BC Jump up ^ Possehl , G.L. ( 1986 ) . Kulli : An exploration of ancient civilization in Asia . Durham , N.C : Carolina Academic Press Jump up ^ Piggott , S. ( 1961 ) . Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. Baltimore : Penguin Book . Jump up ^ Mogens Herman Hansen ( 2000 ) . A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures : An Investigation , Volume 21 . p. 57 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ under Shamshi - Adad I Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel . `` Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan : Can the real Israel stand up ? . '' The Biblical archaeologist 59.4 ( 1996 ) : 198 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel . The archaeology of the Israelite settlement . Jerusalem : Israel Exploration Society , 1988 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel , and Nadav Naʼaman , eds . From nomadism to monarchy : archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel . Yad Izhak Ben - Zvi , 1994 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel . `` The archaeology of the United Monarchy : an alternative view . '' Levant 28.1 ( 1996 ) : 177 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel , and Neil Asher Silberman . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Keys , David ( January 2009 ) . `` Scholars crack the code of an ancient enigma '' . BBC History Magazine . 10 ( 1 ) : 9 . ^ Jump up to : White , Joyce ; Hamilton , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) . `` The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand : New Perspectives '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 22 : 357 -- 397 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 009 - 9029 - z . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) C. Lalueza - Fox et al. 2004 . Unravelling migrations in the steppe : mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians Jump up ^ ( 2 ) C. Keyser et al. 2009 . Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people . Human Genetics . Jump up ^ Martini , I. Peter ( 2010 ) . Landscapes and Societies : Selected Cases . Springer . p. 310 . ISBN 90 - 481 - 9412 - 1 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4640 - 9 . Jump up ^ The archaeological term `` Bronze Age '' was first introduced for Europe in the 1830s and soon extended to the Near East . By the 1860s , there was some debate as to whether the term should be extended to China ( John Lubbock , Prehistoric Times ( 1868 ) , cited after The Athenaeum No. 2121 , 20 June 1868 , p. 870 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Thorp , China in the Early Bronze Age : Shang Civilization , University of Pennsylvania Press ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Without entering on the vexed question whether or not there ever was a bronze age in any part of the world distinguished by the sole use of that metal , it is a fact that in China and Japan to the present day , in the midst of an iron age , bronze is in constant use for cutting instruments , either alone or in combination with steel . '' The Rectangular Review , Volume 1 ( 1871 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Chang , K.C. : `` Studies of Shang Archaeology '' , pp. 6 -- 7 , 1 . Yale University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Chang , K.C. : `` Studies of Shang Archaeology '' , p. 1 . Yale University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching Chinese Archaeology , Part Two -- NGA '' . Nga.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Li - Liu ; The Chinese Neolithic , Cambridge University Press , 2005 . Shang and Zhou Dynasties : The Bronze Age of China Heilbrunn Timeline Retrieved May 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jan Romgard ( 2008 ) . `` Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade , with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing , Gansu , and Xinjiang '' ( PDF ) . Sino - Platonic Papers ( 185 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thorp , R.L. ( 2005 ) . China in the early bronze age : Shang civilization . Philadelphia : Univ. of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Barnard , N. : `` Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China '' , p. 14 . The Australian National University and Monumenta Serica , 1961 . Jump up ^ White , W.C. : `` Bronze Culture of Ancient China '' , p. 208 . University of Toronto Press , 1956 . Jump up ^ Erdberg , E. : `` Ancient Chinese Bronzes '' , p. 20 . Siebenbad - Verlag , 1993 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , E.L. : `` Sources of Western Zhou History '' , pp. xv -- xvi . University of California Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , E.L. `` Sources of Western Zhou History '' , pp. 76 -- 83 . University of California Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , E.L. `` Sources of Western Zhou History '' , p. 107 Jump up ^ Carter J. Eckert , el. , `` Korea , Old and New : History '' , 1990 , pp. 9 Jump up ^ `` 1000 BC to 300 AD : Korea Asia for Educators Columbia University '' . Afe.easia.columbia.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Bronze from Ban Chiang , Thailand : A view from the Laboratory '' ( PDF ) . Museum.upenn.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Higham , C. , Higham , T. , Ciarla , R. , Douka , K. , Kijngam , A. , & Rispoli , F. ( 2011 ) . The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. ( 4 ) Journal of world prehistory , 24 ( 4 ) , 227 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` Nyaunggan City -- Archaeological Sites in Myanmar '' . Myanmartravelinformation.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Higham , C.F.W. ( 2011 ) . `` The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia : New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat '' . Cambridge Archaeological Journal . 21 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 389 . doi : 10.1017 / s0959774311000424 . Jump up ^ Higham , C. ; Higham , T. ; Ciarla , R. ; Douka , K. ; Kijngam , A. ; Rispoli , F. ( 2011 ) . `` The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia '' . Journal of world prehistory. 24 ( 4 ) : 227 -- 274 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 011 - 9054 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Oxenham , M.F. ; Thuy , N.K. ; Cuong , N.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Skeletal evidence for the emergence of infectious disease in bronze and iron age northern Vietnam '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 126 ( 4 ) : 359 -- 376 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20048 . PMID 15386222 . Jump up ^ White , J.C. ( 1995 ) . `` Incorporating Heterarchy into Theory on Socio ‐ political Development : The Case from Southeast Asia '' . Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association . 6 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 123 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.522. 1061 . doi : 10.1525 / ap3a. 1995.6. 1.101 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , D.J.W. ( 2003 ) . `` Further evidence of heterarchy in Bronze Age Thailand '' . Current Anthropology. 44 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 306 . doi : 10.1086 / 367973 . Jump up ^ `` Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia , c. 6500 years ago '' ( PDF ) . Antiquity http://journals.cambridge.org/AQY . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greece '' . British Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carl Waldman , Catherine Mason . Encyclopedia of European peoples : Volume 1 . 2006 . Page 524 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , H.O. ( 1990 ) . Expectations of life : A study in the demography , statistics , and history of world mortality . New York : Springer - Verlag . Page 228 . Jump up ^ Drews , R. ( 1993 ) . The end of the Bronze Age : Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca . 1200 B.C. Princeton , N.J : Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Neer , Richard T. ( 2012 ) . Greek Art and Archaeology . New York , New York , USA : Thames and Hudson Inc. p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28877 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cities on the Sea. , Swiny , S. , Hohlfelder , R.L. , & Swiny , H.W. ( 1998 ) . Res maritimae : Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity : proceedings of the Second International Symposium `` Cities on the Sea '' , Nicosia , Cyprus , October 18 -- 22 , 1994 . Atlanta , Ga : Scholars Press . Jump up ^ Creevey , B. ( 1994 ) . The forest resources of Bronze Age Cyprus Jump up ^ A. Bernard Knapp , Steve O. Held and Sturt W. Manning . The prehistory of Cyprus : Problems and prospects . Jump up ^ Lockard , Craig A. ( 2009 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions : To 600 . Wadsworth Pub Co . Page 96 . Jump up ^ Piccolo , Salvatore , op . cit. , pp. 1 onwards . Jump up ^ Hall and Coles , p. 81 -- 88 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , W. ( 1997 ) . Bronze Age Copper Mining in Britain and Ireland . Shire Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0321 - 8 . Jump up ^ Timberlake , S. and Prag A.J.N.W. ( 2005 ) . The Archaeology of Alderley Edge : Survey , excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape . Oxford : John and Erica Hedges Ltd. p. 396 . Jump up ^ Tabor , Richard ( 2008 ) . Cadbury Castle : A hillfort and landscapes . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 61 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4715 - 5 . Jump up ^ Waddell ; Eogan . Jump up ^ Philip L. Kohl . The making of bronze age Eurasia . Page 58 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas ( 1973 ) . `` The Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo - Europeans 3500 -- 2500 BC '' . Journal of Indo - European Studies . 1 : 177 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Duncan E. ; van der Merwe , Nikolaas J. ( 1994 ) . `` Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Review of Recent Research '' . The Journal of African History . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 36 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700025949 . JSTOR 182719 . ^ Jump up to : Childs , S. Terry ( 2008 ) . `` Metallurgy in Africa '' . In Selin , Helaine . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science , Technology , and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures . Netherlands : Springer . pp. 1596 -- 1601 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4425 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holl , Augustin F.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Early West African Metallurgies : New Data and Old Orthodoxy '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 22 : 415 -- 438 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 009 - 9030 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alpern , Stanley B. ( 2005 ) . `` Did They or Did n't They Invent It ? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa '' . History in Africa . 32 : 41 -- 94 . doi : 10.1353 / hia. 2005.0003 . JSTOR 20065735 . Jump up ^ Killick , David ( 2009 ) . `` Cairo to Cape : The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 22 : 399 -- 414 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 009 - 9025 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chirikure , Shadreck ( 2010 ) . `` On Evidence , Ideas and Fantasy : The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa : Thoughts on É . Zangato & A.F.C. Holl 's `` On the Iron Front '' `` . Journal of African Archaeology. 8 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 28 . doi : 10.3213 / 1612 - 1651 - 10156 . JSTOR 43135498 . Jump up ^ Chirikure , Shadreck ( 2010 ) . `` On Evidence , Ideas and Fantasy : The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa : Thoughts on É . Zangato & A.F.C. Holl 's `` On the Iron Front '' `` . Journal of African Archaeology. 8 ( 1 ) : 25 . doi : 10.3213 / 1612 - 1651 - 10156 . JSTOR 43135498 . ^ Jump up to : Childs , S. Terry ; Killick , David ( 1993 ) . `` Indigenous African Metallurgy : Nature and Culture '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 22 : 317 -- 337 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 22.1. 317 . JSTOR 2155851 . Jump up ^ Killick , David ; van der Merwe , Nikolaas J. ; Gordon , Robert B. ; Grebenart , Danilo ( 1988 ) . `` Reassessment of the Evidence for Early Metallurgy in Niger , West Africa '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 15 : 367 -- 3944 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 4403 ( 88 ) 90036 - 2 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El bronce y el horizonte medio '' . lablaa.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Antonio Gutierrez . `` Inca Metallurgy '' . Incas.homestead.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ambrosetti , El bronze de la región calchaquí , Buenos Aires , 1904. ( 5 ) , accessed 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristiansen , Kristian ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Connected Histories : the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500 - 1100 bc '' . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society . 81 : 361 -- 392 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) Figueiredo , Elin ( 2010 ) . `` Smelting and Recycling Evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baioes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Archaeological Science . 37 ( 7 ) : 1623 -- 1634 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2010.01. 023 . hdl : 10451 / 9795 . Eogan , George ( 1983 ) The hoards of the Irish later Bronze Age , Dublin : University College , 331p. , ISBN 0 - 901120 - 77 - 4 Hall , David and Coles , John ( 1994 ) Fenland survey : an essay in landscape and persistence , Archaeological report 1 , London : English Heritage , 170 p. , ISBN 1 - 85074 - 477 - 7 Pernicka , E. , Eibner , C. , Öztunah , Ö. , Wagener , G.A. ( 2003 ) `` Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Northeast Aegean '' , In : Wagner , G.A. , Pernicka , E. and Uerpmann , H-P . ( eds ) , Troia and the Troad : scientific approaches , Natural science in archaeology , Berlin ; London : Springer , ISBN 3 - 540 - 43711 - 8 , p. 143 -- 172 Piccolo , Salvatore ( 2013 ) . Ancient Stones : The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Abingdon ( GB ) : Brazen Head Publishing , ISBN 978 - 09565106 - 2 - 4 , Waddell , John ( 1998 ) The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland , Galway University Press , 433 p. , ISBN 1 - 901421 - 10 - 4 Siklosy et al. ( 2009 ) : Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies . Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry , 23 / 6 , 801 -- 808 . doi : 10.1002 / rcm. 3943 Roberts , B.W. ; Thornton , C.P. ; Pigott , V.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia '' . Antiquity. 83 : 112 -- 122 . Further reading ( edit ) Childe , V.G. ( 1930 ) . The bronze age . New York : The Macmillan Company . Fong , Wen , ed. ( 1980 ) . The great bronze age of China : an exhibition from the People 's Republic of China . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 226 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Kelleher , Bradford ( 1980 ) . Treasures from the Bronze Age of China : An exhibition from the People 's Republic of China , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 230 - 9 . Wagner , Donald B. ( 1993 ) . Iron and Steel in Ancient China . Leiden , Netherlands ; New York : E.J. Brill . Kuijpers , M.H.G. ( 2008 ) . Bronze Age metalworking in the Netherlands ( c. 2000 - 800 BC ) : A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith . Leiden : Sidestone Press . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . Müller - Lyer , F.C. ; Lake , E.C. ; Lake , H.A. ( 1921 ) . The history of social development . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . Pittman , Holly ( 1984 ) . Art of the Bronze Age : southeastern Iran , western Central Asia , and the Indus Valley . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 365 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Higham , C.F.W. ( 2011 ) . `` The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia : New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat '' . Cambridge Archaeological Journal . 21 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 389 . doi : 10.1017 / s0959774311000424 . External links ( edit ) Look up bronze age in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bronze Age . Library resources about Bronze Age Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` Bronze Age '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Links to the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond Commented web index , geographically structured ( private website ) Bronze Age Experimental Archeology and Museum Reproductions Umha Aois -- Reconstructed Bronze Age metal casting Umha Aois -- ancient bronze casting videoclip `` Галичский клад '' ( Ancient bronze idol 13 Cent B.C. ) ( in Russian ) . Northern Russia . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Aegean and Balkan Prehistory articles , site - reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean , Balkans and Western Anatolia Li ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Evidence that a West - East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age '' ( PDF ) . BMC Biology . 8 : 15 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 15 . PMC 2838831 . PMID 20163704 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . `` The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand : New Perspectives '' Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . Seafaring Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon Bronze Age ↑ Holocene epoch Bronze Age Abashevo culture Aegean civilization Andronovo culture Apennine culture Atlantic Bronze Age BMAC Bronze Age Britain Bronze Age Europe Catacomb culture Chinese Bronze Age Cycladic culture Deverel -- Rimbury culture Elp culture Ewart Park Phase Ezero culture Glazkov culture Argaric culture Hallstatt culture Helladic period Indus Valley Civilisation Lusatian culture Minoan civilization Mumun pottery period Mycenaean Greece Nordic Bronze Age Ordos culture Penard Period South - Western Iberian Bronze Srubna culture Tagar culture Terramare culture Trzciniec Tumulus culture Unetice culture Urnfield culture Wessex culture Wilburton - Wallington Phase Bronze Age ( North Caucasus and Transcaucasia ) Kurgan Koban Kura -- Araxes Shulaveri - Shomu Colchian Trialeti Maykop culture Leyla - Tepe culture Jar - Burial Khojaly -- Gadabay ↓ Iron Age Prehistoric Asia Paleolithic Homo erectus georgicus Japanese Paleolithic Java Man List of Paleolithic sites in China Paleolithic Mesopotamia Natufian culture Peking Man Riwat Soanian Sangiran South Asian Stone Age Ubeidiya Xiaochangliang Neolithic Fertile Crescent Early Neolithic settlements Khiamian culture Trialetian culture Nemrikian culture Zarzian culture Neolithic China Neolithic Tibet Neolithic Korea Neolithic Revolution Neolithic South Asia Ohalo Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( Mesopotamia ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( Mesopotamia ) Chalcolithic Daimabad Halaf culture Uruk period Bronze Age Andronovo culture Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex Bronze Age Anatolia Bronze Age Caucasus Bronze Age China Bronze Age India Bronze Age Korea Bronze Age Levant List of Bronze Age sites in China Seima - Turbino phenomenon List of archaeological periods List of time periods Three - age system Stone Age Prehistoric technology Stone tool Flint tool Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Middle Stone Age Later Stone Age Epipaleolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Neolithic Revolution Continent Asia China India Japan Africa Europe Poland Nordic British Bronze Age Bronze Bronze Age collapse Continent Africa Asia Bronze Age Levant Europe Atlantic Bronze Age Chalcolithic Nordic Bronze Age Bronze Age in Romania Iron Age History of ferrous metallurgy Iron meteorite Metallurgy Continent Africa Asian China India Europe British Pre-Roman Roman Germanic Scandinavia List of archaeological periods List of time periods GND : 4008357 - 3 HDS : 8013 NDL : 00570287 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&oldid=854486335 '' Categories : Bronze Age Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 114 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the bronze age start in china	[ "Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou (Wade–Giles: Erh-li-t'ou) period, which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty.[36] Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia (Wade–Giles: Hsia) dynasty.[37] The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the \"period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC,\" a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule.[38] \n" ]	[ "about 2000 BC" ]
2642401236479396904	Water activity	Water activity - wikipedia Water activity Food safety Terms Foodborne illness Hazard analysis and critical control points ( HACCP ) Hazard analysis and risk - based preventive controls ( HARPC ) Critical control point Critical factors FAT TOM pH Water activity ( a ) Bacterial pathogens Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli Listeria Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Cronobacter spp Viral pathogens Enterovirus Hepatitis A Norovirus Rotavirus Parasitic pathogens Cryptosporidium Entamoeba histolytica Giardia Trichinella This article is about food science . For a more general discussion , see thermodynamic activity . Water activity or a is the partial vapor pressure of water in a substance divided by the standard state partial vapor pressure of water . In the field of food science , the standard state is most often defined as the partial vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature . Using this particular definition , pure distilled water has a water activity of exactly one . As temperature increases , a typically increases , except in some products with crystalline salt or sugar . Higher a substances tend to support more microorganisms . Bacteria usually require at least 0.91 , and fungi at least 0.7 . See also fermentation . Water migrates from areas of high a to areas of low a . For example , if honey ( a ≈ 0.6 ) is exposed to humid air ( a ≈ 0.7 ) , the honey absorbs water from the air . If salami ( a ≈ 0.87 ) is exposed to dry air ( a ≈ 0.5 ) , the salami dries out , which could preserve it or spoil it . Contents 1 Formulae 2 Uses 2.1 Food product design 2.2 Food safety 3 Measurement 3.1 Resistive electrolytic hygrometers 3.2 Capacitance hygrometers 3.3 Dew point hygrometers 3.4 Equilibration 4 Moisture content 5 Use in humidity control 6 Selected a values 7 References 8 External links Formulae ( edit ) Definition of a : a w ≡ p / p ∗ ( \ displaystyle a_ ( w ) \ equiv p / p * ) where p is the partial vapor pressure of water in the solution , and p * 0 is the partial vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature . Alternate definition : a w ≡ l w x w ( \ displaystyle a_ ( w ) \ equiv l_ ( w ) x_ ( w ) ) where l is the activity coefficient of water and x is the mole fraction of water in the aqueous fraction . Relationship to relative humidity : The relative humidity of air in equilibrium with a sample is called the Equilibrium Relative Humidity ( ERH ) . E R H = a w × 100 % ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( ERH ) = a_ ( w ) \ times 100 \ % ) Estimated mold - free shelf life in days at 21 ° C : M F S L = 10 7.91 − 8.1 a w ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( MFSL ) = 10 ^ ( 7.91 - 8.1 a_ ( w ) ) ) Uses ( edit ) Water activity is an important consideration for food product design and food safety . Food product design ( edit ) Food designers use water activity to formulate shelf - stable food . If a product is kept below a certain water activity , then mold growth is inhibited . This results in a longer shelf life . Water activity values can also help limit moisture migration within a food product made with different ingredients . If raisins of a higher water activity are packaged with bran flakes of a lower water activity , the water from the raisins migrates to the bran flakes over time , making the raisins hard and the bran flakes soggy . Food formulators use water activity to predict how much moisture migration affects their product . Food Safety ( edit ) Water activity is used in many cases as a critical control point for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ( HACCP ) programs . Samples of the food product are periodically taken from the production area and tested to ensure water activity values are within a specified range for food quality and safety . Measurements can be made in as little as five minutes , and are made regularly in most major food production facilities . For many years , researchers tried to equate bacterial growth potential with water content . They found that the values were not universal , but specific to each food product . W.J. Scott first established that bacterial growth correlated with water activity , not water content , in 1953 . It is firmly established that growth of bacteria is inhibited at specific water activity values . U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulations for intermediate moisture foods are based on these values . Lowering the water activity of a food product should not be seen as a kill step . Studies in powdered milk show that viable cells can exist at much lower water activity values , but that they never grow . Over time , bacterial levels decline . Measurement ( edit ) Water activity values are obtained by either a resistive electrolytic , a capacitance or a dew point hygrometer . Resistive electrolytic hygrometers ( edit ) Resistive electrolytic hygrometers use a sensing element in the form of a liquid electrolyte held in between of two small glass rods by capillary force . The electrolyte changes resistance if it absorbs or loses water vapor . The resistance is directly proportional to relative air humidity , and also to water activity of the sample ( once vapor -- liquid equilibrium is established ) . This relation can be checked by either a verification or calibration using salt - water mixtures , which provide a well - defined and reproducible air humidity in the measurement chamber . The sensor does not have any physically given hysteresis as it is known from capacitance hygrometers and sensors , and does not require regular cleaning as its surface is not the effectively sensing element . Volatiles , in principle , influence the measurement performance -- especially those that dissociate in the electrolyte and thereby change its resistance . Such influences can easily be avoided by using chemical protection filters that absorb the volatile compound before arriving at the sensor . Capacitance hygrometers ( edit ) Capacitance hygrometers consist of two charged plates separated by a polymer membrane dielectric . As the membrane adsorbs water , its ability to hold a charge increases and the capacitance is measured . This value is roughly proportional to the water activity as determined by a sensor - specific calibration . Capacitance hygrometers are not affected by most volatile chemicals and can be much smaller than other alternative sensors . They do not require cleaning , but are less accurate than dew point hygrometers ( + / - 0.015 a ) . They should have regular calibration checks and can be affected by residual water in the polymer membrane ( hysteresis ) . Dew point hygrometers ( edit ) Red line shows saturation The temperature at which dew forms on a clean surface is directly related to the vapor pressure of the air . Dew point hygrometers work by placing a mirror over a closed sample chamber . The mirror is cooled until the dew point temperature is measured by means of an optical sensor . This temperature is then used to find the relative humidity of the chamber using psychrometrics charts . This method is theoretically the most accurate ( + / - 0.003 a ) and often the fastest . The sensor requires cleaning if debris accumulates on the mirror . Equilibration ( edit ) With either method , vapor -- liquid equilibrium must occur in the sample chamber . This takes place over time or can be aided by the addition of a fan in the chamber . Thermal equilibrium must also take place unless the sample temperature is measured . Moisture content ( edit ) Water activity is related to water content in a non-linear relationship known as a moisture sorption isotherm curve . These isotherms are substance - and temperature - specific . Isotherms can be used to help predict product stability over time in different storage conditions . Use in humidity control ( edit ) There is net evaporation from a solution with a water activity greater than the relative humidity of its surroundings . There is net absorption of water by a solution with a water activity less than the relative humidity of its surroundings . Therefore , in an enclosed space , a solution can be used to regulate humidity . Selected a values ( edit ) Food Substance Source Distilled Water 1.00 Tap water 0.99 Raw meats 0.99 Milk 0.97 Juice 0.97 Salami 0.87 Shelf - stable cooked bacon < 0.85 Saturated NaCl solution 0.75 Point at which cereal loses crunch 0.65 Dried fruit 0.60 Typical indoor air 0.5 - 0.7 Honey 0.5 - 0.7 Microorganisms Microorganism Inhibited Source Clostridium botulinum E 0.97 Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.97 Clostridium perfringens 0.95 Escherichia coli 0.95 Clostridium botulinum A , B 0.94 Salmonella 0.93 Vibrio cholerae 0.95 Bacillus cereus 0.93 Listeria monocytogenes 0.92 , ( 0.90 in 30 % glycerol ) Bacillus subtilis 0.91 Staphylococcus aureus 0.86 Most molds 0.80 No microbial proliferation < 0.60 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rockland , L.B. ; Beuchat , L.R. ( 1987 ) . Water Activity : Theory and Applications to Food ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Marcel Dekker . Jump up ^ Young , Linda ; Cauvain , Stanley P. ( 2000 ) . Bakery food manufacture and quality : water control and effects . Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05327 - 5 . Jump up ^ Man , C.M.D. ; Jones , Adrian A. ( 2000 ) . Shelf Life Evaluation of Foods . Springer . ISBN 0 - 834 - 21782 - 1 . Jump up ^ Demchick PH ( 1984 ) . `` Taking control of chamber humidity '' . The Science Teacher. 51 ( 7 ) : 29 ‐ 31 . ^ Jump up to : Marianski , 5 Jump up ^ `` Bacon and Food Safety '' . United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service . 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Barbosa - Canovas , 1 Jump up ^ Shaw , 1 Jump up ^ Ryser , Elliot T. ; Elmer , Marth H. ( 2007 ) . Listeria , Listeriosis and Food Safety ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . pp. 173 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Marianski , 7 Rockland , L.B. ; Beuchat , L.R. ( 1987 ) . Water Activity : Theory and Applications to Food ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Marcell Dekker . Marianski , Stanley ; Marianski , adam ( 2008 ) . The Art of Making Fermented Sausages . Denver , Colorado : Outskirts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4327 - 3257 - 8 . Shaw , Angela ( 2013 ) . Salmonella : Create the most undesirable environment . Ames , IA : Iowa State University . Reineccius , Gary ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook of Flavors . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 0 - 8342 - 1307 - 9 . Fennema , O.R. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Food Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Marcell Dekker , Inc . pp. 46 -- 50 . Bell , L.N. ; Labuza , T.P. ( 2000 ) . Practical Aspects of Moisture Sorption Isotherm Measurement and Use ( 2nd ed . ) . Egan , MN : AACC Egan Press . Ryser , Elliot T. ; Elmer , Marth H. ( 2007 ) . Listeria , Listeriosis and Food Safety ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . pp. 173 -- 174 . Barbosa - Canovas , G. ; Fontana , A. ; Schmidt , S. ; Labuza , T.P. ( 2007 ) . Water Activity in Foods : Fundamentals and Applications . FT Blackwell Press . pp. Appendix D . External links ( edit ) Isotopic effect Measurement ( 1 ) Why measure water activity ? , Syntilab How to measure water activity ? , Syntilab NDL : 00576225 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_activity&oldid=853881023 '' Categories : Food safety Food science Water Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	classification of microorganisms on the basis of water activity	[]	[]
-5484386512879506815	John Carroll Lynch	John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch Jump to : navigation , search John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born August 1 , 1963 , in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and Seasons 4 , 5 and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber 1997 Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch 1998 The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver 1998 Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin 1999 Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze 1999 Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field 2002 Bug Wallace Gregory 2002 Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan 2003 Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory 2005 Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard 2007 Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen 2007 Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs 2011 Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett 2015 Ted 2 Tom Jessup 2015 The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott 2016 Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut 2017 Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Charlie 2018 White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production 2018 The Highwaymen Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' 1997 The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' 1999 Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film 1999 Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes 2005 American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' 2009 Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes 2014 The Americans Fred 6 episodes 2014 Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2014 Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes 2017 Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 Crawford Owen Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb VIAF : 58811189 LCCN : no2005039010 GND : 1140027840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=825346538 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the clown on american horror story freak show	[ "John Carroll Lynch (born August 1, 1963)[1][2] is an American actor and director. He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo. He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character's cross-dressing brother, Steve Carey, as well as on American Horror Story: Freak Show and American Horror Story: Cult as Twisty the Clown. His films include Face/Off, Gran Torino, Shutter Island, Ted 2, The Invitation, and Zodiac. Most recently, he portrayed McDonald's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder. He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky." ]	[ "John Carroll Lynch" ]
3524008730742048700	Two-party system	Two - party system - Wikipedia Two - party system Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum Left - wing Far - left Centre - left Centre Centre - left Radical centre Centre - right Right - wing Centre - right Far - right Party platform Extremist Radical Progressive Reformist Liberal Moderate Syncretic Third Position Conservative Reactionary Traditionalist Party system Non-partisan One - party Dominant - party Two - party Multi-party Coalition Hung parliament Confidence and supply Minority government Rainbow coalition Grand coalition Full coalition National unity government Majority government Lists Ruling parties by country Political parties by UN geoscheme Political ideologies Politics portal Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties A two - party system is a party system where two major political parties dominate the government . One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority or governing party while the other is the minority or opposition party . Around the world , the term has different senses . For example , in the United States , Jamaica , and Malta , the sense of two party system describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all elected officials belong to one of the only two major parties , and third parties rarely win any seats in the legislature . In such arrangements , two - party systems are thought to result from various factors like winner takes all election rules . In such systems , while chances for third party candidates winning election to major national office are remote , it is possible for groups within the larger parties , or in opposition to one or both of them , to exert influence on the two major parties . In contrast , in the United Kingdom and Australia and in other parliamentary systems and elsewhere , the term two - party system is sometimes used to indicate an arrangement in which two major parties dominate elections but in which there are viable third parties which do win seats in the legislature , and in which the two major parties exert proportionately greater influence than their percentage of votes would suggest . Explanations for why a country with free elections may evolve into a two - party system have been debated . A leading theory , referred to as Duverger 's law , states that two parties are a natural result of a winner - take - all voting system . Contents 1 Examples 1.1 Commonwealth countries 1.2 India 1.3 Latin America 1.4 Malta 1.5 United States 1.6 Other examples 2 Comparisons with other party systems 3 Causes 4 Third parties 5 Advantages 6 Disadvantages 7 History 7.1 Beginnings of parties in Britain 7.2 Emergence of the two - party system in Britain 7.3 History of American political parties 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Examples ( edit ) Commonwealth countries ( edit ) In countries such as Britain , two major parties emerge which have strong influence and tend to elect most of the candidates , but a multitude of lesser parties exist with varying degrees of influence , and sometimes these lesser parties are able to elect officials who participate in the legislature . In political systems based on the Westminster system , which is a particular style of parliamentary democracy based on the British model and found in many commonwealth countries , a majority party will form the government and the minority party will form the opposition , and coalitions of lesser parties are possible ; in the rare circumstance in which neither party is the majority , a hung parliament arises . Sometimes these systems are described as two - party systems but they are usually referred to as multi-party systems . There is not always a sharp boundary between a two - party system and a multi-party system . Generally , a two - party system becomes a dichotomous division of the political spectrum with an ostensibly right - wing and left - wing party : the Nationalist Party vs. the Labour Party in Malta , Liberal / National Coalition vs. Labor in Australia , Republicans vs. Democrats in the United States and the Conservative Party vs. the Labour Party in the United Kingdom . Other parties in these countries may have seen candidates elected to local or subnational office , however . Historian John Hicks claims that the United States has never possessed for any considerable period of time the two party system in its pure and undefiled form . In some governments , certain chambers may resemble a two - party system and others a multi-party system . For example , the politics of Australia are largely two - party ( the Liberal / National Coalition is often considered a single party at a national level due to their long - standing alliance in forming government and additionally rarely compete for the same seat ) for the Australian House of Representatives , which is elected by instant - runoff voting , known within Australia as preferential voting . However , third parties are more common in the Australian Senate , which uses a proportional voting system more amenable to minor parties . In the politics of Canada , while having a multiparty system federally and in the largest provinces of Ontario , Quebec , Manitoba as well as the smaller Newfoundland And Labrador , Nova Scotia and Yukon Territory many of the provinces have effectively become two - party systems in which only two parties regularly get members elected . Examples include British Columbia ( where the battles are between the New Democratic Party and the BC Liberals ) , Alberta ( between the Alberta New Democratic Party and United Conservative Party ) , Saskatchewan ( between the Saskatchewan Party and New Democratic Party ) , New Brunswick ( between the Liberals and the Progressive Conservatives ) and Prince Edward Island ( between Liberals and Progressive Conservatives ) . The English speaking countries of the Caribbean while inheriting their basic political system from Great Britain have become two party systems . The politics of Jamaica are between the People 's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party . The politics of Guyana are between the People 's Progressive Party and APNU which is actually a coalition of smaller parties . The politics of Trinidad and Tobago are between the People 's National Movement and the People 's Partnership which is also a coalition . The Politics of Belize are between the United Democratic Party and the People 's United Party . The Politics of the Bahamas are between the Progressive Liberal Party and the Free National Movement . The politics of Barbados are between the Democratic Labour Party and the Barbados Labour Party . The politics of Zimbabwe are effectively a two party system between the Robert Mugabe founded Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front and the opposition coalition Movement for Democratic Change . India ( edit ) India has a multi-party system but also shows characteristics of a two party system with the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) and National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) as the two main players . It is to be noted that both UPA and NDA are not two political parties but alliances of several smaller parties . Other smaller parties not aligned with either NDA or UPA exist , and overall command about 20 % of the 2009 seats in the Lok Sabha and had further increased to 28 % in 2014 general elections Latin America ( edit ) Most Latin American countries also have presidential systems very similar to the US often with winner takes all systems . Due to the common accumulation of power in the Presidential office both the official party and the main opposition became important political protagonists causing historically two - party systems . Some of the first manifestations of this particularity was with the liberals and conservatives that often fought for power in all Latin America causing the first two - party systems in most Latin American countries which often lead to civil wars in places like Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico , Venezuela , the Central American Republic and Peru , with fights focusing specially on opposing / defending the privileges of the Catholic Church and the creole aristocracy . Other examples of primitive two - party systems included the Pelucones vs Pipiolos in Chile , Federalists vs Unitarians in Argentina , Colorados vs Liberals in Paraguay and Colorados vs Nationals in Uruguay . However , as in other regions , the original rivalry between liberals and conservatives was overtaken by a rivalry between center - left ( often social - democratic ) parties vs center - right liberal conservative parties , focusing more in economic differences than in cultural and religious differences as it was common during the liberal vs conservative period . Examples of this include National Liberation Party vs Social Christian Unity Party in Costa Rica , the peronista Justicialist Party vs Radical Civic Union in Argentina , Democratic Action vs COPEI in Venezuela , the Colombian Liberal Party ( despite the name , a democratic socialist party ) vs the Colombian Conservative Party in Colombia , Democratic Revolutionary Party vs Panameñista Party in Panama and Liberal Party vs National Party in Honduras . After the democratization of Central America following the end of the Central American crisis in the 90s former far - left guerrillas and former right - wing authoritarian parties , now in peace , make some similar two - party systems in countries like Nicaragua between the Sandinista National Liberation Front and the Liberals and in El Salvador between the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front and the National Republican Alliance . The traditional two - party dynamic started to broke after a while , especially in early 2000s ; alternative parties won elections breaking the traditional two - party systems including Rafael Caldera 's ( National Convergence ) victory in Venezuela in 1993 , Álvaro Uribe ( Colombia First ) victory in 2002 , Tabaré Vázquez ( Broad Front ) victory in Uruguay in 2004 , Ricardo Martinelli ( Democratic Change ) victory in 2009 in Panama , Luis Guillermo Solís ( Citizens ' Action Party ) victory in 2014 in Costa Rica and Mauricio Macri ( Republican Proposal ) victory in 2015 in Argentina , all of them from non-traditional third parties in their respective countries . In some countries like Chile and Venezuela the political system is now split in two large multy - party alliances or blocs , one on the left and one on the right of the spectrum ( Concertación / New Majority vs Alliance in Chile , Democratic Unity Roundtable vs Great Patriotic Pole in Venezuela ) . Malta ( edit ) Malta is somewhat unusual in that while the electoral system is single transferable vote ( STV ) , traditionally associated with proportional representation , minor parties have not earned much success . Politics is dominated between the centre - left Labour Party and the centre - right Nationalist Party , with no third parties winning seats in Parliament between 1962 and 2017 . United States ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is general agreement that the United States has a two - party system ; historically , there have been few instances in which third party candidates won an election . In the First Party System , only Alexander Hamilton 's Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson 's Democratic - Republican Party were significant political parties . Toward the end of the First Party System , the Republicans dominated a one - party system ( primarily under the Presidency of James Monroe ) . Under the Second Party System , the Democratic - Republican Party split during the election of 1824 into Adams ' Men and Jackson 's Men . In 1828 , the modern Democratic Party formed in support of Andrew Jackson . The National Republicans were formed in support of John Quincy Adams . After the National Republicans collapsed , the Whig Party and the Free Soil Party quickly formed and collapsed . In 1854 , the modern Republican Party formed from a loose coalition of former Whigs , Free Soilers and other anti-slavery activists . Abraham Lincoln became the first Republican president in 1860 . During the Third Party System , the Republican Party was the dominant political faction , but the Democrats held a strong , loyal coalition in the Solid South . During the Fourth Party System , the Republicans remained the dominant Presidential party , although Democrats Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson were both elected to two terms . In 1932 , at the onset of the Fifth Party System , Democrats took firm control of national politics with the landslide victories of Franklin D. Roosevelt in four consecutive elections . Other than the two terms of Republican Dwight Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961 , Democrats retained firm control of the Presidency until the mid-1960s . Since the mid-1960s , despite a number of landslides ( such as Richard Nixon carrying 49 states and 61 % of the popular vote over George McGovern in 1972 ; Ronald Reagan carrying 49 states and 58 % of the popular vote over Walter Mondale in 1984 ) , Presidential elections have been competitive between the predominant Republican and Democratic parties and no one party has been able to hold the Presidency for more than three consecutive terms , except for the elections from 1932 through 1948 when FDR won 4 elections and Truman one , both as Democrats . In the election of 2012 , only 4 % separated the popular vote between Barack Obama ( 51 % ) and Mitt Romney ( 47 % ) , although Obama won the electoral vote by a landslide ( 332 -- 206 ) . Throughout every American party system , no third party has won a Presidential election or majorities in either house of Congress . Despite that , third parties and third party candidates have gained traction and support . In the election of 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt won 27 % of the popular vote and 88 electoral votes running as a Progressive . In the 1992 Presidential election , Ross Perot won 19 % of the popular vote but no electoral votes running as an Independent . Other examples ( edit ) South Korea has a multi-party system that has sometimes been described as having characteristics of a two - party system . Furthermore , the Lebanese Parliament is mainly made up of two bipartisan alliances . Although both alliances are made up of several political parties on both ends of the political spectrum the two way political situation has mainly arisen due to strong ideological differences in the electorate . Once again this can mainly be attributed to the winner takes all thesis . Historically , Brazil had a two - party system for most of its military dictatorship ( 1964 -- 1985 ) : the military junta banned all existing parties when it took power and created a pro-government party , the National Renewal Alliance and an official opposition party , the Brazilian Democratic Movement . The two parties were dissolved in 1979 , when the regime allowed other parties to form . A report in The Christian Science Monitor in 2008 suggested that Spain was moving towards a `` greater two - party system '' while acknowledging that Spain has `` many small parties '' . However a 2015 article published by WashingtonPost.com written by academic Fernando Casal Bértoa noted the decline in support for the two main parties , the People 's Party ( PP ) and the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) in recent years , with these two parties winning only 52 percent of the votes in that year 's regional and local elections . He explained this as being due to the Spanish economic crisis , a series of political corruption scandals and broken campaign promises . He argued that the emergence of the new Citizens and Podemos parties would mean the political system would evolve into a two - bloc system , with an alliance of the PP and Citizens on the right facing a leftist coalition of PSOE , Podemos and the United Left . Comparisons with other party systems ( edit ) Two - party systems can be contrasted with : Multi-party systems . In these , the effective number of parties is greater than two but usually fewer than five ; in a two - party system , the effective number of parties is two ( according to one analysis , the actual average number of parties varies between 1.7 and 2.1 . ) The parties in a multi-party system can control government separately or as a coalition ; in a two - party system , however , coalition governments rarely form . Examples of nations with multi-party systems include Brazil , Canada , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Mexico , Nepal , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Russia , Spain , Sweden and Taiwan . One - party systems or dominant - party systems happen in nations where no more than one party is codified in law and / or officially recognized , or where alternate parties are restricted by the dominant party which wields power . Examples include rule by the Communist Party of China and the People 's Action Party of Singapore . Causes ( edit ) There are several reasons why , in some systems , two major parties dominate the political landscape . There has been speculation that a two - party system arose in the United States from early political battling between the federalists and anti-federalists in the first few decades after the ratification of the Constitution , according to several views . In addition , there has been more speculation that the winner - takes - all electoral system as well as particular state and federal laws regarding voting procedures helped to cause a two - party system . In a two - party system , voters have mostly two options ; in this sample ballot for an election in Summit , New Jersey , voters can choose between a Republican or Democrat , but there are no third party candidates . Economist Jeffrey D. Sachs . Political scientists such as Maurice Duverger and William H. Riker claim that there are strong correlations between voting rules and type of party system . Jeffrey D. Sachs agreed that there was a link between voting arrangements and the effective number of parties . Sachs explained how the first - past - the - post voting arrangement tended to promote a two - party system : The main reason for America 's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress . Members of Congress are elected in single - member districts according to the `` first - past - the - post '' ( FPTP ) principle , meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional seat . The losing party or parties win no representation at all . The first - past - the - post election tends to produce a small number of major parties , perhaps just two , a principle known in political science as Duverger 's Law . Smaller parties are trampled in first - past - the - post elections . -- Sachs , The Price of Civilization , 2011 Consider a system in which voters can vote for any candidate from any one of many parties . Suppose further that if a party gets 15 % of votes , then that party will win 15 % of the seats in the legislature . This is termed proportional representation or more accurately as party - proportional representation . Political scientists speculate that proportional representation leads logically to multi-party systems , since it allows new parties to build a niche in the legislature : Because even a minor party may still obtain at least a few seats in the legislature , smaller parties have a greater incentive to organize under such electoral systems than they do in the United States . -- Schmidt , Shelley , Bardes ( 2008 ) In contrast , a voting system that allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat is sometimes termed a plurality voting system or single - winner voting system and is usually described under the heading of a winner - takes - all arrangement . Each voter can cast a single vote for any candidate within any given legislative district , but the candidate with the most votes wins the seat , although variants , such as requiring a majority , are sometimes used . What happens is that in a general election , a party that consistently comes in third in every district is unlikely to win any legislative seats even if there is a significant proportion of the electorate favoring its positions . This arrangement strongly favors large and well -- organized political parties that are able to appeal to voters in many districts and hence win many seats , and discourages smaller or regional parties . Politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to run under the auspices of the two dominant parties . In the U.S. , forty - eight states have a standard winner - takes - all electoral system for amassing presidential votes in the Electoral College system . The winner - takes - all principle applies in presidential elections , since if a presidential candidate gets the most votes in any particular state , all of the electoral votes from that state are awarded . In all but two states , Maine and Nebraska , the presidential candidate winning a plurality of votes wins all of the electoral votes , a practice called the unit rule . Duverger concluded that `` plurality election single - ballot procedures are likely to produce two - party systems , whereas proportional representation and runoff designs encourage multipartyism . '' He suggested there were two reasons why winner - takes - all systems leads to a two - party system . First , the weaker parties are pressured to form an alliance , sometimes called a fusion , to try to become big enough to challenge a large dominant party and , in so doing , gain political clout in the legislature . Second , voters learn , over time , not to vote for candidates outside of one of the two large parties since their votes for third party candidates are usually ineffectual . As a result , weaker parties are eliminated by voters over time . Duverger pointed to statistics and tactics to suggest that voters tended to gravitate towards one of the two main parties , a phenomenon which he called polarization , and tend to shun third parties . For example , some analysts suggest that the Electoral College system in the United States , by favoring a system of winner - takes - all in presidential elections , is a structural choice favoring only two major parties . Gary Cox suggested that America 's two - party system was highly related with economic prosperity in the country : The bounty of the American economy , the fluidity of American society , the remarkable unity of the American people , and , most important , the success of the American experiment have all mitigated against the emergence of large dissenting groups that would seek satisfaction of their special needs through the formation of political parties . -- Cox , according to George Edwards An effort in 2012 by centrist groups to promote ballot access by Third Party candidates called Americans Elect spent $15 million to get ballot access but failed to elect any candidates . The lack of choice in a two - party model in politics has often been compared to the variety of choices in the marketplace . Politics has lagged our social and business evolution ... There are 30 brands of Pringles in our local grocery store . How is it that Americans have so much selection for potato chips and only two brands -- and not very good ones -- for political parties ? -- Scott Ehredt of the Centrist Alliance Third parties ( edit ) Main articles : Third party ( politics ) , Third party ( United States ) , and Third party ( Canada ) According to one view , the winner - takes - all system discourages voters from choosing third party or independent candidates , and over time the process becomes entrenched so that only two major parties become viable . Third parties , meaning a party other than one of the two dominant parties , are possible in two - party systems , but they are often unlikely to exert much influence by gaining control of legislatures or by winning elections . While there are occasional opinions in the media expressed about the possibility of third parties emerging in the United States , for example , political insiders such as the 1980 presidential candidate John Anderson think the chances of one appearing in the early twenty - first century is remote . A report in The Guardian suggested that American politics has been `` stuck in a two - way fight between Republicans and Democrats '' since the Civil War , and that third - party runs had little meaningful success . Third parties in a two - party system can be : Built around a particular ideology or interest group Split off from one of the major parties or Focused on a charismatic individual . When third parties are built around an ideology which is at odds with the majority mindset , many members belong to such a party not for the purpose of expecting electoral success but rather for personal or psychological reasons . In the U.S. , third parties include older ones such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party and newer ones such as the Pirate Party . Many believe that third parties do n't affect American politics by winning elections , but they can act as `` spoilers '' by taking votes from one of the two major parties . They act like barometers of change in the political mood since they push the major parties to consider their demands . An analysis in New York Magazine by Ryan Lizza in 2006 suggested that third parties arose from time to time in the nineteenth century around single - issue movements such as abolition , women 's suffrage , and the direct election of senators , but were less prominent in the twentieth century . A so - called third party in the United Kingdom are the Liberal Democrats . In the 2010 election , the Liberal Democrats received 23 % of the votes but only 9 % of the seats in the House of Commons . While electoral results do not necessarily translate into legislative seats , the Liberal Democrats can exert influence if there is a situation such as a hung parliament . In this instance , neither of the two main parties ( at present , the Conservative Party and the Labour Party ) have sufficient authority to run the government . Accordingly , the Liberal Democrats can in theory exert tremendous influence in such a situation since they can ally with one of the two main parties to form a coalition . This happened in the Coalition government of 2010 . Yet in that more than 13 % of the seats in the British House of Commons are held in 2011 by representatives of political parties other than the two leading political parties of that nation , contemporary Britain is considered by some to be a multi-party system , and not a two - party system . The two party system in the United Kingdom allows for other parties to exist , although the main two parties tend to dominate politics ; in this arrangement , other parties are not excluded and can win seats in Parliament . In contrast , the two party system in the United States has been described as a duopoly or an enforced two - party system , such that politics is almost entirely dominated by either the Republicans or Democrats , and third parties rarely win seats in Congress . Advantages ( edit ) Some historians have suggested that two - party systems promote centrism and encourage political parties to find common positions which appeal to wide swaths of the electorate . It can lead to political stability which leads , in turn , to economic growth . Historian Patrick Allitt of the Teaching Company suggested that it is difficult to overestimate the long term economic benefits of political stability . Sometimes two - party systems have been seen as preferable to multi-party systems because they are simpler to govern , with less fractiousness and greater harmony , since it discourages radical minor parties , while multi-party systems can sometimes lead to hung parliaments . Italy , with a multi-party system , has had years of divisive politics since 2000 , although analyst Silvia Aloisi suggested in 2008 that the nation may be moving closer to a two - party arrangement . The two - party has been identified as simpler since there are fewer voting choices . One analyst suggested the two - party system , in contrast with proportional representation , prevented excessive government interference with economic policy . Disadvantages ( edit ) Two - party systems have been criticized for downplaying alternative views , being less competitive , encouraging voter apathy since there is a perception of fewer choices , and putting a damper on debate within a nation . In a proportional representation system , lesser parties can moderate policy since they are not usually eliminated from government . One analyst suggested the two - party approach may not promote inter-party compromise but may encourage partisanship . In The Tyranny of the Two - party system , Lisa Jane Disch criticizes two - party systems for failing to provide enough options since only two choices are permitted on the ballot . She wrote : Herein lies the central tension of the two -- party doctrine . It identifies popular sovereignty with choice , and then limits choice to one party or the other . If there is any truth to Schattschneider 's analogy between elections and markets , America 's faith in the two -- party system begs the following question : Why do voters accept as the ultimate in political freedom a binary option they would surely protest as consumers ? ... This is the tyranny of the two -- party system , the construct that persuades United States citizens to accept two -- party contests as a condition of electoral democracy . -- Lisa Jane Disch , 2002 There have been arguments that the winner - take - all mechanism discourages independent or third - party candidates from running for office or promulgating their views . Ross Perot 's former campaign manager wrote that the problem with having only two parties is that the nation loses `` the ability for things to bubble up from the body politic and give voice to things that are n't being voiced by the major parties . '' One analyst suggested that parliamentary systems , which typically are multi-party in nature , lead to a better `` centralization of policy expertise '' in government . Multi-party governments permit wider and more diverse viewpoints in government , and encourage dominant parties to make deals with weaker parties to form winning coalitions . Analyst Chris Weigant of the Huffington Post wrote that `` the parliamentary system is inherently much more open to minority parties getting much better representation than third parties do in the American system '' . After an election in which the party changes , there can be a `` polar shift in policy - making '' when voters react to changes . Political analyst A.G. Roderick , writing in his book Two Tyrants , argued that the two American parties , the Republicans and Democrats , are highly unpopular in 2015 , and are not part of the political framework of state governments , and do not represent 47 % of the electorate who identify themselves as `` independents '' . He makes a case that the American president should be elected on a non-partisan basis , and asserts that both political parties are `` cut from the same cloth of corruption and corporate influence . '' History ( edit ) Beginnings of parties in Britain ( edit ) Equestrian portrait of William III by Jan Wyck , commemorating the landing at Brixham , Torbay , 5 November 1688 The two - party system , in the sense of the looser definition , where two parties dominate politics but in which third parties can elect members and gain some representation in the legislature , can be traced to the development of political parties in the United Kingdom . There was a division in English politics at the time of the Civil War and Glorious Revolution in the late 17th century . The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories , originating in the Royalist ( or `` Cavalier '' ) faction of the English Civil War , were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Parliament . In the following century , the Whig party 's support base widened to include emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants . The basic matters of principle that defined the struggle between the two factions , were concerning the nature of constitutional monarchy , the desirability of a Catholic king , the extension of religious toleration to nonconformist Protestants , and other issues that had been put on the liberal agenda through the political concepts propounded by John Locke , Algernon Sidney and others . Vigorous struggle between the two factions characterised the period from the Glorious Revolution to the 1715 Hanoverian succession , over the legacy of the overthrow of the Stuart dynasty and the nature of the new constitutional state . This proto two - party system fell into relative abeyance after the accession to the throne of George I and the consequent period of Whig supremacy under Robert Walpole , during which the Tories were systematically purged from high positions in government . However , although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century , they still retained a measure of party cohesion under William Wyndham and acted as a united , though unavailing , opposition to Whig corruption and scandals . At times they cooperated with the `` Opposition Whigs '' , Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government ; however , the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party . Emergence of the two - party system in Britain ( edit ) The old Whig leadership dissolved in the 1760s into a decade of factional chaos with distinct `` Grenvillite '' , `` Bedfordite '' , `` Rockinghamite '' , and `` Chathamite '' factions successively in power , and all referring to themselves as `` Whigs '' . Out of this chaos , the first distinctive parties emerged . The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson - Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke . Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as `` a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest , upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed '' . As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions , which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power , the two party system was centred on a set of core principles held by both sides and that allowed the party out of power to remain as the Loyal Opposition to the governing party . In A Block for the Wigs ( 1783 ) , James Gillray caricatured Fox 's return to power in a coalition with North . George III is the blockhead in the center . A genuine two - party system began to emerge , with the accession to power of William Pitt the Younger in 1783 leading the new Tories , against a reconstituted `` Whig '' party led by the radical politician Charles James Fox . The two party system matured in the early 19th century era of political reform , when the franchise was widened and politics entered into the basic divide between conservatism and liberalism that has fundamentally endured up to the present . The modern Conservative Party was created out of the `` Pittite '' Tories by Robert Peel , who issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism ; - the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive , but an opposition to unnecessary change , that could lead to `` a perpetual vortex of agitation '' . Meanwhile , the Whigs , along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel , and independent Radicals , formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859 , and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle - class , under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone . The two party system had come of age at the time of Gladstone and his Conservative rival Benjamin Disraeli after the 1867 Reform Act . History of American political parties ( edit ) Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan , early political controversies in the 1790s saw the emergence of a two - party political system , the Federalist Party and the Democratic - Republican Party , centred on the differing views on federal government powers of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and James Madison . However , a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade , a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings . Partisan politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic - Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson , and the Whig Party , led by Henry Clay . The former evolved into the modern Democratic Party and the latter was replaced with the Republican Party as one of the two main parties in the 1850s . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Two - party system Duverger 's law False dichotomy Multi-party system One - party system Political organisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Note : in the politics of Australia , technically there are not two political parties but rather `` two major political groupings '' ; for further information , see Coalition ( Australia ) ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Steffen W. , Shelley , Mack C. , Bardes , Barbara A ( 2008 ) . `` American Government and Politics Today 2008 -- 2009 '' . Wadsworth Publishing Company . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wong Chin Huat , fz.com , Jul 29 , 2013 , When winner takes all Archived 2013 - 08 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Accessed Aug 12 , 2013 , `` ... This `` winner - takes - all '' characteristic of political contestation then forces political groups to consolidate into two blocs , hence , the two - party system ... '' ^ Jump up to : Regis Publishing , The US System : Winner Takes All , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... Winner - take - all rules trigger a cycle that leads to and strengthens a system of few ( two in the US ) political parties ... '' ^ Jump up to : The Two Party System , Boundless Publishing , Two - party systems are prominent in various countries , such as the U.S. , and contain both advantages and disadvantages , Accessed August 12 , 2013 `` ... There are two main reasons winner -- takes -- all systems lead to a two - party system ... '' , ^ Jump up to : Eric Black , Minnpost , October 8 , 2012 , Why the same two parties dominate our two - party system , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... SMDP ( single - member districts , plurality ) voting system ... This forces those who might favor a minor party candidate to either vote for whichever of the two biggest parties the voter dislikes the least , or to risk the likelihood that their vote will be `` wasted '' or , worse , that they will end up helping the major - party candidate whom the voter dislikes the most to win . Minor parties are n't banned , but they seldom produce a plurality winner , and their lack of success often causes the minor parties to wither and die ... '' Jump up ^ History Learning Site , Why America is a two - party state , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... The American electoral system -- winner - takes - all -- guarantees that any third , fourth party etc has no chance of winning ... '' ^ Jump up to : Patrick Bashan , CATO Institute , June 9 , 2004 , Do Electoral Systems Affect Government Size ? , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... The current system has many disadvantages , most notably its propensity to discriminate against minor parties operating outside the increasingly uncompetitive , cozy two - party system ... America 's winner - takes - all electoral system may be the least bad option for those seeking to limit government involvement in the nation 's economic life ... '' Jump up ^ George F. Will , October 12 , 2006 , Washington Post , From Schwarzenegger , a Veto for Voters ' Good , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... That electoral vote system ( combined with the winner - take - all allocation of votes in all states but Maine and Nebraska ) makes it very difficult for third - party presidential candidates to be competitive ... '' Jump up ^ Ashley Ford , Sept. 17 , 2012 , Cavalier Daily , Party of three : A third political party is an important aspect of the Virginia democratic process , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... The two party system forces the third party to join their group in a winner take all system ... '' Jump up ^ Two Party System , PBS , Two - Party System , Accessed Aug. 12 , 2013 , `` ... Third - party or independent candidates face a slew of obstacles in American politics , from limited media coverage to legal barriers and Congressional leadership rules . Laws regarding third - party candidates also vary from state to state , presenting additional difficulties ... '' ^ Jump up to : Chris Cillizza , July 24 , 2011 , The Washington Post , Voters ' renewed anger at Washington spurs formation of third - party advocate groups , Accessed Aug. 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chris Cillizza and Aaron Blake , May 18 , 2012 , The Washington Post , Americans Elect and the death of the third party movement , Accessed Aug 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Tyranny of the Two - Party System - Lisa Jane Disch - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2002 . ISBN 9780231110358 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) '' . electionaffairs.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) '' . electionaffairs.com . Jump up ^ `` Political Parties in India '' . electionaffairs.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Coppedge , Michael . `` The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems '' . Kellogg Institute , Hesburgh Center . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Moreira , Constanza ( 2006 ) . `` Party systems , political alternation and ideology in the south cone ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Uruguay ) '' . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Angell , Alan ( July 1966 ) . `` PARTY SYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA '' . Political Quartely . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 923X. 1966. tb00224. x . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Borg , Bertrand ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Marlene Farrugia 's election met with counting hall taunts '' . Times of Malta . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Malta 's next legislature will feature an elected third party representative for the first time in more than 50 years , with Democratic Party leader Marlene Farrugia having made it into parliament . Jump up ^ The New York Times , August 21 , 2006 , Post-Koizumi , dream of a two - party system , Accessed Oct. 18 , 2013 , quote : `` ... This is positive . A two - party system is n't here yet , but it 's a kind of dream we have ... '' Jump up ^ Jung Sang - Geun ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' 그들 만 의 양당제 ' , 유권자 가 정치 에 관심 을 끊은 이유 '' . Mediatoday . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6173322.stm Jump up ^ Martins , Luciano ; Schneider , Ronald Milton . `` Brazil - Political parties '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Marquand ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` In Spain 's elections , Socialists win with liberal appeal '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . The outcome also suggests that Spain , which has many small parties , is moving toward a greater two - party system -- even as basic splits between right and left are deepening and becoming more contentious . Jump up ^ Casal Bértoa , Fernando ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Shake - up in Spain : Reform parties have broken the old two - party cartel '' . WashingtonPost.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Electoral Systems and Party Systems : A Study of Twenty - Seven Democracies ... - Arend Lijphart - Google Books . Books.google.com. 1994 . ISBN 9780198273479 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ MICHIKO KAKUTANI ( book reviewer ) American Creation ( book by Joseph J. Ellis ) ( November 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Timing , Luck and Lust Behind the Forming of That More Perfect Union '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . the standoff between the Federalists and their opponents , which led to the modern two - party system ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 176 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Price of Civilization . New York : Random House . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6841 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kristina dell ( Nov 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Explained '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Forty - eight states have the standard `` winner - takes - all '' electoral system : whichever presidential ticket amasses the most popular votes in a state wins all the electors of that state . Jump up ^ Kristina dell ( Nov 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Explained '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Michael Crowley , May 21 , 2012 , Time Magazine , Indie Block : Why has a third - party presidential effort sputtered ? , Accessed Aug. 11 , 2013 , `` ... and another $15 million has gone toward its most valuable asset : ballot access . Americans Elect has secured a ballot line in 26 states ... '' ^ Jump up to : Ryan Lizza ( Apr 16 , 2006 ) . `` But Is a Third Party Possible ? '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Paul Harris ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` ' America is better than this ' : paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jack Schofield ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` Sweden 's Pirate Party wins EU seat ( updated ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . The Pirate Party ... wants to legalise internet file - sharing and protect people 's privacy on the net ... There * IS * a UK Pirate Party ... and there 's a US ... one , and one in a few dozen others . '' Jump up ^ Ryan Lizza ( Apr 16 , 2006 ) . `` But Is a Third Party Possible ? '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . In the nineteenth century , third parties were single - issue creatures that grew up around great causes that the major parties were ignoring . Abolition , women 's suffrage , and the direct election of senators all started as third - party movements . Jump up ^ United Kingdom general election , 2010 # Results , The detailed `` Results '' section of the Wikipedia article `` United Kingdom General Election , 2010 '' . Jump up ^ Gillespie , J.D. ( 2012 ) . Challengers to Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter in American Two - party Politics . University of South Carolina Press . Jump up ^ `` What mean will we regress to ? '' . The Economist. Oct 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Certainly , there have been a whole lot of hung parliaments and slow - forming coalitions around the world lately . ( Canada , Australia , Britain , the Netherlands , Iraq ... ) Jump up ^ Silvia Aloisi ( Apr 15 , 2008 ) . `` Election pushes Italy towards two - party system '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Italy 's next parliament will have far fewer parties than the previous assembly , pushing the country closer to the two - party system that many commentators say is the only way to end years of political instability ... Jump up ^ Lisa Jane Disch ( 2002 ) . `` The tyranny of the two - party system '' . Columbia University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kristina dell ( Nov 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Explained '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Some argue that the winner - take - all mechanism in 48 states discourages independent or third party candidates from running because it would be difficult for them to get many electoral votes . Jump up ^ `` The advantages of parliamentarianism '' . The Economist . Jan 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Weigant ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Exceptional Democracy '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . And , as a result , more parties are represented in their parliament after the elections . The Italian Parliament , for instance , recently had more than 70 parties represented ... These deals are cut with the smaller parties by offering them the chance to fill high government offices ... ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Public Radio , Two Tyrants interview by Kathleen Dunn with author A.G. Roderick Jump up ^ A.G. Roderick ( Oct 17 , 2014 ) . Two Tyrants . City of Gold Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0990889205 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans and Democrats : America 's Two Tyrants ? '' . WNYC Public Radio . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 ... only about eight percent of Americans feel confident in our partisan Congress ... 47 percent of Americans ... identify as independents ... Jump up ^ LOREN MORENO ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Two Tyrants '' . Honolulu Magazine . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 ... since both parties are cut from the same cloth of corruption and corporate influence , the American populace is left in a `` crisis of creativity , '' ... Jump up ^ J.R. Jones , The First Whigs . The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678 -- 1683 ( Oxford University Press , 1961 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Harris , Tim Restoration : Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660 -- 1685 Allen Lane ( 2005 ) p241 Jump up ^ Hamowy , Ronald , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE Publications , Cato Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Jump up ^ Richard Ashcraft and M.M. Goldsmith , `` Locke , Revolution Principles , and the Formation of Whig Ideology , '' Historical Journal , Dec 1983 , Vol. 26 Issue 4 , p 773 - 800 Jump up ^ Melinda S. Zook , `` The Restoration Remembered : The First Whigs and the Making of their History , '' Seventeenth Century , Autumn 2002 , Vol. 17 Issue 2 , pp 213 -- 34 Jump up ^ Robert Lloyd Kelley ( 1990 ) . The Transatlantic Persuasion : The Liberal - Democratic Mind in the Age of Gladstone . Transaction Publishers . p. 83 . ISBN 9781412840293 . Jump up ^ `` ConHome op - ed : the USA , Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke '' . Jump up ^ Frank O'Gorman ( 1982 ) . The Emergence of the British Two - Party System , 1760 - 1832 . Holmes & Meier Publishers , Incorporated . Jump up ^ `` The History of Political Parties in England ( 1678 - 1914 ) '' . Jump up ^ Parliamentary History , xxiv , 213 , 222 , cited in Foord , His Majesty 's Opposition , 1714 -- 1830 , P 441 Jump up ^ Ellen Wilson and Peter Reill , Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 2004 ) p 298 Jump up ^ Stephen J. Lee ( 2005 ) . Gladstone and Disraeli . Routledge . p. 146 . ISBN 9781134349272 . Jump up ^ Washington 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 - 1840 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William Nisbet Chambers , ed . The First Party System ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Minicucci , Internal Improvements and the Union , 1790 -- 1860 , Studies in American Political Development ( 2004 ) , 18 : p. 160 - 185 , ( 2004 ) , Cambridge University Press , doi : 10.1017 / S0898588X04000094 External links ( edit ) Look up two - party system in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Video explaining why America is a two - party system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-party_system&oldid=856561532 '' Categories : Forms of government Elections Political party systems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Lumbaart Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 03 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the two major political parties make their final selection of a presidential candidate through	[]	[]
-6160000752976162364	Sanctions against North Korea	Sanctions against North Korea - Wikipedia Sanctions against North Korea hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sanctions against North Korea , officially known as the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , have been imposed by a number of countries and international bodies . The current sanctions are largely concerned with North Korea 's nuclear weapons program and were imposed after its first nuclear test in 2006 . Contents 1 United Nations Security Council sanctions 2 China sanctions 3 United States sanctions 4 South Korean sanctions 5 Japanese sanctions 6 European Union 7 Australia 8 Assessment 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links United Nations Security Council sanctions ( edit ) Part of a series on North Korea and the United Nations North Korea and the United Nations ( show ) Korea and the United Nations UNSC Resolution 702 ( membership admission in 1991 ) List of Security Council resolutions COI Report on Human Rights in the DPRK ( 2014 ) Nuclear proliferation ( hide ) Sanctions against North Korea UN Security Council resolutions : 825 ( 1993 ) 1695 ( 2006 ) 1718 ( 2006 ) 1874 ( 2009 ) 1928 ( 2010 ) 1985 ( 2011 ) 2087 ( 2013 ) 2094 ( 2013 ) 2270 ( 2016 ) 2321 ( 2016 ) 2371 ( 2017 ) 2375 ( 2017 ) 2397 ( 2017 ) UNSC Sanctions Committee on North Korea Korean War ( show ) United Nations Command UN Security Council Resolutions : 82 ( 1950 ) 83 ( 1950 ) 84 ( 1950 ) 85 ( 1950 ) 90 ( 1951 ) UN General Assembly Resolutions : 377 `` United for Peace '' ( 1950 ) 498 ( 1951 ) 500 ( 1951 ) 977 ( 1955 ) Main article : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea A North Korea cargo ship at the dock in Nampo The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions since North Korea 's first nuclear test in 2006 . Resolution 1718 in 2006 demanded that North Korea cease nuclear testing and prohibited the export to North Korea of some military supplies and luxury goods . The UN Security Council Sanctions Committee on North Korea was established , supported by the Panel of Experts . Resolution 1874 , passed after the second nuclear test in 2009 , broadened the arms embargo . Member states were encouraged to inspect ships and destroy any cargo suspected being related to the nuclear weapons program . Resolution 2087 , passed in January 2013 after a satellite launch , strengthened previous sanctions by clarifying a state 's right to seize and destroy cargo suspected of heading to or from North Korea for purposes of military research and development . Resolution 2094 was passed in March 2013 after the third nuclear test . It imposed sanctions on money transfers and aimed to shut North Korea out of the international financial system . Resolution 2270 , passed in March 2016 after the fourth nuclear test , further strengthened sanctions . It banned the export of gold , vanadium , titanium , and rare earth metals . The export of coal and iron were also banned , with an exemption for transactions that were purely for `` livelihood purposes '' . Resolution 2321 , passed in November 2016 , capped North Korea 's coal exports and banned exports of copper , nickel , zinc , and silver . In February 2017 , a UN panel said that 116 of 193 member states had not yet submitted a report on their implementation of these sanctions , though China had . Also in February 2017 , China announced it would ban all imports of coal for the rest of the year . Resolution 2371 , passed in August 2017 , banned all exports of coal , iron , lead , and seafood . The resolution also imposed new restrictions on North Korea 's Foreign Trade Bank and prohibited any increase in the number of North Koreans working in foreign countries . Resolution 2375 , passed on 11 September 2017 , limited North Korean crude oil and refined petroleum product imports , banned joint ventures , textile exports , natural gas condensate and liquid imports , and banned North Korean nationals from working abroad in other countries . United Nations agencies are restricted in the aid they can give to North Korea because of the sanctions , but they can help with nutrition , health , water , and sanitation . China sanctions ( edit ) PRC Ministry of Commerce has banned exports of some petroleum products and imports of textiles from North Korea in line with United Nations sanctions . United States sanctions ( edit ) From 1950 to 2008 , trade from the US to the DPRK was restricted under the Trading with the Enemy Act . Afterwards , some restrictions related to the IEEPA stayed in effect . In February 2016 , President Barack Obama enacted the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 ( H.R. 757 Pub. L. 114 -- 122 ) , which passed the House of Representatives and the Senate with nearly unanimous support . This law : requires the President to sanction entities found to have contributed to North Korea 's weapons of mass destruction program , arms trade , human rights abuses or other illegal activities . imposes mandatory sanctions for entities involved in North Korea 's mineral or metal trades , which comprise a large part of North Korea 's foreign exports . requires the US Treasury Department to determine whether North Korea should be listed as a `` primary money laundering concern , '' which would trigger tough new financial restrictions . imposes new sanctions authorities related to North Korean human rights abuses and abuses of cybersecurity . This followed the North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013 which the Senate failed to pass . In July 2017 , after the death of tourist Otto Warmbier , the United States government banned Americans from visiting North Korea from 1 September . In August 2017 , the Countering America 's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act was enacted . On 21 September 2017 President Donald Trump issued Executive Order 13810 allowing the United States to cut from its financial system and / or freeze assets of any companies , businesses , organisations and individuals trading in goods , services or technology with North Korea . Also any aircraft or ship upon entering North Korea is banned for 180 days from entering the United States . The same restriction applies to ships which conducted ship to ship transfers with North Korean ships . Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin stated that `` Foreign financial institutions are now on notice that going forward they can choose to do business with the United States or North Korea , but not both . '' A statement from the White House said `` Foreign financial institutions must choose between doing business with the United States or facilitating trade with North Korea or its designated supporters . '' On 25 September 2017 , the US Treasury barred the entry of North Korean nationals to the United States . Following the abduction of a South Korean fishing vessel , additional sanctions were ordered by the US Treasury on 26 October 2017 , following a culmination of ' flagrant ' rights abuses including executions , torture , and forced labor . Seven individuals and three North Korean entities were affected by the sanctions . On 11 July 2018 , NATO leaders called for continued pressure and ongoing sanctions enforcement on North Korea , during a summit of the 29 member countries taking place in Brussels . The group signed a declaration which called on members to maintain pressure on the DPRK , though also welcomed recent diplomatic progress in the region . South Korean sanctions ( edit ) South Korea imposed sanctions against North Korea following the 2010 sinking of the South Korean naval ship , the Cheonan . These sanctions , known as the 24 May measures , included : banning North Korean ships from South Korean territorial waters . suspending inter-Korean trade except at the Kaesong Industrial Zone . banning most cultural exchanges . In 2016 President Park Geun - hye ordered the Kaesong complex shut in retaliation for the nuclear test in January and the rocket launch in February . Japanese sanctions ( edit ) In 2016 , Japan 's sanctions against North Korea include : banning remittances , except those made for humanitarian purposes and less than 100,000 yen in value . freezing assets of suspect individuals and organizations in Japan . prohibiting North Korean citizens from entering Japan . renewing the ban on North Korean ships entering Japanese ports and extending it to include other ships that have visited North Korea . banning nuclear and missile technicians who have been to North Korea from entering Japan . European Union ( edit ) The European Union has imposed a series of sanctions against North Korea since 2006 . These include : an embargo on arms and related material . banning the export of aviation and rocket fuel to North Korea . banning the trade in gold , precious metals and diamonds with the North Korean government . banning the import of minerals from North Korea , with some exemptions for coal and iron ore . banning exports of luxury goods . restrictions on financial support for trade with North Korea . restrictions on investment and financial activities . inspections and monitoring of cargoes imported to and exported from North Korea . prohibiting certain North Korean individuals from entering the EU . On 21 September 2017 , EU banned oil exports and investments in North Korea . Australia ( edit ) Australia has imposed a series of sanctions against North Korea from August 2017 . Assessment ( edit ) A report by the United Nations Panel of Experts stated that North Korea was covertly trading in arms and minerals in defiance of the sanctions . The academic John Delury has described the sanctions as futile and counterproductive . He has argued that they are unenforceable and unlikely to stop North Korea 's nuclear weapons program . On the other hand , Sung - Yoon Lee , Professor in Korean Studies at the Fletcher School , and Joshua Stanton , advocate continued tightening of sanctions , targeting Pyongyang 's systemic vulnerabilities , including blocking the regime 's `` offshore hard currency reserves and income with financial sanctions , including secondary sanctions against its foreign enablers . This would significantly diminish , if not altogether deny , Kim the means to pay his military , security forces and elites that repress the North Korean public '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Kelsey ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` UN Security Council Resolutions on North Korea '' . Washington , D.C. , USA : Arms Control Association . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council condemns nuclear test by Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' . United Nations . 14 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Anna ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Punishing North Korea : A Rundown on Current Sanctions '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718 ( 2006 ) - Work and mandate '' . New York , USA : United Nations Security Council . Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Salomon , Salem ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Sanctioned and Shunned , North Korea Finds Arms Deals in Africa '' . Voice of America . USA . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Berger , Andrea ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Familiar Story : The New UN Report on North Korean Sanctions Implementation '' . 38 North , U.S. - Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins University 's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies . USA . Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UN Security Council ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` Security Council Strengthens Sanctions on Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , in Response to 12 February Nuclear Test '' . Jump up ^ UN Security Council ( 2 March 2016 ) . `` Resolution 2270 ( 2016 ) '' . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` UN caps N. Korean coal sales in bid to deprive it of hard currency after nuclear tests '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ UN Security Council . `` Security Council Strengthens Sanctions on Democratic Republic of Korea , Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2321 ( 2016 ) - With Secretary - General Hailing Measures as ' Toughest Ever ' , Some Warn against Military Build - up on Peninsula '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kesling , Ben ; Gale , Alistair ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Trump 's North Korea Obstacle : Sanctions Are Unevenly Enforced '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Denyer , Simon ( 18 February 2017 ) . `` China suspends North Korean coal imports , striking at regime 's financial lifeline '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gladstone , Rick ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` U.N. Security Council imposes punishing new sanctions on North Korea '' . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Including Bans on Natural Gas Sales , Work Authorization for Its Nationals - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases '' . www.un.org . Jump up ^ Miles , Tom ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Tackling North Korea 's chronically poor sewage ' not rocket science ' : U.N. '' Reuters . Jump up ^ Staff ; agencies ( 23 September 2017 ) . `` China to enforce UN sanctions against North Korea '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Torbati , Yeganeh ; Lee , Se Young ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` U.S. State Department to clamp ban on travel to North Korea '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Borak , Donna . `` North Korea sanctions : Here 's what Trump did '' . ^ Jump up to : Borger , Julian ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Trump issues new sanctions on North Korea and claims China is following '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` US expands travel ban to include N Korea '' . 25 September 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. sanctions North Koreans for ' flagrant ' rights abuse '' . Reuters. 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nknews.org/2018/07/nato-calls-for-continued-sanctions-pressure-on-north-korea/ Jump up ^ Pollmann , Mina ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Japan Unveils Unilateral Sanctions on North Korea '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ European Union External Action ( 2016 ) . `` Fact Sheet : EU - Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) relations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Australia expands sanctions on North Korea '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Leo ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` PoE says North Korea `` flouting sanctions '' : report `` . NK News . Jump up ^ Delury , John ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` North Korea sanctions : Futile , counterproductive and dangerous '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Lee , Sung - Yoon ; Stanton , Joshua ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` How to get serious with North Korea '' . CNN . USA . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Joshua ; Lee , Sung - Yoon ( 4 Jan 2016 ) . `` Beef Up Sanctions on North Korea '' . The Wall Street Journal . USA . Archived from the original on 21 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Chang , Semoon ( 2007 ) . Economic Sanctions Against a Nuclear North Korea : An Analysis of United States and United Nations Actions Since 1950 . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5139 - 5 . Haggard , Stephan ; Noland , Marcus ( 2010 ) . `` Sanctioning North Korea : The Political Economy of Denuclearization and Proliferation '' . Asian Survey . 50 ( 3 ) : 539 -- 568 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 2010.50. 3.539 . ISSN 0004 - 4687 . External links ( edit ) List of international sanctions against North Korea , published by Sanctionswiki.org United Nations Documents for DPRK ( North Korea ) UN Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718 ( 2006 ) ( Reports issued by the UN Panel of Experts , established to support of the Sanctions Committee in carrying out its mandate as specified in paragraph 12 of resolution 1718 ) hide North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Main topics Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program Nuclear power in North Korea Agreed Framework Six - party talks Japan -- North Korea Pyongyang Declaration Sanctions against North Korea 2017 -- 18 North Korea crisis Missile tests 2006 2009 2013 2014 2017 Nuclear tests 2006 2009 2013 January 2016 September 2016 2017 Facilities Punggye - ri Nuclear Test Site Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization UN resolutions 825 1695 1718 1874 1928 1985 2087 2094 2270 2321 2371 2375 2397 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanctions_against_North_Korea&oldid=854469587 '' Categories : Foreign relations of North Korea International sanctions Economy of North Korea Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when were economic sanctions imposed on north korea	[]	[]
-7405891896399605061	The 100 (TV series)	The 100 ( TV series ) - wikipedia The 100 ( TV series ) The 100 Genre Action Drama Dystopian Post-apocalyptic Science fiction Based on The 100 by Kass Morgan Developed by Jason Rothenberg Starring Eliza Taylor Paige Turco Thomas McDonell Eli Goree Marie Avgeropoulos Bob Morley Kelly Hu Christopher Larkin Devon Bostick Isaiah Washington Henry Ian Cusick Lindsey Morgan Ricky Whittle Richard Harmon Zach McGowan Tasya Teles Theme music composer Evan Frankfort Liz Phair Composer ( s ) Evan Frankfort Marc Dauer Liz Phair Tree Adams Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 71 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jason Rothenberg Leslie Morgenstein Matt Miller Gina Girolamo Bharat Nalluri Elizabeth Craft Sarah Fain Producer ( s ) Jae Marchant Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg Wade McIntyre T.J. Brady Rasheed Newson Production location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Bonanza Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) -- present External links Official website The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . The series , developed by Jason Rothenberg , is loosely based on the novel series of the same name by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of post-apocalyptic survivors , chiefly a group of adolescents , including Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , Bellamy Blake ( Bob Morley ) , Octavia Blake ( Marie Avgeropoulos ) , Jasper Jordan ( Devon Bostick ) , Monty Green ( Christopher Larkin ) , Raven Reyes ( Lindsey Morgan ) , Finn Collins ( Thomas McDonell ) , John Murphy ( Richard Harmon ) , and Wells Jaha ( Eli Goree ) . They are among the first people from a space habitat , `` The Ark '' , to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . Other lead characters include Dr. Abby Griffin ( Paige Turco ) , Clarke 's mother ; Marcus Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , a council member on the Ark ; and Thelonious Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) , the Chancellor of the Ark and Wells 's father . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Notes 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Filming 4.2 Casting 5 Broadcast 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The series is set 97 years after a devastating nuclear apocalypse wiped out almost all life on Earth . Over 2,400 survivors live on a single massive station in Earth 's orbit called the Ark , built by connecting surviving pre-apocalypse smaller stations and spacecraft . After the Ark 's life - support systems are found to be failing , 100 juvenile prisoners are sent to the surface in a last attempt to determine whether Earth is habitable . They discover not all humanity was destroyed and some survived the apocalypse : the Grounders , who live in clans locked in a power struggle ; the Reapers , another group of Grounders who have become cannibals ; and the Mountain Men , who live in Mount Weather , descended from those who locked themselves away before the apocalypse . Under the leadership of Bellamy and Clarke , the 100 attempt to survive the harsh surface conditions , battle hostile Grounders , and establish communication with the Ark . In the second season , most of the remaining 48 of the 100 are captured and taken to Mount Weather by the Mountain Men . It is eventually revealed that the Mountain Men are transfusing blood from imprisoned Grounders as an anti-radiation treatment . Medical tests of the 100 show an even more potent anti-radiation efficacy : their bone marrow will allow the Mountain Men to survive outside containment . Meanwhile , the inhabitants of the Ark have successfully crash - landed various stations on Earth and begun an alliance with the Grounders to save groups of people , naming the main settlement at Alpha Station `` Camp Jaha '' . In the third season , Alpha Station , now renamed Arkadia , comes under new management when Pike , a former teacher and mentor , is elected as chancellor and begins a war with the Grounders . An artificial intelligence named A.L.I.E. who was commanded to make life better for mankind , is revealed to have responded by solving the problem of human overpopulation by launching the nuclear apocalypse that devastated Earth . The AI takes over the minds of nearly everyone in Arkadia and Polis , the capital city of the Grounders . In the season three finale , Clarke manages to destroy A.L.I.E. In the fourth season , hundreds of nuclear reactors around the world are melting down due to decades of neglect that will result in 96 % of the planet becoming uninhabitable . Clarke and the others search for ways to survive the coming wave of radiation . When it is discovered that Nightbloods , descendants of first , original Nightbloods , including Becca -- the creator of A.L.I.E. and the first Grounder commander -- can metabolize radiation , Clarke and the others attempt to recreate the formula , but their attempts failed . An old bunker is discovered that can protect 1,200 people for over 5 years ; each of the twelve clans select a hundred people to stay in the bunker . A small group decides to return to space and attempt to survive in the remnants of the original Ark . In the fifth season , which takes place six years after the meltdown of the nuclear reactors , a prisoner transport ship arrives in the only green spot left on Earth , where Clarke and Madi , a Nightblood Grounder who also survived the wave of radiation that swept the planet after the meltdown , have been living . Meanwhile , those who survived in space and in the bunker , have returned safely on the ground . Now , a struggle for the Shallow Valley , between the prisoners and a new , united clan , known as Wonkru , begins . Later , the heroes must find a way to prevent another disaster from ever happening . In the fifth season finale , however , the valley is destroyed and the surviving human race were sent to a new planet to begin their new lives . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The 100 characters Eliza Taylor as Clarke Griffin Paige Turco as Dr. Abigail `` Abby '' Griffin Thomas McDonell as Finn Collins ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Eli Goree as Wells Jaha ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Marie Avgeropoulos as Octavia Blake Bob Morley as Bellamy Blake Kelly Hu as Callie `` Cece '' Cartwig ( season 1 ) Christopher Larkin as Monty Green ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Devon Bostick as Jasper Jordan ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Isaiah Washington as Thelonious Jaha ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane Lindsey Morgan as Raven Reyes ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) Ricky Whittle as Lincoln ( seasons 2 -- 3 ; recurring season 1 ) Richard Harmon as John Murphy ( season 3 -- present ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) Zach McGowan as Roan ( season 4 ; recurring season 3 ) Tasya Teles as Echo ( season 5 -- present ; recurring season 4 ; guest seasons 2 -- 3 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McDonnell was credited as main cast for the first half of season two . Jump up ^ Goree was credited as main cast for the first three episodes of season one . Jump up ^ Hu was credited as main cast only in the pilot . Jump up ^ Washington was credited as main cast for the first two episodes of season five . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The 100 episodes The 100 premiered on March 19 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , The CW renewed The 100 for a second season , which premiered on October 22 , 2014 . On January 11 , 2015 , The CW renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on January 21 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2016 , The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes , which premiered on February 1 , 2017 . On March 10 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . On May 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Production ( edit ) Post production , including ADR recording for the series , was done at the recording studio Cherry Beach Sound . David J. Peterson , who created Dothraki for Game of Thrones , developed the Trigedasleng language for The Grounders . Jason Rothenberg said it was similar to Creole English . The language is called `` Trig '' on the show . After his constructed language work on Star - Crossed , Peterson was contacted by the producers of The 100 to create a language for the Grounders , an evolution of English . In the setting , around 250 years have passed since the apocalypse , which is a very short time for significant language change . Because of this , Peterson posited an accelerated evolution in which the early Grounders used a cant specifically to obfuscate their speech and to differentiate between friend or foe . Trigedasleng derives from that cant and evolved over several short generations of survivors of the apocalypse . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the series takes place in and around Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the pilot occurred during the second quarter of 2013 . After the show was picked up to series , filming occurred for the first season between August 2013 and January 2014 . Filming for the second season commenced on July 7 , 2014 , and concluded on January 23 , 2015 . The third season was filmed between July 15 , 2015 , and February 2 , 2016 . Filming for the fourth season commenced on August 2 , 2016 , and concluded on January 18 , 2017 . Filming for the fifth season commenced on August 14 , 2017 , and wrapped up on January 27 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) In late February 2013 , Bob Morley and Eli Goree were cast as Bellamy Blake and Wells Jaha , respectively , followed a day later by the casting of Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane . Less than a week later , Eliza Taylor and Marie Avgeropoulos were cast in co-starring roles as Clarke Griffin and Octavia Blake , respectively . Throughout March , the rest of the cast was filled out , with Paige Turco cast as Abigail Walters ( now Abigail Griffin ) , Isaiah Washington as Chancellor Jaha , Thomas McDonnell as Finn Collins , Kelly Hu as Callie Cartwig , and Christopher Larkin as Monty Green . For the second season , Adina Porter and Raymond J. Barry were cast in recurring roles as Indra and Dante Wallace , respectively , along with Alycia Debnam - Carey as Lexa . Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , Season 1 of The 100 was licensed exclusively to Netflix . The series premiered on March 20 , 2014 , the day after the mid-season premiere of Season 1 on the CW . In New Zealand , the series premiered on TVNZ 's on - demand video streaming service on March 21 , 2014 . In the UK and Ireland , The 100 premiered on E4 on July 7 , 2014 . The first episode was viewed by an average audience of 1.39 million , making it the channel 's biggest ever program launch . Season 2 premiered on January 6 , 2015 , and averaged 1,118,000 viewers . Season 3 premiered on February 17 , 2016 . In Australia , The 100 was originally scheduled to premiere on Go ! but instead premiered on Fox8 on September 4 , 2014 . Season 2 premiered on January 8 , 2015 . Home media ( edit ) Name DVD Blu - ray No. of episodes Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season September 23 , 2014 September 29 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 23 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 13 Creating the World of The 100 Commentary on `` We Are Grounders , Part 2 '' The Complete Second Season October 13 , 2015 October 12 , 2015 October 14 , 2015 October 13 , 2015 October 14 , 2015 16 The 100 : Unlocking the Mountain The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts featurette The Complete Third Season July 19 , 2016 September 26 , 2016 September 28 , 2016 July 19 , 2016 September 28 , 2016 16 A Short Lived Victory : Unlocking the Season 3 Finale Arkadia : From Wreckage to Salvation Ice Nation : Brutal and Fierce Wanheda : Clarke 's Journey Polis : Capital of the Grounders The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts Season 3 The Complete Fourth Season July 19 , 2017 July 24 , 2017 October 4 , 2017 July 18 , 2017 October 4 , 2017 13 Deleted Scenes , From Outcasts to Leaders , Creating a Post-Apocolyptic World The 100 : Jasper 's Journey Battle Tested : The 100 Season 4 Stunts , Gag Reel The 100 : 2016 Comic - Con Panel Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the show 's first season was certified `` fresh '' , with 72 % of professional reviewers reviewing it positively and the consensus : `` Although flooded with stereotypes , the suspenseful atmosphere helps make The 100 a rare high - concept guilty pleasure . '' On Metacritic , the first season scores 63 out of 100 points , based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The second season was met with more favorable reviews , holding a rating of 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season is assigned a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 2 critics . In a review of the season 2 finale , Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club said , `` Very few shows manage to really push the boundaries of moral compromise in a way that feels legitimately difficult . Breaking Bad did it . The Sopranos did it . Game of Thrones has done it . Those shows never back down from the philosophical murkiness of their worlds , refusing to provide a tidy , happy ending if it does n't feel right . With ' Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two , ' The 100 has done the same , presenting a finale that does n't shy away from the morally complex stakes it 's spent a whole season building up '' . Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post , in another positive review , wrote : `` I can say with some assurance that I 've rarely seen a program demonstrate the kind of consistency and thematic dedication that The 100 has shown in its first two seasons . This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices , and it 's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1 . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season received an overall rating of 89 % with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season is assigned a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 3 critics , indicating generally positive reviews . Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote in an early review of the third season : `` When looking at the epic feel and varied array of stories on display in season three , which overtly and covertly recalls `` The Lord of the Rings '' saga in a number of ways , it 's almost hard to recall how limited the scope and the ambitions of `` The 100 '' were two years ago , when a rag - tag band of survivors first crash - landed on Earth . In season three ( which the cast and showrunner previewed here ) , the show is more politically complicated than ever , and the world - building that accompanies the depiction of various factions , alliances and conflicts is generally admirable . '' In a review of the season 3 finale `` Perverse Instantiation : Part Two '' , Mariya Karimjee of Vulture.com wrote : `` Every moment of this finale is pitch - perfect : the choreography of the fight scenes , the plotting and pacing , and the stunning way in which the episode finally reaches it apex . `` Perverse Instantiation : Part Two '' elevates the season 's themes and pulls together its disparate story lines , setting us up nicely for season four . '' In another review of the season 3 finale and the season overall , Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club wrote : `` Before we even get to tonight 's action - packed finale of The 100 , it needs to be said that this has been a rocky season . The first half of it was defined by shoddy character motivations and oversized villains . The second half of this season has done some work to bring the show back from the brink , focusing on the City of Light and issues of freewill and difficult moral choices , bringing some much needed depth to the third season . That work pays off with `` Perverse Instantiation : Part Two , '' a thrilling , forward - thinking finale that provides some necessary closure to this season . '' He gave the finale itself an `` A - '' rating . The fourth season is generally considered to be an improvement over the third season , receiving a 92 % score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 based on 12 reviews . On Metacritic , the season is assigned a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 1 critic , indicating generally positive reviews . The second portion of the fourth season has received better reception than the first portion , with the episodes Die All , Die Merrily and Praimfaya often cited as the two best episodes of the season . Die All , Die Merrily has a 9.5 / 10 rating from IGN , a perfect 5 / 5 rating from Vulture and a perfect A rating from The AV Club . Praimfaya has a 9.0 / 10 from IGN and an A rating from The AV Club . The fifth season currently has a 100 % score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average of 9.2 / 10 . This is the highest rating any season of the show has received to date . On Metacritic , the season is assigned a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 1 critic , indicating generally positive reviews . All episodes of the season received highly positive reviews , but the third episode Sleeping Giants has received particular high acclaim . In a 4.5 / 5 review from Den of Geek , the episode is described as being a `` good ol ' fashioned episode of The 100 '' , praising its balance of action , humour , and rich relationships . The episode also gained a 4.5 / 5 rating from TVOverMind , praising the `` pulse - pounding action '' and approach to problem solving . Brian Lowry of The Boston Globe said : `` Our attraction to Apocalypse TV runs deep , as our culture plays out different futuristic possibilities . That 's still no reason to clone material , nor is it a reason to deliver characters who are little more than stereotypes . '' Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter wrote a negative review , stating : `` The sci - fi drama presents The CW 's ultimate vision for humanity : an Earth populated only by attractive teenagers , whose parents are left out in space . '' Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave it a more positive review while noting : `` CW 's Thrilling New Sci - fi Drama Is A Keeper . CW 's The 100 seeks to explore that concept and more with a series that 's about equal parts young adult drama , sci - fi adventure and thriller . It takes a little while for the series to warm up , but when The 100 begins to hit its stride , a unique and compelling drama begins to emerge . '' IGN 's editor Eric Goldman also gave the show a more positive review , writing : `` Overcoming most of its early growing pains pretty quickly , The 100 was a very strong show by the end of its first season . But Season 2 elevated the series into the upper echelon , as the show become one of the coolest and most daring series on TV these days . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety named the show one of the best of 2015 . In 2016 , the year Rolling Stone ranked the show # 36 on its list of the `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' , the episode `` Thirteen '' attracted criticism when Lexa , one of the series ' LGBT characters , was killed off . Critics and fans considered the death a continuation of a persistent trope in television in which LGBT characters are killed off far more often than others -- implicitly portraying them as disposable , as existing only to serve the stories of straight characters , or to attract viewers . A widespread debate among writers and fans about the trope ensued , with Lexa 's death cited as a prime example of the trope , and why it should end . Showrunner Jason Rothenberg eventually wrote in response that `` I ( ... ) write and produce television for the real world where negative and hurtful tropes exist . And I am very sorry for not recognizing this as fully as I should have '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2.73 June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 1.68 2013 -- 14 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 1.54 March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 1.34 2014 -- 15 157 2.46 0.9 Thursday 9 : 00 pm 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 1.88 May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1.31 2015 -- 16 165 1.94 0.7 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.21 May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 0.91 2016 -- 17 158 1.47 TBD 5 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 9 -- 13 ) 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 1.43 August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 0.99 2017 -- 18 182 1.61 0.5 An estimated 2.7 million American viewers watched the series premiere , which received an 18 -- 49 rating of 0.9 , making it the most - watched show in its time slot on The CW since 2010 , with the series Life Unexpected . The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.99 N / A Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Visual Effects Andrew Orloff , Michael Cliett , Tyler Weiss , Kornel Farkas , Chris Pounds , Andrew Bain , Mike Rhone ( episode : `` We Are Grounders , Part 2 '' ) Nominated 2015 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Sound Effects and Foley in Short Form Television Norval D. Crutcher III , Peter Austin , Peter D. Lago , Mitch Gettleman , Catherine Harper , Ellen Heuer , Marc Meyer Nominated Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Matthew Budgeon ( episode : `` Murphy 's Law '' ) Nominated Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series James Philpott ( episode : `` The 48 '' ) Nominated Best Costume Design in a Dramatic Series Katia Stano ( episodes : `` Many Happy Returns '' & `` Spacewalker '' ) Nominated Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Richard Harmon ( episode : `` We Are Grounders Part 1 '' ) Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year Alycia Debnam - Carey and Eliza Taylor Nominated Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Series The 100 Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Bob Morley Nominated Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Eliza Taylor Nominated Choice TV Show : Sci - Fi / Fantasy The 100 Nominated 2016 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television - Short Form : Dialogue & ADR Norval `` Charlie '' Crutcher III Nominated Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series James Philpott , Alyssa King , Alex Royek ( episode : `` Wanheda : Part 1 '' ) Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freakout of the Year Alycia Debnam - Carey Won Ship of the Year Eliza Taylor and Alycia Debnam - Carey Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Chemistry Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Nominated Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Eliza Taylor Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor Bob Morley Nominated Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Eliza Taylor Nominated Choice TV Ship Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Nominated 2018 Leo Awards Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series Marshall Virtue , Kim Chiang ( episode : `` Die All , Die Merrily '' ) Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Richard Harmon ( episode : `` God Complex '' ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show The 100 Nominated Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor Bob Morley Nominated Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Eliza Taylor Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barbieri , Alyssa ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Season 2 : Lindsey Morgan and Ricky Whittle promoted to series regulars '' . fangirlish . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Harmon To Be A Series Regular In The 100 Season 3 '' . ksitetv.com . March 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : The 100 boss says Earth strikes back in season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` The 100 Promotes Tasya Teles ( Echo ) to Series Regular in Season 5 '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Carrie Diaries , Tomorrow People and One More Cancelled , Three Others Renewed by The CW '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Returns October 2 , ' The Flash ' & ' Supernatural ' Premiere October 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` CW Renews ' Arrow , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Originals , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The 100 ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' bump ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Originals ' to Friday in January '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt Webb ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` CW Boss on Fifth Superhero Night , Supergirl Predictions , Episode Counts , Little Women Status and More '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` CW sets Riverdale premiere date ; Supernatural , Legends of Tomorrow moving timeslots '' . EW . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recording ADR in the studio for The 100 via ISDN '' . Cherry Beach Sound . October 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilken , Selina ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' The 100 ' language creator explains ' Grounder speak ' '' . Hypable . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heidi Cole McAdams ( writer ) & Alex Kalymnios ( director ) ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` The Dark Year '' . The 100 . Season 5 . Episode 11 . Event occurs at 6 : 14 . The CW . Jump up ^ http://conlangery.com/2016/07/04/conlangery-121-trigedasleng/ Jump up ^ `` START DATES : Vancouver Filming of American 2013 -- 14 Season TV Shows -- Revised '' . YVR Shoots . June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Filming in Vancouver -- Current movies and TV shows '' . What 's Filming ? Vancouver . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : From Jesse Metcalfe to The 100 '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Filming in Vancouver -- Current movies and TV shows '' . What 's Filming ? Vancouver . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Filming in Vancouver -- Current movies and TV shows '' . What 's Filming ? Vancouver . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ JRothenbergTV ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` On this last day of production of Season 5 , I find myself awed by all of the amazing people who have made # the100 what it is . I 'm so proud of the show we 've created together . At the end of the day , long after we 're done , whenever that is , the show will remain . That 's pretty cool '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ LolaFlanery ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Last day of filming for @ cwthe100 Season5 🙂 🙃 😁 😭 Having all the feels ❤ ️ 💔 # The100Season5 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` The CW 's ' Hundred ' Casts Aussie Soap Star and ' Emily Owens ' Actor ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Henry Ian Cusick To Co-Star In CW Pilot ' The Hundred ' , Rhys Coiro Joins CBS ' ' Hostages ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Will Sasso To Star In ' Middle Age Rage ' , ' The Hundred ' Adds Actress '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Australian Actress Eliza Taylor Tapped As The Lead Of CW Pilot ' The Hundred ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Paige Turco Joins ' The 100 ' , ' The Selection ' , ' The List ' & ' Rake ' Also Add To Casts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Isaiah Washington To Co-Star In CW ' ' 100 ' , Michael Michele In Fox 's ' Delirium ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Torrance Coombs To Co-Star In CW Pilot ' Reign ' , Thomas McDonell Joins ' The 100 ' , Lane Garrison Cast In ' Bonnie & Clyde ' Mini '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' star Kelly Hu joins The CW 's ' The 100 ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The 100 ' Season 2 casts Raymond J. Barry in major villainous role '' . RaymondJBarry.org . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Scoop : True Blood 's Adina Porter Waging War With The 100 in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Licenses CW 's ' The 100 ' Exclusively to Netflix Canada '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 -- Watch Fast , Series 1 , Episode 1 TVNZ Ondemand '' . Tvnz.co.nz . March 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E4 to air new US shows ' Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' in UK '' . digitalspy . August 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The 100 ′ Season 2 '' . TV Wise . December 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 '' . TVGuide.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Multichannel Survey : GO ! / GEM '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Airdate : The 100 '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Higgins , D ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` JANUARY : 200 + new and returning Foxtel shows '' . The Green Room . Foxtel . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , The -- Season 1 '' . JBHifi . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , The -- Season 1 '' . JBHifi.com.au . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 , The -- Season 2 '' . JBHifi.com.au . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 -- Formal Warner Press Release Confirms In - Store DVDs , Announces ' Archive ' Blu - rays ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . May 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 , The -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com.au . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 -- Season 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 -- S4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , The Season 4 3 DVD '' . JBHifi.com.au . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 -- The Complete Fourth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , The : Season 4 -- DVD Warehouse '' . DVD Warehouse . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 on metacritic '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` rotten tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The 100 , retrieved May 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The 100 on A.V. Club '' . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 on Huffington Post '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The 100 , retrieved May 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The 100 ' Season 3 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Season Finale Recap : The City of Light '' . Vulture . May 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` '' Perverse Instantiation : Part Two '' The 100 TV Review The 100 closes out its season in a blaze of glory TV Club The A.V. Club `` . Avclub.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The 100 : Season 4 -- Rotten Tomatoes , retrieved May 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ The 100 , retrieved May 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` The 100 : `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari . `` The 100 Recap : Clash of Clans '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea . `` The 100s Hunger Games conclave is one of its best episodes yet '' . TV Club . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle . `` The 100 ends its season on a suspenseful , mystifying note '' . TV Club . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The 100 : `` Praimfaya '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The 100 : Season 5 -- Rotten Tomatoes , retrieved May 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ The 100 , retrieved May 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The 100 Season 5 Episode 3 Review : Sleeping Giants '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Review : `` Sleeping Giants '' Are Literally Awakened `` . TVOvermind . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matthew , Gilbert . `` Boston globe review '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Review : CW 's Thrilling New Sci - fi Drama Is A Keeper '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season 2 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 TV Shows of 2015 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Bury Your Gays : TV Writers Tackle Trope , the Lexa Pledge and Offer Advice to Showrunners '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Dodges Controversy Even As It Mourns Lexa At San Diego Comic - Con '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Venable , Sadie Gennis , Liam Mathews , Tim Surette , Megan Vick , Alexander Zalben , Liz Raftery and Joyce Eng ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Most Important TV Moments of 2016 ( So Far ) '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Strauss , Bettina ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why Is TV Killing Its Queer Women ? '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings Jan 21 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' The 100 ' finales rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 -- 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The 100 ′ Premiere is the CW 's Most Watched Show in the Time Period Since 2010 -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the second season , see `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the third season , see `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fourth season , see `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fifth season , see `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations '' . Emmy Awards . July 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Announce Golden Reel Nominees '' . Golden Reel Awards . January 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 LEO AWARD NOMINEES & WINNERS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTV '' . Tumblr . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards . March 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . Teen Choice Awards . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sound Editing in Television - Short Form : Dialogue & ADR - ' Mad Max , ' ' The Martian , ' ' Star Wars ' and ' The Revenant ' Lead Golden Reel Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 LEO AWARD NOMINEES & WINNERS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2016 Nominees '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulop , Mike ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2018 Winners and Nominees by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor - Teen Choice Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Riverdale , ' Childish Gambino Among First Group of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The 100 ( TV series ) Official website The 100 on IMDb The CW original programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society The L.A. Complex Life Sentence Life Unexpected Lifechangers MADtv The Messengers Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The Originals The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Robert Irvine Show The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Valor A Wicked Offer WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Outpost ( since 2018 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming All American ( 2018 ) Charmed ( 2018 ) In the Dark ( TBA ) Legacies ( 2018 ) Roswell , New Mexico ( TBA ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_100_(TV_series)&oldid=856335835 '' Categories : The 100 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts American action television series American adventure television series 2010s American science fiction television series Artificial intelligence in fiction American LGBT - related television shows Dystopian television series English - language television programs Lesbian - related television programs Post-apocalyptic television series American teen drama television series Television programs based on American novels Television series about colonialism Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Alloy Entertainment Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Virginia The CW shows Serial drama television series Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did season 3 of the 100 come out on netflix	[]	[]
3738595695156220676	Desertec	DESERTEC - Wikipedia DESERTEC Jump to : navigation , search DESERTEC Established 2003 20 January 2009 Purpose `` To provide climate protection , energy security and development by generating sustainable power from the sites where renewable sources of energy are at their most abundant . '' Key people Andreas Huber , Director , DESERTEC Foundation Manfred Bohnen , Director , DESERTEC Foundation Subsidiaries DESERTEC Foundation Affiliations See consortium Website DESERTEC Foundation DESERTEC was a large - scale project supported by a foundation of the same name and the consortium Dii ( Desertec industrial initiative ) created in Germany as a limited liability company ( GmbH ) . The project aimed at creating a global renewable energy plan based on the concept of harnessing sustainable power from sites where renewable sources of energy are more abundant and transferring it through high - voltage direct current transmission to consumption centers . All kinds of renewable energy sources are envisioned , but the sun - rich deserts of the world play a special role . There are some parallels between Desertec and the Atlantropa project plan in the 1920s . Atlantropa aimed to integrate Europe and Northern Africa and its electricity grid based on a giant hydro power station at Gibraltar . The industry platform Dii is continuing to pave the way for renewables and grid integration on a very pragmatic basis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organizations , Milestones and Activities 1.1 Comparison with Atlantropa 1.2 TREC 1.3 DESERTEC Foundation 1.4 Dii GmbH 1.4. 1 Consortium 2 Concept details 2.1 Description 2.2 Studies about DESERTEC 2.2. 1 DLR studies 2.2. 2 Desert Power 2050 2.3 Benefits 2.4 Technology 2.4. 1 Concentrated solar power 2.4. 2 Photovoltaics 2.4. 3 Wind energy 2.4. 4 High - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) 3 Projects 4 Obstacles 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Organizations , Milestones and activities ( edit ) DESERTEC was developed by the Trans - Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation ( TREC ) , a voluntary organization founded in 2003 by the Club of Rome and the National Energy Research Center Jordan , made up of scientists and experts from across Europe , the Middle East and North Africa ( EU - MENA ) . It is from this network that the DESERTEC Foundation later emerged as a non-profit organization tasked with promoting the DESERTEC solution around the world . Founding members of the foundation are the German Association of the Club of Rome , members of the network of scientists TREC as well as committed private supporters and long - time promoters of the DESERTEC idea . In 2009 , the DESERTEC Foundation founded the Munich - based industrial initiative ' Dii GmbH ' together with partners from the industrial and finance sectors . Its task is to accelerate the implementation of the DESERTEC Concept in the focus region EU - MENA . The scientific studies done by the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) between 2004 and 2007 demonstrated that the desert sun could meet rising power demand in the MENA region while also helping to power Europe , reduce carbon emissions across the EU - MENA region and power desalination plants to provide freshwater to the MENA region . Dii GmbH published a further study called Desert Power 2050 in June 2012 . It found that the MENA region would be able to meet its needs for power with renewable energy , while exporting its excess power to create an export industry with an annual volume of more than € 60 billion . Meanwhile , by importing desert power , Europe could save around € 30 / MWh . By taking into account land and water use , DESERTEC intends to offer an integrated and comprehensive solution to food and water shortages . Comparison with Atlantropa ( edit ) Main article : Atlantropa An artist 's conception of what Atlantropa may look like , as seen from space Atlantropa was a gigantic engineering project devised by Herman Sörgel in the 1920s and promulgated by him until his death in 1952 . Its central feature was a hydroelectric dam to be built across the Strait of Gibraltar , which would have provided enormous amounts of hydroelectricity for the whole Mediterranean region and lowered the surface of the Mediterranean Sea by up to 200 metres ( 660 ft ) , opening up large new lands for settlement . The project reached great popularity in the late 1920s and early 1930s , and for a short period again , in the late 1940s and early 1950s , but was forgotten after Sörgel 's death 1952 . The overall technocratic approach to strengthen political unity across the Mediterranean Sea via a large - scale infrastructure project has some parallels to Desertec , as well some technical aspects as the idea of fostering a cross-border electricity grid in the region . A major difference lies in the stepwise approach taken by Desertec , which took previous failures of large - scale technical visions into account . Atlantropa relied on a single large - scale infrastructure and was never , despite its longstanding popularity , close to technical realization . Desertec was led by a similar macro-engineering vision but attempted to start via small - scale steps , which at least partially succeeded . TREC ( edit ) The red squares represent the area that would be enough for solar power plants to produce a quantity of electricity consumed by the world today , in Europe ( EU - 25 ) and Germany ( De ) . ( Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre ( DLR ) , 2005 ) The DESERTEC concept was originated with Dr Gerhard Knies , a German particle physicist and founder of the Trans - Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation ( TREC ) network of researchers . In 1986 , in the wake of the Chernobyl nuclear accident , he was searching for a potential alternative source of clean energy and arrived at the following remarkable conclusion : in just six hours , the world 's deserts receive more energy from the sun than humankind consumes in a year . The DESERTEC concept was developed further by TREC -- an international network of scientists , experts and politicians from the field of renewable energies -- founded in 2003 by the Club of Rome and the National Energy Research Center Jordan . One of the most famous members was Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan . In 2009 , TREC emerged to the non-profit DESERTEC Foundation . DESERTEC Foundation ( edit ) The DESERTEC Foundation was founded on 20 January 2009 with the aim of promoting the implementation of the DESERTEC Concept for clean power from deserts all over the world . It is a non-profit organisation based in Hamburg . The founding members were the German Association of the Club of Rome , members of the TREC network of scientists as well as committed private supporters and long - time promoters of the DESERTEC idea . The DESERTEC Foundation has two directors : Andreas Huber and Manfred Bohnen . Roland Berger is DESERTEC Curator . The foundation 's missions is to accelerate the implementation of the DESERTEC Concept by : Supporting knowledge transfer & scientific co-operation Fostering exchange & co-operation with the private sector Promoting the establishment of the necessary framework conditions : Cooperation with JREF in Asia : In March 2012 , a year after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima , the DESERTEC Foundation and the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation ( JREF ) have signed a MoU . The aim is to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in Asia to provide secure and sustainable alternatives to fossil and nuclear power by implementing the DESERTEC Concept in Greater East Asia ( Asia Super Grid Initiative ) . Evaluating and initiating projects that could serve as models Informing about DESERTEC Dii GmbH ( edit ) To help accelerate the implementation of the DESERTEC idea in EU - MENA , the non-profit DESERTEC Foundation and a group of 12 European companies led by Munich Re founded an industrial initiative called Dii GmbH in Munich on 30 October 2009 . The other companies included Deutsche Bank , E. ON , RWE , Abengoa . Like the DESERTEC Foundation , Dii GmbH did not intend to build power plants itself . Instead it focused on four core objectives in EU - MENA : Development of long term perspectives for the period up to 2050 providing investment and financing guidance Carrying out specific in - depth studies Development of a framework for feasible investments into renewable energy and interconnected grids in EU - MENA Origination of reference projects to prove feasibility Dii GmbH aimed to create a positive investment climate for renewable energies and interconnected power grid in North Africa and the Middle East by encouraging the necessary technological , economic , political and market frameworks . This included the development of a long - term implementation perspective called Desert Power 2050 with guidance on investment and funding . Dii GmbH has initiated selected reference projects to demonstrate overall feasibility and reduce system overall costs . On 24 November 2011 , a memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) was signed between the Medgrid consortium and Dii to study , design and promote an interconnected electrical grid linking DESERTEC and the Medgrid projects . The Medgrid together with DESERTEC would serve as the backbone of the European super grid and the benefits of investing in HVDC technology are being assessed to reach the final goal -- the supersmart grid . The activities of Dii and Medgrid were covered by the Mediterranean Solar Plan ( MSP ) , a political initiative within the framework of the Union for the Mediterranean ( UfM ) . Consortium ( edit ) The company was formed by the DESERTEC foundation and a consortium of worldwide companies . As of March 2014 , Dii consisted of 20 shareholders ( listed below ) and 17 associate partners . ABB Abengoa Solar ACWA Power Cevital Deutsche Bank Enel Green Power E. ON First Solar Flagsol HSH Nordbank Munich Re Nareva Red Eléctrica de España RWE Avancis Schott Solar Terna Terna Energy SA UniCredit State Grid Corporation of China Managing Director of Dii GmbH has been Paul van Son , a senior international energy manager . End of 2014 , most shareholders did not extend their contract with Dii after it had accomplished its initial mission . RWE , State Grid Corporation of China and ACWA Power stayed on board and a number of partner companies to drive the new mission of Dii : `` To facilitate the rapid deployment of utility - scale renewable energy projects in desert areas , and to integrate them in the interconnected power systems '' Concept details ( edit ) Description ( edit ) DESERTEC is a global renewable energy solution based on harnessing sustainable power from the sites where renewable sources of energy are at their most abundant . These sites can be used thanks to low - loss High - Voltage Direct Current transmission . All kinds of renewables will be used in the DESERTEC Concept , but the sun - rich deserts of the world play a special role . DLR studies of existing and hypothetical HVDC transmission lines The original and first region for the assessment and application of this concept is the EU - MENA region ( European Union , Middle East and Northern Africa ) . The DESERTEC organisations promote the generation of electricity in North Africa , the Middle East and Europe using renewable sources , such as solar power plants , wind parks , and develop a Euro - Mediterranean electricity network , primarily made up of high voltage direct current ( HVDC ) transmission cables . Despite its name , DESERTEC 's proposal would see most of the power plants located outside of the Sahara Desert itself but rather in the surrounding areas , in the more accessible North and South steppes and woodlands , as well as the relatively moist Atlantic Coastal Desert . Under the DESERTEC proposal , concentrating solar power systems , photovoltaic systems and wind parks would be spread over the wide desert regions in North Africa like the Sahara Desert and all its subdivisions . The generated electricity would be transmitted to European and African countries by a super grid of high - voltage direct current cables . It would provide a considerable part of the electricity demand of the MENA countries and furthermore provide continental Europe with 15 % of its electricity needs . Exported desert power would complement Europe 's transition to renewables which would be based primarily on harnessing domestic sources of energy that would increase its energy independence . According to a scenario by the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) , by 2050 , investments into solar plants and transmission lines would be total € 400 billion . An exact proposal how to realize this scenario , including technical and financial requirements , will be designed by 2012 / 2013 ( see Desert Power 2050 ) . In March 2012 , the DESERTEC Foundation started working in a further focus region . A year after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima , the DESERTEC Foundation and the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation ( JREF ) have signed a MoU . They will exchange knowledge and know - how , and coordinate their work together to develop suitable framework conditions for the deployment of renewables and to establish transnational cooperation in Greater East Asia . The aim is to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in Asia to provide secure and sustainable alternatives to fossil and nuclear power . As a part of its mission , JREF promotes the Asia Super Grid Initiative to facilitate an electricity system based fully on renewable energy . The DESERTEC Foundation sees such a grid as an important step towards the implementation of DESERTEC in Greater East Asia and has already conducted a feasibility study on potential grid corridors to make best use of the region 's desert sun . Studies about DESERTEC ( edit ) DLR studies ( edit ) The DESERTEC Concept was developed by an international network of politicians , academics and economists , called TREC . The research institutes for renewable sources of the governments of Morocco ( CDER ) , Algeria ( NEAL ) , Libya ( CSES ) , Egypt ( NREA ) , Jordan ( NERC ) and Yemen ( Universities of Sana'a and Aden ) as well as the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) made significant contributions towards the development of the DESERTEC Concept . The basic studies relating to DESERTEC were led by DLR scientist Dr. Franz Trieb working for the Institute for Technical Thermodynamics at the DLR . The three studies were funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment , Nature Conservation , and Nuclear Safety ( BMU ) . The studies , conducted between 2004 and 2007 , evaluated the following as shown in the table below ; Study Description Duration Evaluation Results MED - CSP study on concentrated solar power ( CSP ) for the Mediterranean Basin 2004 -- 2005 evaluate the potential for renewable energy in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) , and availability of resources and demand for energy in the region TRANS - CSP study on trans - Mediterranean interconnection and infrastructure 2004 -- 2006 evaluate the potential for an integrated electric power transmission grid connecting the three regions -- Europe , the Middle East , and North Africa ; and the assessment of solar energy imports to Europe AQUA - CSP study on CSP for the desalination of sea water 2004 -- 2007 evaluate the anticipated water and power needs through 2050 in Europe , the Middle East , and North Africa ; and the possibility to generate fresh water along with the electricity generation by the CSP The studies concluded that the extremely high solar radiation in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East outweighs the 10 -- 15 % transmission losses between the desert regions and Europe . This means that solar thermal power plants in the desert regions are more economical than the same kinds of plants in southern Europe . The German Aerospace Center has calculated that if solar thermal power plants were to be constructed in large numbers in the coming years , the estimated cost of electricity would come down from 0.09 -- 0.22 euro / kWh to about 0.04 -- 0.05 euro / kWh . Annual sunshine hours map of the world < 1200 h 1200 - 1600 h 1600 - 2000 h 2000 - 2400 h 2400 - 3000 h 3000 - 3600 h 3600 - 4000 h > 4000 h The Sahara Desert was chosen as an ideal location for solar farms as it is exposed to bright sunshine nearly all the time , roughly between 80 % and 97 % of the daylight hours in the best cases . This is the sunniest year - round area on the planet . In the world 's largest hot desert , there is an extremely vast area , covering almost the whole desert , that receives more than 3,600 h of yearly sunshine . There is also a very large area in excess of 4,000 h of sunshine annually . The highest solar radiation received on the planet is in the Sahara Desert , under the Tropic of Cancer . This results from a general , strong lack of cloud cover year - round and a geographical position under the tropics . The annual average insolation , which represents the total amount of solar radiation energy received on a given area and on a giver period , is about 2,500 kWh / ( m2 year ) over the region and this number can soar up to almost 3,000 kWh / ( m2 year ) in the best cases . The weather features of the Sahara Desert , especially the insolation , have a pronounced nature . The annual electricity production reaches 1,300,000 TWh at maximum in this sun - drenched area if the whole desert is covered in solar panels . The desert is also extremely vast covering about some 9,000,000 km2 ( 3,474,920 sq mi ) , being almost as large as China or the United States and is sparsely populated , making it possible to set up large solar farms without a negative impact on inhabitants of the region , too . Lastly , sand deserts can provide silicon , a raw material that is essential in the production of solar panels . The great African desert is relatively cloud - free all year long but it 's important to note the harsh , desert climate also has some negative features such as extreme heat and sometimes dust or sand - laden winds which frequently blow over the desert and can even result in severe duststorms or sandstorms . Both phenomenons reduce the solar electricity productivity and the efficiency of the solar panels . Desert power 2050 ( edit ) Dii announced it will introduce a roll - out - plan in late 2012 which includes concrete recommendations how to enable investments in renewable energy and interconnected power grids . Dii claims working with all key stakeholders from the international scientific and business communities as well as policy - makers and civil society to enable two or three concrete reference projects to demonstrate the feasibility of the long - term vision . Dii developed a strategic framework for a fully integrated and decarbonized power system based on renewable energies for the entire North Africa , Middle East and Europe ( EUMENA ) region in 2050 . Therefore , Dii researched from the viewpoint of technology and geography what is the optimal mix of renewable energies to provide the EUMENA region with sustainable energy . In July 2012 Dii presented the first part of its study `` Desert Power 2050 -- Perspectives on a Sustainable Power System for EUMENA . Key Findings Desert Power 2050 demonstrates that the abundance of sun and wind in the EUMENA region will enable the creation of a joint power network that will entail more than 90 percent renewables . According to the study such a joint power network involving North Africa , the Middle East and Europe ( EUMENA ) offers clear benefits to all involved . The nations of the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) could meet their expanding needs for power with renewable energy , while developing an export industry from their excess power with could reach an annual volume worth more than 60 billion euros , according to the study results . By importing up to 20 percent of its power from the deserts , Europe could save up to 30 euros for each megawatt hour of desert power . The north and south would become the powerhouses of this joint network , supported by wind and hydropower in Scandinavia , as well as wind and solar energy in the MENA region . Supply and demand would complement one other -- both regionally and seasonally -- according to the findings of Desert Power 2050 . With its constant supply of wind and solar energy throughout the year , the MENA region can cover Europe 's energy needs without the latter having to build costly excess capacities . A further benefit of the power network is the enhanced security of supply to all nations concerned . A renewables based network would lead to mutual reliance among the countries involved , complemented by inexpensive imports from the south and the north . Methodology Desert Power 2050 presents the full perspective of the EUMENA region , which includes , for instance , the growing consumption of power in the MENA states . The power requirements of the MENA states are likely to more than quadruple by 2050 , totalling more than 3000 terawatt hours . Unlike in Europe , the population will also grow considerably by the middle of the century , thus heightening the demand for new jobs . Analysing the design of a power system built to include more than 90 % renewables 40 years into the future is necessarily subject to major uncertainties on a range of assumptions . To address these uncertainties Dii analysed so - called sensitivities , or perspectives , to show how the results react to changed parameters . Dii has analysed a total of 18 perspectives on the EUMENA power supply in 2050 . They cover a wide range of major impact factors on the attractiveness of power system integration . The main message of the study : grid integration across the Mediterranean is valuable under all foreseeable circumstances . Second Phase Desert energy could be a stimulus for growth and make an important contribution when it comes to coping with the social and economic challenges in North Africa and the Middle East . Dii announced that a second phase of Desert Power 2050 , Getting Started , will examine this topic in greater depth in the next few months , with discussions including political , scientific and industrial stakeholders . The objective is to formulate recommendations for the regulatory steps required in the years to come . Benefits ( edit ) See also : Earth 's energy budget More energy falls on the world 's deserts in six hours than the world consumes in a year , and the Saharan desert is virtually uninhabited and is close to Europe . Supporters say that the project will keep Europe `` at the forefront of the fight against climate change and help North African and European economies to grow within greenhouse gas emission limits '' . DESERTEC officials say the project could one day deliver 15 percent of Europe 's electricity and a considerable part of MENA 's electricity demand . According to the DESERTEC Foundation , the project has strong job creation potential and could improve the stability in the region . According to the report by Wuppertal Institute for Climate , Environment and Energy and the Club of Rome , the project could create 240,000 German jobs and generate € 2 trillion worth of electricity by 2050 . Technology ( edit ) Sketch of possible infrastructure for a sustainable supply of power to Europe , the Middle East and North Africa ( EU - MENA ) ( Source : DESERTEC Foundation , www.desertec.org ) Concentrated solar power ( edit ) Dish Stirling Concentrated solar power ( also called concentrating solar power and CSP ) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight , or solar thermal energy , onto a small area . Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is converted to heat , which drives a heat engine ( usually a steam turbine ) connected to an electrical power generator . Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night . Since solar fields feed their heat energy into a conventional generation unit with a steam turbine , they can be combined without any problem with fossil fuel hybrid power plants . This hybridization secures energy supply also in unfavourable weather and at night without the need of accelerating costly compensatory plants . A technical challenge is the cooling which is necessary for every heating power system . Dii is therefore reliant either on an adequate water supply , coastal facilities or improved cooling technology . Photovoltaics ( edit ) Dii also considers photovoltaics ( PV ) as a technology suitable for desert power plants . Photovoltaics is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors . Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material . Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon , polycrystalline silicon , amorphous silicon , cadmium telluride , and copper indium gallium selenide / sulfide . Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication , the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured . In 2010 , First Solar , a producer of thin film solar panels , joined Dii as associated partner . The US based company already has experience with huge PV installations , and has constructed the 550 megawatt Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and Topaz Solar Farm in California , which are the biggest two PV installations of the world . Wind energy ( edit ) As also parts of the desert regions in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) come with high wind potential , Dii is examining in which geographic regions the installation of wind farms is suitable . Wind turbines produce electricity by wind turning the blades , which spin a shaft , which connects to a generator which produces electricity . The Sahara Desert is one of the windiest areas on the planet , especially on the western coast where lies the Atlantic coastal desert along Western Sahara and Mauritania . The annual average wind speed at the ground greatly exceeds 5 m / s in most of the desert , and even approach 8 m / s or 9 m / s along the western ocean coast . It 's important to note that wind speed increases with height . The regularity and the constancy of winds in arid regions are major assets for wind energy , too . The winds blow nearly constantly over the desert and there are generally no windless days during throughout the year . Therefore , the desert of North Africa is also an ideal location to install large - scale wind parks and wind turbines with very good productivity . High - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) ( edit ) Existing links Under construction Proposed See also : List of HVDC project in Europe and European Supergrid To export renewable energy produced in the MENA desert region , a high - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) electric power transmission system is needed . High Voltage DC ( HVDC ) technology is a proven and economical method of power transmission over very long distances and also a trusted method to connect asynchronous grids or grids of different frequencies . With HVDC energy can also be transported in both directions . For long - distance transmission HVDC suffers lower electrical losses than alternating current ( AC ) transmission . Because of the higher solar radiation in MENA , the production of energy , even with the included transmissions losses , is still advantageous over the production in South Europe . Also very long distance projects have already been realized with technological cooperation from ABB and Siemens -- both shareholders of Dii ; namely the 800 kV HVDC Xiangjiaba - Shanghai transmission system , which was commissioned by State Grid Corporation of China ( SGCC ) in June 2010 . The HVDC link is the most powerful and longest transmission of its kind to be implemented anywhere in the world ; and at the time of commissioning , transmitted 6,400 MW of power over a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometres . This is longer than would be needed to link MENA and Europe . Siemens Energy has equipped the sending converter station Fulong for this link with ten DC converter transformers , including five rated at 800 kV . The second HVDC project which is also for SGCC with cooperation from ABB , is a new HVDC link of 3,000 MW over 920 kilometres from Hulunbeir , in Inner Mongolia , to Shenyang in the province of Liaoning in the North - Eastern part of China in 2010 . Another project scheduled for 2014 commissioning -- is the construction of an ± 800 kV North - East UHVDC link from the North - Eastern and Eastern region of India to the city of Agra across a distance of 1,728 kilometres . Another project of this type is the Rio Madeira HVDC system a HVDC link of 2,375 kilometres ( 1,476 mi ) . Projects ( edit ) Arrays of parabolic troughs The Sahara Desert covers huge parts of Algeria , Chad , Egypt , Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Morocco , Niger , Western Sahara , Sudan and Tunisia . It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division . The first solar and wind power projects in North Africa have already begun . Algeria initiated a unique project in 2011 dealing with Hybrid power generation which combines a 25 MW concentrating solar power array in conjunction with a 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant Hassi R'Mel integrated solar combined cycle power station . Other countries like Morocco have set up ambitious plans on the implementation of renewable energy . The Ouarzazate solar power station in Morocco for example , with the capacity of 500 MW , will be one of the largest concentrated solar plants in the world . In 2011 , the DESERTEC Foundation started to evaluate projects that could serve as models for the implementation of DESERTEC according to its sustainability criteria . The first of these is the TuNur solar power plant in Tunisia that is planned to have 2 GW of capacity . Creating up to 20,000 direct and indirect local jobs , its plants include dry - cooling systems that reduce water usage by up to 90 % . Construction is planned to begin in 2014 , and export power to Italy by 2016 . A video on YouTube is explaining this project . Talks with the Moroccan government had been successful and the Dii confirmed their first reference project would be in Morocco . As a partner in a beginning partnership between Europe and MENA Morocco is especially well - suited since a grid connection from Morocco via Gibraltar to Spain already exists . Also the Moroccan government enacted a program to support renewable energies . In June 2011 , Dii signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy ( MASEN ) . MASEN will act as a project developer and will be responsible for all important project steps in Morocco . Dii will promote the project and its financing in the European Union in Brussels as well as in national governments . This reference project , with a total capacity of 500 MW , will be a combination of concentrated solar power plants ( 400 MW ) and photovoltaics ( 100 MW ) . The first available power from the joint Dii / MASEN project could be fed into the Moroccan and Spanish grids between 2014 and 2016 , depending on the selected technology and market conditions . Based on the current estimate the total costs are € 2 billion . In April 2010 , Dii emphasized that the power plant wo n't be installed in the region of Western Sahara which is administered by Morocco . An official spokesperson of Dii made the following confirmation : `` Our reference projects will not be located in the region . When looking for project sites , DESERTEC Industrial Initiative will also take political , ecological or cultural issues into consideration . This procedure is in line with the funding policies of international development banks . '' In Tunisia , STEG Énergies Renouvelables , a subsidiary of the Tunisian state utility company STEG , and Dii are currently working on a pre-feasibility study . The study focuses on substantial solar and wind energy projects in Tunisia . Research will address the technical and regulatory conditions for the supply of energy in local networks for the export of power to neighbouring countries as well as Europe . Besides financing of the project will be analysed . Algeria , which offers excellent conditions for renewable energy , is considered as a potential location for a further reference project . In December 2011 , the Algerian energy supplier Sonelgaz and Dii signed a Memorandum of Understanding on their future collaboration in the presence of EU Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger and the Algerian Minister for Energy and Mining Youcef Yousfi . The focus of this cooperation will be the strengthening and the exchange of technical expertise , joint efforts in market development and the progress of renewable energy in Algeria as well as in foreign countries . Since the Euro - Mediterranean projects , Medgrid and DESERTEC are both attempting to generate solar energy from deserts and complement each other , a MoU was signed on 24 November 2011 between Medgrid and Dii to study , design and promote an interconnected electrical grid linking both projects . The plan is to build five interconnections at a cost of around 5 billion euros ( $6.7 billion ) , including between Tunisia and Italy . The activities of Dii and Medgrid are covered by the Mediterranean Solar Plan ( MSP ) , a political initiative within the framework of the Union for the Mediterranean ( UfM ) . In March 2012 Dii , Medgrid , Friends of the supergrid and Renewables Grid Initiative signed a joint declaration to support the effective and complete integration , in a single electricity market , of renewable energy from both large - scale and decentralised sources , which shall not be played out against each other in Europe and in its neighbouring regions . Obstacles ( edit ) Some experts -- such as Professor Tony Day , director of the Centre for Efficient and Renewable Energy in Building at London South Bank University , Henry Wilkinson of Janusian Security Risk Management , and Wolfram Lacher of Control Risks consultancy -- are concerned about political obstacles to the project . Generating so much of the electricity consumed in Europe and in Africa would create a political dependency on North African countries which had corruption before Arab Spring and a lack of cross-border coordination . Moreover , DESERTEC would require extensive economic and political cooperation between Algeria and Morocco , which is at risk as the border between the two countries is closed due to a disagreement over the Western Sahara , Inram Kada by EUMENA , is responsible for expediting the project . Cooperation between the states of Europe and the states of the Middle East and North Africa is also certain to be challenging . Large scale cooperation necessary between the EU and the North African nations the project may be delayed due to bureaucratic red tape and other factors such as expropriation of assets . There are also concerns that the water requirement for the solar plant to clean dust off panels and for turbine coolant may be detrimental to local populations in terms of the demand it will place on the local water supply . An EU innovation supported project however resulted in the development of a silicone based film with a nano - dentrite structure on it . The film is fused on top of the solar panels and the nano - dentrite structure makes that sand , water , salt , bacteria , molds , etc. ca n't attach to the photovoltaic panels . Opposed to this , studies point out the generation of fresh water by the solar thermal plants . Furthermore , no significant amount of water is needed for cleaning and cooling , since alternative technologies can be used ( dry cleaning , dry cooling ) . However , dry cooling is more expensive , technologically challenging and less efficient than the water cooling currently planned . Plans for water desalination for cooling purposes are not part of the DESERTEC business plan or cost estimates as proposed . The late Hermann Scheer ( Eurosolar ) pointed out that the doubled solar radiation in the Sahara can not be the only criterion especially with its continuous trade winds there being problematic . Transmitting energy over long distances has been criticized , with questions raised over the cost of cabling compared to energy generation , and over electricity losses . However , the study and current operating technology show that electricity losses using high - voltage direct current transmission amount to only 3 % per 1,000 km ( 10 % per 3,000 km ) . Investment may be required within Europe in a `` supergrid '' . In response , one proposal is to cascade power between neighbouring states so that states draw on the power generation of neighbouring states rather than from distant desert sites . One key question will be the cultural aspect , as Middle Eastern and African nations may need assurance that they will own the project rather than it being imposed from Europe . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Sustainable development portal Medgrid European super grid Intermittent energy source List of HVDC projects North Sea Offshore Grid Renewable energy in Morocco Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources Solar energy in Israel Solel SuperSmart Grid Wind power in Morocco References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` DESERTEC Foundation : Concept '' . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dii - about - us and history '' . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franz Fuchs : Grüner Gigantismus , USW / Uni Graz 4 . Oktober 2007 Jump up ^ Günther Kraft : ( Kultur Gott spielen 17.07. 09 Vision vom Strom aus der Wüste hat Vorläufer , Welt , Ulrich Baron ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wüstenstromfreunde sammeln sich neu in Dubai '' . www.tagesspiegel.de . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` DESERTEC Foundation : Milestones '' . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC -- Clean Power from Deserts '' ( PDF ) . Hani El - Nokraschy . Presentation at MENAREC conference 15 -- 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` First steps to bring Saharan solar to Europe '' . EurActiv. 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DII Gmbh '' . 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Europe could save € 30 / MWh on DESERTEC power '' . Renewable Energy Focus. 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC : Solar on Sahara Sand '' . Solar Novus Today . 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` MED - CSP : Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region . '' German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) ( ITT ) , funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment , Nature Conservation , and Nuclear Safety ( BMU ) Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC WhiteBook '' ( PDF ) . Revised version 2008 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hanns Günther ( Walter de Haas ) ( 1931 ) . In hundert Jahren . Kosmos . Jump up ^ `` Atlantropa : A plan to dam the Mediterranean Sea . '' 16 March 2005 . Archive . Xefer . Retrieved on 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Voigt , Wolfgang ( 1998 ) . Atlantropa - Weltenbauen am Mittelmeer ( in German ) . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86735 - 025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gall , Alexander ( 2012 ) . `` Mediterrane Stromvisionen , Von Atlantropa zu DESERTEC ? '' . In Fraunholz , Uwe ; Woschech , Anke . Technology Fiction Technology Fiction . Technische Visionen und Utopien in der Hochmoderne. 1800 -- 2000 . Kulturgeschichte der Moderne. 10 . Bielefeld : Transcript . pp. 165 -- 192 . doi : 10.14361 / transcript. 9783839420720.165 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8376 - 2072 - 6 . Hsozcult review ( German ) ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Knies and Franz Trieb ( 2006 ) . `` Sun cheaper than Oil '' . franzalt.com Sun Page . Jump up ^ `` Could the desert sun power the world ? '' . The Guardian . 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Vision to Reality '' . DESERTEC Foundation . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC Foundation : Milestones '' . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` desertec website `` structure '' `` . desertec . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC Foundation : Organization '' . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` DESERTEC Foundation : Asian Super Grid for Renewable Energies '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC Foundation : Formation Dii Gmbh '' . 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reformulated mission of Dii '' . desertenergy.org . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huge medgrid joins giant solar DESERTEC plan '' . greenprophet.com. 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU Commission welcomes DESERTEC and Medgrid cooperation on solar energy in North Africa and the Middle East '' . Europa ( web portal ) . 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presentation from DII website -- Medgrid Co developmental plan with DESERTEC project Secretary '' ( PDF ) . dii-eumena.com. 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Barbara ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Arab Spring a short - term problem for solar - Medgrid '' . 24 November 2011 . Reuters . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC and Medgrid : Competitive or compatible ? '' . social.csptoday.com. 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paul van Son '' . EFETnet . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ P. Hoffmann , Kevin ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Desertec - Initiatitve Dii Wüstenstromfreunde sammeln sich neu in Dubai '' . www.tagesspiegel.de . Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing the DESERTEC vision into reality '' . Dii GmbH . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Global Mission '' . DESERTEC Foundation . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rzhevskiy , Ilya ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` World 's Most Daring Solar Energy Project Coming to Fruition '' . The Epoch Times . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKie , Robin ( 2 December 2007 ) . `` How Africa 's desert sun can bring Europe power '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 8 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kanter , James ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` European Solar Power From African Deserts ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC Foundation '' . DESERTEC.org. 31 March 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.desertec.org/concept/questions-answers/ ^ Jump up to : `` TRANS - CSP : Trans - Mediterranean interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power . '' DLR ITT , funded by BMU . Jump up ^ van Loon , Jeremy ; von Schaper , Eva ( 13 July 2009 ) . `` Siemens , Munich Re Start Developing Sahara Project '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ DESERTEC -- Solar power from the desert Jump up ^ The DESERTEC concept sustainable electricity and water for Europe , Middle East and North Africa ^ Jump up to : `` AQUA - CSP : Concentrating Solar Power for Seawater Desalination . '' DLR ITT , funded by BMU . Jump up ^ Sigmar Gabriel , BMU minister ( 19 April 2007 ) . `` Innovative Policy and financing instruments for a sustainable energy policy in the European neighbourhood policy '' . eu2007.de , the website of Germany 's January -- June 2007 European Presidency . Jump up ^ Franz Trieb . `` DESERTEC -- Solar power from the desert '' . German Aerospace Agency ( DLR ) . Jump up ^ Principles of Ecology in Plant Production . p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energytrends/currentusage/renewable/solar/solar-systems-in-the-desert/Solar-Systems-in-the-Desert.pdf Jump up ^ Stancich , Rikki ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` DESERTEC and Medgrid : Competitive or compatible ? '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reference projects to demonstrate feasibility '' . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary of Desert Power 2050 '' . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pfeiffer , Tom ( 23 August 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Saharan power plan : miracle or mirage ? '' . Reuters . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jobs and prospects for young North Africans '' ( Press release ) . DESERTEC Foundation . 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum , Erik ( 2 July 2009 ) . `` German study sees job boom from Sahara solar project '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - MED - CSP_Executive_Summary_Final. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Dana . `` First Solar joins DESERTEC solar project '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 550MW ( AC ) Desert Sunlight Solar Farm First Solar '' . Desertsunlight.com . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Page 5 The grid -- a key factor in the future power Jump up ^ http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/power-transmission/HVDC/HVDC_Proven_Technology_.pdf Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - TRANS - CSP - Executive Summary_Final - Final. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/power-transmission/HVDC/HVDC_References.pdf Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120719172926/http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/d913687e8c5f79d5c1257749003c252d.asp . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ABB North - East Agra -- ABB HVDC Reference Projects in Asia ( HVDC References ) '' . Abb.com. 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Esmeraldo , P.C.V. , Araujo , E.M.A. , Carvalho , D.S. Jr. , HVDC Madeira Transmission System -- Planning Development and Final Design , CIGRÉ session , Paris , 2010 , Paper B4 - 306 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Leo ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` Morocco to host first solar farm in € 400bn renewables network '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany supports Morocco 's solar plan '' ( Press release ) . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DESERTEC Foundation : TuNur '' . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia '' . Nur Energie . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisian sun will light European homes by 2016 '' ( Press release ) . DESERTEC. 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Solar project DESERTEC plans to add five partners : CEO '' . Reuters. 17 February 2010 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Renewable energy turning Morocco into green future '' . Global Arab Network . 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Yee , April ( 26 June 2011 ) . `` Morocco is key testing ground for DESERTEC solar - farm project '' . The National . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebels , Philip ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` Sahara wind and sun to power EU homes '' . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Leo ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Could the desert sun power the world ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Maung , Zara ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Solar giant DESERTEC to avoid Western Sahara '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia : Nation and DESERTEC Sign MoU '' . 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Stromsta , Karl - Erik ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Tunisia still in running for DESERTEC role despite turmoil '' . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kugyela , Tamás ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Dii and Sonelgaz agree to cooperate in Algeria '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More interconnections are needed within and beyond the EU '' . europolitics.info. 3 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . by Tamás Kugyela Jump up ^ `` No Transition without Transmission '' . Medgrid-psm.com. 21 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Solar power technology takes its next step '' . Reuters. 23 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.bluenergy-ag.net/English/tech_solar.html Jump up ^ `` Advanced Heller System -- Technical_2005_feb '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ interview with Hermann Scheer by correspondent de : Stefan Schulze - Hausmann , TV contributions `` Zukunftsstadt Masdar '' and `` DESERTEC '' , de : nano ( Sendung ) , 3sat , 10 . May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Ultra HVDC Transmission System -- Siemens '' . Energy.siemens.com . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Cook ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) . `` DESERTEC Forum '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerry Wolff ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` The Cascading Principle '' . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ DESERTEC ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` Economic and cultural aspects of DESERTEC Project '' . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Desertec . DESERTEC Foundation Dii GmbH ( hide ) Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development VIAF : 161048070 LCCN : nb2010032925 GND : 7722876 - 5 SUDOC : 157156370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertec&oldid=831782124 '' Categories : Proposed solar power stations Renewable energy in the European Union Energy in Africa 2009 establishments in Germany Companies of Germany Macro-engineering Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 04 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the world first integrated solar combined cycle power project is proposed to be set up	[]	[]
-6316929372690272370	Contiguous United States	Contiguous United States - wikipedia Contiguous United States Jump to : navigation , search `` CONUS '' redirects here . For the sea snail , see Conus . This shows the contiguous United States and in insets at the lower left , the two states that are not contiguous The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington , D.C. ( federal district ) , on the continent of North America . The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off - shore United States territories and possessions , which are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The greatest distance ( on a great circle route ) entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles ( 4,509 km , between Florida and the State of Washington ) ; the greatest north - south line is 1,650 miles ( 2,660 km ) . Together , the 48 contiguous states and Washington , D.C. occupy a combined area of 3,119,884.69 square miles ( 8,080,464.3 km ) , which is 1.58 % of the total surface area of Earth . Of this area , 2,959,064.44 square miles ( 7,663,941.7 km ) is contiguous land , composing 83.65 % of total U.S. land area , similar to the area of Australia . Officially , 160,820.25 square miles ( 416,522.5 km ) of the contiguous United States is water area , composing 62.66 % of the nation 's total water area . The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of sovereign states and dependencies by area ; the total area of the country , including Alaska and Hawaii , ranks fourth . Brazil is the only country that is larger in total area than the contiguous United States , but smaller than the entire United States , while Russia , Canada and China are the only three countries larger than both . The 2010 census population of this area was 306,675,006 , comprising 99.33 % of the nation 's population , and a density of 103.639 inhabitants / sq mi ( 40.015 / km ) , compared to 87.264 / sq mi ( 33.692 / km ) for the nation as a whole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other terms 1.1 Continental United States 1.2 CONUS and OCONUS 1.3 The lower 48 1.4 Zone of the Interior 2 Terms used in the non-contiguous states 2.1 Alaska 2.2 Hawaii 3 Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States 4 List of contiguous U.S. states 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Other terms ( edit ) While conterminous U.S. has the precise meaning of contiguous U.S. ( both adjectives meaning `` sharing a common boundary '' ) , other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity . Continental United States ( edit ) Because Alaska is also on the North American continent , the term continental United States would also include that state , so the term is sometimes qualified with the explicit inclusion or exclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity . The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States and at that time usually excluded outlying territories of the United States . However , even before Alaska became a state , it was sometimes included within the `` Continental U.S. '' CONUS and OCONUS ( edit ) CONUS , a technical term used by the U.S. Department of Defense , General Services Administration , NOAA / National Weather Service , and others , has been defined both as the continental United States , and as the 48 contiguous states . The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS . OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added , thus referring to Outside of Continental United States ( OCONUS ) . The lower 48 ( edit ) The term lower 48 is also used to refer to the conterminous United States . The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant , unless used in the context of Alaska . Zone of the Interior ( edit ) During World War II , the first four numbered Air Forces of the USAAF were said to be assigned to the Zone of the Interior by the American military organizations of the time -- the future states of Alaska and Hawaii , then each only territories of the Union , were respectively covered by the Eleventh Air Force and Seventh Air Force during WW II . Terms used in the non-contiguous States ( edit ) Both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them . Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Outside ( Alaska ) Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3 , 1959 . Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent , but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia . In Alaska , given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental , the term `` continental United States '' is almost unheard of when referring to the contiguous 48 states . Several other terms have been used over the years . The term Lower 48 has , for many years , been a common Alaskan equivalent for `` contiguous United States '' ; today , more Alaskans use the term `` Outside '' , though a few persons may use `` Outside '' to refer to any location not within Alaska . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21 , 1959 . It is the southernmost and so far , the latest state to join the Union . Not part of any continent , Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) from North America and almost halfway to Asia . In Hawaii and overseas American territories , for instance , the terms the Mainland or U.S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States . Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States ( edit ) Apart from off - shore US islands , a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada . Point Roberts , Washington ; Elm Point , Minnesota ; and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places . Alburgh , Vermont , is not directly connected by land , but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York . List of contiguous U.S. States ( edit ) The 48 contiguous United States are : Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. ( the U.S. capital , also referred to as the District of Columbia ) is distinct from the state of Washington . See also ( edit ) Extreme points of the United States Mainland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United Airlines website '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Contiguous United States : The 48 adjoining states and the District of Columbia . ^ Jump up to : Random House ( 1991 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40110 - 5 . Jump up ^ These maps show the contiguous 48 states and D.C. , but not Alaska and Hawaii . `` Military Bases in the Contiguous United States '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . `` Soil Moisture Regimes of the Contiguous United States '' . U.S. Department of Agriculture . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Line in America ! '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` Geography of the United States - Geography '' `` . Geography.howstuffworks.com . March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data - 2010 Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ * `` National Geographic Style Manual '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous , or coterminous , states plus Alaska . `` United Cargo website '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Continental United States : The 48 adjoining states , Alaska and District of Columbia . `` Alaska Airlines website '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . The Continental U.S. includes the lower 48 states as well as the State of Alaska , unless otherwise specified . Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance . 1949 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . In the absence of any such statement , Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States . ( before statehood ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Style Guide '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . CONUS - `` Continental United States '' CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states . Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Code . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . the term `` United States mainland '' means the continental United States ( not including Alaska ) . `` ... outside the continental United States ( includes Alaska and Hawaii , as well as Canada and all foreign countries ) ... `` Equimax candidate listing '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abstract of the 1900 Census ( 1904 ) , p. xiii '' ( PDF ) . The area ... is continental United States , by which is meant that part of the United States lying on the continent of North America south of the Canadian boundary . It thus excludes Alaska and the recent insular accessions of Hawaii , Porto Rico ( sic ) , the Philippine Islands , Guam , Samoa ... Jump up ^ `` ... merchandise to foreign countries from continental United states , Puerto Rico , and the territories of Alaska and Hawaii . '' United States Foreign Trade ( 1950 - 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` In the absence of any such statement , Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States . '' Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance ( 1949 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Per Diem Rates ( CONUS and OCONUS ) '' . United States General Services Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Navy Style Guide '' . CONUS - `` Continental United States . '' CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states . It is not synonymous with United States . CONUS is acceptable on first reference . `` CONUS '' seems to be used primarily by the American military and the Federal government and those doing business with them . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Army Terms '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . `` OCONUS : Outside Continental United States Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Style Manual : conterminous , or contiguous , continental , continental United States '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Use contiguous , or conterminous , for the 48 states . The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous , or conterminous , states plus Alaska . Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Style Manual : Alaska '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . The continental United States includes Alaska. ( ) In Alaska context , lower forty - eight or lower 48 may be used . Do not hyphenate lower 48 as an adjective . The term outside may be put in quotes on first reference if ambiguous . To distinguish the 48 states from the 49 or 50 , use contiguous or conterminous . Jump up ^ `` Learn to Speak Alaskan - Alaskan Language Tips - Princess Lodges '' . princesslodges.com . Jump up ^ `` ALASKA : State Profile '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ski '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` What are some things Alaska does differently from the contiguous states ? - Quora '' . quora.com . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 2003 ) . `` ' Race , ' ' Ethnicity , ' and ' Culture ' in Hawai'i : The Myth of the ' Model Minority ' State '' . In Loretta I. Winters and Herman L. DeBose ( ed . ) New Faces in a Changing America : Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century . SAGE Publications . p. 241 . ISBN 9780761923008 . Jump up ^ Ross , Oakland ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orphans of the atlas '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Contiguous United States . Definition of continental Definition of contiguous Definition of coterminous and conterminous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contiguous_United_States&oldid=818520443 '' Categories : Subdivisions of the United States Metropolitan or continental parts of states Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which two states in the united states of america are not connected to the other 48 states	[ "The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.[1] The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off-shore United States territories and possessions, which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[2][3]", "The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.[1] The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off-shore United States territories and possessions, which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[2][3]" ]	[ "Alaska", "Hawaii" ]
-4017260022076614457	Portmanteau	Portmanteau - wikipedia Portmanteau For other uses , see Portmanteau ( disambiguation ) . A portmanteau ( / pɔːrtˈmæntoʊ / ( listen ) , / ˌpɔːrtmænˈtoʊ / ) or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words , in which parts of multiple words or their phones ( sounds ) are combined into a new word , as in smog , coined by blending smoke and fog , or motel , from motor and hotel . In linguistics , a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes . The definition overlaps with the grammatical term contraction , but contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence , such as do and not to make do n't , whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept . A portmanteau also differs from a compound , which does not involve the truncation of parts of the stems of the blended words . For instance , starfish is a compound , not a portmanteau , of star and fish ; whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of star and fish might be stish . Contents 1 Origin 2 Examples in English 2.1 Standard English 2.1. 1 Formal 2.1. 2 Informal 2.1. 3 Business 2.2 Non-standard English 2.2. 1 Name - meshing 3 Other languages 3.1 Arabic 3.2 Bulgarian 3.3 Filipino 3.4 French 3.5 Galician 3.6 German 3.7 Modern Hebrew 3.8 Irish 3.9 Portuguese 3.10 Hindi 3.11 Hungarian 3.12 Icelandic 3.13 Indonesian 3.14 Japanese 3.15 Spanish 3.16 Tibetan 4 Word / morph ( linguistics ) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) The word portmanteau was first used in this sense by Lewis Carroll in the book Through the Looking - Glass ( 1871 ) , in which Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of the unusual words in `` Jabberwocky '' , where slithy means `` slimy and lithe '' and mimsy is `` miserable and flimsy '' . Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways : You see it 's like a portmanteau -- there are two meanings packed up into one word . In his introduction to The Hunting of the Snark , Carroll uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection : Humpty Dumpty 's theory , of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau , seems to me the right explanation for all . For instance , take the two words `` fuming '' and `` furious . '' Make up your mind that you will say both words , but leave it unsettled which you will say first ... if you have the rarest of gifts , a perfectly balanced mind , you will say `` frumious . '' In then - contemporary English , a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections . The etymology of the word is the French porte - manteau , from porter , `` to carry '' , and manteau , `` cloak '' ( from Old French mantel , from Latin mantellum ) . In modern French , a porte - manteau is a clothes valet , a coat - tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets , hats , umbrellas and the like . An occasional synonym for `` portmanteau word '' is frankenword , an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes , blending `` Frankenstein '' and `` word '' . Examples in English ( edit ) Main article : List of portmanteaus Standard English ( edit ) Formal ( edit ) The original `` Gerrymander '' pictured in an 1812 cartoon . The word is a portmanteau of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry 's name with `` salamander . '' Many neologisms are examples of blends , but many blends have become part of the lexicon . In Punch in 1896 , the word brunch ( breakfast + lunch ) was introduced as a `` portmanteau word . '' In 1964 , the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name . Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia . Some city names are portmanteaus of the border regions they straddle : Texarkana spreads across the Texas - Arkansas border , while Calexico and Mexicali are respectively the American and Mexican sides of a single conurbation . A scientific example is a liger , which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger ( a tigon or tiglon is a similar cross in which the male is a tiger ) . Many company or brand names are portmanteaus , including Microsoft , a portmanteau of microcomputer and software ; the cheese `` Cambozola '' combines a similar rind to `` Camembert '' with the same mold used to make `` Gorgonzola '' ; passenger rail company `` Amtrak '' , a portmanteau of `` America '' and `` track '' ; `` Velcro '' , a portmanteau of the French `` Velours '' ( velvet ) and `` Crochet '' ( hook ) ; `` Verizon , '' a portmanteau of `` veritas '' ( Latin for truth ) and `` horizon '' ; and ComEd ( a Chicago - area electric utility company ) , a portmanteau of `` Commonwealth '' and Edison ( Thomas Edison ) . `` Jeoportmanteau ! '' is a recurring category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy ! . The category 's name is itself a portmanteau of the words `` Jeopardy '' and `` portmanteau . '' Responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together . Informal ( edit ) Portmanteau words may be produced by joining together proper nouns with common nouns , such as `` gerrymandering '' , which refers to the scheme of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry for politically contrived redistricting ; the perimeter of one of the districts thereby created resembled a very curvy salamander in outline . The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander . Oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UK 's two oldest universities , those of Oxford and Cambridge . In 2016 , Britain 's planned exit from the European Union became known as `` Brexit '' . A spork Many portmanteau words receive some use but do not appear in all dictionaries . For example , a spork is an eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork , and a skort is an item of clothing that is part skirt , part shorts . On the other hand , turducken , a dish made by inserting a chicken into a duck , and the duck into a turkey , was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2010 . Similarly , the word refudiate was first used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke , conflating the words refute and repudiate . Though initially a gaffe , the word was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionary 's `` Word of the Year '' in 2010 . Business ( edit ) The business lexicon is replete with newly coined portmanteau words like `` permalance '' ( permanent freelance ) , `` advertainment '' ( advertising as entertainment ) , `` advertorial '' ( a blurred distinction between advertising and editorial ) , `` infotainment '' ( information about entertainment or itself intended to entertain by virtue of its manner of presentation ) , and `` infomercial '' ( informational commercial ) . A company name may also be portmanteau ( e.g. , Timex is a portmanteau of Time ( referring to Time magazine ) and Kleenex ) as well as a product name ( e.g. , Renault markets its Twingo , a combination of twist , swing and tango ) . Non-standard English ( edit ) Name - meshing ( edit ) Two proper names can also be used in creating a portmanteau word in reference to the partnership between people , especially in cases where both persons are well - known , or sometimes to produce epithets such as `` Billary '' ( referring to former United States president Bill Clinton and his wife , former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton ) . In this example of recent American political history , the purpose for blending is not so much to combine the meanings of the source words but `` to suggest a resemblance of one named person to the other '' ; the effect is often derogatory , as linguist Benjamin Zimmer states . By contrast , the public , including the media , use portmanteaus to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to `` ... giv ( e ) people an essence of who they are within the same name . '' This is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real - life `` supercouples '' . An early known example , Bennifer , referred to film stars Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez . Other examples include Brangelina ( Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie ) and TomKat ( Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes ) . `` Desilu Productions '' was a Los Angeles , California - based company jointly owned by couple and actors Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball . Miramax is the combination of the first names of the parents of the Weinstein brothers . On Wednesday , June 28 , 2017 , The New York Times crossword included the quip , `` How I wish Natalie Portman dated Jacques Cousteau , so I could call them ' Portmanteau ' . Holidays are another example , as in Thanksgivukkah , a portmanteau neologism given to the convergence of the American holiday of Thanksgiving and the first day of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah on Thursday , 28 November 2013 . For the Disney film Big Hero 6 , there is a location called `` San Fransokyo '' , a fusion between San Francisco and Tokyo . Other languages ( edit ) Arabic ( edit ) In vernacular Arabic , contractions are a pretty common phenomenon , in which mostly prepositions are added to other words to create a word with a new meaning . For example , the Hejazi word for `` not yet '' is لسع / لسه ( lessa / lessaʕ ) , which is a combination of the words لـ ( li , for ) and الساعة ( assaʕa , the hour ) . Other examples in Hejazi Arabic include : إيش ( ʔēš , what ) , from أي ( ʔay , which ) and شيء ( šayʔ , thing ) . ليش ( lēš , why ) , from لـ ( li , for ) and أي ( ʔay , which ) and شيء ( šayʔ , thing ) . معليش ( maʕlēš , is it ok ? / sorry ) , from ما ( mā , nothing ) and عليه ( ʕalayh , on him ) and شيء ( šayʔ , thing ) . فين ( fēn , where ) , from في ( fī , in ) and أين ( ʔayn , where ) . دحين ( daḥēn or daḥīn , now ) , from ذا ( ḏā , this ) and الحين ( alḥīn , part of time ) . إلين ( ʔilēn , until ) , from إلى ( ʔilā , to ) and أن ( ʔan , that ) . بعدين ( baʕdēn , later ) , from بَعْد ( baʕd , after ) and أََيْن ( ʔayn , part of time ) . علشان / عشان ( ʕašān / ʕalašān , because ) , from على ( ʕalā , on ) and شأن ( šaʔn , matter ) . كمان ( kamān , also / more ) , from كما ( kamā as ) and أن ( ʔan that ) . إيوه ( ʔīwa , yes ) , from إي ( ʔī , yes ) and و ( wa , swear to or promise by ) and الله ( allāh , God ) . A few rare or facetious examples would include : لعم from ( `` naʕm '' , yes ) and ( `` la '' , no ) , implying you are not sure متشائل ( `` mutashaʔim '' , pessimist ) and ( `` mutafaʔil '' , optimist ) , the title of a novel published by Emile Habibi in 1974 . The title is translated in English to `` The Pessoptimist . '' كهرماء ( `` kahramaʔ '' , utilities ) coined from كهرباء ( `` kahrabaʔ '' , electricity ) and ماء ( `` maʔ '' , water ) , the national utilities company of Qatar كهرطيسي ( `` kahratisi '' , electromagnetic ) coined from كهرباء ( `` kahrabaʔ '' , electricity ) and مغناطيسي ( `` magnetic '' ) Bulgarian ( edit ) In the Bulgarian language , the most common use of portmanteau is as a part of advertising campaigns . One such example is the word gintuition ( джинтуиция pronounced dzhintuitsia ) , which is made up from the words gin and intuition . This one , in particular , is used , not surprisingly , as a part of a gin commercial . Another example is the word charomat , which consists of the words чар ( the Bulgarian word for charm ) and аромат ( meaning aroma ) , made popular by an ad about a coffee brand . Filipino ( edit ) Certain portmanteaus in Filipino have come into use to describe popular combinations of items in a Filipino breakfast . An example of such a combination order is kankamtuy : an order of kanin ( rice ) , kamatis ( tomatoes ) and tuyo ( dried fish ) . Another is tapsi : an order of tapa and sinangág . Other examples include variations using a silog suffix , usually some kind of meat served with sinangág and itlog ( egg ) . The three most commonly seen silogs are tapsilog ( having tapa as the meat portion ) , tocilog ( having tocino as the meat portion ) , and longsilog ( having longganisa as the meat portion ) . Other silogs include hotsilog ( with a hot dog ) , bangsilog ( with bangus ( milkfish ) ) , dangsilog ( with danggit ( rabbitfish ) ) , spamsilog ( with Spam ) , adosilog ( with adobo ) , chosilog ( with chorizo ) , chiksilog ( with chicken ) , cornsilog ( with corned beef ) , and litsilog ( with lechon / litson ) . An establishment that specializes in such meals is called a tapsihan or `` tapsilugan '' . The name of a common Filipino mongrel dogs askal is derived from Tagalog words `` asong kalye '' or `` street dog '' because these dogs are commonly seen in streets . Askals are also called `` aspins '' , a combination of `` asong Pinoy '' or `` Philippine Dog '' . Another Filipino portmanteau is a popular but slightly dated female name Luzviminda derived from the Philippines ' three major island groups Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . Many Filipinos are very fond of speaking in Tagalog with some English words and thus are actually speaking in Taglish . Tagalog is a dialect in the island of Luzon and the basis for the national language Filipino . French ( edit ) Despite its French etymology ( modern spelling : portemanteau ) , portmanteau is not used in French in this context . It is indeed a false friend . It refers to a coat stand or coat hook ( literally a `` coat support '' ) , but in the past , it could also refer to a cloth drape knights would use to pack their gear . It was in this context that it first came to its English use , and the metaphorical use of a linguistic phenomenon ( putting one word inside another , as into a case ) is an English coinage . The French linguistic term mot - valise , literally a `` suitcase - word '' , is a relatively recent back - translation from English , attested only since 1970 . Although French of France is regulated by the Académie française ( which has had a conservative attitude to neologisms ) it produced a number of portmanteau words such as franglais ( frenglish ) or courriel ( courrier électronique = email ) and has used the technique in literature ( Boris Vian ) or to create brands : Transilien ( Transports franciliens = Île - de-France transportation system ) . French in Canada has a second regulatory body , named OQLF , an agency of the Government of Quebec , which is independent of the Académie . It has a tendency to produce neologisms in order to replace anglicisms . It created the portmanteaus courriel and clavardage ( clavier + bavardage ) , for example . Another example in Quebec ( but made outside of OQLF ) is Centricois , which means person from the region Centre - du - Québec ( winner of a contest organised by the SSJB of Centre - du - Québec in 1999 ) . Galician ( edit ) Galician has many portmanteaus , some existing also in Portuguese but many others not ( or only in the North of Portugal , close to Galicia ) , which can be explained by its popular origin : carambelo ( frozen candy ) , from caramelo ( candy ) and carámbano ( icicle ) ; martabela ( a kind of dead bolt ) , from martelo ( hammer ) and tarabela ( a kind of drill bit ) ; rabuñar ( to scratch with a fingernail , for instance a cat or a person ) , from rabuxa ( a small tail , and also a common ill in tails ) and rañar ( to scratch ) ; millenta ( `` many thousands '' , also common in Portuguese milhenta ) , from milleiro ( one thousand ) and cento ( one hundred ) ; runxir ( to crackle , applied to some things only ) , from ruxir ( to howl ) and renxer ( to grind the teeth ) , or vagamundo ( tramp ) , from vagabundo ( wanderer ) and mundo ( world ) , currently `` vagamundo '' and `` vagabundo '' mean the same , and the former is considered a vulgarism . German ( edit ) Kofferwort , a German synonym for portmanteau , is a recent literal translation of French mot - valise , attested since 1983 . However , the phenomenon is well known in German poetry . A modern example of German portmanteau is ' Teuro ' , combining ' teuer ' ( expensive ) and ' Euro ' . Other examples are Mainhattan , a Central business district in Frankfurt on the river Main like Manhattan , New York and Kreuzkölln , the Berlin area bordering between Kreuzberg and Neukölln . ' Jein ' is a widely used contraction of ' Ja ' ( yes ) and ' Nein ' ( no ) , to indicate a combination of the two . Modern Hebrew ( edit ) Modern Hebrew abounds with European mechanisms such as blending : Along with קומפקט דיסק ( kompaktdisk , compact disc ) , Hebrew has the blend תקליטור ( taklitor ) , which consists of the Jewish - descent תקליט ( taklít , record ) and אור ( or , light ) . Modern Hebrew is full of portmanteau blends , such as the following : ערפיח ( arpíakh , smog ) , from ערפל ( arafél , fog ) and פיח ( píakh , soot ) מדרחוב ( midrakhov , ( pedestrian ) promenade ) , from מדרכה ( midrakhá , footpath ) and רחוב ( rekhóv , street ) מחזמר ( makhazémer , musical ) , from מחזה ( makhazé , play ( noun ) ) and זמר ( zémer , song ) Other blends include the following : מגדלור ( migdalór , lighthouse ) , from מגדל ( migdál , tower ) and אור ( or , light ) רמזור ( ramzór , traffic light ) , from רמז ( rémez , signal ) and אור ( or , light ) Sometimes the root of the second word is truncated , giving rise to a blend that resembles an acrostic : תפוז ( tapúz , orange ( fruit ) , from תפוח ( tapúakh , apple ) and זהב ( zaháv , gold ) Irish ( edit ) A few portmanteaus are in use in modern Irish , for example : Brexit is referred to as Breatimeacht ( from Breatain , `` Britain '' , and imeacht , `` leave '' ) or Sasamach ( from Sasana , `` England , '' and amach , `` out '' ) The resignation of Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) Frances Fitzgerald was referred to as Slánaiste ( from slán , `` goodbye , '' and Tánaiste ) Naíonra . an Irish - language preschool ( from naíonán , `` infants , '' and gasra , `` band '' ) The Irish translation of A Game of Thrones refers to Winterfell castle as Gheimhsceirde ( from gheimhridh , `` winter , '' and sceird , `` exposed to winds '' ) Jailtacht ( from English jail and Gaeltacht , `` Irish - speaking region '' ) : the community of Irish - speaking republican prisoners . Portuguese ( edit ) On Brazilian Portuguese , portmanteaus are usually slangs , some of them include : Cantriz , from cantora ( female singer ) and atriz ( actress ) , which defines women that both sing and act . Aborrescente , from aborrecer ( annoy ) and adolescente ( teenager ) , which is a pejorative term for teenagers . Pescotapa , from pescoço ( neck ) and tapa ( slap ) , which defines a slap on the back of the neck . On European Portuguese , there is the word telemóvel , which means mobile phone , comes from telefone ( telephone ) and móvel ( mobile ) . Hindi ( edit ) A portmanteau common in both Hindi and English is Hinglish , which refers to the vernacular of the people in ( the Hindi - speaking regions of ) North India , where they mix Hindi and English in the spoken language . Another modern day example is the BrahMos missile , whose name is a portmanteau of two rivers , Brahmaputra and Moskva . Compounds displaying Sanskritic sandhi are extremely commonplace in Hindi , but as compounds showing sandhi still consist of multiple morphemes , these are not portmanteaus . Hungarian ( edit ) In Hungarian language , the first decades of the 19th century saw the language - reforming movement ( Hungarian : nyelvújítás ) , when some authors and poets , like Ferenc Kazinczy , Pál Bugát , Mihály Fazekas , Miklós Révai and others created approximately 10,000 new words and phrases in order to develop Hungarian language to a modern and progressive tongue . Among these new phrases there are some portmanteaus : gyufa ( safety matches ) , consists of gyújtó ( burner ) and fa ( wood ) . Icelandic ( edit ) There is a tradition of linguistic purism in Icelandic , and neologisms are frequently created from pre-existing words . For example , Tölva ( `` computer '' ) is a portmanteau of tala ( `` digit ; number '' ) and völva ( `` oracle or seeress '' ) . Indonesian ( edit ) In Indonesian , portmanteaus are often used as both formal and informal acronyms and referrals . Many organizations and government bodies use them for brevity . Journalists often create portmanteaus for particular historical moments . Examples include : Formal and journalism uses : Golput : voters who abstain from voting , from Golongan Putih , `` blank party '' or `` white party '' . Jagorawi : a motorway linking the cities of Jakarta , Bogor and Ciawi . Jabodetabek : the neighboring cities of Jakarta , consisting of Jakarta , Bogor , Depok , Tangerang , Bekasi , and sometimes Cianjur ( Jabodetabekjur ) . The Suramadu Bridge connects the cities of Surabaya and Madura `` Malari '' : refers to `` Malapetaka 15 Januari '' -- a social riot that happened on 15 January 1974 . Military units , e.g. Kopassus army special forces unit , from Komando Pasukan Khusus , `` special forces command '' . Another example is the Kopaska navy frogman unit , from Komando Pasukan Katak , `` Frogman Command '' . Governmental bodies , e.g. `` Kemdikbud '' , refers to `` Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan '' ( Education and Culture Ministry ) , where the ministry leader is called `` Mendikbud '' , `` Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan '' ( Minister of Education and Culture ) . Informal uses , for example : Asbun = Asal bunyi : carelessly speaking Mafia = matematika + fisika + kimia : math , physics , and chemistry , three school subjects that are often related with arithmetic Caper = cari perhatian : attention seeker Warnet = warung internet : internet cafe Alay = anak layangan : unfashionable people Copas = Copy paste : copying other people 's work without permission Ropang = roti panggang : toasted bread Nasgor = nasi goreng Japanese ( edit ) A very common type of portmanteau in Japanese forms one word from the beginnings of two others ( that is , from two back - clippings ) . The portion of each input word retained is usually two morae , which is tantamount to one kanji in most words written in kanji . The inputs to the process can be native words , Sino - Japanese words , gairaigo ( later borrowings ) , or combinations thereof . A Sino - Japanese example is the name 東大 ( Tōdai ) for the University of Tokyo , in full 東京大学 ( Tōkyō daigaku ) . With borrowings , typical results are words such as パソコン ( pasokon ) , meaning personal computer ( PC ) , which despite being formed of English elements does not exist in English ; it is a uniquely Japanese contraction of the English personal computer ( パーソナル・コンピュータ , pāsonaru konpyūta ) . Another example , Pokémon ( ポケモン ) , is a contracted form of the English words pocket ( ポケット , poketto ) and monsters ( モンスター , monsutā ) . A famous example of a blend with mixed sources is karaoke ( カラオケ , karaoke ) , blending the Japanese word for empty ( 空 , kara ) and the Greek word orchestra ( オーケストラ , ōkesutora ) . Some Anime titles also are portmanteaus , such as Hetalia ( ヘタリア ) . It came from Hetare ( ヘタレ ) which means `` idiot '' and Itaria ( イタリア ) which means Italy , and for the anime Servamp which came from the English words Servant ( サヴァント ) and Vampire ( ヴァンパイア ) . Spanish ( edit ) Although not very common in Spanish ( except for a pair of compulsory contractions , ' a el ' = ' al ' and ' de el ' = ' del ' ) , portmanteaus are finding their way into the language mainly through marketing and media efforts , such as in Mexican Spanish ' cafebrería ' from ' cafetería ' and ' librería ' , or Teletón from ' televisión ' and ' maratón ' . However , it is very frequent in commercial brands of any type ( for instance , `` chocolleta '' , from `` chocolate '' + `` galleta '' , cookie ) , and above all family - owned business ( of small size , for instance : Rocar , from `` Roberto '' + `` Carlos '' , and Mafer , from `` Maria '' + `` Fernanda '' ) . Such usages are obviously prompted by the registering of a distinguishable trademark , but with time is common that a specific trademark became the name of the all similar products , like in Cola Cao , a name which is very common to use to refer any similar product . Examples of a portmanteau in Spanish includes the word ofimática ( office automation ) , a blend of the words oficina ( office ) and informática ( computing ) . A somewhat popular example in Spain is the word Gallifante , a portmanteau of Gallo y Elefante ( Cockerel and Elephant ) . It was the prize on the Spanish version of the children TV show Child 's Play ( Juego de niños ) that ran on the public television channel La 1 of Television Española ( TVE ) from 1988 to 1992 . Tibetan ( edit ) Neologisms are also frequently created from pre-existing words in the Tibetan languages . For example , kubkyab ( the common word for `` chair '' ) combines the words kub ( `` butt '' ) , kyag ( `` a stand '' ) , and gyab nye ( `` cushion , '' often for the back ) . Gyabnye is itself a blend of gyabten ( `` back support '' ) and nyeba , the verb for `` lean against , recline , rest on . '' Thus the word for chair is `` a standing support for one 's butt and back to rest on . '' Tibetan also employs portmanteaus frequently in names of important figures and spiritual practices , such as His Holiness Penor Rinpoche , with Penor being pema norbu ( `` lotus jewel '' ) , and the Buddhist practice of Dzogchen , or dzogpa chenpo , the `` Great Perfection . '' Tibetan is rich with portmanteaus . Word / morph ( linguistics ) ( edit ) In linguistics , the term blend is used to refer to the general combination of words , and the term portmanteau is reserved for the narrow sense of combining two or more morphemes in one morph . E.g. in the Latin word animalis the ending - is is a portmanteau morph because it is used for two morphemes : the singularity and the genitive case . In English two separate morphs are used ( of an animal ) . The term may also be extended to include ( written ) contractions . Examples of such combinations include : Language Combination Portmanteau Portuguese ao ao aa à de o do de a da a aquele àquele a aquela àquela a aquilo àquilo de ela dela de ele dele de eles deles de elas delas em uma numa em um num em uns nuns em umas numas em a na em o no em as nas em os nos French à le au à les aux de le du de les des en les ès German in das ins in dem im von dem vom an dem am an das ans zu dem zum zu der zur Irish de an den do an don Spanish a el al de el del Italian a il al a la alla a lo allo a l ' all ' ai ai a gli agli a le alle di il del di la della di lo dello di l ' dell ' di i dei di gli degli di le delle da il dal da la dalla da lo dallo da l ' dall ' da i dai da gli dagli da le dalle Cornish a an a'n Welsh i ein i'n o ein o'n West Frisian bist do bisto yn de yn ' e This usage has been referred to as `` portmanteau morph '' . While in Portuguese , French , Spanish and Italian the use of the short forms is obligatory ( with the exception of ès in French , which is archaic in most senses ) , German and Cornish speakers theoretically may freely choose the form they use . In German , portmanteaus clearly dominate in spoken language , whilst in written language , both forms are in use . See also ( edit ) Linguistics portal Blend word List of geographic portmanteaus Hybrid word List of portmanteaus Neologism Syllabic abbreviation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pronounced port - MAN - toh or PORT - man - TOH Jump up ^ Pronounced - tohz References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Garner 's Modern American Usage Archived 27 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 644 ^ Jump up to : `` Portmanteau '' . Merriam - Webster Offline Dictionary . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Portmanteau word '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition . 2000 . Archived from the original on 26 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` portmanteau word '' . Webster 's New World College Dictionary . Cleveland : Wiley . 2010 . ISBN 0 - 7645 - 7125 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Portmanteau word '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a portmanteau morph ? '' . LinguaLinks Library . 2003 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , David ( 1983 ) . `` An invitation to grammar '' . Summer Institute of Linguistics . Bangkok : Mahidol University : 9 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David ( 1985 ) . `` A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics '' ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Basil Blackwell : 237 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , R.R.K. ; Stork , F.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Dictionary of language and linguistics '' . London : Applied Science : 180 . Jump up ^ `` portmanteau , n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary , third edition . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fromkin , V. , Rodman , R. , and Hyams , N. ( 2007 ) An Introduction to Language , Eighth Edition . Boston : Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 1 - 4130 - 1773 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Portmanteau . '' The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition . 2000 . Jump up ^ Petit Robert : portemanteau -- `` malle penderie '' ( suitcase in which clothes hang ) Jump up ^ `` PORTEMANTEAU : Définition de PORTEMANTEAU '' . cnrtl.fr . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Such a `` coat bag '' is mentioned in Chapter 12 of Alexander Dumas ' The Count of Monte Cristo . Jump up ^ `` Frankenwords : They 're Alive ! '' The Guardian , 5 February , 2016 Archived 10 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Punch , 1 August 1896 , 58 / 2 Jump up ^ `` NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 'S 2010 WORD OF THE YEAR IS ... '' Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Shawn Tully ( 7 March 2015 ) . `` The crazy , true - life adventures of Norway 's most radical billionaire '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 . A few years later Thomas Olsen would rechristen the company Timex . He hatched the iconic name from an unusual confluence of sources . Recalls Fred : `` My father always loved to noodle with words . He liked to read Time magazine , and he used a lot of Kleenex , so he put the two names together and got Timex . '' Jump up ^ `` Twist , Swing and Tango -- it 's the new Renault Twingo '' . MotorTorque.com . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 1 November 2005 ) . `` A perilous portmanteau ? '' . Language Log . University of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( 3 August 2006 ) . `` What a mesh '' . BBC News Magazine . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Crossword '' . www.nytimes.com. 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Christine Byrne ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah , The Best Holiday Of All Time '' . Buzzfeed . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stu Bykofsky ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Thanks for Thanukkah ! '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallah ( Arabic ) Jump up ^ The name also combines the word lien ( link ) Jump up ^ See p. 62 in Zuckermann , Ghil'ad ( 2009 ) , Hybridity versus Revivability : Multiple Causation , Forms and Patterns , Journal of Language Contact , Varia 2 ( 2009 ) , pp. 40 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish words for ' selfie ' , ' Brexit ' and ' spam ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Making sense of Brexit '' . Jump up ^ `` Slánaiste : Irish Times Letter Writers Have Their Say on the Political Crisis '' ( 30 November 2017 ) . The Irish Times . Retrieved from IrishTimes.com , 18 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Spain , Cíara . `` ' Slánaiste ' As Frances Fitzgerald Set To Resign - Radio Nova '' . Jump up ^ https://cnag.ie/en/news/681-champion-of-irish-dancing - naíonraí - has - passed - away. html Jump up ^ Entertainment.ie . `` The Irish translation of the Game of Thrones books are really , really literal '' . Jump up ^ CHRÍOST , DIARMAIT MAC GIOLLA ( 23 June 2018 ) . `` Jailtacht : The Irish Language , Symbolic Power and Political Violence in Northern Ireland , 1972 - 2008 '' . University of Wales Press . JSTOR j. ctt9qhjkk . Jump up ^ `` A hora das cantrizes - ISTOÉ Independente '' . ISTOÉ Independente ( in Portuguese ) . 2010 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' Consegui realizar meu grande sonho : ser cantriz ! `` '' . Tititi ( in Portuguese ) . 2016 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` O que é uma palavra - valise ? '' . Kid Bentinho . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Significado de Aborrescente '' . www.dicionarioinformal.com.br . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pescotapa '' de Ciro Gomes repercute nas redes ; apoiadores afirmam que vídeo foi manipulado - Brasil - BOL Notícias `` . noticias.bol.uol.com.br ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Significado de Pescotapa '' . www.dicionarioinformal.com.br . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` telemóvel - English translation -- Linguee '' . Linguee.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kristján Árnason ; Sigrún Helgadóttir ( 1991 ) , `` Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy '' , Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90 - talet , Nordterm 5 , Nordterm - symposium , pp. 7 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Golput -- Schott 's Vocab Blog -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . 17 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What are contracted words like rimokon ? '' . Sljfaq.org . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Eric . `` Japanese loanword accentuation : epenthesis and foot form interacting through edge - interior alignment ∗ '' ( PDF ) . University of British Columbia . sfu.ca . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gallifantes - RTVE.es '' . 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ es : Juego de niños ( programa de televisión ) Jump up ^ País , Ediciones El ( 4 June 1988 ) . `` Jugar bien vale un ' gallifante ' '' -- via elpais.com . External links ( edit ) Look up portmanteau , portmanteau word , or Category : English blends in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Lexiconcept.com -- an online portmanteau generator Portmanteaur.com -- a tool for making portmanteaus Portmanteau tool -- Invent new words ( with definition ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portmanteau&oldid=866152402 '' Categories : Portmanteaus Words coined in the 1870s Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles needing pronunciation All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Walon 吴语粵語中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you call two words put together	[]	[]
-1013464076537205805	Rivers State	Rivers State - wikipedia Rivers State Jump to : navigation , search Rivers State State Nickname ( s ) : Treasure Base of the Nation Location of Rivers State in Nigeria Coordinates : 4 ° 45 ′ N 6 ° 50 ′ E / 4.750 ° N 6.833 ° E / 4.750 ; 6.833 Coordinates : 4 ° 45 ′ N 6 ° 50 ′ E / 4.750 ° N 6.833 ° E / 4.750 ; 6.833 Country Nigeria Geopolitical zone South South Formation 27 May 1967 ( 50 years ago ) ( 1967 - 05 - 27 ) Capital Port Harcourt LGAs 23 Government Body Government of Rivers State Governor Ezenwo Wike ( PDP ) Deputy Ipalibo Banigo ( PDP ) Legislature House of Assembly Area Total 11,077 km ( 4,277 sq mi ) Area rank 26th Population ( 2006 Census ) Total 5,198,716 Rank 6th Density 635.89 / km ( 1,646.9 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Riverian GDP ( PPP ) Year 2007 Total $21.07 billion Per capita $3,965 Time zone WAT ( UTC + 01 ) ISO 3166 code NG - RI Website riversstate.gov.ng Rivers State , also known simply as Rivers , is one of the 36 states of Nigeria . According to census data released in 2006 , the state has a population of 5,198,716 , making it the sixth-most populous state in the country . Its capital and largest city , Port Harcourt , is economically significant as the centre of Nigeria 's oil industry . Rivers State is bounded on the South by the Atlantic Ocean , to the North by Imo , Abia and Anambra States , to the East by Akwa Ibom State , and to the West by Bayelsa and Delta states . It is home to many indigenous ethnic groups : Ikwerre , Ibani , Opobo , Eleme , Okrika , and Kalabari , Etche , Ogba , Ogoni , Engenni , Obolo and others . The people from Rivers State are known as `` Riverians '' . The inland part of the state consists of tropical rainforest ; towards the coast the typical Niger Delta environment features many mangrove swamps . Rivers State , named after the many rivers that border its territory , was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893 , when it became part of the Niger Coast Protectorate . In 1900 the region was merged with the chartered territories of the Royal Niger Company to form the colony of Southern Nigeria . The state was formed in 1967 with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria . Until 1996 the state contained the area now known as Bayelsa State . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 20th century 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Terrain 2.3 Flora and fauna 2.4 Rivers 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Languages 4 Economy 4.1 Natural resources 4.2 Agriculture 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Energy 5.2 Transportation 5.3 Water 6 Cities and towns 7 Government and politics 7.1 Executive 7.2 Legislature 7.3 Judiciary 7.4 Federal representation 7.5 Local government 8 Education 8.1 Primary and secondary education 8.2 Colleges and universities 9 Riverians 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) 20th century ( edit ) In the early days of the colonial period , several protection treaties were signed between various indigenous communities and the British colonial government . Between 1941 and 1952 , agitation for the creation of Rivers province began with the formation of the Ijo Rivers People 's League . By 1953 , the Council of Rivers Chiefs was birthed as a replacement body for the League , the same year , another organisation , the Calabar Ogoja Rivers ( COR ) State Movement became existent . The Council of Rivers Chiefs was later renamed in 1954 to Rivers Chiefs and Peoples ' Congress and in 1956 , the organisation became known as the Rivers Chiefs Peoples Conference . Until 1958 , hopes of an independent state resonated with the region , and lingered consistently in the minds of its natives . During the constitutional conference that year , the country 's nationhood was affirmed while an agreement was reached on some measures to mitigate the fears of the ethnic minorities in the area . Around this time , the COR State Movement had broken away to press their own case . Thereafter , the British launched a commission led by Sir Henry Willink to look into the misgivings of these autochthons . The Willink Commission initiated the conception of the Niger Delta Development Board ( NDDB ) . The purpose was to tackle the problems of underdevelopment , however , this failed to rise to the expectations of the masses . After much discontent , some of the people attempted to take the extralegal route to achieve their goals . In February 1966 , Isaac Boro , Sam Owonaro and Nottingham Dick alongside their supporters proclaimed a `` Delta Peoples Republic '' . The rebellion was immediately crushed by the Federal and the old Eastern Nigeria government . On 27 May 1967 , under the administration of General Yakubu Gowon , decree No. 14 was issued , allowing the creation of Rivers State . From then on , complaints about political marginalisation , environmental degradation and economic pauperisation remained among the Ijaw groups , such that a separate Bayelsa State was carved out of Rivers State by the military government during 1996 . Geography ( edit ) Rivers State is a predominantly low - lying pluvial state in southern Nigeria , located in the eastern part of the Niger Delta on the oceanward extension of the Benue Trough . The inland part of the state consists of tropical rainforest , and towards the coast , the typical Niger Delta environment features many mangrove swamps . Rivers State has a total area of 11,077 km2 ( 4,277 mi2 ) , making it the 26th largest state in Nigeria . Surrounding states are Imo , Abia and Anambra to the north , Akwa Ibom to the east and Bayelsa to the west . On the south , it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean . Its topography ranges from flat plains , with a network of rivers to tributaries . Climate ( edit ) Rainfall is generally seasonal , variable , as well as heavy , and occurs between the months of March and October through November . The wet season peaks in July , lasting more than 290 days . The only dry months are January and February having little to no effect . Total annual rainfall decreases from about 4,700 mm ( 185 in ) on the coast , to about 1,700 mm ( 67 in ) in the extreme north . It is 4,698 mm ( 185 in ) at Bonny along the coast and 1,862 mm ( 73 in ) at Degema . For Port Harcourt , temperatures throughout the year are relatively constant with little variation throughout the course of the seasons . Average temperatures are typically between 25 ° C − 28 ° C. Some parts of the state still receive up to 150 mm ( 6 in ) of rainfall during the dry period . Relative humidity rarely dips below 60 % and fluctuates between 90 % and 100 % for most of the year . Terrain ( edit ) The land surface of Rivers State can be divided into three zones : freshwater swamps , mangrove swamps and coastal sand ridges . The freshwater zone extends north wards from the mangrove swamps . This land surface is generally less than 20m above sea level . As a lower Niger floodplain , it contains a greater silt and clay foundation and is more susceptible to perennial inundation by river floods . The floodplain 's total thickness rises to about 45m in the northeast and over 9m in the beach ridge barrier zones to the southwest . On coastal sand ridges , the soils are mostly sandy or sandy loams . Various crops are supported including coconut , oil palm , raffia palm and cocoyam . The drier upland region of Rivers State covers 61 % of landmass while the riverine areas , with a relief range of 2m to 5m , take up 39 % . Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : List of fauna of Rivers State Common fig - tree blue in Port Harcourt Zoo Male Agama lizard Due to its geographical location , Rivers State has always played an important role in the natural history of Nigeria , having been found to host a vast array of wildlife and plants . Its tropical rainforests are home to more species than all other local biomes combined thanks to its climate and canopy structure . Unfortunately , some of the upland forested areas have seen disruption from human activity , impacting negatively on the biodiversity and ecological functions of natural habitats . In most places , the dominant vegetation usually consists of Elaeis guineensis which has the highest productivity amongst all recognized oleaginous crops . The riverine part of the state has three hydro - vegetation zones such as beach ridge , salt water and fresh water . Each zone has its own characteristics and composition , with the freshwaters encompassing the upper and lower floodplains of the Niger Delta . Finima Nature Park is a protected area and forest reserve in Bonny Island covering an area of approximately 10 km2 ( 3.9 mi2 ) . The park 's vegetation has progressively developed into a high forest considering the form from which it began in 1999 . There are two storeys that can be distinguished from outside the forest , the emergents include Symphonia globulifera , Cleistopholis patens , Uapaca spp. , Musanga cecropioides , Hallea ledermannii , Terminalia spp. , Anthostema aubryanum , Tectona grandis and Elaeis guineensis . The understory is composed mainly of Calamus deeratus , Alchornea cordifolia , Monodora tenuifolia , Harungana madagascariensis , Strophanthus preussii , Rauvolfia vomitoria and Raphia spp . The interior of the forest is very shady , and as a result a wide variety of shade tolerant forbs ( e.g. Nephrolepis biserrata , Culcasia scandens , Laportea spp. , Chromolaena odorata , Aframomum melegueta and Costus afer ) and various sedges form thickets on the forest floor . By dry season , large cushion of litter cover the floor because of increase in abscission rate of some plants such as Musanga cecropioides , Hallea ledermannii , Calamus deeratus , Gmelina arborea , Raphia spp. and Elaeis guineensis . Mammals , reptiles and amphibians are also found in the park . The common mammals are mona monkeys and pygmy hippopotamuses . Among the reptiles and amphibians are snakes and crocodiles , turtles , frogs , lizards , and skinks . One of the world 's Ramsar Convention - listed wetlands , Upper Orashi Forest , is a 252 km2 protected area in Ahoada West . It has been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because of its importance to global populations of grey parrots and other birds . The Biseni Forest in the north west of Ahoada and west of Upper Orashi Forest have also been designated an Important Bird Area . The forest has an area of 219 km2 within which mammals like red - bellied monkey and yellow - backed duiker are found along with raffia palms and some woody broadleaved species such as Symphonia globulifera and Ficus spp . Rivers ( edit ) Satellite view of Niger Delta . Nun River in the center The state has many rivers , some of which include : Santa Barbara River Bonny River Andoni River New Calabar River Nun River River Orashi San Bartholomeo River Sombreiro River St Nicholas River Otamiriochie River Ogochie River Imo Miriochie River Oloshi River Opobo Channel River Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1991 3,187,844 -- 2006 5,198,716 + 3.31 % 2015 ( Est . ) 7,043,800 + 3.43 % Source : `` Rivers State , Nigeria - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts '' . City Population . Over the period from 1991 to 2006 , the total population of Rivers State has increased by close to 3 million people . The last official census showed that 5,198,716 people were living in the state , of whom 2,673,026 were men and 2,525,690 were women . Adults and adolescents aged 15 to 64 years accounted for 61 % of the population in the state . Children below the age of 15 accounted for 36 % of the population , and those aged 65 years and above , another 3 % . Port Harcourt and Obio - Akpor had the highest number of inhabitants of any local government area , while Ogu -- Bolo and Omuma had the lowest . The total area of the state was 11,077 km2 and the density was 635.89 inh . per km2 . Rivers State has higher literacy rate compared to most states in the South South geopolitical zone . Its male literacy as of 2006 was 52.3 % while female literacy rate was 47.7 % . In the same survey , it ranked as 26th most extensive and the 6th most populous of all the states of Nigeria . A 2015 estimate put the number of residents of Rivers State at over 7 million , nearly triple the number recorded in 1991 . According to the National Bureau of Statistics projection , the population in the state was 4 % of the total population of the country . Data of 2010 -- 2015 showed life expectancies for male , 54 years and female , 57 years were very low . General mortality rate was 60 per 1000 , under - 5 mortality rate was 90 and maternal mortality rate was 889 per 100,000 live births , one of the highest nationwide . Languages ( edit ) As a multicultural , multitribal region , Rivers State has much to offer in its diversity of people . The area that makes up the modern state has been inhabited in one way or the other since the last year of the first millennium . The earliest known settled communities in what is now Rivers State include the Ndoki of Ijo origin on the lower Imo River and Ikwerre people . Today , over 26 distinct groups are recognized by the Rivers State government , each with its own language , lifestyle , and cultural heritage . Before the creation of states in 1967 , Igbo was the dominant indigenous language in the Eastern Region out of which much of what now constitute Rivers State was carved out . It was spoken mostly in Port Harcourt , Bonny , Opobo and in several major towns as well as villages . Under the then regional set - up , Opobo , Andoni and Nkoroo formed one division , with Opobo town as headquarters . The language of the native court at Opobo which served the three communities was Igbo . Multilingualism is a part of everyday life for the population of Rivers State and most of Nigeria . English , inherited from colonial rule is common and widely spoken in various forms in different localities . Some indigenous Riverians are also bilingual , speaking a mixture of English or Pidgin English with one of the native languages . This is partly due to the frequent exposure of the younger generations to foreign dialects especially in the country 's largest cities . Excluding Pidgin , all other ones spoken in the state belong to either Benue -- Congo or Ijoid within the Niger -- Congo language family . The Benue -- Congo is subdivided into Cross River , Igboid , and Edoid groups . The Ijoid languages are predominant around the creek belt , Cross River is spoken in the central and eastern parts , Igboid dominates mainly the northern and most inland Rivers State while Edoid is used in the western central areas . Aboriginal language dialects No. of speakers Mother tongue Home language Abua 25,000 Agbirigba 30 Baan 5,000 Biseni 4,800 Defaka 200 Degema 10,000 Ekpeye 30,000 Eleme 58,000 Engenni 20,000 Gokana 100,000 Ijaw -- Ikwerre 200,000 Kalabari 570,000 Khana 200,000 Kugbo 2,000 Nkoroo 4,600 O'chi'chi ' -- Obolo 250,000 Obulom 3,420 Odual 18,000 Ogba 800,000 Ogbogolo 10,000 Ogbronuagum 12,000 Ogoni -- Okodia 3,600 Oruma 5,000 Tee 310,000 Ukwuani - Aboh - Ndoni 550,000 Economy ( edit ) Rivers State has maintained its importance as a leading supplier of wealth to the nation for centuries . In 2007 , the state ranked 2nd nationwide with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $21.07 billion and a per capita income of $3,965 . Natural Resources ( edit ) The state is famous for its vast reserves of crude oil and natural gas . It was perhaps the richest and most important section of the African zone of the British Empire . Rivers State has two major oil refineries , two major seaports , airports , and various industrial estates spread across the land . More than 60 % of the country 's output of crude oil is produced in the state . Other natural resources found within its boundaries are silica sand , glass sand and clay . Agriculture ( edit ) Prior to the discovery of oil in commercial quantity in 1951 , Agriculture was the primary occupation of the people of Rivers State . Around 19th century when the industrial revolution reached its peak in England , the area was then referred to as Oil Rivers Protectorate , this was due to its abundant palm oil and kernel which basically constituted the main revenue source of the country . In a sample survey carried out by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources , about 40 % of the rural inhabitants were committed to farming in 1983 . Rivers State is one of the leading states in the production of yam , cassava , cocoyam , maize , rice and beans . About 39 % ( 760,000 hectares ) of the state 's total land mass , particularly in the upland area , is suitable for cultivation . Major cash crops produced are oil palm products , rubber , coconut , raffia palm and jute . Other crops grown for food include , vegetables , melon , pineapples , mango , pepper , banana and plantain . The fishing industry is an important sector in Rivers State . Besides being lucrative , fishing is also a favorite past time activity . There are approximately 270 species of fish existing ; with many artisanal fishermen in the riverine areas . The state provides valuable seafoods such as crabs , oysters , shrimps and sea snails among others . Vertebrates like birds , mammals and reptiles are also found in the region . Infrastructure ( edit ) Energy ( edit ) Oil facility at Bonny Island Energy , and especially electricity is a key factor for economic growth . Rivers State has one of the nation 's highest per capita energy consumption rates . As of 2012 , it had a power generation capacity of 400 megawatts , a significant improvement over a meager 30 megawatts during the late nineties . Its energy sector is protected by the government through legislation and funding . It is overseen by the ministries of Power , Energy and Natural Resources . The state 's oil - refining capacity is the biggest in the country , with more than 340,000 barrels of crude oil per day . There 's a vast untapped potential in the state for solar power . Interest in solar energy has been increasing but not much has been invested . Up to now , energy production is insufficient to meet demand , resulting in frequent power outages , slow manufacturing and business performance . Transportation ( edit ) Port Harcourt International Airport , Omagwa Transportation within Rivers State is mainly land and water - based . The industry has the Ministry of Transport as its chief regulating body . Apart from roads and waterways , there are functional airdromes that provide out - of - state transport . The sea ports contain harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land . Taxicabs , buses and ferries dominate public transport . They are usually inexpensive and are often used for multi passenger pick ups . Commercial vehicles in Port Harcourt maintain sky blue , white and sky blue livery . Operating without these government - approved colors is punishable with a fine of ₦ 10,000 . Both domestic and international flights are available from Port Harcourt International Airport . Airlines such as Lufthansa , Air France , Med - View and Cronos link the state to destinations including Frankfurt , Paris , Lagos and Malabo . Passengers can easily get a taxi or rental car at the authorized vehicle area . Companies like Europcar , Avis and Hertz have offices near the airport . In addition , the Port Harcourt Air Force Base is located in the state capital . It gained popularity as a commercial destination due to the closure of the international airport . After that airport reopened , most airlines abandoned the base . However , it still has some destinations since the airport is closer to the center than the main airport . Seaports handle much more diversified import cargo activities than airports . The Port of Onne is one of the largest and busiest seaports in the country . Its mobile habour cranes are one of the biggest in Africa , with a lifting capacity of 208 metric tonnes . Another important seaport is the Port of Port Harcourt . It was the second largest port in Nigeria in the 1950s . In 1954 , it cleared about $54 million worth of imports and exports , while the shipping facilities at Calabar cleared $11 million worth of goods . Water ( edit ) Majority of Riverians obtain their water for household uses from vendors . There are also those who extract their water from private boreholes and wells and incur costs for the investment , maintenance , spare parts , pumping , and in some cases treating the water . Several others receive their domestic water from rainwater catchments , nearby streams or rivers . In the oil bearing communities , many residents have easy access to basic infrastructure systems , although , most of the facilities are nonfunctional . In the large urban localities such as Port Harcourt and Obio - Akpor , Port Harcourt Water Corporation handles the provision of urban water supply and wastewater management services for 15 % of the population . A number of towns and villages with iron - contaminated H O have resorted to treating one chemical contaminant with another . Most of the water collection in low - income urban residential areas are done by women . In 2008 , NDHS reported that 26 % of adult females collect drinking water more than adult male counterparts at 21 % . In order to improve access to safe , reliable , affordable , and sustainable water supply services , USAID , through its Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Africa program collaborated with the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development from April 2013 to June 2015 . Cities and towns ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Rivers State Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Rivers State and Politics of Rivers State The Rivers State government consists of elected representatives and appointed officials . The state government has executive and legislative branches , with an independent judiciary . At the local level , elected officials are responsible for local government areas . Executive ( edit ) The executive branch is headed by the Governor , assisted by the Deputy Governor , both elected for a term of 4 years ( maximum of 2 terms ) . The governor appoints commissioners responsible for each of the ministries , and appoints the heads of parastatals , and the state - owned bodies with specific regulatory or administrative duties . In some cases , a governor may be replaced or removed for example , through death , impeachment or if an election is annulled by a competent court of law or by a two - third majority of the House of Assembly . Legislature ( edit ) The legislative authority in Rivers State is held by the state House of Assembly , which is made up of elected representatives from all constituencies of the state . Its functions at the state level are relative to those of the National Assembly at the federal level , creating laws for the good governance of the state , as well as acting as a check and balance on the powers and actions of the state 's Chief Executive . The House of Assembly consists three times the total number of seats which the state has in the House of Representatives . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of Rivers State The judicial branch of the state government has sole authority and responsibility for the interpretation and application of the state 's laws as well as the adjudication of disputes or controversies . It consists of eight courts : the High Court of Justice , the Magistrates Courts , the Customary Courts , the Juveniles Courts , the Revenue Courts , the Sanitation Courts , the Mobile Courts and Ports Related Offences Courts . It is governed mainly by the Chief Judge of the High Court of Justice . There are about 26 serving judges in the High Court of Justice , which comprises 10 Judicial Divisions including Port Harcourt , Ahoada , Degema , Nchia , Bori , Omoku , Isiokpo , Okrika , Okehi , and Oyigbo . Federal representation ( edit ) Elections are conducted every 4 years in which riverian voters will directly elect 16 representatives to the Nigerian National Assembly . Those chosen are grouped into 3 senators representing Rivers South East , Rivers West , Rivers East and 13 representatives representing Andoni / Opobo / Nkoro , Obio / Akpor , Oyigbo / Tai / Eleme , Port Harcourt II , Etche / Omuma , Asari - Toru / Akuku - Toru , Okrika / Ogu -- Bolo , Khana / Gokana , Port Harcourt I , Ahoada West / Ogba -- Egbema -- Ndoni , Abua -- Odual / Ahoada East , Ikwerre / Emohua , Degema / Bonny . Since the advent of the Fourth Republic in 1999 , the People 's Democratic Party has usually held a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives . Local government ( edit ) Rivers State is currently consisted of 23 Local Government Areas , all of which handle local administration , under an elected Chairman . Each of the local government areas has its own administrative seat . They are : LGA name Area ( km ) Census 2006 population Administrative seat Postal Code Wards Port Harcourt 109 541,115 Port Harcourt 500 20 Obio - Akpor 260 464,789 Rumuodumaya 500 17 Okrika 222 222,026 Okrika 500 12 Ogu -- Bolo 89 74,683 Ogu 500 12 Eleme 138 190,884 Ogale 501 10 Tai 159 117,797 Sakpenwa 501 10 Gokana 126 228,828 Kpor 501 17 Khana 560 294,217 Bori 502 19 Oyigbo 248 122,687 Afam 502 10 Opobo -- Nkoro 130 151,511 Opobo Town 503 11 Andoni 233 211,009 Ngo 503 11 Bonny 642 215,358 Bonny 503 12 Degema 1,011 249,773 Degema 504 17 Asari - Toru 113 220,100 Buguma 504 13 Akuku - Toru 1,443 156,006 Abonnema 504 17 Abua -- Odual 704 282,988 Abua 510 13 Ahoada West 403 249,425 Akinima 510 12 Ahoada East 341 166,747 Ahoada 510 13 Ogba -- Egbema -- Ndoni 969 284,010 Omoku 510 17 Emohua 831 201,901 Emohua 511 14 Ikwerre 655 189,726 Isiokpo 511 13 Etche 805 249,454 Okehi 512 19 Omuma 170 100,366 Eberi 512 10 Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) See also : List of schools in Rivers State In 1999 the state had 2,805 government primary schools and 243 secondary schools . The secondary schools are concentrated mainly in LGA headquarter towns and in Port Harcourt . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Tertiary institutions include the University of Port Harcourt , Choba , Port Harcourt established by the federal government in 1975 , the Rivers State University , founded in 1980 by the state government , the School of Health Technology , Port Harcourt , established by the state government , the Federal College of Education ( Technical ) , Omoku and the state - owned Rivers State Polytechnic at Bori , the Rivers State University of Education ( Ignatius Ajuru University ) at Rumuolumeni , Nkpolu Oroworukwo and Ndele and the School of Nursing and Midwifery at Rumueme , Port Harcourt . The Rivers State College of Arts and Science in Port Harcourt gained polytechnic status in 2006 . Riverians ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Rivers State See also ( edit ) Port Harcourt -- Wikipedia book Index of Rivers State - related articles Outline of Rivers State List of Governors of Rivers State by time in office List of people from Rivers State Rivers State portal Nigeria portal Africa portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 PHC Priority Tables -- NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION '' . population.gov.ng . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ See List of Governors of Rivers State for a list of prior governors ^ Jump up to : `` C - GIDD ( Canback Global Income Distribution Database ) '' . EIU Canback . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Administrative Division '' . City Population . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amaechi Catches Facebook Bug '' . Daily Independent , accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers State government website '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Rivers State '' . Rsha.gov.ng . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Orashi forest '' . Birdlife International . 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biseni forest '' . BirdLife International . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ed , Uma Eleazu , general ( 1988 ) . Nigeria , the first 25 years . Port Harcourt , Rivers State : Infodata ( u.a. ) ISBN 9781296151 . Jump up ^ `` Action Plan Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strategic Health Development Plan '' ( PDF ) . Rivers State Ministry of Health . 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 -- via Mamaye.org . Jump up ^ Omabala Aguleri ( 13 July 2014 ) . Igbo History Hebrew Exiles of Eri . eBookIt.com . ISBN 145662220X . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ivan R. Dihoff , ed. ( 1983 ) . African Languages , Development and the State . Foris . ISBN 9070176572 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Fardon ; Graham Furniss ( 2002 ) . African Languages , Development and the State . Routledge . p. 66 . ISBN 1134868049 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy '' . Nigerian Tribune . 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivers '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Power Sector Transformation In Rivers State '' . The Tide. 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hazards Of Unpainted Taxis '' . The Tide. 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Information Service ( 1956 ) . Eastern Region ( Nigeria ) . Enugu : Enugu , Eastern Nigeria Information Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Water Sector Reform And Port Harcourt Water Supply And Sanitation Project '' ( PDF ) . AfDB . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regulatory Water Sector Reforms in Rivers State '' . USAID . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Rivers State Judiciary . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Rivers Jump up ^ `` SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE '' . OnlineNigeria. 2 / 10 / 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rivers State College of Arts and Science '' . Rivers State College of Arts and Science . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Rivers State E.D.W. Opu - Ogulaya . History of the Creation of the Rivers State of Nigeria : Primer One . Rivers State , Nigeria : Government Printer . Mitee , Leesi Ebenezer . Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria : an encyclopaedic guide . Luton : Worldwide Business Resources . ISBN 0956198813 . ( Full text via Google Books . ) Jones , G.I. The trading states of the oil rivers : a study of political development in eastern Nigeria . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 0852559186 . ( Full text via Google Books . ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRivers Stateat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Rivers State government website Geographic data related to Rivers State at OpenStreetMap Rivers State Capital : Port Harcourt Topics Agriculture Bibliography Crime Culture ( Music ) Delegations Deputy Governor Economy Education ( Schools ) Executive Council Fire Service Geography Government Governor ( List ) Health High Court History People Police Politics ( Elections ) Communities Abua Asarama Bane Chokocho Kono Okobie Onikwu Umuakuru - Igbo Cities and towns Abalama Abonnema Ahoada Ataba Bonny Bori City Buguma Elele Emohua Igrita Igwuruta Nkoroo Odiabidi Okrika Omoku Onne Opobo Port Harcourt Rumuokoro LGA ( s ) Abua -- Odual Ahoada East Ahoada West Akuku - Toru Andoni Asari - Toru Bonny Degema Eleme Emohua Etche Gokana Ikwerre Khana Obio - Akpor Ogba -- Egbema -- Ndoni Ogu -- Bolo Okrika Omuma Opobo -- Nkoro Oyigbo Port Harcourt Tai Metro areas Greater Port Harcourt Outline Index Portal WikiProject States of Nigeria Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara VIAF : 137202875 LCCN : n80049671 GND : 235721 - 5 BNF : cb122331441 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_State&oldid=804699344 '' Categories : States of Nigeria Rivers State States and territories established in 1967 Coasts of Nigeria Rainforests of Africa 1967 establishments in Nigeria Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : dates Coordinates on Wikidata Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa हिन्दी Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Кырык мары Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	map of rivers state showing local government areas	[]	[]
-4871458204083020399	Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens	Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens Not to be confused with Visa requirements for Nigerien citizens . Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed by the authorities of other states on citizens of Nigeria . As of February 2018 , Nigerian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 46 countries and territories , ranking the Nigerian passport 91st in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Republic of the Congo passport ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Where visa - free access is permitted , such access is not necessarily a right , and admission is at the discretion of border enforcement officers . Visitors engaging in activities other than tourism , including unpaid work , may require a visa or work permit . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 4 See also 5 References and Notes Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens Nigeria Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa required Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Entry Visa Argentina Visa required Armenia Visa required Australia and territories Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Austria Visa required Azerbaijan Visa required Bahamas Visa required Bahrain Visa required Bangladesh Visa required Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa required Belgium Visa required Belize Visa required Benin Visa not required 90 days Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa required Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required Botswana Visa required Brazil Visa required Brunei Visa required Bulgaria Visa required Burkina Faso Visa not required Burundi Visa required Cambodia Visa required Cameroon Visa not required 90 days Canada Visa required Cape Verde Visa not required Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa not required 3 months Chile Visa required China Visa required Colombia Visa required May apply online . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa required Côte d'Ivoire Visa not required Croatia Visa required Cuba Visa required Cyprus Visa required Czech Republic Visa required Denmark Visa required Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa required Ecuador Visa required Egypt Visa required El Salvador Visa required Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa required Ethiopia eVisa Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa required France Visa required Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required Georgia Visa required eVisa available for holders of a valid Schengen visa or a valid visa from any of the OECD member countries ; or a valid residence permit of a Schengen or OECD country . Germany Visa required Ghana Visa not required Greece Visa required Grenada Visa required Guatemala Visa required Guinea Visa not required Guinea - Bissau Visa not required Guyana Visa required Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa required Hungary Visa required Iceland Visa required India Visa required Indonesia Visa required Iran Visa on arrival 30 days Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa required Israel Visa required Italy Visa required Jamaica Visa required Japan Visa required Jordan Visa required Kazakhstan Visa required Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa required Kuwait Visa required Kyrgyzstan eVisa Laos Visa required Latvia Visa required Lebanon Visa required Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa not required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa required Lithuania Visa required Luxembourg Visa required Macedonia Visa required Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa required Malaysia Visa required Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa not required Malta Visa required Marshall Islands Visa required Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa on arrival 2 weeks Mexico Visa required Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa required Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa required Morocco Visa required Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar Visa required Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa required Netherlands Visa required New Zealand Visa required Nicaragua Visa on arrival 30 days Niger Visa not required Norway Visa required Oman Visa required Pakistan Visa required Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa required Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Peru Visa required Philippines Visa required Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar Visa required Romania Visa required Russia Visa required Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa required Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa required Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa required Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa not required Singapore Visa required Slovakia Visa required Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa required South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sri Lanka Visa required Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa required Swaziland Visa required Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa required Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa required Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa not required Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa required Tunisia Visa required Turkey Visa required Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa required United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom and Crown dependencies Visa required United States Visa required Uruguay Visa required Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa required Vietnam Visa required Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa Zimbabwe eVisa Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Unrecognized or partially recognized countries Territory Conditions of access Notes Abkhazia Visa required Kosovo Visa required Northern Cyprus Visa required Nagorno - Karabakh Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Taiwan Visa required Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . Dependent and autonomous territories Territory Conditions of access Notes China Hong Kong Visa required Macau Visa required Denmark Faroe Islands Visa required Greenland Visa required France French Guiana Visa required French Polynesia Visa required French West Indies Visa required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Mayotte Visa required New Caledonia Visa required Réunion Visa required Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required Wallis and Futuna Visa required Netherlands Aruba Visa required Caribbean Netherlands Visa required Caribbean Netherlands refers to Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba . Curaçao Visa required Sint Maarten Visa required New Zealand Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Niue Visa not required 30 days Tokelau Visa required United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa required Anguilla Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa . Bermuda Visa required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . British Virgin Islands Visa required Cayman Islands Visa required Falkland Islands Visa required Gibraltar Visa required Montserrat Visa not required Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena eVisa Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by Canada , United Kingdom or the USA do not required a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days . United States American Samoa Visa required Guam Visa required Northern Mariana Islands Visa required Puerto Rico Visa required U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required Antarctica and adjacent islands Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . See also ( edit ) Nigeria portal Visa policy of Nigeria Nigerian passport References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 12 . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ Country category for visa application , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ `` eVisa '' . www.evisa.gouv.dj . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Gabon e-Visa Archived 2017 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Countries '' . www.evisa.gov.ge . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Iran extends airport visa validity to 30 days '' . tehrantimes.com. 3 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . immigration.ecitizen.go.ke . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` visa lesotho tourism documents travel evisalesotho.com '' . Lesotho E-Visa . Archived from the original on 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Uganda e-Visa '' . visas.immigration.go.ug . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ UK visa requirements : list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom , 2 October 2017 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 24 . ^ `` Visas For Foreign Citizens - For Kosovo Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 10 . ^ `` VISA Regulations '' . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 24 . ^ `` The procedure of foreign citizens ' entry to the NKR '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . ^ FS . `` Azərbaycan Respublikasının Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlarına Liviyada mövcud olan vəziyyətlə bağlı xəbərdarlıq edir , 12 may 2011 - ci il '' . mfa.gov.az . Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Practical travel information on Visas in Somaliland , Puntland & Somalia - Lonely Planet Travel Information '' . lonelyplanet.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . ^ `` Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia - Министерство иностранных дел '' . www.mfa-rso.su . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` О визах - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . Archived from the original on 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan . ^ `` 線上填寫簽證申請系統 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 12 . ^ `` Министерство иностранных дел - Приднестровской Молдавской Республики '' . Министерство иностранных дел . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 20 . ^ `` Luxlana.net '' . luxlana.net . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Rules and recommendations - Transnistria tour '' . transnistria-tour.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . ^ `` Passport and visa '' . Visit Faroe Islands . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Advice & Services for travelling to and staying in Greenland '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 15 . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 29 December 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of French Polynesia , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 4 February 2015 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Mayotte , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 22 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of New Caledonia , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Visas and immigration , Discover Cook Islands . ^ Travelling to Niue , Niue Tourism Office . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Protocols No. 3 and 10 to the Treaty of Accession 2003 Archived 2016 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , European Commission , 16 April 2003 . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice '' . GOV.UK . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ Immigration Ordinance 1999 , Falkland Islands Government , 31 July 2017 . ^ Visas and immigration , Government of Gibraltar . ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ `` Tourist Information - Visas & Legal Info - Pitcairn Island Tourism '' . visitpitcairn.pn . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Haigh , Bill . `` Pitcairn Islands '' . www.government.pn . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Entry Permits - Ascension Island '' . ascension-island.gov.ac . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Saint Helena eVisa '' . Saint Helena Government . ^ `` VISA REQUIREMENTS FOR VISITING ST HELENA '' . St Helena Government . 14 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . ^ Grundy , Richard . `` Tristan da Cunha Tourism '' . www.tristandc.com . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . fco.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Information for Visitors - South Georgia Website '' . sgisland.gs . Archived from the original on 12 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor 's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands . ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Antarctic tourism - British Antarctic Survey '' . www.antarctica.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . ^ `` British Antarctic Territory - GOV.UK '' . britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Accès à l'Antarctique '' . www.taaf.fr . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Accès aux Terres australes françaises '' . www.taaf.fr . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Accès aux îles Eparses '' . www.taaf.fr . Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . ^ `` Forms expeditioners must sign '' . www.antarctica.gov.au . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Division , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Department of the Environment and Energy ; ou = Australian Antarctic . `` Frequently asked questions '' . www.heardisland.aq . Archived from the original on 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ `` Dronning Maud Land '' . Norwegian Polar Institute . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Notes Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Nigerian_citizens&oldid=850237040 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Government of Nigeria Foreign relations of Nigeria Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 16 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which country can a nigerian travel to without visa	[]	[]
8762408096532152238	Drive (The Cars song)	Drive ( the Cars song ) - wikipedia Drive ( the Cars song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Drive '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by The Cars from the album Heartbeat City B - side `` Stranger Eyes '' Released July 23 , 1984 ( 1984 - 07 - 23 ) Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch vinyl mini CD Recorded Genre New wave soft rock synthpop Length 3 : 54 Label Elektra 69706 Songwriter ( s ) Ric Ocasek Producer ( s ) Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange The Cars The Cars singles chronology `` Magic '' ( 1984 ) `` Drive '' ( 1984 ) `` Hello Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Magic '' ( 1984 ) `` Drive '' ( 1984 ) `` Hello Again '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Drive '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Drive '' is a 1984 song by The Cars , the third single from the band 's Heartbeat City album released in March 1984 and their biggest international hit . Written by Ric Ocasek , the track was sung by bassist Benjamin Orr and produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange with the band . Upon its release , `` Drive '' became The Cars ' highest charting single in the United States , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ; on the Adult Contemporary chart , the song went to No. 1 . It reached No. 5 ( No. 4 on re-entry in 1985 ) in the United Kingdom , No. 4 in West Germany , No. 6 in Canada and No. 3 ( No. 5 on re-entry in 1985 ) in Ireland . The song is associated with the July 1985 Live Aid event , where it was performed by Benjamin Orr during the Philadelphia event ; previously , the song was used as the background music to a montage of clips depicting the contemporaneous Ethiopian famine during the London event , which was introduced by English musician David Bowie . Following the concert it was re-released in the UK and peaked at No. 4 in August 1985 . Proceeds from the sales of the re-released song raised nearly £ 160,000 for the Band Aid Trust : Ocasek presented the charity 's trustee Midge Ure with a cheque for the amount while he was in London in November 1986 promoting his solo album This Side of Paradise . In a retrospective review of the single , AllMusic journalist Donald A. Guarisco praised the song for being `` a gorgeous ballad that matches heartfelt songwriting to an alluring electronic soundscape . The music reflects the lyrical tone with a lovely melody that rises and falls in a soothing yet sad fashion . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 In popular culture 6 Cover versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by actor Timothy Hutton and features model and actress Paulina Porizkova , who would later become Ric Ocasek 's wife . The video alternates between shots of Orr sitting in a disused nightclub , facing mannequins posed at the bar as customers and bartender , and scenes that depict the breakdown of a relationship between the characters played by Ocasek and Porizkova . Ultimately left alone , the woman cries and laughs hysterically for a time before visiting the nightclub . She looks sadly in through a dirty window at the stage , where tuxedo - clad mannequins of the band members are posed with their instruments as if playing a show , and turns to walk away as the video ends . Hutton later recalled that his directing the video came about because he was living next to Elliot Roberts , the manager of The Cars . They were listening to tracks from the then - unreleased album Heartbeat City and Hutton told Roberts he was particularly impressed by the track `` Drive . '' At that time , everybody was making videos . It was the height of MTV , and when you made a record , you were also thinking about the video . I talked to Elliott about how much I liked that song `` Drive , '' and I started describing all the different ways I thought they could go with it , as far as the video . And he said , `` You know , everything you 're saying sounds really interesting . Do you mind if ... Would you be up for me passing that concept along to Ric Ocasek ? '' I said , `` Sure ! '' So he got back to me the next day and said , `` Ric and I think you should direct the video . We love your idea , your take on it . '' So that 's how that happened . And about a month later , I was in New York at the Astoria Studios over two days , filming the video . Hutton and Ric Ocasek became friends which led to the latter being cast in Made in Heaven . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Drive '' `` Stranger Eyes '' 12 '' single `` Drive '' `` My Best Friend 's Girl '' `` Stranger Eyes '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Canada ( Billboard Canada ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) The song was used in a 1984 episode of the American soap opera Santa Barbara and 2013 American TV series The Carrie Diaries . The song was used in the 2007 film Transformers , playing on the radio in Sam Witwicky 's car , Bumblebee . It was also used in the series Everybody Hates Chris , in the episode `` Everybody Hates the Car `` . Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered in 1984 by British entertainer Des O'Connor on his album Des O'Connor Now . Australian band The Paradise Motel released a cover as a single in 1999 . This was used in the 2001 Noah Taylor film He Died with a Felafel in His Hand . New Zealand band Strawpeople covered the song in 2000 , featuring the vocals of Bic Runga . The song peaked at number 7 on the New Zealand charts . In 2001 , the German rock band Scorpions covered the song on their live unplugged album Acoustica . A cover by Ziggy Marley of Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers was featured in the 2004 film 50 First Dates . In 2005 , American band Deftones recorded an exclusive cover of the song for iTunes , which was feature in the trailer for The Stepfather In 2010 , Australian actor / singer Jason Donovan recorded a cover version of `` Drive '' for his covers album Soundtrack of the 80s . The album went Top 20 in the UK in October 2010 . The song was covered by US hard rock band Sixx : A.M. on their 2014 album Modern Vintage . My Morning Jacket covered the song live in January 2015 . Britta Phillips covered the song in March 2016 for her upcoming album of covers Luck or Magic . Kirk Johnston recorded a licensed remake of `` Drive '' produced by Mark Younger - Smith ( Billy Idol , Charmed Life ) released as a single in 2015 . The song was also featured on the `` Full Circle '' deluxe album in 2016 . The song is available for download on iTunes , AmazonMusic and streaming on Spotify . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Drive by The Cars Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . May 12 , 1984 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ric Ocasek Rocks CBGB Music News '' . Rolling Stone . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY 13 1985 : Was Live Aid the best rock concert ever ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Geldolf Live Aid '' . Mojo4music.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NME . London , England : IPC Media : 4 . November 15 , 1986 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Drive - The Cars Listen , Appearances , Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video Classics : `` Drive '' -- The Cars `` . CBS . February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy Hutton , from Ordinary People and Taps to a Cars video '' By Will Harris Random Roles - AV Club Mar 10 , 2015 accessed 13 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cars , The - Drive ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cars , The - Drive ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cars -- Drive '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 41 , No. 5 '' . RPM . October 6 , 1984 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Cars Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 1984 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Cars search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Cars -- Drive '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Cars Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Cars Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Cars -- Drive '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Drive in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` ' He Died with a Felafel in His Hand ( Music From The Feature Film ) ' '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kritik von Martin Mengele . `` Drive von Scorpions -- laut.de -- Song '' . Laut.de . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Various - 50 First Dates - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Donovan 's Drive cover of The Cars 's Drive '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Jason Donovan reveals how becoming a dad helped him kick cocaine habit '' . Daily Record . Glasgow , Scotland : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Jeff ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Sixx : A.M. Reveal Their Cover of The Cars ' Classic ' Drive ' '' . Loudwire Network . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/my-morning-jacket/2015/hard-rock-hotel-riviera-maya-mexico-3cacd07.html Jump up ^ Roberts , Christopher ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Britta Phillips ( of Luna and Dean & Britta ) - `` Drive '' Video ( The Cars Cover ) Luck or Magic Due Out April 29 via Double Feature Records `` . Under the Radar . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Cars Ric Ocasek Elliot Easton Greg Hawkes David Robinson Benjamin Orr Studio albums The Cars Candy - O Panorama Shake It Up Heartbeat City Door to Door Move Like This Compilations Greatest Hits Just What I Needed : The Cars Anthology Shake It Up & Other Hits Complete Greatest Hits The Essentials Classic Tracks The Elektra Years 1978 -- 1987 Singles `` Just What I Needed '' `` My Best Friend 's Girl '' `` Good Times Roll '' `` Let 's Go '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Double Life '' `` Touch and Go '' `` Do n't Tell Me No '' `` Gimme Some Slack '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Since You 're Gone '' `` Victim of Love '' `` Think It Over '' ( UK only ) `` You Might Think '' `` Magic '' `` Drive '' `` Hello Again '' `` Why Ca n't I Have You '' `` Heartbeat City '' ( UK only ) `` Tonight She Comes '' `` I 'm Not the One '' `` You Are the Girl '' `` Strap Me In '' `` Coming Up You '' `` Sad Song '' Other songs `` I 'm in Touch with Your World '' `` Do n't Cha Stop '' `` You 're All I 've Got Tonight '' `` Bye Bye Love '' `` Moving in Stereo '' `` All Mixed Up '' `` Candy - O '' `` Night Spots '' `` Dangerous Type '' `` Panorama '' `` Cruiser '' `` Blue Tip '' Concert tours North American Tour Spring 2011 Related articles Discography Substitution Mass Confusion : A Tribute to The Cars The New Cars Todd Rundgren Kasim Sulton Atom Ellis Prairie Prince It 's Alive ! Utopia Bic Runga Bic Runga discography New Zealand Music Awards Studio albums Drive ( 1997 ) Beautiful Collision ( 2002 ) Birds ( 2005 ) Belle ( 2011 ) Close Your Eyes ( 2016 ) Live albums Together in Concert : Live ( 2000 ) Live in Concert with the Christchurch Symphony ( 2003 ) Compilation albums Try to Remember Everything ( 2008 ) Anthology ( 2012 ) Extended plays Drive ( 1995 ) Singles `` Bursting Through '' `` Sway '' `` Suddenly Strange '' `` Roll into One '' `` Hey '' `` Good Morning Baby '' `` Sorry '' `` Drive '' `` Get Some Sleep '' `` Something Good '' `` Listening for the Weather '' `` Winning Arrow '' `` That 's Alright '' `` Say After Me '' `` Hello Hello '' `` Close Your Eyes '' Related articles Sony Music New Zealand New Zealand Music Awards APRA Silver Scroll ( 1996 ) APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time ( 2001 ) New Zealand Order of Merit ( 2006 ) New Zealand Music Hall of Fame ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drive_(The_Cars_song)&oldid=807594563 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1984 singles 1985 singles 1980s ballads The Cars songs Bic Runga songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about automobiles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Songs written by Ric Ocasek Elektra Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 23 : 30 . About Wikipedia	who's going to drive you home song	[]	[]
-7726604042120996511	Civil Rights Act of 1968	Civil Rights Act of 1968 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Long title An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote , to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations , to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education , to extend the Commission on Civil Rights , to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs , to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity , and for other purposes . Nicknames Fair Housing Act , Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 Enacted by the 90th United States Congress Effective April 11 , 1968 Citations Public law 90 - 284 1981 U.S.C. § 1996b Statutes at Large 82 Stat. 73 Codification Titles amended 42 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 2516 by Emanuel Celler ( D -- NY ) on January 7 , 1967 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on August 16 , 1967 ( 326 -- 93 ) Passed the Senate on March 12 , 1968 ( 71 -- 20 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on April 10 , 1968 ( 250 -- 172 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11 , 1968 Major amendments Section 1983 Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 United States Supreme Court cases Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co . President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968 The Civil Rights Act of 1968 , ( Pub. L. 90 -- 284 , 82 Stat. 73 , enacted April 11 , 1968 ) , also known as the Fair Housing Act , is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race , religion , or national origin and made it a federal crime to `` by force or by threat of force , injure , intimidate , or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race , color , religion , or national origin . '' The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B. Johnson , who had previously signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law . Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly known as the Fair Housing Act and was meant as a follow ‐ up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing , there were no federal enforcement provisions . The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale , rental , and financing of housing based on race , religion , national origin , and since 1974 , gender ; since 1988 , the act protects people with disabilities and families with children . Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act via section 1983 to seek redress . The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions ( i.e. , civil suits ) . Titles II through VII comprised the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 , which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many , but not all , of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes ( that Act appears today in Title 25 , sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code ) . A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to `` travel in interstate commerce ... with the intent to incite , promote , encourage , participate in and carry on a riot '' . This provision has been criticized for `` equating organized political protest with organized violence '' . Contents 1 Political context 2 Types of banned discrimination 3 Subsequent legislative and judicial changes 4 Lawful discrimination 5 Housing discrimination 6 Social steering 6.1 Case studies 7 Redlining 8 Segregation Index 9 Legislation 10 Sexual orientation and gender identity 11 Violations of the Fair Housing Act 12 Hate crimes provisions 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Political context ( edit ) One impetus for the law 's passage came from the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement . Also influential was the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act in California , which had been backed by the NAACP and CORE. and the 1967 Milwaukee fair housing campaigns led by James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council . Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress , but noted that over successive years , a federal fair housing bill was the most filibusted legislation in US history . It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators , as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed `` Civil Rights Act of 1966 '' collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision . Mondale commented that : A lot of ( previous ) civil rights ( legislation ) was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace ... This came right to the neighborhoods across the country . This was civil rights getting personal. `` : Two developments revived the bill . The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots strongly recommended `` a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law '' , and was cited regularly by Congress members arguing for the legislation . The final breakthrough came with the April 4 , 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the civil unrest across the country following King 's death . On April 5 , Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Fair Housing Act . The Rules Committee , `` jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door , '' finally ended its hearings on April 8 . With newly urgent attention from legislative director Joseph Califano and Democratic Speaker of the House John McCormack , the bill ( which was previously stalled ) passed the House by a wide margin on April 10 . Types of banned discrimination ( edit ) The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of discrimination : Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his / her race , color , religion or national origin . People with disabilities and families with children were added to the list of protected classes by the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 ; gender was added in 1974 ( see below ) . Discrimination against a person in the terms , conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling . Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference of discrimination based on race , color , religion or national origin ( amended by Congress as part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 to include sex and , as of 1988 , people with disabilities and families with children . ) Coercing , threatening , intimidating , or interfering with a person 's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of ( fair housing ) rights . Subsequent legislative and judicial changes ( edit ) In 1988 Congress voted to weaken the ability of plaintiffs to prosecute cases of discriminatory treatment in housing . But the Fair Housing Act was also amended in 1988 to allow plaintiffs ' attorneys to recover attorney 's fees . Additionally , the 1988 amendment added people with disabilities and families with children to the classes covered by the Act . In the early 1990s , in Trouillon v. City of Hawthorne , the Legal Defense and Education Fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) successfully challenged an urban renewal plan on the basis of race discrimination by bringing suit under the Fair Housing Act . Previous litigation under the Act had largely been limited to discrimination in buying or renting housing . Although he ruled in favor of the plaintiffs , Judge Davis nevertheless disputed the allegations of discrimination . He said he based his ruling in part on the city 's failure to prove that the area had a higher crime rate and lower property values than other parts of the city . The city `` did not act in bad faith or fraudulently '' , Davis wrote . It `` did not discriminate against any minority or low or moderate income person and did not violate any person 's Due Process , Equal Protection or other Civil Rights '' . Lawful discrimination ( edit ) Only certain kinds of discrimination are covered by fair housing laws . Landlords are not required by law to rent to any tenant who applies for a property . Landlords can select tenants based on objective business criteria , such as the applicant 's ability to pay the rent and take care of the property . Landlords can lawfully discriminate against tenants with bad credit histories or low incomes , and ( except in some areas ) do not have to rent to tenants who will be receiving Section 8 vouchers . Landlords must be consistent in the screening , treat tenants who are inside and outside the protected classes in the same manner , and should document any legitimate business reason for not renting to a prospective tenant . As of 2010 , no federal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is provided , but these protections do exist in some localities . The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development has stated that buyers and renters may discriminate and may request real estate agents representing them to limit home searches to parameters that are discriminatory . The primary purpose of the Fair Housing Act is to protect the buyer 's ( and renter 's ) right to seek a dwelling anywhere they choose . It protects the buyer 's right to discriminate by prohibiting certain discriminatory acts by sellers , landlords , and real estate agents . Housing discrimination ( edit ) Further information : Housing discrimination and Fair housing The Civil Rights Act of 1968 defines housing discrimination as the `` refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his race , color , religion , or national origin '' . Title VIII of this Act is commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act of 1968 . Later , the disabled and families with children were added to this list . The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is charged with administering and enforcing this law . Social steering ( edit ) See also : Racial steering Social steering is a form of housing discrimination that involves housing authorities , real estate companies and even local governments steering certain groups of people , often minorities , into certain areas of a city . According to Realestateagent.com , it is `` directing a particular race to a certain neighborhood and away from others . An example is a real estate broker steering a black family away from a white neighborhood '' . Some types of housing projects can be taken as examples of steering . Often housing projects concentrate poor minorities into a few buildings or blocks , concentrating the population and isolating them from most of the city . Often the areas where the steering tends to concentrate certain groups of people lack city resources that other parts of the city may have . For example , in Los Angeles , the `` ghetto '' is not wired into key information circuits like the rest of the city such as education and cultural media . In the 1950s , governments across America took initiatives to destroy so - called slums and ghettos of the cities , and put up housing projects in place . These multistory , high - density projects were where whites began to push blacks who were dislocated by destruction of slums , also heavily avoided by the white population . Despite the Fair Housing Act , which included cases like Gautreaux and Shannon which prohibited placing projects exclusively in black neighborhoods , the trend did not end . Social steering can also be outside the economic institutions of real - estate a government policy decisions to build projects . Often the people living in a neighborhood may not be so friendly to people moving in that are different from them . For example , in 1985 an interracial couple moved into an all - white neighborhood in Philadelphia . Upon arrival there was an angry mob waving torches and protesting the arrival of a person of color . The attitudes of people in certain neighborhoods therefore can also contribute to the segregation and steering of people of certain backgrounds . Before the Fair Housing Act many minorities were met with blatantly racist objects of deterrence such as signs in the neighborhood or at real estate companies explicitly saying they do not accept certain minorities . However , after the Fair Housing Act , steering took on the role of a subtle fashion , where realtors deceive and lie making it harder to learn about or rent / buy homes in certain neighborhoods . The minorities are guided or `` steered '' into neighborhoods with certain characteristics of economics and race . Case studies ( edit ) A Cleveland study revealed that 10 % of companies in the 1970s practiced racial steering . As recently as 2006 there was an investigation of a real estate company in Chicago , where African - American and white testers attempted to buy condominiums . White testers were shown many more properties -- around 36 -- while the African American testers only got to see on average 7 . This led to the Coldwell Banker vs. Illinois Attorney General ( 2006 ) case . Another Detroit study showed that whites were rarely shown homes in non-white neighborhoods unless they asked to see them . There are numerous cases and studies done that show the more subtle end of racial and social steering after the Fair Housing Act . On the average , 50 % of the time African - Americans are discriminated against when searching for housing . Redlining ( edit ) Main article : Redlining Redlining is related to steering because it is denying financial support and services to neighborhoods based on race , ethnicity , or economic status . Rather than subtly steering individual families towards certain areas or only giving them information on certain racial areas , redlining was a blatant but legally tolerated criterion for financial institutions to decide where to invest . Originating with the creation of the Federal Housing Administration , this procedure was a protocol for deciding where federal , state and city funds would go for financial services . Affluent middle - and upper - middle - class white areas were outlined in green on a map , meaning that financial services were clear to be rendered and these areas were desirable for investment . Minority areas , specifically African - American neighborhoods , were outlined in red , meaning they were undesirable neighborhood whose denizens were poor and racially mixed . These maps were used by banking institutions to construct guidelines for lending money . As a consequence , many of these redlined areas , which were also typically located in urban environments as whites tended to move out to the suburbs of America , experienced deterioration on a rapid scale . Since these areas have been neglected and redlined and can not receive funds from banks to revitalize , they can not attract businesses , which perpetuates the cycle of poverty . The poverty often leads to crime , and neighborhoods become further neglected because they continue to be unattractive to outside investment , and continue to be redlined by banks . Thus private banks and financial institutions as well as the U.S. government are accused of being responsible for these practices in several instances , which before the Fair Housing Act were widespread and blatant throughout the United States . Redlining is still practiced today on a more subtle level . Instead of having official maps circulated to institutions , which is illegal , the public domain may tend to ignore poor neighborhoods by denying basic public services . Segregation index ( edit ) Nancy A. Denton and Douglass S. Massey devised a segregation index to measure the degree of segregation of African - Americans and whites according to income levels . Their objective was to show that the discrimination of African Americans when it comes to housing was not related to income level , which many thought to be true . Many have argued that continuing segregation is due to African Americans generally making less money , which means they can not afford to live in the same neighborhoods as affluent whites . But as the segregation index by Denton and Massey showed , blacks still remained highly segregated from whites no matter what the income level was . For example , in 1980 , black families earning $25,000 a year or less had an index level of 86 while those earning $50,000 or more had an index level of 83 . This trend was common throughout most major metropolitan areas , especially prevalent in the northern cities . The goal of this index was to show that upward economic mobility did not affect the level of segregation in America 's cities . It should be noted that Denton and Massey also surveyed Hispanics and Asians , and found on average the indices to be 64 which meant the poorest Hispanics and Asians were still less segregated than the most affluent blacks . Leslie Carr notes that in 1990 , 74 percent of whites live in suburbs , while most African Americans and Hispanics live in urban areas , and that African Americans were a majority population in 14 cities ( with populations over 100,000 ) . The purpose of this study was to show that housing practices are indeed racially and not economically discriminatory . Legislation ( edit ) Civil Rights Act of 1866 This is the law that declared all people born in the United States are legally citizens . This means they could rent , hold , sell and buy property . This law was meant to help former slaves , and those who refused to grant these new rights to slaves were guilty and punishable under law . The penalty was a fine of $1000 or a maximum of one year in jail . Fair Housing Act of 1968 ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) Extends the protection to color , religion , sex and national origin . The New York State Human Rights Law Extends the protection to marital status and age , aimed to prevent non-racial discrimination . Section 236 and 237 of the New York State Property Law Further extends the protection to include dwellings with children and mobile home parks . This is meant to protect renters and sellers from discriminating based on number of children in a family . Currently the Fair Housing Act protects against discrimination of race , color , national origin , religion , sex , familial status , and disability . The law applies to all types of housing , rental homes , apartments , condos and houses . The only exception to the act is when an owner of a small rental building lives in the same building he lets . Since he owns the building and also resides there , he can decide who lives there . Sexual orientation and gender identity ( edit ) Sexual orientation and gender identity are not protected under the Fair Housing Act ; federal law in general does not protect gays and lesbians or other sexual minorities ( transgender or transsexual ) against discrimination in private housing . There are twenty two states that have passed laws prohibiting discrimination in housing based on sexual orientation and gender identity . The states that have passed fair housing laws in regards to both sexual orientation and gender identity are : California , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , the District of Columbia , Hawaii , Illinois , Iowa , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Minnesota , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , Oregon , Puerto Rico , Rhode Island , Utah , Vermont and Washington State . In addition to the states above , the following three states prohibit discrimination in housing based on sexual orientation only : New Hampshire , New York and Wisconsin . Additionally , Austin , Texas has passed a law making discrimination based on sexual orientation illegal . In 2012 , the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity issued a regulation to prohibit LGBT discrimination in federally assisted housing programs . The new regulations ensure that the Department 's core housing programs are open to all eligible persons , regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity . Violations of the Fair housing Act ( edit ) There are an estimated 2 million cases of housing discrimination each year according to HUD . The National Fair Housing Alliance , the largest fair housing non-profit in the country , estimates that number to be closer to 4 million per year , excluding instances of discrimination due to disability or familial status . The actual number of Fair Housing Act violations is likely much higher than 4 million annually. * Need reference here * However , between the years of 1989 and 1992 only 17 of these went to court nationwide . Redlining is still a major problem despite the legislation passed making it illegal . Studies and investigations have shown that minorities who apply for mortgages are rejected 3 times as much as Caucasians . According to one Federal Reserve Board study , among higher income applicants , the denial rates were as follows : African - Americans : 21.4 % Latinos : 15.8 % Asians : 11.2 % Whites : 8.5 % Housing projects have also come under fire by researchers and NGOs alike . Housing advocates Elizabeth Julian and Michael Daniel state : in addition to the inequality in the actual housing provided to low - income African - American families under the federal programs , the neighborhoods in which they receive assistance are usually subject to various adverse conditions not found in the neighborhoods surrounding the housing units in which whites receive the same assistance . These conditions include inferior city - provided facilities and services , little or no new or newer residential housing , large numbers of seriously substandard structures , noxious environmental conditions , substandard or completely absent neighborhood service facilities , high crime rates , inadequate access to job centers , and little or no investment of new capital in the area by public and private entities . Thus , this discrimination goes beyond being poor because white housing projects receive more attention and public investment , making housing discrimination overall a racial problem . Although several legal measures have been taken to protect all kinds of people against housing discrimination in the U.S. , still the most commonly targeted and largest victims are African - Americans . Hate crimes provisions ( edit ) Main article : Hate crime laws in the United States The Civil Rights Act of 1968 also enacted 18 U.S.C. § 245 ( b ) ( 2 ) , which permits federal prosecution of anyone who `` willingly injures , intimidates or interferes with another person , or attempts to do so , by force because of the other person 's race , color , religion or national origin '' ( 1 ) because of the victim 's attempt to engage in one of six types of federally protected activities , such as attending school , patronizing a public place / facility , applying for employment , acting as a juror in a state court or voting . Persons violating this law face a fine or imprisonment of up to one year , or both . If bodily injury results or if such acts of intimidation involve the use of firearms , explosives or fire , individuals can receive prison terms of up to 10 years , while crimes involving kidnapping , sexual assault , or murder can be punishable by life in prison or the death penalty . Though sexual orientation and gender identity are also excluded from this law , they are included in a more recent Federal hate - crime law , the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd , Jr . Hate Crimes Prevention Act . See also ( edit ) Discrimination portal Executive Order 11063 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Rumford Fair Housing Act ( 1963 California law ) Protests of 1968 Housing discrimination ( United States ) Racial segregation in the United States Public housing in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bronski ; Ann Pellegrini ; Michael Amico ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hate Crime Laws Do n't Prevent Violence Against LGBT People '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- CRA -- 42 U.S. Code 21 § § 1981 , 1981A , 1983 , & 1988 '' . findUSlaw . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 42 USC § 1983 -- Civil action for deprivation of rights '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Act of 1968 '' full text , US House of Representatives website Jump up ^ Peter Babcox ; Noam Chomsky ; Judy Collins ; Harvey Cox ; Edgar Z . Friedenberg ; et al. ( 19 June 1969 ) . `` The Committee to Defend the Conspiracy '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Darren Miles `` Everett Dirksen 's Role in Civil Rights Legislation '' Western Illinois Historical Review , Vol . I Spring 2009 Jump up ^ Erin Eberlin `` What is Fair Housing ? '' About.com Jump up ^ Burt Folkart `` James Groppi , Ex-Priest , Civil Rights Activist , Dies '' The Los Angeles Times , November 05 , 1985 B ^ Jump up to : Nikole Hannah - Jones , `` Living Apart : How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law '' Propublica , Oct. 28 , 2012 , Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERS SUMMARY OF REPORT '' Jump up ^ Matthew J. Termine `` Promoting Residential Integration Through the Fair Housing Act '' 79 Fordham Law Review 1367 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Selected U.S. Senate proceedings and debates on fair housing , 1965 - 1971 '' University of Minnesota Law Library ^ Jump up to : Kotz , Nick ( 2005 ) . `` 14 . Another Martyr '' . Judgment days : Lyndon Baines Johnson , Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the laws that changed America . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 417 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08825 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of Fair Housing '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development Jump up ^ Johnson , Lyndon Baines ( 5 April 1968 ) . `` 182 -- Letter to the Speaker of the House Urging Enactment of the Fair Housing Bill '' . American Presidency Project . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . We should pass the Fair Housing law when the Congress convenes next week . Jump up ^ Honorable Charles Mathias , Jr . `` Fair Housing Legislation : Not an Easy Row To Hoe '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development , Office of Policy Development and Research Jump up ^ Risen , Clay ( April 2008 ) . `` The Unmaking of the President : Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy '' . Smithsonian Magazine . p. 3 , 5 and 6 in online version . Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kim Kowsky , TIMES , July 10 , 1992 Jump up ^ letter from HUD to Jill D. Levine , Esq . dated 10 - 02 - 1996 http://www.reintel.com/letters.htm Jump up ^ `` Racial Steering '' . realestateagent.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Squires , 1993 p. 24 . Jump up ^ Massey , Douglass , 1993 p. 109 . Jump up ^ Carr , 1997 p. 124 . Jump up ^ Carr , 1997 p. 125 . Jump up ^ Squires , 1992 p. 44 . Jump up ^ Squires , 1992 Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. ( 1985 ) , Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504983 - 7 Jump up ^ Wilson , William Julius ( 1996 ) . When Work Disappears : The World of the New Urban Poor . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72417 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ehrenreich , Barbara ; Muhammad , Dedrick ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Recession 's Racial Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Bank Accused of Pushing Mortgage Deals on Blacks '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Massey , Denton , 1993 Jump up ^ `` State Housing Laws and Policies '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City of Austin Equal Employment / Fair Housing Office '' . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. King 's Dream Denied : Forty Years of Failed Federal Enforcement : 2008 Fair Housing Trends Report . '' National Fair Housing Alliance . April 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Shapiro , Steven R. ( 1993 ) . Human Rights Violations in the United States : A Report on U.S. Compliance with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Human Rights Watch . p. 23 . ISBN 9781564321220 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Statutes '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . References ( edit ) Carr , Leslie . Color Blind Racism . Sage Publications Inc , 1997 . United States . Committee on National Statistics . Measuring Housing Discrimination in a National Study . NY : GPO , 2000 . Hartman , Kristyn ( 22 August 2006 ) . `` Major Realty Firm Accused Of Racial Discrimination '' . CBS2Chicago . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 Apr 2008 . Cole , Yoji ( 2 February 2007 ) . `` Racial Steering ? Black Family Says They Were Kept Out of Gross Pointe '' . Diversity Inc Magazine . Diversity Inc . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 21 Apr 2008 . Scott , Janny ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Report Alleges Bias by a Real Estate Giant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 Apr 2008 . Squires , Gregory D ... From Redlining to Reinvestment . 2 . Temple University Press , 1992 . American Civil Liberties Union , Humans Rights Violations in the United States . Human Rights Watch . United States Library of Congress , 1993 . Massey , Douglass . `` Racial Discrimination in Housing : A moving Target . '' Social Problems 52 ( 2005 ) : 148 -- 151 . Williams , Richard , Reynold Nesiba , and Eileen Diaz McConnell . `` The Changing Face of Inequality In Home Mortgage Lending . '' Social Problems 52 ( 2005 ) : 181 -- 207 . Henderson , A. Scott ( 2001 ) . `` Race Matters : The Folks Next Door '' . Reviews in American History . 29 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 125 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2001.0008 . Massey , Douglass , and Nancy Denton . American Apartheid . Boston : Harvard University Press , 1993 . `` Understanding Your Rights : Housing Discrimination '' . FindLaw For the Public . Find Law . 7 May 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Harvey , James C. ( 1973 ) . Black Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration . University Press of Mississippi , 1973 . ISBN 9780878050215 . External links ( edit ) HUD 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity File a Housing Discrimination Complaint Fair Housing Act Fair Housing letters National Fair Housing Advocate Online Facts About Housing Discrimination Laws in Connecticut Lyndon Baines Jonhson Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Act , April 11 , 1968 from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture Honoring In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Other King memorials Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Johnson desk Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Path to War , ( 2002 film ) All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968&oldid=855615072 '' Categories : 1968 in law Anti-discrimination law in the United States United States federal criminal legislation United States federal civil rights legislation Civil rights movement 90th United States Congress Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 16 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the civil rights act of 1968 take place	[]	[]
8364207816057678116	Mandal Commission	Mandal Commission - wikipedia Mandal Commission This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mandal Commission , or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission ( SEBC ) , was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to `` identify the socially or educationally backward classes '' of India . It was headed by the late B.P. Mandal an Indian parliamentarian , to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination , and used eleven social , economic , and educational indicators to determine backwardness . In 1980 , based on its rationale that OBCs ( `` Other backward classes '' ) identified on the basis of caste , economic and social indicators comprised 52 % of India 's population , the Commission 's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) be granted reservations to 27 per cent of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings , thus making the total number of reservations for SC , ST and OBC to 49 % . Though the report had been completed in 1983 , the V.P. Singh government declared its intent to implement the report in August 1990 , leading to widespread student protests . It was thereafter provided a temporary stay order by the Supreme court , but implemented in 1992 in the central government . Contents 1 Setting up the Mandal Commission 2 Reservation policy 2.1 Social 2.2 Educational 2.3 Economic 2.4 Weighting indicators 3 Observations and findings 4 Recommendations 5 Implementation 6 Protest 7 Criticisms 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Setting up the Mandal Commission ( edit ) . Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes in India every 10 years , for the purpose of Articles 15 ( Prohibition of Discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth ) . The First Backward Classes Commission had a broad - based membership , the Second Commission seemed to be shaped on partisan lines , composed of members only from the backward castes . Of its five members , four were from the OBCs ; the remaining one , L.R. Naik , was from the Dalit community , and the only member from the scheduled castes in the Commission . It is popularly known as the Mandal Commission for its chairman being B.P. Mandal . Reservation policy ( edit ) The Mandal Commission adopted various methods and techniques to collect the necessary data and evidence . In order to identify who qualified as an `` other backward class , '' the commission adopted eleven criteria which could be grouped under three major headings : social , educational and economic . 11 criteria were developed to identify OBCs . Social ( edit ) Castes / classes considered as socially backward by others , Castes / classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their livelihood , Castes / classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years in rural areas and at least 10 per cent females and 5 per cent males do so in urban areas . Castes / classes where participation of females in work is at least 25 per cent above the state average . Educational ( edit ) Castes / classes where the number of children in the age group of 5 -- 15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the state average . Castes / classes when the rate of student drop - out in the age group of 5 -- 15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average , Castes / classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25 per cent below the state average , Economic ( edit ) Castes / classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25 per cent below the state average , Castes / classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses is at least 25 per cent above the state average , Castes / classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometre for more than 50 per cent of the households , Castes / classes where the number of households having taken consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the state average . Weighting indicators ( edit ) As the above three groups are not of equal importance for the purpose , separate weightage was given to indicators in each group . All the Social indicators were given a weightage of 3 points each , ' educational indicators were given a weightage of 2 points each and economic indicators were given a weightage of 1 point each . Economic , in addition to Social and Educational Indicators , were considered important as they directly flowed from social and educational backwardness . This also helped to highlight the fact that socially and educationally backward classes are economically backward also . Thus , the Mandal Commission judged classes on a scale from 0 to 22 . These 11 indicators were applied to all the castes covered by the survey for a particular state . As a result of this application , all castes which had a score of 50 % ( i.e. 11 points ) were listed as socially and educationally backward and the rest were treated as ' advanced ' . Observations and findings ( edit ) The commission estimated that 52 % of the total population of India ( excluding SCs and STs ) , belonging to 3,743 different castes and communities , were ' backward ' . The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 ( without the figures for most of the Union Territories ) in 2006 as per National Commission for Backward Classes . Figures of caste-wise population are not available beyond . So the commission used 1931 census data to calculate the number of OBCs . The population of Hindu OBCs was derived by subtracting from the total population of Hindus , the population of SC and ST and that of forward Hindu castes and communities , and it worked out to be 52 per cent . Assuming that roughly the proportion of OBCs amongst non-Hindus was of the same order as amongst the Hindus , the population of non-Hindu OBCs was considered as 52 per cent . Assuming that a child from an advanced class family and that of a backward class family had the same intelligence at the time of their birth , then owing to vast differences in social , cultural and environmental factors , the former will beat the latter by lengths in any competitive field . Even if an advanced class child 's intelligence quotient was much lower compared to the child of backward class , chances are that the former will still beat the latter in any competition where selection is made on the basis of ' merit ' . In fact , what we call ' merit ' in an elitist society is an amalgam of native endowments and environmental privileges . A child from an advanced class family and that of a backward class family are not ' equals ' in any fair sense of the term and it will be unfair to judge them by the same yard - stick . The conscience of a civilised society and the dictates of social justice demand that ' merit ' and ' equality ' are not turned into a fetish and the element of privilege is duly recognised and discounted for when ' unequal ' are made to run the same race . To place the amalgams of open caste conflicts in proper historical context , the study done by Tata institute of Social Sciences Bombay observes . `` The British rulers produced many structural disturbances in the Hindu caste structure , and these were contradictory in nature and impact ... . Thus , the various impacts of the British rule on the Hindu caste system , viz. , near monopolisation of jobs , education and professions by the literati castes , the Western concepts of equality and justice undermining the Hindu hierarchical dispensation , the phenomenon of Sanskritization , ∅ genteel reform movement from above and militant reform movements from below , emergence of the caste associations with a new role set the stage for the caste conflicts in modern India . Two more ingredients which were very weak in the British period , viz. , politicisation of the masses and universal adult franchise , became powerful moving forces after the Independence . Recommendations ( edit ) The introduction to the Recommendations section in the report presents the following argument : As the Commission had concluded that 52 per cent of the country 's population comprised OBCs , it initially argued that the percentage of reservations in public services for backward classes should also match that figure . However , as this would have gone against the earlier judgement of the Supreme Court of India which had laid down that reservation of posts must be below 50 per cent , the proposed reservation for OBCs had to be fixed at a figure , which when added to 22.5 per cent for SCs and STs , remains below the cap of 50 per cent . In view of this legal constraint the Commission was obliged to recommend a reservation of 27 per cent only for backward castes . Implementation ( edit ) In December 1980 , the Mandal Commission submitted its Report which described the criteria it used to indicate backwardness , and stated its recommendations in light of its observations and findings . By then , the Janata government had fallen. The following Congress governments under Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi were not willing to act on the Report due to its politically contentious nature . After being neglected for 10 years , the Report was accepted by the National Front government led by V.P. Singh . On August 7 , 1990 , the National Front government declared that it would provide 27 per cent reservations to `` socially and educationally backward classes '' for jobs in central services and public undertaking . Having released the Government Order on 13 August , V.P. Singh announced its legal implementation in his Independence Day speech two days later . That same year in September , a case was brought before the Supreme Court of India which challenged the constitutional validity of the Government Order for the implementation of the Mandal Report recommendations . Indra Sawhney , the petitioner in this case , made three principal arguments against the Order : The extension of reservation violated the Constitutional guarantee of equality of opportunity . Caste was not a reliable indicator of backwardness . The efficiency of public institutions was at risk . The five - judge Bench of the Supreme Court issued a stay on the operation of the Government Order of 13 August till the final disposal of the case . On 16 November 1992 , the Supreme Court , in its verdict , upheld the government order , being of the opinion that caste was an acceptable indicator of backwardness . Thus , the recommendation of reservations for OBCs in central government services was finally implemented in 1992 . However , as reported by the Times of India on 26 December 2015 , only 12 per cent of the employees under central government ministries and statutory bodies are members of the Other Backward Classes . The data shows that out of 79,483 posts , employees from the OBCs occupied only 9,040 of them . Protest ( edit ) A decade after the commission gave its report , V.P. Singh , the Prime Minister at the time , tried to implement its recommendations in 1989 . The criticism was sharp and colleges across the country held massive protests against it . On 19 September 1990 , Rajiv Goswami , a student of Deshbandhu College , Delhi , committed self - immolation in protest of the government 's actions . His act made him the face of the Anti-Mandal agitation then . This further sparked a series of self - immolations by other upper - caste college students like him , whose own hopes of getting a government job were now at threat , and led to a formidable student movement against job reservations for Backward Castes in India . Altogether , nearly 200 students committed self - immolations ; of these , 62 students succumbed to their burns . The first student protestor who died due to self - immolation was Surinder Singh Chauhan on 24 September 1990 . Across northern India , normal business was suspended . Shops were kept closed , and schools and colleges were shut down by student agitators . They attacked government buildings , organised rallies and demonstrations and clashed with the police . Incidents of police firing was reported in six states during agitation , claiming more than 50 lives . However , according to Ramchandra Guha , the agitation did not gain as much traction in southern India as it did in the North due to certain reasons . Firstly , people in the South were more agreeable to the implementation of the Mandal report recommendations as affirmative action programmes had long been in existence there . Furthermore , while in the South the upper castes constituted less than 10 per cent of the population , the figure in the North was in excess of 20 per cent . Lastly , as the region had a thriving industrial sector , the educated youth in the South were not as dependent on government employment as those in the North . Criticisms ( edit ) * * NFHS Survey estimated only Hindu OBC population . Total OBC population derived by assuming Muslim OBC population in same proportion as Hindu OBC population The National Sample Survey puts the figure at 32 % . There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBC 's in India , with census data compromised by partisan politics . It is generally estimated to be sizeable , but lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or and National Sample Survey . There is also a debate about the estimation logic used by the Mandal Commission for calculating OBC population . Yogendra Yadav , psephologist turned politician , agrees that there is no empirical basis to the Mandal figure . According to Yadav , `` It is a mythical construct based on reducing the number of SC / ST , Muslims and others and then arriving at a number . '' Yadav argues that government jobs were availed to those who by their own means had got higher education , and that reservation for OBC 's was only one of the many recommendations of the Mandal Commission , which largely remain unimplemented after 25 years . The National Sample Survey 's 1999 -- 2000 round estimated around 36 percent of the country 's population as belonging to the Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) . The proportion falls to 32 per cent on excluding Muslim OBCs . A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family Health Statistics ( NFHS ) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8 per cent LR Naik , the only Dalit member in the Mandal Commission refused to sign the Mandal recommendations . Naik argued that intermediate backward classes are relatively powerful , while depressed backward classes , or most backward classes ( MBCs ) remain economically marginalised . Critics of the Mandal Commission argue that it is unfair to accord people special privileges on the basis of caste , even in order to redress traditional caste discrimination . They argue that those that deserve the seat through merit will be at a disadvantage . They reflect on the repercussions of unqualified candidates assuming critical positions in society ( doctors , engineers , etc . ) . As the debate on OBC reservations spreads , a few interesting facts which raise pertinent question are already apparent . To begin with , is there any clear idea what proportion of our population is OBC ? According to the Mandal Commission ( 1980 ) it is 52 percent . According to 2001 Indian Census , out of India 's population of 1,028,737,436 the Scheduled Castes comprise 166,635,700 and Scheduled Tribes 84,326,240 , that is 16.2 % and 8.2 % respectively . There is nocoss data on OBCs in the census . However , according to National Sample Survey 's 1999 -- 2000 round around 36 per cent of the country 's population is defined as belonging to the Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) . The proportion falls to 32 per cent on excluding Muslim OBCs . A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family Health Statistics ( NFHS ) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8 per cent . The NSSO data also shows that already 23.5 per cent of college seats are occupied by OBCs . That 's just 8.6 per cent short of their share of population according to the same survey . Other arguments include that entrenching the separate legal status of OBCs and SC / STs will perpetuate caste differentiation and encourage competition among communities at the expense of national unity . They believe that only a small new elite of educated Dalits , Adivasis , and OBCs benefit from reservations , and that such measures do n't do enough to lift the mass of people out of poverty . See also ( edit ) Forward Castes Mandal Commission protests of 1990 Reservation in India Dalit Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gehlot , N.S. ( 1998 ) . Current Trends in Indian Politics . Deep & Deep Publications . pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 9788171007981 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Amit . `` Who are the OBCs ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 19 . Times of India , 8 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mandal commission report - salient features and summary '' ( PDF ) . http://www.simplydecoded.com . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/ Jump up ^ Maheshwari , Shriram ( 1991 ) . The Mandal Commission and Mandalisation : A Critique . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 18 -- 26 . ISBN 9788170223382 . Jump up ^ `` Redesigning reservations : Why removing caste - based quotas is not the answer '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Mandal Commission '' ( PDF ) . simplydecoded.com . ^ Jump up to : Agrawal , S.P. ; Aggarwal , J.C. ( 1991 ) . Educational and Social Uplift of Backward Classes : At what Cost and How ? : Mandal Commission and After . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 9788170223399 . Jump up ^ `` BC , DC or EC ? What lies ahead of the census - hazard lists and multiple definitions could pose hurdles in establishing identity during the caste count '' . Jump up ^ `` OBCs : Who are they ? - Reservation policy for OBCs : Who would benefit and what are the costs involved '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Time to curb number of backward castes '' . Jump up ^ `` The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action - SACHAR COMMITTEE REPORT '' . Jump up ^ `` SECC 2011 : Why we are headed for Mandal 2 and more quotas before 2019 '' . Jump up ^ Ramaiah , A ( 6 June 1992 ) . `` Identifying Other Backward Classes '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly . pp. 1203 -- 1207 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mandal Commission report , Vol I , pp 23 Jump up ^ Mandal Commission report , Vol I , pp 31 ^ Jump up to : Mandal Commission Report , Vol. 1 , Recommendations . pp. 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` How VP Singh Stirred a Hornet 's Nest With the Mandal Commission '' . The Quint . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramchandra ( 2017 ) . India After Gandhi : 10th Anniversary Edition . New Delhi : Picador India . pp. 602 -- 604 . ISBN 9789382616979 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case analysis of Indira Sawhney v. UOI '' . Legal Bites - Law And Beyond . 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Mandal , less than 12 % OBCs in central govt jobs - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mandal vs Mandir '' . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Calcutta : Frontpage '' . www.telegraphindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anu ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Mandal memories '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Negi , S.S. ( 10 June 2006 ) . `` Reply to SC daunting task for government '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Anand , Arun ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` What is India 's population of other backward classes ? '' . Yahoo ! News India . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/36-population-is-obc-not-52-106050801060_1.html Jump up ^ http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/let-s-have-an-index-to-measure-how-disadvantaged-an-individual-is-yogendra-yadav-1439668620.html Jump up ^ 36 % population is OBC , not 52 % . South Asian Free Media Association ( 8 May 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mandal 's True Inheritors '' . The Times of India . 12 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 26 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 36 % population is OBC , not 52 % '' . South Asian Free Media Association . 8 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . References ( edit ) Ramaiah , A ( 6 June 1992 ) . `` Identifying Other Backward Classes '' ( ( 2 ) ) pp. 1203 -- 1207 . Economic and Political Weekly . URL accessed on 05 Dec 2013 . Complete Text of the Mandal Commission Report External links ( edit ) Reserving the deserving , genesis of a debate The Skimming of the creamy layer Countercurrents Youth for Equality Diluting Mandal from S.S. Gill , Secretary , Mandal Commission . Supporting reservations Late Mr Rajiv Gandhi 's Speech on Mandal Commission Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Caste in India Caste and reservation Caste Caste system in India Caste politics in India Caste - related violence in India Reservation in India Court Cases related to Reservation IIT reservation policy Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu History Communal Award Poona Pact Mandal Commission protests of 1990 Namantar Andolan 2006 anti-reservation protests 1996 Bathani Tola Massacre 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra 2008 Gurjjar agitation Patidar agitation Jat agitation Maratha Kranti Morcha Bhima Koregaon protests April 2018 protests Terms Dalit Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC and ST ) Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) Forward classes Affirmative action Creamy layer Untouchability Gramanya Commissions Kalelkar Commission Mandal Commission National Commission for Backward Classes Laws Atrocities Act Organisations Bahujan Samaj Party Dalit Panther Justice Party Ranvir Sena Lists Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Other Backward Classes Including Muslim OBC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandal_Commission&oldid=860455971 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries Reservation in India 1979 in India Desai administration V.P. Singh administration Other Backward Classes Political terminology in India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who was the pm when the report of mandal commission was initially implemented	[ "The Mandal Commission, or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai [1] with a mandate to \"identify the socially or educationally backward classes\" of India.[2] It was headed by the late B.P. Mandal an Indian parliamentarian, to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs (\"Other backward classes\") identified on the basis of caste, economic and social indicators comprised 52% of India's population, the Commission's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27 per cent of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49%.[3][1]\n" ]	[ "Morarji Desai" ]
1024498803566199609	Big Cat Rescue	Big Cat Rescue - wikipedia Big Cat Rescue Jump to : navigation , search Big Cat Rescue Date opened November 4 , 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) ( as Wildlife on Easy Street ) Location Tampa , Florida , U.S. Website bigcatrescue.org Big Cat Rescue is an animal sanctuary near Tampa , Florida , United States , devoted to rescuing and housing exotic felines , rehabilitating injured or orphaned native wild cats , and ending the private trade and ownership of exotic cats via educational outreach and legislation . As of August 2015 , the center is home to 19 big cats and 67 small cats . Big Cat Rescue has sheltered binturongs , bobcats , caracals , civets , cougars , Geoffroy 's cats , leopards , lions , lynxes , ocelots , sand cats , servals , and tigers . The sanctuary is located on 67 acres ( 27 ha ) in the Citrus Park area of North Tampa . In 2014 , Big Cat Rescue received over 27,000 visitors . Big Cat Rescue began operating in 1992 , and bills itself as `` the largest accredited sanctuary in the world dedicated entirely to abused and abandoned big cats . '' It is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit , accredited by the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries and is a member of World Animal Protection . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Conservation 3 Rescues 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Big Cat Rescue started on November 4 , 1992 . The sanctuary was previously known as Wildlife on Easy Street , which featured a bed and breakfast experience that allowed guests to spend the night with a young wild cat in their cabin . According to the sanctuary , this part of its history was a misguided effort to aid captive conservation and animal welfare of privately owned animals . The company became a nonprofit in 1995 . In September 2000 , Wildlife on Easy Street applied to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums for accreditation as a Certified Related Facility . The application was denied in March 2001 for various reasons , including concerns about the amount of visitor contact with the cats , lack of any trained zoological professionals on staff , insufficient formal veterinary programs and unfinished perimeter fencing . The sanctuary has ceased physical encounters of any kind between the public and cats housed there in 2003 . In 2013 , following a 2011 lawsuit , Joe Schreibvogel , aka `` Joe Exotic '' , whose family runs the GW Exotic Animal Park , was ordered to pay Big Cat Rescue $1 million for using confusingly similar trademarked materials . A story by Tampa television station WTSP in 2011 discussed numerous concerns raised by critics about the way Big Cat Rescue operated , including lack of transparency , animal law violations resulting in USDA citations , inadequate fencing that could potentially result in animal escapes , and describing animals taken in by the sanctuary as being rescued from poor conditions while in reality they were kept and raised properly and in a loving home . The story included criticism from Joe Schreibvogel , who at the time was suing Big Cat Rescue . In October 2014 , Big Cat Rescue was issued a warning by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission for letting a leopard into an enclosure that was insufficiently secured for this species , which could have resulted in an escape . The warning was issued after a complaint by Vernon Yates , a trapper and director of Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation , Inc . Baskin responded that the cage was compliant with law when it was built . Conservation ( edit ) One of the main goals of Big Cat Rescue is to end ownership and trade of exotic felines in the private sector entirely . Big Cat Rescue claims that permit systems are not effective at ensuring animal welfare and campaigns for a total ban of private ownership of big cats regardless of keeping conditions . The center is part of the International Tiger Coalition , which is dedicated to stopping the trade of tiger parts . In 2005 , Big Cat Rescue published an action plan to end all captive keeping of all exotic cats , including animals in AZA - accredited zoos bred for conservation . According to the plan , Big Cat Rescue wanted interstate transport of big cats for any reason ( including conservation breeding programs ) to end by 2012 , display of large exotic cats in zoos to end by 2013 and keeping of any exotic cats ( including smaller species ) in zoos to be discontinued by 2015 . In 2015 , owner Carole Baskin began campaigning for the passage of a bill in the United States Congress called The Big Cat Public Safety Act ( H.R. 3546 ) that would ban all future keeping of all large cat species in the United States , with zoos certified by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums , as well as certain sanctuaries , universities , wildlife rehabilitators , and traveling circuses being exempt . Rescues ( edit ) In January 2011 , the center received attention for its rescue of `` Skip '' , a bobcat , who had likely been hit by a car on Florida State Road 46 and had a crushed pelvis . Fans of Skip who watched his recovery on Ustream organized on Facebook , calling themselves `` Skipaholics '' . These fans contributed money for cameras , cat beds , and other equipment . Skip died in September 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Cat Rescue Corp '' . Animal Care Information System . USDA . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Credentials '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finances '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Janson , Mary Lou ; Foster , Lee ( April 12 , 1998 ) . `` Strange Bedfellows At Tampa 's Wildlife On Easy Street '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaPeter Anton , Leonora ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Big Cat Fight '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History & Evolution of Big Cat Rescue '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AZA Denied WOES Application for Certification '' . June 2001 . p. 12 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` History & Evolution of Big Cat Rescue '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knittle , Andrew ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Joe Exotic ' Ordered to Pay Florida Animal Sanctuary $1 million '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Deeson , Mike ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` 10 News Investigators Raise Questions About Big Cat Rescue '' . WTSP . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complaint Filed Against Big Cat Rescue over Leopard '' . The Tampa Tribune . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captive Wildlife Inspections Form '' ( PDF ) . Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 -- via worldpeacemeet.com . Jump up ^ `` Why Regulations Do n't Work '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Regulations Do n't Work and Big Cat Bans are Needed '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` International Tiger Coalition '' . Big Cat Rescue . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20 Yr Plan '' . 2005 - 10 - 30 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3546 '' . Congress.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Arin ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` There Are More Captive Tigers In The U.S. Than In The Wild Worldwide . This Bill Could Change That '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snow , Christine ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Injured Bobcat Rescued Along S.R. 46 Licking Wounds at Tampa Facility '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tataris , Anna ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Bobcat Recovery Streaming Online '' . Bay News 9 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skip the Bobcat Rescue '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website YouTube channel Zoos of Florida Zoos Big Cat Rescue Brevard Zoo Butterfly World Center for Great Apes Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens Flamingo Gardens Gulf Breeze Zoo Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens Jungle Island Key West Butterfly and Nature Conservatory Lowry Park Zoo Monkey Jungle Naples Zoo Palm Beach Zoo Santa Fe College Teaching Zoo St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park Zoo Miami Aquariums Clearwater Marine Aquarium Dolphin Research Center Florida Aquarium Key West Aquarium Marineland of Florida Miami Seaquarium Mote Marine Laboratory Sea Life Orlando Aquarium St. Lucie County Aquarium Tarpon Springs Aquarium The Seas with Nemo & Friends ( in Epcot ) Animal theme parks Busch Gardens Tampa Discovery Cove Disney 's Animal Kingdom Gatorland Green Meadows Petting Farm Lion Country Safari SeaWorld Orlando Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Cat_Rescue&oldid=815577320 '' Categories : Cat conservation organizations Environmental organizations based in Florida Felids Organizations based in Tampa , Florida Tourist attractions in Tampa , Florida Wildlife sanctuaries of the United States Zoos in Florida 1992 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Tampa Bay articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia	how many members are in the big cat rescue	[ "Big Cat Rescue is an animal sanctuary near Tampa, Florida, United States, devoted to rescuing and housing exotic felines, rehabilitating injured or orphaned native wild cats, and ending the private trade and ownership of exotic cats via educational outreach and legislation. As of August 2015, the center is home to 19 big cats and 67 small cats.[1] Big Cat Rescue has sheltered binturongs, bobcats, caracals, civets, cougars, Geoffroy's cats, leopards, lions, lynxes, ocelots, sand cats, servals, and tigers.[citation needed]", "Big Cat Rescue is an animal sanctuary near Tampa, Florida, United States, devoted to rescuing and housing exotic felines, rehabilitating injured or orphaned native wild cats, and ending the private trade and ownership of exotic cats via educational outreach and legislation. As of August 2015, the center is home to 19 big cats and 67 small cats.[1] Big Cat Rescue has sheltered binturongs, bobcats, caracals, civets, cougars, Geoffroy's cats, leopards, lions, lynxes, ocelots, sand cats, servals, and tigers.[citation needed]" ]	[ "19 big cats", "67 small cats" ]
8376162945203586877	V sign	V sign - wikipedia V sign For the V sign of dermatomyositis , see Shawl sign . Not to be confused with V ( symbol ) . A Malaysian woman showing the V sign at the 2009 Moscow Spring Fest The V sign is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted , while the other fingers are clenched . It has various meanings , depending on the cultural context and how it is presented . When displayed with the palm inward toward the signer , it has long been an offensive gesture in some Commonwealth nations . In the 1940s , during the Second World War , a campaign by the Western Allies to use the sign with the back of the hand toward the signer ( U + 270C ✌ Victory hand in Unicode ) as a `` V for Victory '' sign proved quite effective . During the Vietnam War , in the 1960s , the `` V sign '' was widely adopted by the counterculture as a symbol of peace . Shortly thereafter , it also became adopted as a gesture used in photographs , especially in Japan . Contents 1 Usage 2 As an insult 2.1 Origins 3 Victory sign 3.1 Second World War : V for Victory campaign 3.2 Vietnam War , victory , and peace 4 As a photography pose 4.1 Japan 4.2 Other East Asian countries 4.3 Elsewhere 5 Specific uses 6 References 7 External links Usage ( edit ) The meaning of the V sign is partially dependent on the manner in which the hand is positioned : Singer Robbie Williams using a V sign with palm facing himself as an insult to the observer . If the palm of the hand faces the signer ( i.e. , the back of the hand faces the observer ) , the sign can mean : An insulting gesture in Australia , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa and the United Kingdom . The number ' 2 ' in American Sign Language . With the back of the hand facing the signer ( palm of the hand facing the observer ) , it can mean : The number ' 2 ' . Victory -- in a setting of wartime or competition . It was first popularised in January 1941 by Victor de Laveleye , a Belgian politician in exile , who suggested it as a symbol of unity in a radio speech and the subsequent `` V for Victory '' campaign by the BBC . It is sometimes made using both hands with upraised arms as United States President Dwight Eisenhower and , in imitation of him , Richard Nixon , used to do . American actor Steve McQueen flashing the V sign for a mugshot , after being arrested for drunk driving . Peace , or friend -- used around the world by peace and counter-culture groups ; popularized in the American peace movement of the 1960s . The commonality with the symbol 's use from the 1940s was its meaning the `` end of war '' . V ( the letter ) -- used when spelling in American Sign Language . When used with movement , it can mean : Air quotes -- flexing fingers , palm out , both hands . This hand shape is also used in a number of signs in many sign languages , including ( in American Sign Language ) `` to look '' ( with the palm down ) or `` to see '' ( palm up ) . When the pointer and middle fingers are pointed at the signer 's eyes then turned and the pointer finger is pointed at someone it means `` I am watching you . '' The ordinal `` second '' in American Sign Language has the V - sign palm forward , then the hand turns ( yaws ) until the palm faces backward . As an insult ( edit ) The use of the V sign ( `` the forks '' ) as an insulting gesture , including the use of the upward swing at the elbow . The insulting version of the gesture ( with the palm inward U + 1F594 🖔 Reversed victory hand ) is often compared to the offensive gesture known as `` the finger '' . The `` two - fingered salute '' ( also `` the forks '' in Australia ) is commonly performed by flicking the V upwards from wrist or elbow . The V sign , when the palm is facing toward the person giving the sign , has long been an insulting gesture in England , and later in the rest of the United Kingdom , Ireland , Australia , India , Pakistan and New Zealand . It is frequently used to signify defiance ( especially to authority ) , contempt , or derision . As an example of the V sign ( palm inward ) as an insult , on November 1 , 1990 , The Sun , a British tabloid , ran an article on its front page with the headline `` Up Yours , Delors '' next to a large hand making a V sign protruding from a Union Jack cuff . The Sun urged its readers to stick two fingers up at then President of the European Commission , Jacques Delors , who had advocated an EU central government . The article attracted a number of complaints about its alleged racism , but the now defunct Press Council rejected the complaints after the editor of The Sun stated that the paper reserved the right to use vulgar abuse in the interests of Britain . On April 3 , 2009 , Scottish football players Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor were permanently banned from the Scottish national squad for showing the V sign while sitting on the bench during the game against Iceland . Both players were in their hotel bar drinking alcohol after the Scottish defeat to The Netherlands until around 11 am the next morning , meaning that both of the players breached the SFA discipline code before the incident as well , but the attitude shown by the V sign was considered to be so rude that the SFA decided never to include these players in the national line - up again . Ferguson also lost the captaincy of Rangers as a result of the controversy . McGregor 's ban was lifted by then SFA manager Craig Levein and he returned to Scotland national squad in 2010 . Steve McQueen gives the sign in the closing scene of the 1971 motorsport movie , Le Mans . A still picture of the gesture was recorded by photographer Nigel Snowdon and has become an icon of both McQueen and the film itself . The gesture was also flashed by Spike ( played by James Marsters ) in `` Hush '' , a Season 4 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer . The scene was also featured in the series ' opening credits for all of Season 5 . It was censored by BBC Two only in its early - evening showings of the program . For a time in the UK , `` a Harvey ( Smith ) '' became a way of describing the insulting version of the V sign , much as `` the word of Cambronne '' is used in France , or `` the Trudeau salute '' is used to describe the one - fingered salute in Canada . This happened because , in 1971 , show - jumper Harvey Smith was disqualified for making a televised V sign to the judges after winning the British Show Jumping Derby at Hickstead . His win was reinstated two days later . Harvey Smith pleaded that he was using a Victory sign , a defence also used by other figures in the public eye . Sometimes foreigners visiting the countries mentioned above use the `` two - fingered salute '' without knowing it is offensive to the natives , for example when ordering two beers in a noisy pub , or in the case of the United States president George H.W. Bush , who , while touring Australia in 1992 , attempted to give a `` peace sign '' to a group of farmers in Canberra -- who were protesting about U.S. farm subsidies -- and instead gave the insulting V sign . Origins ( edit ) A commonly repeated legend claims that the two - fingered salute or V sign derives from a gesture made by longbowmen fighting in the English and Welsh archers at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) during the Hundred Years ' War , but no historical primary sources support this contention . This origin legend states that archers who were captured by the French had their index and middle fingers cut off so that they could no longer operate their longbows , and that the V sign was used by uncaptured and victorious archers in a display of defiance against the enemy . However , it was common practice in warfare of that period to summarily execute common soldiers , since they held no ransom value . Alternatively , there is evidence against this interpretation as the chronicler Jean de Wavrin , contemporary of the battle of Agincourt , reports that the captured archers would have three fingers cut , and not two . Wielding an English longbow requires three fingers , as is the case for modern bows . The first unambiguous evidence of the use of the insulting V sign in the United Kingdom dates to 1901 , when a worker outside Parkgate ironworks in Rotherham used the gesture ( captured on the film ) to indicate that he did not like being filmed . Peter Opie interviewed children in the 1950s and observed in The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren that the much - older thumbing of the nose ( cocking a snook ) had been replaced by the V sign as the most common insulting gesture used in the playground . Between 1975 and 1977 a group of anthropologists including Desmond Morris studied the history and spread of European gestures and found the rude version of the V - sign to be basically unknown outside the British Isles . In his Gestures : Their Origins and Distribution , published in 1979 , Morris discussed various possible origins of this sign but came to no definite conclusion : because of the strong taboo associated with the gesture ( its public use has often been heavily penalised ) . As a result , there is a tendency to shy away from discussing it in detail . It is `` known to be dirty '' and is passed on from generation to generation by people who simply accept it as a recognised obscenity without bothering to analyse it ... Several of the rival claims are equally appealing . The truth is that we will probably never know ... Winston Churchill , British prime minister , giving a V sign in 1943 . Victory sign ( edit ) Second World War : V for victory campaign ( edit ) On 14 January 1941 , Victor de Laveleye , former Belgian Minister of Justice and director of the Belgian French - language broadcasts on the BBC ( 1940 -- 44 ) , suggested in a broadcast that Belgians use a V for victoire ( French : `` victory '' ) and vrijheid ( Dutch : `` freedom '' ) as a rallying emblem during the Second World War . In the BBC broadcast , de Laveleye said that `` the occupier , by seeing this sign , always the same , infinitely repeated , ( would ) understand that he is surrounded , encircled by an immense crowd of citizens eagerly awaiting his first moment of weakness , watching for his first failure . '' Within weeks chalked up Vs began appearing on walls throughout Belgium , the Netherlands and Northern France . Buoyed by this success , the BBC started the `` V for Victory '' campaign , for which they put in charge the assistant news editor Douglas Ritchie posing as `` Colonel Britton '' . Ritchie suggested an audible V using its Morse code rhythm ( three dots and a dash ) . As the rousing opening bars of Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony had the same rhythm , the BBC used this as its call - sign in its foreign language programmes to occupied Europe for the rest of the war . The more musically educated also understood that it was the Fate motif `` knocking on the door '' of the Third Reich . ( Listen to this call - sign . ( help info ) ) . The BBC also encouraged the use of the V gesture introduced by de Laveleye . By July 1941 , the emblematic use of the letter V had spread through occupied Europe . On 19 July , Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred approvingly to the V for Victory campaign in a speech , from which point he started using the V hand sign . Early on he sometimes gestured palm in ( sometimes with a cigar between the fingers ) . Later in the war , he used palm out . After aides explained to the aristocratic Churchill what the palm in gesture meant to other classes , he made sure to use the appropriate sign . Yet the double - entendre of the gesture might have contributed to its popularity , `` for a simple twist of hand would have presented the dorsal side in a mocking snub to the common enemy '' . Other allied leaders used the sign as well . The Germans could not remove all the signs , so adopted the V Sign as a German symbol , sometimes adding laurel leaves under it , painting their own V 's on walls , vehicles and adding a massive V on the Eiffel Tower . Resistance graffiti on a Norwegian road , depicting the V - sign together with the initials of King Haakon VII . The V - sign ( and its morse code equivalent ) incorporated on an American propaganda poster for the War Production Board , 1942 or 1943 . A German V - sign and slogan on the Palais Bourbon in occupied Paris . The banner beneath the `` V '' reads `` Germany is Victorious on All Fronts '' . In 1942 , Aleister Crowley , a British occultist , claimed to have invented the usage of a V - sign in February 1941 as a magical foil to the Nazis ' use of the Swastika . He maintained that he passed this to friends at the BBC , and to the British Naval Intelligence Division through his connections in MI5 , eventually gaining the approval of Winston Churchill . Crowley noted that his 1913 publication Magick featured a V - sign and a swastika on the same plate . Richard Nixon at the door of Army One , departing the White House on 9 August 1974 after resigning the Presidency as a result of the Watergate scandal Vietnam War , victory , and peace ( edit ) U.S. President Richard Nixon used the gesture to signal victory in the Vietnam War , an act which became one of his best - known trademarks . He also used it on his departure from public office following his resignation in 1974 . Protesters against the Vietnam War ( and subsequent anti-war protests ) and counterculture activists adopted the gesture as a sign of peace . Because the hippies of the day often flashed this sign ( palm out ) while saying `` Peace '' , it became popularly known ( through association ) as `` the peace sign '' . As a photography pose ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) The V sign , primarily palm - outward , is very commonly made by Japanese people , especially younger people , when posing for informal photographs , and is known as pīsu sain ( ピースサイン , peace sign ) , or more commonly simply pīsu ( ピース , peace ) . As the name reflects , this dates to the Vietnam War era and anti-war activists , though the precise origin is disputed . The V sign was known in Japan from the post-World War II Allied occupation of Japan , but did not acquire the use in photographs until later . Young Japanese women giving V gesture in Tokyo ( 2006 ) In Japan , it is generally believed to have been influenced by Beheiren 's anti-Vietnam War activists in the late 1960s and Konica 's advertisement in 1971 . A more colorful account of this practice claims it was influenced by the American figure skater Janet Lynn during the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Hokkaidō . She fell during a free - skate period , but continued to smile even as she sat on the ice . Though she placed third in the competition , her cheerful diligence and persistence resonated with many Japanese viewers . Lynn became an overnight foreign celebrity in Japan . A peace activist , Lynn frequently flashed the V sign when she was covered in Japanese media , and she is credited by some Japanese for having popularized its use since the 1970s in amateur photographs . Other east asian countries ( edit ) In Mainland China , Hong Kong , South Korea , and Taiwan , the V sign is a popular pose in photographs . It is used in both casual and formal settings . For the most part in these countries , the gesture is divorced from its previous meanings as a peace sign or as an insult ; for most the meaning of the sign is `` victory '' or `` yeah '' , implying a feeling of happiness . It is used in both directions ( palm facing the signer and palm facing forward ) . In certain contexts the sign simply means `` two '' , such as when ordering or boarding a bus . The pose is gaining significant popularity in South Korea due to the common usage amongst Kpop idols and young people -- especially in selfies . V signing is commonly linked with aegyo , a popular trend in Korea meaning ' acting cutely ' . Elsewhere ( edit ) In the United States , the usage of the V sign as a photography gesture is known but not widely used . The original poster for the 2003 film What a Girl Wants showed star Amanda Bynes giving a V sign as an American girl visiting London . In the US , the poster was altered to instead show Bynes with both arms down , to avoid giving the perception that the film was criticizing the then - recently commenced Iraq War . Specific uses ( edit ) In Argentina , the V sign , besides `` victory '' , is linked to a political movement , Peronism . In South Africa after the Nationalist Party won the 1948 election with less voters than the opposition , V 's appeared as graffiti representing the word `` Volkswil '' ( will of the people ) and questioning thus the results . University of Southern California , University of Virginia , The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , and Villanova University students , alumni , and fans `` throw their Vs up '' in tradition and as a sign of pride of their university and athletic teams . The V sign in this form frequently accompanies the motto `` Fight on ! '' at USC . V sign , especially when printed in green , is a sign of the Iranian Green Movement . After the first elections in Iraq after the U.S. Invasion , a well known photo was circulated of a woman showing the V sign with one of her fingers dipped in purple ink . The ink is used to identify individuals who have already voted . In Poland during the Solidarity movement , protesters showed the V sign meaning they would defeat Communism . After partially free elections , when Tadeusz Mazowiecki was chosen as prime minister ( August 24 , 1989 ) , he went to the MPs with the V sign , which was transmitted on TV . It is sometimes shown during debates about the fall of Communism . In Romania the sign represents victory and has been used as an extension of the Roman salute to announce that victory has been achieved . It was used heavily during the Romanian revolution after the ousting of Nicolae Ceaușescu . Mircea Dinescu is appearing in the first transmission of the Romanian Television after the revolutionaries occupied it shouting `` We won ! '' and flashing the victory sign . During the Yugoslav Wars , Croatian and Bosnian troops and paramilitary militia used the sign as a greeting or an informal salute . U.S. and NATO peacekeepers stationed in Bosnia were forbidden to use the V - sign ( peace symbol ) to avoid upsetting or offending Serbs they might encounter . In Vietnam , the V sign means `` hello '' since the Vietnamese word for the number `` 2 '' sounds like the English pronunciation of the greeting `` hi '' . Ringo Starr of the Beatles uses the V sign extensively while quoting the phrase `` Peace and Love '' as a sort of catchphrase . A variation is to put the V sign with the fingers on either side of the mouth ( usually with the knuckles facing the observer ) and to stick the tongue out . Most of the time the tongue is wriggled around . This is used to signify cunnilingus and the gesture is often off - colour . A partially obscured V sign can be added to someone else 's head to produce devil 's horns or `` bunny ears '' for an amusing photo . In September 2013 , Manu Tuilagi apologised to Prime Minister David Cameron after making a `` bunny ears '' sign behind his head in a photo taken during a visit by the British and Irish Lions squad to Downing Street . In Indonesia , candidate of presidential election Joko Widodo use that sign for political campaign . The sign called `` Salam Dua Jari '' . In Belgium , the New Flemish Alliance ( N - VA ) political party uses it as a rallying gesture . During the taking the oath of the actual Belgian federal government , three N - VA ministers used the V sign instead of the formal three - fingers sign . Lech Wałęsa and George H.W. Bush , July 1989 Singer Rihanna using the V sign , 2011 . 2009 Iranian election protests An investigator flashes V - for - victory signs upon the 2006 arrival of material gathered by the Stardust spacecraft at the Johnson Space Center in Texas . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Victory Hand '' . emojipedia.org Emojipedia.org . ^ Jump up to : V sign as an insult : UK : Staff . No ban for speeding V - sign biker BBC 14 March 2008 UK : Staff . Two fingers Prescott BBC , 22 May 2001 IE : Staff . Shambolic Irish give two fingers to the past Irish Independent AU : Keim , Tony ( 18 November 2008 ) . `` Long tradition of flipping the bird '' . Courier Mail . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . AU : Karl S. Kruszelnicki . Arrow Up Yours & Plague 1 www.abc.net.au . Accessed 23 April 2008 NZ : Glyn Harper Just the Answer Alumni Magazine ( Massey University ) November 2002 . Jump up ^ Eric Patridge , Tom Dalzell , Terry Victor . ( 2008 . ) The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English , Routledge , p. 683 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 96211 - 7 Jump up ^ `` 20th July 1941 : ' V for Victory ' widespread across Europe '' . ww2today.com . Jump up ^ Zelinsky , Nathaniel ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` From Churchill to Libya : How the V symbol went viral '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff . American Manual Alphabet Chart Center for Disability Information & Referral ( CeDIR ) , Indiana Institute on Disability and Community at Indiana University Jump up ^ Gary Martin . `` Air quotes '' . phrases.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` '' see '' American Sign Language ( ASL ) `` . lifeprint.com . Jump up ^ `` '' numbers '' ASL American Sign Language `` . lifeprint.com . Jump up ^ `` The Unicode Standard , Version 8.0 , range 2700 -- 27BF '' ( PDF ) . unicode.org . Jump up ^ Tony Keim `` Long tradition of flipping the bird '' , Courier Mail , November 18 , 2008 , accessed April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff Henry V , British Shakespeare Company. Accessed 23 April 2008 Jump up ^ Defiance , contempt or derision : Staff , V - sign , encyclopedia.com cites The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2008 `` Brit . a similar sign made with the first two fingers pointing up and the back of the hand facing outward , used as a gesture of abuse or contempt . '' Accessed 9 May 2008 . Staff . Hooligan grandson of legend , Daily Mirror , 20 December 2007 Staff . V - sign led to assault on school bus teens The Press ( York ) , 1 March 2008 Jump up ^ `` Up Yours Delors '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brian ( 2005 - 06 - 24 ) . `` BBC NEWS Politics From two jags to two fingers '' . Newswww.bbc.net.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Finished : Furious Walter tells disgraced pair their Rangers days are over '' . Daily Mail . London . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor banned for life by Scotland , The Guardian , Friday 3 April 2009 Jump up ^ `` Gers strip Ferguson of captaincy '' . BBC News . 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allen McGregor recalled to Scotland squad to face Sweden '' . The Daily Mail . August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 3 - 0 Scotland '' . BBC . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ http://stvmcqueen.tripod.com/salute.jpg Jump up ^ Radar : Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Season 4 -- TV Tropes Jump up ^ Still photograph of the gesture in the Season 5 opening credits of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Jump up ^ Staff On this Day 15 August 1971 : ' V - sign ' costs rider victory `` BBC The infamous gesture won him an entry in the Chambers dictionary which defined ' a Harvey Smith ' as ' a V - sign with the palm inwards , signifying derision and contempt ' '' . Accessed 23 April 2008 ^ Jump up to : Staff . The V sign , www.icons.org.uk . Accessed 23 April 2008 Jump up ^ Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin ( 2004 ) . George Bush : The Unauthorized Biography , Progressive Press paperback edition ( 2004 ) , p. 651 ( web link to Chapter - XXV - Thyroid Storm ) . Tarpley & Chaitkin cite the Washington Post , 3 January 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Hundred Years War : Battle of Agincourt '' . britishbattles.com . Jump up ^ David Wilton , Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends , Oxford University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537557 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Two fingers up to English history ... '' . The BS Historian. 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wavrin , Jean de ( 1400 ? - 1474 ? ) . A collection of the chronicles and ancient histories of Great Britain , now called England . 2 . From A.D. 1399 to A.D. 1422 / by John de Wavrin , lord of Forestel ; transl . by William Hardy , ... and Edward L.C.P. Hardy , ... London : Longman . p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional English Draw '' . www.primitivearcher.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . The V sign , www.icons.org.uk web.archive.org Jump up ^ `` Parkgate Iron and Steel Co. , Rotherham ( 1901 ) '' . YouTube . British Film Institute . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The V - campaign , Virtual Radiomuseum Jump up ^ C. Sterling , 2003 , Encyclopedia of Radio London : Taylor and Francis , page 359 . at Google Books Jump up ^ `` The V sign at BBC 's H2G2 website '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1990 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Newswatch 1940s '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Churchill outside Downing Street '' . Number-10.gov.uk . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Churchill 's famous victory sign '' . Number-10.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` The V Sign '' . The British Postal Museum & Archive ( BPMA ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ James Jerman , Anthony Weir , Images of Lust : Sexual Carvings on Medieval Churches London : Routledge , 2013 , page 145 . Jump up ^ Kaczynski , Richard . Perdurabo : The Life of Aleister Crowley . North Atlantic Books , 2010 , p. 511 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . The Japanese Version ( the Sign of Peace ) ICONS . A portrait of England . Accessed 1 June 2008 Jump up ^ `` 雑誌に載ったわたし . '' . 日刊「きのこ」 skip のブログ . Jump up ^ 1971 's buzzwords Jump up ^ Ascher - Walsh , Rebecca ( Apr 11 , 2003 ) . `` Sign of the Times '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Francisco , Ronald ( 2010 ) . Collective Action Theory and Empirical Evidence ( 1 ed . ) . Springer . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 1475 - 0 . Subtle gestures , noise , and artwork are additional symbolic signs that dissidents use in coercive countries . Poland 's Solidarity 's signal was two fingers held up in the form of the letter V . This gesture diffused widely in Eastern Europe and now it is used in Palestine as a symbol of unity and nationalism . Jump up ^ `` End to 45 years of Red rule '' . New Straits Times . 1989 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . Tadeusz Mazowlecki , who nearly fainted during his opening speech , flashed a V - for - victory sign as deputies voted his Cabinet into office by 402 -- 0 with 13 abstentions . Jump up ^ `` A Soldier 's Guide : Bosnia - Herzegovina '' . Dtic.mil . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Tuilagi forced to apologise for playing prank on Prime Minister David Cameron in No 10 visit '' . Daily Telegraph . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prestation de serment : trois N - VA font le ' V ' , signe de la victoire et de ralliement de leur parti ( vidéo ) '' . RTL Newmedia . Bibliography Armstrong , Nancy ; Wagner , Melissa ( 2003 ) . `` The ' V ' '' . Field Guide to Gestures : How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . pp. 227 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931686 - 20 - 4 . Lefevre , Romana ( 2011 ) . `` V '' . Rude Hand Gestures of the World : A Guide to Offending Without Words . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . pp. 122 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 7807 - 4 . Morris , Desmond with Collett , Peter ; Marsh , Peter ; and O'Shaughnessy , Marie ( 1979 ) Gestures : Their Origins and Distribution . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01570 - 2 ; NY : Stein and Day , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 2607 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to V - sign . Photos of the V sign : Churchill Outside no . 10 Churchill Victory Sign Nixon departing office Paavo Väyrynen after Finnish Centre party named him foreign trade and development minister Need4Peace The V sign in the news : Guardian 6 June 2002 : In pictures the V sign Sky News 18 June 2004 : OAP fined £ 100 for V sign BBC 3 April 2009 : Scottish footballers dropped for V sign Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Añjali Mudrā Bow Curtsey Gadaw Genuflection Hand - kiss Kowtow Kuji - in Mano Mudra Namaste Pranāma Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three - finger salute Two - finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger - counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb / index - finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Awkward turtle Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand - in - waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Merkel diamond Pointing Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language Surya Namaskara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V_sign&oldid=856346497 '' Categories : Hand gestures Peace symbols Victory Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 15 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the two finger swear come from	[]	[]
-5935170824972781055	Who Rules America?	Who Rules America ? - Wikipedia Who Rules America ? Jump to : navigation , search Who Rules America ? Cover of first edition Author G. William Domhoff , Ph. D . Country United States Publisher Prentice - Hall Publication date 1967 Pages 288 pp OCLC 256506 Followed by Who Rules America Now ? ( 1983 ) Who Rules America ? Power , Politics , and Social Change ( 2006 ) Who Rules America ? Challenges to Corporate and Class Dominance ( 2010 ) Who Rules America ? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich ( 2013 ) Studying the Power Elite : Fifty Years of Who Rules America ( 2017 ) Who Rules America ? is a book by research psychologist and sociologist , G. William Domhoff , Ph. D. , first published in 1967 as a best - seller ( # 12 ) , with six subsequent editions including Who Rules America Now ? ( 1983 , # 43 ) , Who Rules America ? Challenges to Corporate and Class Dominance ( 2009 ) , Who Rules America ? Power and Politics ( 2013 ) , Who Rules America ? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich ( 2013 ) , and the forthcoming , Studying the Power Elite : Fifty Years of Who Rules America ( 2017 ) . It is frequently assigned as a sociology textbook and argues against the concentration of power and wealth in the American upper class . The 2010 edition brings the discussion up to date and also includes the rise of Barack Obama , his campaign finance supporters , and the nature of his administration . Summary ( edit ) Domhoff argues in the book that a power elite wields power in America through its support of think - tanks , foundations , commissions , and academic departments . Additionally , he argues that the elite controls institutions through overt authority , not through covert influence . In his introduction , Domhoff writes that the book was inspired by the work of four men : sociologists E. Digby Baltzell , C. Wright Mills , economist Paul Sweezy , and political scientist Robert A. Dahl . The University of California , Santa Cruz hosts Domhoff 's Who Rules America ? web site . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Studying the Power Elite : Fifty Years of Who Rules America ? '' . Routledge. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WhoRulesAmerica.net '' . Jump up ^ World of Sociology . Gale . November 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 4965 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Miller ( 1967 ) . `` Who Rules America ? by G. William Domhoff '' . Journal of Politics . 31 : 565 -- 567 . doi : 10.2307 / 2128630 . Jump up ^ G. William Domhoff ( 1967 ) . Who Rules America ? . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 958363 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Who Rules America ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Rules_America%3F&oldid=817542737 '' Categories : Sociology books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 02 : 07 . About Wikipedia	who rules america the triumph of the corporate rich summary	[]	[]
8805889383307093949	Bank of Ireland	Bank of Ireland - wikipedia Bank of Ireland Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Central Bank of Ireland . Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland Type Public company Traded as ISEQ : BIR Industry Finance Founded 1783 Headquarters Dublin , Ireland Key people Archie Kane , Governor , Francesca McDonagh , CEO Products Banking & Insurance products Revenue € 2,974 million ( 2014 ) Operating income € 1,301 million ( 2014 ) Net income € 921 million ( 2014 ) Number of employees 11,086 ( 2014 ) Website www.bankofireland.com The Bank of Ireland ( Irish : Banc na hÉireann ) is a commercial bank operation in Ireland and one of the traditional ' Big Four ' Irish banks . Historically the premier banking organisation in Ireland , the Bank occupies a unique position in Irish banking history . At the core of the modern - day group is the old Bank of Ireland , the ancient institution established by Royal Charter in 1783 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chronology of history 1.2 Role as government banker 1.3 Headquarters 2 Banking services 2.1 Republic of Ireland 2.2 International Operations 3 Banknotes 4 Controversies 4.1 Michael Soden 4.2 DIRT controversy 4.3 Stolen laptops 4.4 Record bank robbery 4.5 Wrong information on recapitalisation and bonuses 4.6 Relationship with outsourcing companies 4.7 Closing accounts associated with Palestine 5 2008 share price collapse 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links History ( edit ) Bank of Ireland is the oldest bank in continuous operation ( apart from 4 closures due to bank strikes , 1950 , 1966 , 1970 , 1976 ) in Ireland . Chronology of history ( edit ) The history is as follows : 1781 -- the Bank of Ireland Act is passed by the Parliament of Ireland . 1783 -- 25 June 1783 , the Bank of Ireland opened for business at Mary 's Abbey ( Off Capel St. , Dublin ) in a private house previously owned by one Charles Blakeney . 1808 -- 6 June 1808 , Bank of Ireland moved to 2 College Green . 1864 -- Bank of Ireland first pays interest on deposits . 1926 -- The Bank of Ireland took control of the National Land Bank -- a friendly society . 1948 -- The Bank of Ireland 1783 -- 1946 by F.G. Hall was published jointly by Hodges Figgis ( Dublin ) and Blackwell 's ( Oxford ) . 1958 -- The Bank took over the Hibernian Bank Limited . 1965 -- The National Bank Ltd , a bank founded by Daniel O'Connell in 1835 , had branches in Ireland and Britain . The Irish branches were acquired by Bank of Ireland and rebranded temporarily as National Bank of Ireland , before being fully incorporated into Bank of Ireland . The British branches were acquired by Williams & Glyn 's Bank . 1980 - The first Pass card and machine were open known as ATM . 1983 -- Bank of Ireland Bi-Centenary . A commemorative stamp was issued . The Bank commissioned the publication of `` An Irish Florilegium '' . 1995 -- Bank of Ireland merge First New Hampshire Bank with Royal Bank of Scotland 's Citizens Financial Group 1996 -- Bank of Ireland buys the Bristol and West building society for € 882m , which keeps its own brand . 1999 -- Merger talks with Alliance & Leicester were held and then called off . 2000 -- It is announced that Bank of Ireland is to acquire Chase de Vere . 2002 -- Bank of Ireland acquires Iridian , the US investment manager , which doubles the size of its asset management business . 2005 -- Bank of Ireland completes the sale of the Bristol and West branch and Direct Savings ( Contact Centre ) to Britannia Building Society . 2008 -- Moody 's Investors Service changed its outlook on Bank of Ireland from stable to negative . Moody 's pinpointed concerns over weakening asset quality and the impact of a more challenging economic environment on profitability at Bank of Ireland . A share price collapse followed . 2009 -- The Irish government announces a € 7 billion rescue package for the bank and Allied Irish Banks plc in February . Biggest bank robbery in the history of the state took place at Bank of Ireland at College Green . Consultants Oliver Wyman validated Bank of Ireland 's bad debt levels at € 6 billion over three years to March 2011 , a bad debt level which was exceeded by almost € 1 billion within a matter of months . 2010 -- The European Commission orders the disposal of Bank of Ireland Asset Management , New Ireland Assurance , ICS Building Society , its US Foreign Exchange business and the stakes held in the Irish Credit Bureau and in an American Asset Manager followed the receipt of Irish Government State aid . 2011 -- The Securities Services Division is sold to Northern Trust Corporation . 2013 Bank of Ireland more than doubles interest rates on mortgages tracking the Bank of England rates , ( which have remained stable for four years ) , citing the need to hold more reserves and the ' increased cost of funding mortgages ' . Described by Ray Boulger of broker John Charcol as ' having shot the reputation of its mortgages to smithereens ' , nevertheless the bank continues to offer highly competitive mortgages through the Post Office . 2014 - Regulation of the bank will transfer to the European Central Bank 2014 - Enters marketing alliance with EVO Payments International and re-enters the card acquiring market . BOI Payment Acceptance launches in December 2014 . Role as Government banker ( edit ) The Bank of Ireland is not , and was never , the Irish central bank . However , as well as being a commercial bank -- a deposit - taker and a credit institution -- it performed many central bank functions , much like the earlier - established Bank of Scotland and Bank of England . The Bank of Ireland operated the Exchequer Account and during the nineteenth century acted as something of a banker of last resort . Even the titles of the chairman of the board of directors ( the Governor ) and the title of the board itself ( the Court of Directors ) suggest a central bank status . From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 until 31 December 1971 , the Bank of Ireland was the banker of the Irish Government . Headquarters ( edit ) The former House of Lords entrance to Parliament House on Westmoreland Street , Dublin The headquarters of the bank until the 1970s was the impressive Parliament House on College Green , Dublin . This building was originally designed by Sir Edward Lovett Pearce in 1729 to host the Irish Parliament , and it was the world 's first purpose - built bicameral parliament building . The bank had planned to commission a building designed by Sir John Soane to be constructed on the site bounded by Westmoreland Street , Fleet Street , College Street and D'Olier Street ( now occupied by the Westin Hotel ) . However , the project was cancelled following the Act of Union in 1800 , when the newly defunct Parliament House was bought by the Bank of Ireland in 1803 . The former Parliament House continues today as a working branch . Today , visitors can still view the impressive Irish House of Lords chamber within the old headquarters building . The Oireachtas , the modern parliament of the Republic of Ireland , is now housed in Leinster House in Dublin . In 2011 , the Irish Government set out proposals to acquire the building as a venue for the state to use as a cultural venue . In the 1970s the bank moved its headquarters to a modern building on Lower Baggot Street , Dublin 2 . As Frank McDonald notes in his book Destruction of Dublin , when these headquarters were built , it caused the world price of copper to rise -- such was the usage in the building . New headquarters at 40 Mespil Road , Dublin 4 In 2010 the bank moved to a new , smaller headquarters on Mespil Road . Banking services ( edit ) Republic of Ireland ( edit ) Former Headquarters on Lower Baggot Street until 2010 The Group provides a broad range of financial services in Ireland to the personal , commercial , industrial and agricultural sectors . These include checking and deposit services , overdrafts , term loans , mortgages , international asset financing , leasing , instalment credit , debt financing , foreign exchange facilities , interest and exchange rate hedging instruments , executor and trustee services . International operations ( edit ) The bank is headquartered in Dublin , and has operations throughout the Republic of Ireland . It also operates in Northern Ireland , where it prints its own banknotes in Pounds Sterling ( see section on banknotes below ) . In Great Britain , the bank expanded largely through the takeover of the Bristol and West Building Society in 1996 . Bank of Ireland also provides financial services for the British Post Office throughout the UK . Operations in the rest of the world are primarily undertaken by Bank of Ireland Corporate Banking who provide services in France , Germany , Australia and the United States . Banknotes ( edit ) A £ 5 sterling note issued by Bank of Ireland in Northern Ireland Main article : Banknotes of the Bank of Ireland ( Northern Ireland ) See also : Banknotes of Northern Ireland and Banknotes of the pound sterling Although the Bank of Ireland is not a central bank , it does have Sterling note - issuing rights in the United Kingdom . While the Bank has its headquarters in Dublin , it also has operations in Northern Ireland , where it retains the legal right ( dating from before the partition of Ireland ) to print its own banknotes . These are pound sterling notes and equal in value to Bank of England notes , and should not be confused with banknotes of the former Irish pound . The obverse side of Bank of Ireland banknotes features the Bank of Ireland logo , below which is a line of heraldic shields each representing one of the six counties of Northern Ireland . Below this is a depiction of a seated Hibernia figure , surrounded by the Latin motto of the Bank , Bona Fides Reipublicae Stabilitas ( `` Good Faith is the Cornerstone of the State '' ) . The current series of £ 5 , £ 10 and £ 20 notes , issued in April 2008 , all feature an illustration of the Old Bushmills Distillery on the reverse side . Prior to 2008 , all Bank of Ireland notes featured an image of the Queen 's University of Belfast on the reverse side . The principal difference between the denominations is their colour and size : 5 pound note , blue 10 pound note , pink 20 pound note , green 50 pound note , blue - green The Bank of Ireland does not issue banknotes in the Republic of Ireland . Section 60 of the Currency Act 1927 removed the right of Irish banks to issue banknotes , however `` consolidated banknotes '' , of a common design issued by all `` Shareholder Banks '' under the Act , were issued between 1929 and 1953 . These notes were not legal tender . Controversies ( edit ) Michael Soden ( edit ) Michael Soden abruptly quit as group chief executive on 29 May 2004 when it was discovered that adult material that contravened company policy was found on his Bank PC . Soden issued a personal statement explaining that the high standards of integrity and behaviour in an environment of accountability , transparency and openness , which he espoused , would cause embarrassment to the Bank . DIRT controversy ( edit ) An IR £ 30.5 million tax arrears liability was settled by Bank of Ireland in July 2000 . The Bank told the Oireachtas Public Accounts Committee Inquiry that its liability was in the region of £ 1.5 million . The settlement figure was ' dictated ' by the Revenue Commissioners following an audit by the Commissioners . It was in Bank of Ireland that some of the most celebrated of the `` celebrated cases '' of non-compliance and bogus non-resident accounts have to date been discovered and disclosed . Thurles , Boyle , Roscrea ( 1990 ) , Milltown Malbay ( 1991 ) , Dundalk ( 1989 / 90 ) , Killester ( 1992 ) , Tullamore ( 1993 ) , Mullingar ( 1996 ) , Castlecomer , Clonmel , Ballybricken , Ballinasloe , Skibbereen ( 1988 ) , Dungarvan and , disclosed to the Oireachtas Public Accounts Sub-Committee , Ballaghaderreen ( 1998 ) and Ballygar ( 1999 ) . The Public Accounts Sub-Committee Inquiry concluded that `` the most senior executives in the Bank of Ireland did seek to set an ethical tone for the bank and unsuccessfully sought Revenue Commissioners assistance to promote an industry - wide Code of Practice . Stolen laptops ( edit ) In April 2008 it was announced that four laptops with data pertaining to 10,000 customers were stolen between June and October 2007 . This customer information included names , addresses , bank details , medical and pension details . The thefts were initially reported to the Garda Síochána , however the Banks senior management did not know about the problem until February 2008 after an internal audit uncovered the theft and the Bank did not advise the Data Protection Commissioner and the Central Bank of Ireland until mid-April 2008 . It also came to light that none of the laptops used encryption to protect the sensitive data . The Bank has since released a press release detailing the seven branches affected and its initial response , later in the month the Bank confirmed that 31,500 customer records were affected as well as an increased number of branches . Record Bank robbery ( edit ) Main article : Bank of Ireland robbery On 27 February 2009 it was reported that a criminal gang from Dublin had stolen € 7 million from the Bank of Ireland 's main branch in College Green . The robbery was the biggest in the history of the Republic of Ireland , during which a girlfriend of an employee , her mother and her mother 's five - year - old granddaughter were held hostage at gunpoint . Gardaí arrested six men the next day , and recovered € 1.8 million . A spokesperson for the bank said : `` Bank of Ireland 's priority is for the safety and well - being of the staff member and the family involved in this incident and all of the bank 's support services have been made available to them . '' Wrong information on recapitalisation and bonuses ( edit ) The information provided to the Department of Finance in 2009 in advance of a recapitalisation of the bank which cost the taxpayer € 3.5 billion `` was incomplete and misleading '' . It also gave wrong information to the Minister for Finance who in turn misled the Dáil on € 66 million in bonuses it paid since receiving a State guarantee . External examiners found it used `` a restrictive and uncommon interpretation of what constituted a performance bonus '' . Their report also found that there had been `` a catalogue of errors '' and that the information supplied by Bank of Ireland to the Department of Finance was `` presented in a manner which minimised the level of additional payments made '' . The Bank paid € 2 million by way of compensation to the Exchequer for providing `` misleading '' information . Relationship with outsourcing companies ( edit ) The Bank has forged strong links with IT outsourcing companies since 2004 or earlier . On 1 November 2010 IBM won the $450 M full scope outsource contract to manage BoI Group 's Information Technology ( IT ) infrastructure services ( e.g. mainframe , servers , desktops and print services ) in a competitive bid against HP ( the incumbent outsource provider ) and HCL . This follows on from the Bank 's natural expiration of its current agreement with HP , which was signed in 2004 . Following a competitive bid process with a number of parties , IBM was selected for exclusive contract negotiations in July 2011 . During the intervening period , an extensive due diligence phase has been undertaken and relevant regulatory approval has been granted . IBM will manage the Group 's entire IT infrastructure , including desktop systems , servers , mainframes , local area networks and service desk . Since then , BOI has given HCL a € 30m Business Process Outsourcing contract and has selected them as strategic local resourcing partner in Ireland . In addition to that , HCL have opened a software factory for Bank of Ireland in India and has started to outsource production support for the retail banking and payments applications in BOI . This exclusive relationship with HCL has been seen as controversial in the context of the substantial Irish taxpayer investment in Bank of Ireland -- and the lack of any significant investment by HCL in Ireland . A banking analyst said in July 2011 that BOI 's IT system is `` very antiquated . '' Closing Accounts associated with Palestine ( edit ) Bank of Ireland closed the accounts of Irish Palestine Solidarity campaign citing that the bank considered Palestine a high risk country . Sinn Féin TD Mary - Lou McDonald called this outrageous and an insult to the Palestinian people . 2008 share price collapse ( edit ) On 5 March 2009 , the shares reached € 0.12 during the day , thereby reducing the value of the company by over 99 % from its 2007 high . At the 2009 AGM , shareholders criticised the performance of their Auditors , PriceWaterhouseCoopers . The Central Bank told the Oireachtas Enterprise Committee that shareholders who lost their money in the banking collapse are to blame for their fate and got what was coming to them for not keeping bank chiefs in check , but did admit that the Central Bank had failed to give sufficient warning about reckless lending to property developers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Banks need fresh € 24 billion -- Central Bank '' . RTÉ News . 31 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bank of Ireland Act 1781 ( Public Act No. 16 of 1781 ) . Act of the Irish Parliament . ^ Jump up to : Bank of Ireland : History Jump up ^ The Economic Journal , Vol. 60 , No. 237 , March 1950 Jump up ^ An Irish Florilegium II Jump up ^ Citizens , First NH Announce Merger Plans AP , 18 December 1995 Jump up ^ After 158 years , the end is nigh for Bristol & West The Guardian , 10 January 2009 Jump up ^ Alliance & Leicester scraps Bank of Ireland merger plans Money Marketing , 18 June 1999 Jump up ^ Ireland bank buys Chase de Vere The Telegraph , 29 July 2000 Jump up ^ Bank of Ireland AM moves into US by buying Iridian IPE , 16 May 2002 Jump up ^ Britannia to acquire Bristol & West The Guardian , 24 May 2005 Jump up ^ Bank of Ireland shares plummet to 83 cent RTÉ News , 30 January 2009 Jump up ^ Irish Times on rescue package Feb 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Business Post '' . Thepost.ie . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Capital Raising Announcement and Interim Management Statement 12 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` EU Restructuring Plan -- Bank of Ireland ROI '' ( PDF ) . Bankofireland.com . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland Sale of Bank of Ireland Securities Services -- Press Releases -- Press Room -- About Bank of Ireland Group -- Bank of Ireland ROI '' . Bankofireland.com. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Joe ; Doyle , Dara ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Bank of Ireland to Sell Fund Services Arm to Northern Trust '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ The Guardian 02.03. 13 Jump up ^ `` The list of significant supervised entities and the list of less significant institutions '' ( PDF ) . European Central Bank . 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.bankofireland.com/about-bank-of-ireland/press-room/press-releases/item/435/bank-of-ireland-signs-major-long-term-deal-with-evo-payments-international/#september Jump up ^ `` Architecture Group -- Irish Parliament Building '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Bank of Ireland , College Green ... is the world 's first purpose - built two - chamber parliament house . Jump up ^ `` The House of Lord 's Dublin '' . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . The Parliament House was purchased by `` The Bank of Ireland '' in 1803 . Jump up ^ Paul Cullen ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Government wants to repossess landmark College Green bank '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , p. 111 Jump up ^ TV3 News . 11 August 2010 Jump up ^ Bank of Ireland : Personal Banking Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bank Notes : £ 5 note Bushmills 2013 Series '' . Bank of Ireland . Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Notes '' . Bank of Ireland . Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Ireland to feature Old Bushmills Distillery on new Northern Ireland note issue '' . Bank of Ireland . 11 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank raises glass to famous drink '' . BBC News . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Currency Act 1927 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Ireland chief quits over PC porn '' . The Register . 1 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2006 . Retrieved 15 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Personal statement by Michael D. Soden Group Chief Executive Bank of Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Michael D. Soden. 29 May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Revenue set to claw back bonanza in unpaid taxes '' . The Irish Times . 6 July 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Public Accounts Committee Parliamentary Inquiry into DIRT '' . 27 September 1999 . Jump up ^ Data theft involving 10,000 bank records RTÉ News , 21 April 2008 Jump up ^ BoI kept quiet about stolen client details since February Irish Independent , 23 April 2008 Jump up ^ Bank of Ireland Life -- Customer Update on Stolen Laptops Archived 19 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Bank of Ireland Press Room , 22 April 2008 Jump up ^ Bank of Ireland Life -- Update on Stolen Laptops Archived 19 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Bank of Ireland Press Room , 28 April 2008 Jump up ^ BKidnap gang steals € 7 million from Bank of Ireland Times Online , 27 February 2009 Jump up ^ Collins , John ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Bonus row shows Bank of Ireland is no better than rest '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` The Great Escape '' . Irish Independent . 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ 3 March 2011 -- 18 : 42 : 23 . `` Investigation exposes Bank of Ireland bonus payments '' . BreakingNews.ie . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BoI paid € 66m in bonuses from 2008 -- 2010 '' . RTÉ News . 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Ireland Statement on Bonuses -- Press Releases -- Press Room -- About Bank of Ireland Group -- Bank of Ireland ROI '' . Bankofireland.com. 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Ireland shortlists IBM , HCL for $600 - mn outsourcing deal '' . The Times of India . 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Business Post '' . Sbpost.ie . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Business Post '' . Sbpost.ie . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.rte.ie/news/2016/1002/820919-ireland-palestine-banking . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ O'Farrell , Stephen ( 4 July 2009 ) . `` Anger smoulders but the fury has gone '' . Irish Independent . Jump up ^ Leinster Rugby Calendar 2013 . `` Top official says shareholders to blame for the banking crisis -- News , Frontpage '' . Herald.ie . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Sources ( edit ) McDonald , Frank ( 1985 ) . The destruction of Dublin . Gill and Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0717113866 . External links ( edit ) Official Republic of Ireland Site Official Northern Ireland Site Official Great Britain Site BOI Payment Acceptance Official Site Historical banknotes of the Bank of Ireland ( in English ) ( in German ) Documents and clippings about Bank of Ireland in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) . Banks of the Republic of Ireland Allied Irish Banks Bank of Ireland Danske Bank Permanent TSB KBC Bank Ireland Rabobank ( Ireland ) Ulster Bank Commercial and retail banks in the United Kingdom Banking in the United Kingdom Barclays Barclays Bank Barclays Wealth CYBG Clydesdale Bank Yorkshire Bank HSBC Holdings First Direct HSBC Bank HSBC Private Bank M&S Bank Lloyds Banking Group Bank of Scotland Bank of Wales Birmingham Midshires Halifax Lloyds Bank Royal Bank of Scotland Group Adam and Company Child & Co . Coutts & Co . Drummonds Bank NatWest Royal Bank of Scotland Ulster Bank Isle of Man Bank Santander Group Cahoot Cater Allen Santander UK Wholly state - owned National Savings and Investments UK Government Investments UK Asset Resolution Bradford & Bingley NRAM Mobile banks Atom Bank Monzo N26 ( beta ) Revolut Starling Bank Tandem Bank Other Al Rayan Bank Aldermore Allied Irish Bank ( GB ) First Trust Bank Arbuthnot Latham & Co Secure Trust Bank Bank and Clients Bank of Ireland Butterfield Bank Cambridge & Counties Bank C. Hoare & Co Close Brothers Group The Co-operative Bank Smile Danske Bank Duncan Lawrie Handelsbanken Julian Hodge Bank Kingdom Bank Kleinwort Hambros Metro Bank OneSavings Bank Paragon Post Office Money Raphaels Bank Reliance Bank NM Rothschild & Sons Sainsbury 's Bank Shawbrook Bank Standard Chartered Tesco Bank Triodos Bank TSB Unity Trust Bank Virgin Money Wesleyan Bank `` Big Four '' banks are underlined and private banks are shown in italics 73 % owned by UKFI Mortgage assets only Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 5 £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area ISEQ 20 companies of Ireland Aryzta Bank of Ireland CRH C&C Group Dalata Hotel Group Datalex FBD Holdings Glanbia Green REIT Hibernia REIT Irish Continental Group Irish Residential Properties REIT Kerry Group Kingspan Group Origin Enterprises Paddy Power Betfair Permanent TSB Ryanair Smurfit Kappa Total Produce Members of Euro Banking Association Austria Allgemeine Sparkasse Oberosterreich Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg AG BKS Bank AG Erste Group Bank AG Oberbank AG Oesterreichische Nationalbank Raiffeisen Bank International AG Raiffeisenlandesbank Oberösterreich AG Raiffeisen - Landesbank Tirol AG Steiermärkische Bank und Sparkassen AG Belgium Dexia Bank NV KBC Bank NV Bank van De Post Cyprus Bank of Cyprus Hellenic Bank Denmark Amagerbanken A / S Arbejdernes Landsbank A / S Danske Andelskassers Bank A / S Danske Bank A / S DiBa Bank A / S Djurslands Bank A / S Jyske Bank A / S Nordjyske Bank A / S Nørresundby Bank Østjydsk Bank A / S Ringkøbing Landbobank Roskilde Bank A / S Skjern Bank Spar Nord Bank Sparekassen Sjælland Sydbank A / S Vestfyns Bank A / S Vestjysk Bank Finland Aktia Bank PLC Bank of Åland PLC Pohjola Bank PLC S - Bank LTD . Tapiola Bank LTD France Banque Michel Inchauspé - BAMI Banque Palatine BNP Paribas SA BPCE BRED Banque Populaire Crédit Agricole SA Crédit Coopératif Crédit du Nord Crédit Mutuel Arkéa Credit Mutuel CIC Banque HSBC France La Banque postale Natixis Société Générale Germany Berenberg Bank BHF Bank Bremer Landesbank Commerzbank AG Deutsche Bank AG Deutsche Bundesbank Deutsche Postbank DZ Bank AG Europe Arab Bank Frankfurt Hamburger Sparkasse AG J.P. Morgan Chase Bank AG Landesbank Baden - Württemberg Landesbank Berlin Holding Landesbank Hessen - Thüringen Oldenburgische Landesbank SECB Swiss EURO CLEARING Bank GmbH The Bank of New York Mellon , Frankfurt Branch VTB Bank ( Deutschland ) AG Greece Alpha Bank SA Eurobank Ergasias SA National Bank of Greece SA Piraeus Bank SA Hungary Budapest Bank CIB Bank Erste Bank FHB Mortgage Bank Hanwha Bank Hungarian Development Bank Hungarian National Bank K&H Bank MagNet Bank MKB Bank OTP Bank Raiffeisen Bank Sberbank Europe Group TakarékBank UniCredit Ireland Allied Irish Banks Bank of Ireland Italy Banca del Fucino Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Banca Popolare del Lazio Banca Popolare di Sondrio Banca Sella Banco BPM BPER Banca Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena Cassa di Risparmio di Fermo Cassa di Risparmio di Ravenna Banca di Imola Credito Emiliano Credito Valtellinese ICCREA Banca Intesa Sanpaolo Nexi Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol UBI Banca UniCredit Luxembourg Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État Banque Raiffeisen Banque Internationale à Luxembourg SA KBL European Private Bankers Société Générale Bank & Trust Netherlands ABN Amro Bank NV De Nederlandsche Bank ING Bank NV Rabobank Nederland Poland Bank BPH SA Narodowy Bank Polski Portugal Banco BPI SA Banco Comercial Português Crédito Agrícola Caixa Geral de Depósitos Novo Banco Slovenia Banka Slovenije Spain Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , S.A. Banco Popular Español , S.A. Banco Sabadell , S.A. Bankinter , S.A. Banco Santander , S.A. CaixaBank , S.A. ( La Caixa ) Catalunya Banc , S.A. ( CatalunyaCaixa ) Kutxabank , S.A. ABANCA Corporación Bancaria , S.A. ( Abanca ) Caja Laboral Popular , Cooperativa de Crédito ( Caja Laboral ) Banco Cooperativo Español , S.A. ( Caja Rural ) CECABANK , S.A. Sweden Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken Svenska Handelsbanken Swedbank AB Nordea Bank AB United Kingdom Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd . Barclays Bank PLC Citibank NA DNB Bank ( NOR ) HSBC Bank PLC JPMorgan Chase Bank , N.A. , London Branch Kookmin Bank International Ltd . Lloyds Bank PLC MashreqBank psc ( UAE ) Royal Bank of Scotland PLC UBS AG Wells Fargo Bank NA Non-EU Bank of China ( CHN ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Ireland&oldid=833976699 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Banks of Ireland Companies listed on the Irish Stock Exchange Banknote issuers of Northern Ireland Financial services in the Republic of Ireland Banks of Northern Ireland Companies based in Stamford , Connecticut Banks established in 1783 1783 establishments in Ireland Bank of Ireland Banks under direct supervision of the European Central Bank Irish brands Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Irish - language text Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 吴语粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 08 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the governor and company of the bank of ireland name change	[]	[]
-8855239176026596261	Boston Red Sox	Boston Red Sox - wikipedia Boston Red Sox Jump to : navigation , search `` Red Sox '' redirects here . For other uses , see Red Sox ( disambiguation ) . Boston Red Sox 2018 Boston Red Sox season Established in 1901 Based in Boston since 1901 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 8 9 14 26 27 34 45 42 Colors Red , Blue , White Name Boston Red Sox ( 1908 -- present ) Boston Americans ( 1901 -- 1907 ) Other nicknames The Sox The BoSox The Olde Towne Team Ballpark Fenway Park ( 1912 -- present ) Huntington Avenue Grounds ( 1901 -- 1911 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 AL Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 East Division titles ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Front office Owner ( s ) Fenway Sports Group ( John Henry ( Principal Owner ) , Tom Werner ( Chairman ) , Sam Kennedy ( President and CEO ) ) Manager Alex Cora General Manager Dave Dombrowski ( acting ) President of Baseball Operations Dave Dombrowski The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in twelve . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The `` Red Sox '' name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , around 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the `` Boston Red Stockings '' , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . Boston was a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the `` Curse of the Bambino '' after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86 - year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's `` mad dash '' in 1946 , the `` Impossible Dream '' of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2013 World Series , they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century , including championships in 2004 and 2007 . Red Sox history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports . The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group , which also owns Liverpool F.C. of the Premier League in England . The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in average road attendance , while the small capacity of Fenway Park prevents them from leading in overall attendance . From May 15 , 2003 to April 10 , 2013 , the Red Sox sold out every home game -- a total of 820 games ( 794 regular season ) for a major professional sports record . Neil Diamond 's `` Sweet Caroline '' has become an anthem for the Red Sox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nickname 2 History 2.1 1901 -- 1919 : The Golden Era 2.2 Sale of Babe Ruth and Aftermath ( 1920 -- 38 ) 2.3 1939 -- 1960 : The Ted Williams Era 2.4 1960s : Yaz and the Impossible Dream 2.5 1970s : The Red Hat Era 2.5. 1 1975 2.5. 2 1978 pennant race 2.6 1986 World Series and Game Six 2.7 1988 -- 1991 : Morgan Magic 2.8 1992 -- 2001 : Mixed Results 2.9 2002 -- present : John Henry era 2.9. 1 2002 -- 03 2.9. 2 `` The Idiots '' : 2004 World Series Championship 2.9. 3 2007 : World Series Championship 2.9. 4 2008 -- 2012 : Injuries and Collapses 2.9. 5 Boston Strong : 2013 World Series Champions 2.9. 6 Recent Years 3 Current roster 4 Uniform 5 Spring training 5.1 Truck Day 5.2 JetBlue Park 6 Rivalry with the Yankees 7 Radio and television 8 Retired numbers 9 Baseball Hall of Famers 9.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 10 Minor league affiliations 11 Other notable seasons and team records 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Nickname The name Red Sox , chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season , refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908 . Sox had been previously adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline - friendly form of Stockings , as `` Stockings Win ! '' in large type would not fit on a page . The team name `` Red Sox '' had previously been used as early as 1888 by a ' colored ' team from Norfolk , Virginia . The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas , a translation of `` red socks '' . The official Spanish site uses the variant `` Los Red Sox '' . The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a baseball team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who were members of the pioneering National Association of Base Ball Players . Managed by Harry Wright , Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname , a year or two before hiring the first fully professional team in 1869 . When the club folded after the 1870 season , Wright was hired by Boston businessman Ivers Whitney Adams to organize a new team in Boston , and he did , bringing three teammates and the `` Red Stockings '' nickname along ( Most nicknames were then only nicknames , neither club names nor registered trademarks , so the migration was informal ) . The Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association , the first professional league . When a new Cincinnati club was formed as a charter member of the National League in 1876 , the `` Red Stockings '' nickname was commonly reserved for them once again , and the Boston team was referred to as the `` Red Caps '' . Other names were sometimes used before Boston officially adopted the nickname `` Braves '' in 1912 ; the club eventually left Boston for Milwaukee and is now playing in Atlanta , Georgia . The Red Sox logo worn on uniforms in 1908 , announcing the team 's first official nickname In 1901 , the upstart American League established a competing club in Boston . ( Originally , a team was supposed to be started in Buffalo , but league ownership at the last minute removed that city from their plans in favor of the expansion Boston franchise . ) For seven seasons , the AL team wore dark blue stockings and had no official nickname . They were simply `` Boston '' , `` Bostonians '' or `` the Bostons '' ; or the `` Americans '' or `` Boston Americans '' as in `` American Leaguers '' , Boston being a two - team city . Their 1901 -- 1907 jerseys , both home , and road , just read `` Boston '' , except for 1902 when they sported large letters `` B '' and `` A '' denoting `` Boston '' and `` American . '' Newspaper writers of the time used other nicknames for the club , including `` Somersets '' ( for owner Charles Somers ) , `` Plymouth Rocks '' , `` Beaneaters '' , the `` Collinsites '' ( for manager Jimmy Collins ) `` , and `` Pilgrims . '' For years many sources have listed `` Pilgrims '' as the early Boston AL team 's official nickname , but researcher Bill Nowlin has demonstrated that the name was barely used , if at all , during the team 's early years . The origin of the nickname appears to be a poem entitled `` The Pilgrims At Home '' written by Edwin Fitzwilliam that was sung at the 1907 home opener ( `` Rory O'More '' melody ) . This nickname was commonly used during that season , perhaps because the team had a new manager and several rookie players . John I. Taylor had said in December 1907 that the Pilgrims `` sounded too much like homeless wanderers . '' The National League club in Boston , though seldom called the `` Red Stockings '' anymore , still wore red trim . In 1907 , the National League club adopted an all - white uniform , and the American League team saw an opportunity . On December 18 , 1907 , Taylor announced that the club had officially adopted red as its new team color . The 1908 uniforms featured a large icon of a red stocking angling across the shirt front . For 1908 , the National League club returned to wearing red trim , but the American League team finally had an official nickname , and would remain the `` Red Sox '' for good . The name is often shortened to `` Bosox '' or `` BoSox '' , a combination of `` Boston '' and `` Sox '' ( similar to the `` ChiSox '' in Chicago or the minor league `` PawSox '' of Pawtucket ) . Sportswriters sometimes refer to the Red Sox as the Crimson Hose and the Olde Towne Team . Recently , media have begun to call them the `` Sawx '' casually , reflecting how the word is pronounced with a New England accent . However , most fans simply refer to the team as the `` Sox '' when the context is understood to mean Red Sox . The formal name of the entity which owns the team is `` Boston Red Sox Baseball Club Limited Partnership '' . The name shown on the door on Yawkey Way , `` Boston American League Baseball Company '' , is historical , predating the formation of the limited partnership on May 26 , 1978 . The entrance also figures in Robert B. Parker 's Spenser - and - baseball novel Mortal Stakes . History Main article : History of the Boston Red Sox 1901 -- 1919 : the golden ERA The 1901 Boston Americans team photograph In 1901 , the minor Western League , led by Ban Johnson , declared its equality with the National League , then the only major league in baseball . Johnson changed the name of the league to the American League , leading teams in his league to be christened with the unofficial nickname `` Americans '' . This was especially true in the case of the new Boston franchise , which would not adopt an official nickname until 1908 . The Americans logo , 1901 -- 07 The upstart league placed franchises in Baltimore , Maryland and Buffalo . After looking at his new league , Ban Johnson decided that he would need a team in Boston to compete with the National League team there , and so cancelled the Buffalo club 's franchise , offering one to a new club in Boston . The Boston franchise was purchased in 1903 by Milwaukee publisher , George Brumder who sold the team one year later . Playing their home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds , the Boston franchise finished second and third before capturing their first pennant in 1903 and repeating the next year . Those teams were led by manager and star third baseman Jimmy Collins , outfielders Chick Stahl , Buck Freeman , and Patsy Dougherty , and pitcher Cy Young , who in 1901 won the pitching Triple Crown with 33 wins ( 41.8 % of the team 's 79 games ) , 1.62 ERA and 158 strikeouts . His 1901 to 1904 seasons rank among the best four - year runs ever . In 1903 , Boston participated in the first modern World Series , going up against the Pittsburgh Pirates . The Pirates were heavily favored as they had won the NL pennant by 61⁄2 games . Aided by the modified chants of `` Tessie '' by the Royal Rooters fan club and by its stronger pitching staff , the Americans managed to overcome the odds , and win the best - of - nine series five games to three . Iconic photo of the Huntington Avenue Grounds before the first modern World Series game The 1904 club was almost as good as the previous team , but due to the surprise emergence of the New York Highlanders , the Boston club found itself in a tight pennant race through the last games of the season . A predecessor to what would become a storied rivalry , this race featured such controversial moves as the trade of Patsy Dougherty to the Highlanders for Bob Unglaub . The climax of the season occurred on the last , dramatic doubleheader at the Highlanders ' home stadium , Hilltop Park . In order to win the pennant , the Highlanders needed to win both games . With Jack Chesbro , the Highlanders ' 41 - game winner , on the mound , and the score tied 2 -- 2 with a man on third in the top of the ninth , a spitball got away from Chesbro and Lou Criger scored the go - ahead run on one of the most famous wild pitches in history . The Huntington Avenue Grounds during a game . Note building from which the famous 1903 `` bird 's - eye '' photo was taken . Unfortunately , the NL champion New York Giants declined to play any postseason series , fearing it would give their New York rivals credibility ( they had expected the Highlanders to win ) , but a sharp public reaction led the two leagues immediately to make the World Series a permanent championship , starting in 1905 . These successful times soon ended , however , as Boston lost 100 games in 1906 . However , several new star players helped the newly renamed Red Sox improve almost immediately . A season pass for the 1906 season . By 1909 , legendary center fielder Tris Speaker had become a fixture in the Boston outfield , and the team worked their way to third place . However , the Red Sox would not win the pennant again until their 105 - win 1912 season , finishing with a club record . 691 winning percentage . Anchored by an outfield considered to be among the finest in the game -- Tris Speaker , Harry Hooper and Duffy Lewis -- and superstar pitcher Smoky Joe Wood , the Red Sox beat the New York Giants 4 -- 3 -- 1 in the classic 1912 World Series best known for Snodgrass 's Muff . From 1913 to 1916 the Red Sox were owned by Joseph Lannin , who signed Babe Ruth , soon the best - known and one of the best players ever . Another 101 wins in 1915 propelled the Red Sox to the 1915 World Series , where they beat the Philadelphia Phillies four games to one . Following the 1915 season , Tris Speaker was traded to the Cleveland Indians . His departure was more than compensated for , however , by the emergence of star pitcher Babe Ruth . The Red Sox went on to win the 1916 World Series , this time defeating the Brooklyn Robins . In 1918 , Babe Ruth led his team to another World Series championship , this time over the Chicago Cubs . Sale of Babe Ruth and aftermath ( 1920 -- 38 ) Babe Ruth in 1915 . Harry Frazee bought the Red Sox from Joseph Lannin in 1916 for about $500,000 . A couple of notable trades involving Harry Frazee and the Yankees occurred before the Babe Ruth sale . On December 18 , 1918 , outstanding outfielder Duffy Lewis , pitcher Dutch Leonard ( who had posted a modern record 0.96 ERA in 1914 ) , and pitcher Ernie Shore were traded to the Yankees for pitcher Ray Caldwell , Slim Love , Roxy Walters , Frank Gilhooley and $15,000 . As all three players were well regarded in Boston -- Lewis had been a key player on the 1910s championship teams , Shore had famously relieved Babe Ruth and retired 27 straight , and Leonard had only four years before setting a modern record for earned run average -- this trade was regarded as a poor one in Boston . Then , on July 13 , 1919 , submarine - style pitching star Carl Mays was traded to the Yankees for Bob McGraw , Allan Russell and $40,000 . Mays would go on to have several good years for the Yankees , but had been a discipline problem for the Red Sox . On December 26 , 1919 , Frazee sold Babe Ruth , who had played the previous six seasons for the Red Sox , to the rival New York Yankees ( Ruth had just broken the single - season home run record , hitting 29 in 1919 . ) Legend has it that Frazee did so in order to finance the Broadway play No , No , Nanette . That play did not actually open on Broadway until 1925 , but as Leigh Montville discovered during research for his book , The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth , No , No , Nanette had originated as a non-musical stage play called My Lady Friends , which opened on Broadway in December 1919 . My Lady Friends had , indeed , been financed by the Ruth sale to the Yankees . During that period , the Red Sox , Yankees and Chicago White Sox had a détente ; they were called `` Insurrectos '' because their actions antagonized league president Ban Johnson . Although Frazee owned the Boston Red Sox franchise , he did not own Fenway Park ( it was owned by the Fenway Park Trust ) , making his ownership a precarious one ; Johnson could move another team into the ballpark . His club was in debt , but Frazee felt the need to purchase its playing site ( which he did in 1920 ) . Further , providing the Yankees with a box office attraction would help that mediocre club , which had sided with him against Johnson and `` the Loyal Five '' clubs . Finally , Ruth was considered a serious disciplinary problem , a reputation he amply confirmed while playing for the Yankees . Frazee moved Ruth to stabilize Red Sox finances and cut distractions . It was a straight sale , no players in return . New York achieved great success after acquiring Ruth and several other very good players . The sale of Babe Ruth came to be viewed as the beginning of the Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry , considered the `` Greatest Rivalry on Earth '' by American sports journalists . The Boston Red Sox logo ( 1931 -- 1932 ) After deciding to get out of baseball , Frazee began selling many of his star players . In the winter of 1920 , Wally Schang , Waite Hoyt , Harry Harper and Mike McNally were traded to the Yankees for Del Pratt , Muddy Ruel , John Costello , Hank Thormahlen , Sammy Vick and cash . The following winter , iron man shortstop Everett Scott , and pitchers Bullet Joe Bush and Sad Sam Jones were traded to the Yankees for Roger Peckinpaugh ( who would be immediately shipped to the Washington Senators ) , Jack Quinn , Rip Collins , Bill Piercy and $50,000 . On July 23 , 1922 , Joe Dugan and Elmer Smith were traded to the Yankees for Elmer Miller , Chick Fewster , Johnny Mitchell , and Lefty O'Doul , who was at the time a mediocre pitching prospect . Acquiring Dugan helped the Yankees edge the St. Louis Browns in a tight pennant race , and the resulting uproar helped create a June 15 trading deadline that went into effect the next year . Perhaps an even more outrageous deal was the trade of Herb Pennock , occurring in early 1923 . Pennock was traded by the Red Sox to the Yankees for Camp Skinner , Norm McMillan , George Murray and $50,000 . The loss of so much talent sent the Red Sox into free fall , even with the money Frazee earned from the trades . During the 1920s and early 1930s , they were fixtures in the second division , never finishing closer than 20 games out of first . The losses only mounted when Frazee sold the team to Bob Quinn in 1923 . During an eight - year period from 1925 to 1932 , the Red Sox averaged over 100 losses per season , bottoming out in 1932 with a record of 43 - 111 , still the worst record in franchise history . One of the few bright spots on these teams was Earl Webb , who set the all - time mark for most doubles in a season in 1931 with 67 . The BoSox ' fortunes began to change in 1933 when Tom Yawkey bought the team . Yawkey acquired pitcher Wes Ferrell and one of the greatest pitchers of all - time , Lefty Grove , making his team competitive once again in the late thirties . He also acquired Joe Cronin , an outstanding shortstop and manager and slugging first baseman Jimmie Foxx whose 50 home runs in 1938 would stand as a club record for 68 years . Foxx also drove in a club record 175 runs . 1939 -- 1960 : the Ted Williams ERA Ted Williams In 1939 , the Red Sox purchased the contract of outfielder Ted Williams from the minor league San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League , ushering in an era of the team sometimes called the `` Ted Sox . '' Williams consistently hit for both high power and high average , and is generally considered one of the greatest hitters of all time . The right - field bullpens in Fenway were built in part for Williams ' left - handed swing , and are sometimes called `` Williamsburg . '' Before this addition , it was over 400 feet ( 120 m ) to right field . He served two stints in the United States Marine Corps as a pilot and saw active duty in both World War II and the Korean War , missing at least five full seasons of baseball . His book The Science of Hitting is widely read by students of baseball . He is currently the last player to hit over . 400 for a full season , batting . 406 in 1941 . Williams feuded with sports writers his whole career , calling them `` The Knights of the Keyboard '' , and his relationship with the fans was often rocky as he was seen spitting towards the stands on more than one occasion . With Williams , the Red Sox reached the 1946 World Series , but lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games in part because of the use of the `` Williams Shift '' , a defensive tactic in which the shortstop would move to the right side of the infield to make it harder for the left - handed - hitting Williams to hit to that side of the field . Some have claimed that he was too proud to hit to the other side of the field , not wanting to let the Cardinals take away his game . His performance may have also been affected by a pitch he took in the elbow in an exhibition game a few days earlier . Either way , in his only World Series , Williams gathered just five singles in 25 at - bats for a . 200 average . The Cardinals won the 1946 Series when Enos Slaughter scored the go - ahead run all the way from first base on a base hit to left field . The throw from Leon Culberson was cut off by shortstop Johnny Pesky , who relayed the ball to the plate just a hair too late . Some say Pesky hesitated or `` held the ball '' before he turned to throw the ball , but this has been disputed . Along with Williams and Pesky , the Red Sox featured several other star players during the 1940s , including second baseman Bobby Doerr and center fielder Dom DiMaggio ( the younger brother of Joe DiMaggio ) . The Red Sox narrowly lost the AL pennant in 1948 and 1949 . In 1948 , Boston finished in a tie with Cleveland , and their loss to Cleveland in a one - game playoff ended hopes of an all - Boston World Series . Curiously , manager Joseph McCarthy chose journeyman Denny Galehouse to start the playoff game when the young lefty phenom Mel Parnell was available to pitch . In 1949 , the Red Sox were one game ahead of the New York Yankees , with the only two games left for both teams being against each other , and they lost both of those games . Logo used by the Boston Red Sox in the 1950s The 1950s were viewed as a time of tribulation for the Red Sox . After Williams returned from the Korean War in 1953 , many of the best players from the late 1940s had retired or been traded . The stark contrast in the team led critics to call the Red Sox ' daily lineup `` Ted Williams and the Seven Dwarfs . '' Jackie Robinson was even worked out by the team at Fenway Park , however it appeared that owner Tom Yawkey did not want an African American player on his team at that time . Willie Mays also tried out for Boston and was highly praised by team scouts . In 1955 , Frank Malzone debuted at third base and Ted Williams hit . 388 at the age of 38 in 1957 , but there was little else for Boston fans to root for . Williams retired at the end of the 1960 season , famously hitting a home run in his final at - bat as memorialized in the John Updike story `` Hub fans bid Kid adieu . '' The Red Sox finally became the last Major League team to field an African American player when they promoted infielder Pumpsie Green from their AAA farm team in 1959 . 1960s : Yaz and the Impossible Dream Main article : The Impossible Dream ( 1967 ) The 1960s also started poorly for the Red Sox , though 1961 saw the debut of Carl `` Yaz '' Yastrzemski , Williams ' replacement in left field , who developed into one of the better hitters of a pitching - rich decade . Red Sox fans know 1967 as the season of the `` Impossible Dream . '' The slogan refers to the hit song from the popular musical play `` Man of La Mancha '' . 1967 saw one of the great pennant races in baseball history with four teams in the AL pennant race until almost the last game . The BoSox had finished the 1966 season in ninth place , but they found new life with Yastrzemski as the team went to the 1967 World Series , only to lose the Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Yastrzemski won the American League Triple Crown ( the most recent player to accomplish such a feat until Miguel Cabrera did so in 2012 ) , hitting . 326 with 44 home runs and 121 RBIs . He finished one vote short of a unanimous MVP selection , as a Minnesota sportswriter placed Twins center fielder César Tovar first on his ballot . But the Red Sox lost the series -- again to the St. Louis Cardinals , in seven games . Legendary pitcher Bob Gibson stymied the Red Sox winning three games . The bullpen car used by the Red Sox An 18 - year - old Bostonian rookie named Tony Conigliaro slugged 24 home runs in 1964 . `` Tony C '' became the youngest player in Major League Baseball to hit his 100th home run , a record that stands today . He was struck just above the left cheek bone by a fastball thrown by Jack Hamilton of the California Angels on Friday , August 18 , 1967 and sat out the entire next season with headaches and blurred vision . Although he did have a productive season in 1970 , he was never the same . 1970s : the Red hat ERA Although the Red Sox were competitive for much of the late 1960s and early 1970s , they never finished higher than second place in their division . The closest they came to a divisional title was 1972 , when they lost by a half - game to the Detroit Tigers . The start of the season was delayed by a players ' strike , and the Red Sox had lost one more game to the strike than the Tigers had . Games lost to the strike were not made up . The Red Sox went to Detroit with a half - game lead for the final series of the season , but lost the first two of those three and were eliminated from the pennant race . The Red Sox won the AL pennant in 1975 . The 1975 Red Sox were as colorful as they were talented , with Yastrzemski and rookie outfielders Jim Rice and Fred Lynn , veteran outfielder Dwight Evans , catcher Carlton Fisk , and pitchers Luis Tiant and eccentric junkballer Bill `` The Spaceman '' Lee . Fred Lynn won both the American League Rookie of the Year award and the Most Valuable Player award , a feat which had never previously been accomplished , and was not duplicated until Ichiro Suzuki did it in 2001 . In the 1975 American League Championship Series , the Red Sox swept the Oakland A 's . In the 1975 World Series , they faced the heavily favored Cincinnati Reds , also known as The Big Red Machine . Luis Tiant won games 1 and 4 of the World Series but after five games , the Red Sox trailed the series 3 games to 2 . Game 6 at Fenway Park is considered among the greatest games in postseason history . Down 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning , Red Sox pinch hitter Bernie Carbo hit a three - run homer into the center field bleachers off Reds fireman Rawly Eastwick to tie the game . In the top of the eleventh inning , right fielder Dwight Evans made a spectacular catch of a Joe Morgan line drive and doubled off Ken Griffey at first base to preserve the tie . In the bottom of the twelfth inning , Carlton Fisk hit a deep fly ball which sliced towards the left field foul pole above the Green Monster . As the ball sailed into the night , Fisk waved his arms frantically towards fair territory , seemingly pleading with the ball not to go foul . The ball complied , and bedlam ensued at Fenway as Fisk rounded the bases to win the game for the Red Sox 7 -- 6 . The Red Sox lost game 7 , 4 -- 3 even though they had an early 3 -- 0 lead . Starting pitcher Bill Lee threw a slow looping curve which he called a `` Leephus pitch '' or `` space ball '' to Reds first baseman Tony Pérez who hit the ball over the Green Monster and across the street . The Reds scored the winning run in the 9th inning . Carlton Fisk said famously about the 1975 World Series , `` We won that thing 3 games to 4 . '' 1978 pennant race In 1978 , the Red Sox and the Yankees were involved in a tight pennant race . The Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox in July , and on September 10 , after completing a 4 - game sweep of the Red Sox ( known as `` The Boston Massacre '' ) , the Yankees tied for the divisional lead . On September 16 the Yankees held a 3 ⁄ game lead over the Red Sox , but the Sox won 11 of their next 13 games and by the final day of the season , the Yankees ' magic number to win the division was one -- with a win over Cleveland or a Boston loss to the Toronto Blue Jays clinching the division . However , New York lost 9 -- 2 and Boston won 5 -- 0 , forcing a one - game playoff to be held at Fenway Park on Monday , October 2 . The most remembered moment from the game was Bucky Dent 's 7th inning three - run home run in off Mike Torrez just over the Green Monster , giving the Yankees their first lead . The dejected Boston manager , Don Zimmer , gave Mr. Dent a new middle name which lives on in Boston sports lore to this day , uttering three words as the ball sailed over the left - field wall : `` Bucky F * * king Dent ! '' Reggie Jackson provided a solo home run in the 8th that proved to be the difference in the Yankees ' 5 -- 4 win , which ended with Yastrzemski popping out to Graig Nettles in foul territory with Rick Burleson representing the tying run at third . Although Dent became a Red Sox demon , the Red Sox would get retribution in 1990 when the Yankees fired Dent as their manager during a series at Fenway Park . 1986 World Series and game six Carl Yastrzemski retired after the 1983 season , during which the Red Sox finished sixth in the seven - team AL East , posting their worst record since 1966 . However , in 1986 , it appeared that the team 's fortunes were about to change . The offense had remained strong with Jim Rice , Dwight Evans , Don Baylor and Wade Boggs . Roger Clemens led the pitching staff , going 24 -- 4 with a 2.48 ERA , and had a 20 - strikeout game to win both the American League Cy Young and Most Valuable Player awards . Clemens became the first starting pitcher to win both awards since Vida Blue in 1971 . Despite spending a month and a half on the disabled list in the middle of the season , left - hander Bruce Hurst went 13 - 8 , striking out 167 and pitching four shutout games . Boston sportswriters that season compared Clemens and Hurst to Don Drysdale and Sandy Koufax from the 1960s Los Angeles Dodgers . The Red Sox won the AL East for the first time in 11 seasons , and faced the California Angels in the ALCS . The teams split the first two games in Boston , but the Angels won the next two home games , taking a 3 -- 1 lead in the series . With the Angels poised to win the series , the Red Sox trailed 5 -- 2 heading into the ninth inning of Game 5 . A two - run homer by Baylor cut the lead to one . With two outs and a runner on , and one strike away from elimination , Dave Henderson homered off Donnie Moore to put Boston up 6 -- 5 . Although the Angels tied the game in the bottom of the ninth , the Red Sox won in the 11th on a Henderson sacrifice fly off Moore . The Red Sox then found themselves with six - and seven - run wins at Fenway Park in Games 6 and 7 to win the American League title . The Red Sox faced a heavily favored New York Mets team that had won 108 games in the regular season in the 1986 World Series . Boston won the first two games in Shea Stadium but lost the next two at Fenway , knotting the series at 2 games apiece . After Bruce Hurst recorded his second victory of the series in Game 5 , the Red Sox returned to Shea Stadium looking to garner their first championship in 68 years . However , Game 6 would go down as one of the most devastating losses in club history . After pitching seven strong innings , Clemens was lifted from the game with a 3 -- 2 lead . Years later , Manager John McNamara said Clemens was suffering from a blister and asked to be taken out of the game , a claim Clemens denied . The Mets then scored a run off reliever and former Met Calvin Schiraldi to tie the score 3 -- 3 . The game went to extra innings , where the Red Sox took a 5 -- 3 lead in the top of the 10th on a solo home run by Henderson , a double by Boggs and an RBI single by second baseman Marty Barrett . After recording two outs in the bottom of the 10th , a graphic appeared on the NBC telecast hailing Barrett as the Player of the Game and Bruce Hurst as World Series MVP . A message even appeared briefly on the Shea Stadium scoreboard congratulating the Red Sox as world champions . After so many years of abject frustration , Red Sox fans around the world could taste victory . With the count at two balls and one strike , Mets catcher Gary Carter hit a single . It was followed by singles by Kevin Mitchell and Ray Knight . With Mookie Wilson batting , a wild pitch by Bob Stanley tied the game at 5 . Wilson then hit a slow ground ball to first ; the ball rolled through Bill Buckner 's legs , allowing Knight to score the winning run from second . Bill Buckner after his infamous error during Game 6 of the 1986 World Series While Buckner was singled out as responsible for the loss , many observers -- as well as both Wilson and Buckner -- have noted that even if Buckner had fielded the ball cleanly , the speedy Wilson probably would still have been safe , leaving the game - winning run at third with two out . Many observers questioned why Buckner was in the game at that point considering he had bad knees and that Dave Stapleton had come in as a late - inning defensive replacement in prior series games . It appeared as though McNamara was trying to reward Buckner for his long and illustrious career by leaving him in the game . After falling behind 3 -- 0 , the Mets then won Game 7 , concluding the devastating collapse and feeding the myth that the Red Sox were `` cursed . '' This World Series loss had a strange twist : Red Sox General Manager Lou Gorman was vice-president , player personnel , of the Mets from 1980 to 1983 . Working under Mets ' GM Frank Cashen , with whom Gorman served with the Orioles , he helped lay the foundation for the Mets ' championship . 1988 -- 1991 : Morgan magic The Red Sox returned to the postseason in 1988 . With the club in fourth place midway through the 1988 season at the All - Star break , manager John McNamara was fired and replaced by Walpole , Massachusetts , resident and longtime minor - league manager Joe Morgan on July 15 . Immediately the club won 12 games in a row , and 19 of 20 overall , to surge to the AL East title in what would be referred to as Morgan Magic . But the magic was short - lived , as the team was swept by the Oakland Athletics in the ALCS . Ironically , the MVP of that Series was former Red Sox pitcher and Baseball Hall of Fame player Dennis Eckersley , who saved all four wins for Oakland . Two years later , in 1990 , the Red Sox would again win the division and face the Athletics in the ALCS . However , the outcome was the same , with the A 's sweeping the ALCS in four straight . In 1990 , Yankees fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox . The demeaning chant would echo at Yankee Stadium each time the Red Sox were there . Also , Fenway Park became the scene of Bucky Dent 's worst moment as a manager , although it was where he had his greatest triumph . In June , when the Red Sox swept the Yankees during a four - game series at Fenway Park , the Yankees fired Dent as their manager . Red Sox fans felt retribution to Dent being fired on their field , but the Yankees used him as a scapegoat . However , Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe severely criticized Yankees Owner George Steinbrenner for firing Dent -- his 18th managerial change in as many years since becoming owner -- in Boston and said he should `` have waited until the Yankees got to Baltimore '' to fire Dent . He said that `` if Dent had been fired in Seattle or Milwaukee , this would have been just another event in an endless line of George 's jettisons . But it happened in Boston and the nightly news had its hook . '' `` The firing was only special because ... it 's the first time a Yankee manager -- who was also a Red Sox demon -- was purged on the ancient Indian burial grounds of the Back Bay . '' 1992 -- 2001 : mixed Results The Red Sox hosting a home game against the Atlanta Braves in July 2001 . Tom Yawkey died in 1976 , and his wife Jean R. Yawkey took control of the team until her death in 1992 . Their initials are shown in two stripes on the left field wall in Morse code . Upon Jean 's death , control of the team passed to the Yawkey Trust , led by John Harrington . The trust sold the team in 2002 , concluding 70 years of Yawkey ownership . In 1994 , General Manager Lou Gorman was replaced by Dan Duquette , a Massachusetts native who had worked for the Montreal Expos . Duquette revived the team 's farm system , which during his tenure produced players such as Nomar Garciaparra , Carl Pavano and David Eckstein . Duquette also spent money on free agents , notably an 8 - year , $160 million deal for Manny Ramírez after the 2000 season . The Red Sox won the newly realigned American League East in 1995 , finishing seven games ahead of the Yankees . However , they were swept in three games in the ALDS by the Cleveland Indians . Their postseason losing streak reached 13 straight games , dating back to the 1986 World Series . Roger Clemens tied his major league record by fanning 20 Detroit Tigers on September 18 , 1996 in what would prove to be one of his final appearances in a Red Sox uniform . After Clemens had turned 30 and then had four seasons , 1993 -- 96 , which were by his standards mediocre at best , Duquette said the pitcher was entering `` the twilight of his career '' . Clemens went on to pitch well for another ten years and win four more Cy Young Awards . Out of contention in 1997 , the team traded closer Heathcliff Slocumb to Seattle for catching prospect Jason Varitek and right - handed pitcher Derek Lowe . Prior to the start of the 1998 season , the Red Sox dealt pitchers Tony Armas , Jr. and Carl Pavano to the Montreal Expos for pitcher Pedro Martínez . Martínez became the anchor of the team 's pitching staff and turned in several outstanding seasons . In 1998 , the team won the American League Wild Card , but again lost the American League Division Series to the Indians . In 1999 , Duquette called Fenway Park `` economically obsolete '' and , along with Red Sox ownership , led a push for a new stadium . On the field , the 1999 Red Sox were finally able to overturn their fortunes against the Indians . Cleveland took a 2 -- 0 series lead , but Boston won the next three games behind strong pitching by Derek Lowe , Pedro Martínez and his brother Ramón Martínez . Game 4 's 23 -- 7 win by the Red Sox was the highest - scoring playoff game in major league history . Game 5 began with the Indians taking a 5 -- 2 lead after two innings , but Pedro Martínez , nursing a shoulder injury , came on in the fourth inning and pitched six innings without allowing a hit while the team 's offense rallied for a 12 -- 8 win behind two home runs and seven RBIs from outfielder Troy O'Leary . After the ALDS victory , the Red Sox lost the American League Championship Series to the Yankees , four games to one . The one bright spot was a lopsided win for the Red Sox in the much - hyped Martinez - Clemens game . 2002 -- present : John Henry ERA 2002 -- 03 Main articles : 2002 Boston Red Sox season and 2003 Boston Red Sox season In 2002 , the Red Sox were sold by Yawkey trustee and president Harrington to New England Sports Ventures , a consortium headed by principal owner John Henry . Tom Werner served as executive chairman , Larry Lucchino served as president and CEO , and serving as vice chairman was Les Otten . Dan Duquette was fired as GM of the club on February 28 , with former Angels GM Mike Port taking the helm for the 2002 season . A week later , manager Joe Kerrigan was fired and was replaced by Grady Little . While nearly all offseason moves were made under Duquette , such as signing outfielder Johnny Damon away from the Oakland Athletics , the new ownership made additions such as outfielder Cliff Floyd and relief pitcher Alan Embree . Nomar Garciaparra , Manny Ramírez , and Floyd all hit well , while Pedro Martínez put up his usual outstanding numbers . Derek Lowe , newly converted into a starter , won 20 games -- becoming the first player to save 20 games and win 20 games in back - to - back seasons . After failing to reach the playoffs , Port was replaced by Yale University graduate Theo Epstein . Epstein , raised in Brookline , Massachusetts , and just 28 at the time of his hiring , became the youngest general manager in MLB history . The Red Sox celebrate their clinching of the 2003 AL Wild Card with a victory over the Baltimore Orioles . The 2003 team was known as the `` Cowboy Up '' team , a nickname derived from first baseman Kevin Millar 's challenge to his teammates to show more determination . In the 2003 American League Division Series , the Red Sox rallied from a 0 -- 2 series deficit against the Athletics to win the best - of - five series . Derek Lowe returned to his former relief pitching role to save Game 5 , a 4 -- 3 victory . The team then faced the Yankees in the 2003 American League Championship Series . In Game 7 , Boston led 5 -- 2 in the eighth inning , but Pedro Martínez allowed three runs to tie the game . The Red Sox could not score off Mariano Rivera over the last three innings and eventually lost the game 6 -- 5 when Yankee third baseman Aaron Boone hit a solo home run off of Tim Wakefield . Some placed the blame for the loss on manager Grady Little for failing to remove starting pitcher Martínez in the 8th inning after some observers believe he began to show signs of tiring . Others credited Little with the team 's successful season and dramatic come - from - behind victory in the ALDS . Nevertheless , Boston 's management did not renew Little 's contract , and hired former Philadelphia Phillies manager Terry Francona . `` The Idiots '' : 2004 World Series championship Main articles : 2004 Boston Red Sox season , 2004 American League Division Series , 2004 American League Championship Series , and 2004 World Series During the 2003 -- 04 offseason , the Red Sox acquired another ace pitcher , Curt Schilling , and a closer , Keith Foulke . Due to some midseason struggles with injuries , management shook up the team at the July 31 trading deadline as part of a four - team trade . The Red Sox traded the team 's popular , yet oft - injured , shortstop Nomar Garciaparra and outfielder Matt Murton to the Chicago Cubs , and received first baseman Doug Mientkiewicz from the Minnesota Twins , and shortstop Orlando Cabrera from the Montreal Expos . In a separate transaction , the Red Sox acquired center fielder Dave Roberts from the Los Angeles Dodgers . Following the trades , the club won 22 out of 25 games and qualified for the playoffs as the AL Wild Card . Players and fans affectionately referred to the players as `` the Idiots '' , a term coined by Damon and Millar during the playoff push to describe the team 's eclectic roster and devil - may - care attitude toward their supposed `` curse . '' Boston began the postseason by sweeping the AL West champion Anaheim Angels in the ALDS . In the third game of the series , David Ortiz hit a walk - off two - run homer in the 10th inning to win the game and the series to advance to a rematch of the previous year 's ALCS in the ALCS against the Yankees . The ALCS started very poorly for the Red Sox , as they lost the first three games ( including a crushing 19 - 8 home loss in game 3 ) . In Game 4 , the Red Sox found themselves facing elimination , trailing 4 -- 3 in the ninth with Mariano Rivera in to close for the Yankees . After Rivera issued a walk to Millar , Roberts came on to pinch run and promptly stole second base . He then scored on an RBI single by Bill Mueller , sending the game into extra innings . The Red Sox went on to win the game on a two - run home run by Ortiz in the 12th inning , who also made the walk - off hit in the 14th inning of game 5 . The comeback continued with a victory from an injured Schilling in game 6 . Three sutures being used to stabilize the tendon in Schilling 's right ankle bled throughout the game , famously making his sock appear bloody red . The Red Sox completed their historic comeback in game 7 with a 10 -- 3 defeat of the Yankees . Ortiz , who had the game - winning RBIs in Games 4 and 5 , was named ALCS Most Valuable Player . The Red Sox joined the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs and 1975 New York Islanders as the only professional sports teams in history at the time to win a best - of - seven games series after being down three games to none . The 2009 -- 10 Philadelphia Flyers ( against the Boston Bruins ) and the 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Kings ( against the San Jose Sharks ) would also accomplish the feat . The Red Sox swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2004 World Series . The Red Sox never trailed throughout the series ; Mark Bellhorn hit a game - winning home run off Pesky 's Pole in game 1 , and Schilling pitched another bloodied - sock victory in game 2 , followed by similarly masterful pitching performances by Martinez and Derek Lowe . It was the Red Sox ' first championship in 86 years . Manny Ramírez was named World Series MVP . To add a final , surreal touch to Boston 's championship season , on the night of Game 4 a total lunar eclipse colored the moon red over Busch Stadium . The Red Sox earned many accolades from the sports media and throughout the nation for their incredible season , such as in December , when Sports Illustrated named the Boston Red Sox the 2004 Sportsmen of the Year . 2007 : World Series championship Main article : 2007 Boston Red Sox season Pitchers ( left -- right ) Josh Beckett , Jon Lester , Éric Gagné , pitching coach John Farrell and Curt Schilling , prior to a Red Sox game at Seattle in August 2007 2007 season final standing The 2005 AL East would be decided on the last weekend of the season , with the Yankees coming to Fenway Park with a one - game lead in the standings . The Red Sox won two of the three games to finish the season with the same record as the Yankees , 95 -- 67 . However , a playoff was not needed , as the loser of such a playoff would still make the playoffs as a Wild Card team . As the Yankees had won the season series , they were awarded the division title , and the Red Sox competed in the playoffs as the Wild Card . Boston failed to defend their championship , and was swept in three games by the eventual 2005 World Series champion Chicago White Sox in the first round of the playoffs . In 2006 David Ortiz broke Jimmie Foxx 's single season Red Sox home run record by hitting 54 homers . However , Boston failed to make the playoffs after compiling a 9 -- 21 record in the month of August due to several injuries in club 's roster . Theo Epstein 's first step toward restocking the team for 2007 was to pursue one of the most anticipated acquisitions in baseball history . On November 14 , MLB announced that Boston had won the bid for the rights to negotiate a contract with Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball superstar pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka . Boston placed a bid of $51.1 million to negotiate with Matsuzaka and completed a 6 - year , $52 million contract after they were announced as the winning bid . The Red Sox moved into first place in the AL East by mid-April and never relinquished their division lead . Initially , rookie second baseman Dustin Pedroia under - performed , hitting below . 200 in April . Manager Terry Francona refused to bench him and his patience paid off as Pedroia eventually won the AL Rookie of the Year Award for his performance that season , which included 165 hits and a . 317 batting average . On the mound , Josh Beckett emerged as the ace of the staff with his first 20 - win season , as fellow starting pitchers Schilling , Matsuzaka , Wakefield and Julián Tavárez all struggled at times . Relief pitcher Hideki Okajima , another recent arrival from the NPB , posted an ERA of 0.88 through the first half and was selected for the All - Star Game . Okajima finished the season with a 2.22 ERA and 5 saves , emerging as one of baseball 's top relievers . Minor league call - up Clay Buchholz provided a spark on September 1 by pitching a no - hitter in his second career start . The Red Sox captured their first AL East title since 1995 . Victorious Red Sox players being honored at the White House by President George W. Bush . The Red Sox swept the Angels in the ALDS . Facing the Cleveland Indians in the ALCS , the Red Sox fell in games 2 , 3 , and 4 before Beckett picked up his second victory of the series in game 5 , starting a comeback . The Red Sox captured their twelfth American League pennant by outscoring the Indians 30 -- 5 over the final three games . The Red Sox faced the Colorado Rockies in the 2007 World Series , and swept the Rockies in four games . In Game 4 , Wakefield gave up his spot in the rotation to a recovered Jon Lester , who gave the Red Sox an impressive start , pitching 52⁄3 shutout innings . Key home runs late in the game by third baseman Mike Lowell and pinch - hitter Bobby Kielty secured the Red Sox ' second title in four years , as Lowell was named World Series MVP . 2008 -- 2012 : injuries and collapses The Red Sox began their season by participating in the third opening day game in MLB history to be played in Japan , where they defeated the Oakland A 's in the Tokyo Dome . On May 19 , Jon Lester threw the 18th no - hitter in team history , defeating the Kansas City Royals 7 -- 0 . Down the stretch , outfielder Manny Ramirez became embroiled in controversy surrounding public incidents with fellow players and other team employees , as well as criticism of ownership and not playing , which some claimed was due to laziness and nonexistent injuries . The front office decided to move the disgrunted outfielder at the July 31 trade deadline , shipping him to the Dodgers in a three - way deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates that landed them Jason Bay to replace him in left field . With Ramirez gone , and Bay providing a new spark in the lineup , the Red Sox improved vastly and made the playoffs as the AL Wild Card . The Red Sox defeated the Angels in the 2008 ALDS three games to one . The Red Sox then took on their AL East rivals the Tampa Bay Rays in the ALCS . Down three games to one in the 5th game of the ALCS , Boston mounted a comeback from trailing 7 - 0 in the 7th inning to win 8 - 7 . They tied the series at 3 games apiece with a game 6 victory before losing game 7 , 3 -- 1 , thus becoming the eighth team in a row since 2000 to fail to repeat as world champions . The Red Sox returned to postseason play the following season , but were swept by the Los Angeles Angels in three games . In 2011 , the Red Sox collapsed in the month of September losing 11 of 14 , reminiscent of 1978 and destroying their playoff aspirations . In December 2011 , Bobby Valentine was hired as a new manager . The 2012 season marked the centennial of Fenway Park , and on April 20 , past and present Red Sox players and coaches assembled to celebrate the park 's anniversary . However , the collapse that they endured in September 2011 carried over into the season . The Red Sox struggled throughout the season due to injuries , inconsistent play , and off - field news . finished 69 -- 93 for their first losing season since 1997 , and their worst season since 1965 . The Massachusetts State House displaying a banner in honor of the Red Sox 's 2013 World Series appearance Boston strong : 2013 World Series champions Main article : 2013 Boston Red Sox season Boston , which finished last in the American League East with a 69 -- 93 record in 2012 -- 26 games behind the Yankees , became the 11th team in major league history to go from worst in the division to first the next season when it clinched the A.L. East division title on September 20 , 2013 . Many credit the team 's turnaround with the hiring of manager John Farrell , the former Red Sox pitching coach under Terry Francona from 2007 to 2010 . As a former member of the staff , he had the respect of influential players such as Lester , Pedroia , and Ortiz . But there were other moves made in the offseason by general manager Ben Cherington who targeted `` character '' players to fill the team 's needs . These acquisitions included veteran catcher David Ross , Jonny Gomes , Mike Napoli , and Shane Victorino . While some questioned these players as `` re-treads '' , it was clear that Cherington was trying to move past 2011 -- 2012 by bringing in `` clubhouse players '' . Essential to the turnaround , however , was the pitching staff . With ace veteran John Lackey coming off Tommy John surgery and both Jon Lester and Clay Buchholz returning to their prior form , this allowed the team to rely less on their bullpen . Everything seemed in danger of collapsing , however , when both closers , Joel Hanrahan and Andrew Bailey , went down early with season - ending injuries . Farrell gave the closing job to Koji Uehara on June 21 who delivered with a 1.09 ERA and an MLB record 0.565 WHIP . On September 11 , the 37 - year - old right - hander set a new Red Sox record when he retired 33 straight batters . Other reasons include the trade deadline acquisition of pitcher Jake Peavy when the Red Sox were in second place in the AL East , the depth of the bench with players such as Mike Carp and rookies Jackie Bradley , Jr. and Xander Bogaerts , and the re-emergence of players such as Will Middlebrooks and Daniel Nava . On September 28 , 2013 , the team secured home field advantage throughout the American League playoffs when their closest competition , the Oakland Athletics , lost . The next day , the team finished the season going 97 -- 65 , the best record in the American League and tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the best record in baseball . They proceeded to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2013 World Series , four games to two . The Red Sox became the first team since the 1991 Minnesota Twins to win the World Series a year after finishing in last place , and the second overall . The 2012 Red Sox ' . 426 winning percentage was the lowest for a team in a season prior to a World Series championship . Patch worn by the Boston Red Sox in memory of Boston Marathon bombing victims Throughout the season , the Red Sox players and organization formed a close association with the city of Boston and its people in relation to the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on April 15 , 2013 . On April 20 , the day after the alleged bombers were captured , David Ortiz gave a pre-game speech following a ceremony honoring the victims and the local law enforcement , in which he stated , `` This is our fucking city ! And nobody is going to dictate our freedom ! Stay strong ! '' For the entirety of the season , the team wore an additional arm patch that exhibited the Red Sox `` B '' logo and the word `` Strong '' within a blue circle . The team also hung up in the dugout a custom jersey that read `` Boston Strong '' with the number 617 , representing the city of Boston 's area code . On many occasions during the season , victims of the attack and law enforcement involved were given the honor of throwing the ceremonial first pitch . Following their victory in the 2013 World Series , the first one clinched at home in Fenway Park since 1918 , Red Sox players Jonny Gomes and Jarrod Saltalamacchia performed a ceremony during the team 's traditional duck boat victory parade , in which they placed the World Series trophy and the custom 617 jersey on the Boston Marathon finish line on Boylston Street , followed by a moment of silence and a singing of God Bless America . This ceremony helped the city `` reclaim '' its spirit that was lost after the bombing . Overall , the Red Sox team and organization played a role in the healing process after the tragedy , owing to the team 's unifying effect on the city . Recent years Following the 2013 championship , the team finished last in the AL East during 2014 with a record of 71 -- 91 , and again in 2015 with a record of 78 -- 84 . On September 20 , 2015 , David Ortiz hit his 500th career home run off Matt Moore in Tropicana Field becoming the 27th player in MLB history to achieve that prestigious milestone ; in November 2015 , Ortiz announced that the 2016 season would be his last . The Red Sox had a record of 93 -- 69 and won their division in 2016 , with six American League All - Stars , the AL Cy Young Award winner in Rick Porcello , and the runner - up for the AL Most Valuable Player Award , Mookie Betts . Rookie Andrew Benintendi established himself in the Red Sox ' outfield , and Steven Wright emerged as one of the year 's biggest surprises . The Red Sox grabbed the lead in the AL East early and held on to it throughout the year , which included many teams honoring Ortiz throughout the season . Despite the success , the team lost five of their last six games of the regular season and were swept in the ALDS by the eventual American League Champion Cleveland Indians . The following season , the Red Sox once again finished with a record of 93 - 69 and repeated as division champions in 2017 . The Red Sox went 5 - 5 in their last ten games and were taken out by the Houston Astros in four games . Following the end of the season , the Red Sox would fire their manager , John Farrell ( manager ) and would sign former player , Alex Cora to a 3 - year deal . Current roster Boston Red Sox roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 22 Rick Porcello 24 David Price 57 Eduardo Rodríguez 41 Chris Sale Bullpen 32 Matt Barnes 37 Heath Hembree 61 Brian Johnson 56 Joe Kelly 66 Bobby Poyner 39 Carson Smith 76 Héctor Velázquez Closer 46 Craig Kimbrel Catchers 3 Sandy León 23 Blake Swihart 7 Christian Vázquez Infielders 11 Rafael Devers 12 Brock Holt 18 Mitch Moreland 36 Eduardo Núñez Outfielders 16 Andrew Benintendi 50 Mookie Betts 19 Jackie Bradley Jr . 28 J.D. Martinez Designated hitters 13 Hanley Ramírez Pitchers 78 Jalen Beeks 79 Ty Buttrey 29 Roenis Elías 66 Williams Jerez 62 Austin Maddox 31 Drew Pomeranz 63 Robby Scott 67 Chandler Shepherd 47 Tyler Thornburg 64 Marcus Walden 44 Brandon Workman 35 Steven Wright Infielders 2 Xander Bogaerts 5 Tzu - Wei Lin 15 Dustin Pedroia 59 Sam Travis Manager 20 Alex Cora Coaches 86 Brian Bannister ( assistant pitching ) 58 Andy Barkett ( assistant hitting ) 53 Craig Bjornson ( bullpen / catching ) 87 Mike Brenly ( bullpen catcher ) 52 Carlos Febles ( third base ) 82 Tom Goodwin ( first base / outfield ) 51 Tim Hyers ( hitting ) 60 Dana LeVangie ( pitching ) 88 Mani Martinez ( bullpen catcher ) 10 Ron Roenicke ( bench ) 84 Ramón Vázquez ( coach ) 60 - day disabled list 40 Marco Hernández 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated April 8 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Uniform Main article : Logos and uniforms of the Boston Red Sox Spring training A spring training game at JetBlue Park Main article : Boston Red Sox spring training home Truck day The unofficial beginning of the spring training season for the Red Sox is Truck Day , the day a tractor - trailer filled with equipment leaves Fenway Park bound for the Sox spring training facility in Florida . JetBlue Park Main article : jetBlue Park at Fenway South In October 2008 , the Lee County commission voted 3 -- 1 to approve an agreement with the Red Sox to build a new spring - training facility for the team in south Lee County . On November 1 , 2008 , the Red Sox signed an agreement with Lee County intended to keep their spring training home in the Fort Myers area for 30 more years . In April 2009 , it was announced that the new stadium would be located on a 126 - acre lot north of Southwest Florida International Airport . In March 2011 , it was announced that the new field would be named JetBlue Park at Fenway South . The park was named JetBlue Park after JetBlue Airlines , which has maintained major operations at Boston 's Logan International Airport since 2004 . Many characteristics of the stadium have been taken from Fenway Park , including a 37 - foot ( 11 m ) Green Monster wall in left field . Included in the wall is a restored version of the manual scoreboard that was housed at Fenway for almost 30 years , beginning in the 1970s . The field dimensions are identical to those at Fenway . Rivalry with the Yankees Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Red Sox and New York Yankees have been rivals . The rivalry is often a heated subject of conversation in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , every playoffs has featured one or both of the American League East rivals and they both have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . In 2003 , The Red Sox lost in game 7 of the AL Championship series on Aaron Boone 's walk off home run. Similarly , the 2004 AL Championship Series is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a series . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams often generate a great deal of interest and get extensive media coverage , including being broadcast on national television . Radio and television See also : List of Boston Red Sox broadcasters Currently , the flagship radio station of the Red Sox is WEEI - FM / 93.7 . Joe Castiglione , in his 25th year as the voice of the Red Sox , serves as the lead play - by - play announcer , along with Dave O'Brien and Jon Rish . Some of Castiglione 's predecessors include Curt Gowdy , Ken Coleman , and Ned Martin . He has also worked with play - by - play veterans Bob Starr and Jerry Trupiano . Many stations throughout New England and beyond pick up the broadcasts . All Red Sox telecasts not shown nationally on Fox or ESPN are seen on New England Sports Network ( NESN ) , until 2015 with Don Orsillo calling play - by - play and Jerry Remy , former Red Sox second baseman , as color analyst . At the start of the 2016 season , Dave O'Brien took over the play - by - play duties . During Remy 's recovery from cancer , former Red Sox players Dennis Eckersley and Dave Roberts have alternated doing color commentary . NESN became exclusive in 2006 ; before then , games were shown on such local stations as the original WHDH - TV , WNAC - TV ( now the current WHDH ) , WBZ - TV , WSBK - TV , WLVI , WABU , and WFXT at various points in team history . Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Ted Williams LF Retired May 29 , 1984 Joe Cronin SS Mgr , GM Retired May 29 , 1984 Bobby Doerr 2B Coach Retired May 21 , 1988 Carl Yastrzemski LF , 1B , DH Retired August 6 , 1989 Carlton Fisk Retired September 4 , 2000 Johnny Pesky SS , 3B Mgr , Coach Retired September 23 , 2008 Jim Rice LF , DH Coach Retired July 28 , 2009 Pedro Martínez RHP Retired July 28 , 2015 Wade Boggs 3B Retired May 26 , 2016 David Ortiz DH , 1B Retired June 23 , 2017 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The Red Sox used to publish on their website and their annual media guides three official requirements for a player to have his number retired : Election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame At least 10 years played with the Red Sox Finished his career with the club . These requirements were reconsidered after the election of Carlton Fisk to the Hall of Fame in 2000 ; who met the first two requirements but played the second half of his career with the White Sox . As a means of meeting the criteria , then - GM Dan Duquette hired Fisk for one day as a special assistant , which allowed Fisk to technically finish his career with the Red Sox . In 2008 , the Red Sox made an `` exception '' by retiring # 6 for Johnny Pesky . Pesky neither spent ten years as a player nor was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame ; however , Red Sox ownership cited `` ... his versatility of his contributions -- on the field , off the field , ( and ) in the dugout ... '' , including as a manager , scout , and special instructor and decided that the honor had been well - earned . Pesky spent 57 years with the Red Sox organization ; as a minor league player ( 1940 - 1941 ) , major league player ( 1942 , 1946 -- 1952 ) , minor league manager ( 1961 -- 1962 , 1990 ) , major league manager ( 1963 -- 1964 , 1980 ) , broadcaster ( 1969 -- 1974 ) , major league coach ( 1975 -- 1984 ) , and as a special instructor and assistant general manager ( 1985 -- 2012 ) . In 2015 , the Red Sox chose to forgo the official criteria and retire Pedro Martínez 's # 45 . Martínez only spent 7 of his 18 seasons in Boston . In justifying the number 's retirement , Red Sox principal owner John Henry stated , `` To be elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame upon his first year of eligibility speaks volumes regarding Pedro 's outstanding career , and is a testament to the respect and admiration so many in baseball have for him . '' After which , the official criteria no longer appeared on the team website nor future media guides . In 2017 , less than eight months after he played the final game of his illustrious career , David Ortiz had his # 34 retired by the Red Sox . Ortiz will not be eligible for election to the Hall of Fame until 2022 . Ortiz is the only Red Sox player to have won three World Series championships since the issuance of jersey numbers starting in 1931 . The number 42 was officially retired by Major League Baseball in 1997 , but Mo Vaughn was one of a handful of players to continue wearing # 42 through a grandfather clause . He last wore it for the team in 1998 . In commemoration of Jackie Robinson Day , MLB invited players to wear the number 42 for games played on April 15 , Coco Crisp ( CF ) , David Ortiz ( DH ) , and DeMarlo Hale ( Coach ) did that in 2007 and again in 2008 . Starting in 2009 , MLB had all uniformed players for all teams wear # 42 for Jackie Robinson Day . While not officially retired , the Red Sox have not issued several numbers since the departure of prominent figures who wore them , specifically : 21 : Roger Clemens RHP ( 1984 -- 1996 ) . 33 : Jason Varitek C ( 1997 -- 2011 ) ; retired as member of Red Sox . 49 : Tim Wakefield RHP ( 1995 -- 2011 ) ; retired as member of Red Sox . There has also been debate in Boston media circles and among fans about the potential retiring of Tony Conigliaro 's number 25 . Nonetheless , since Conigliaro 's last full season in Boston , 1970 , the number has continued to be issued to individuals , including players Orlando Cepeda , Steve Renko , Mark Clear , Ed Romero , Don Baylor , Larry Parrish , Jack Clark , Jeff Russell , Troy O'Leary , Jeremy Giambi , Ellis Burks , Adam Hyzdu , Mike Lowell , Jackie Bradley , Jr. , Kyle Kendrick and Rajai Davis ; coach Dwight Evans , and manager Bobby Valentine . Until the late 1990s , the numbers originally hung on the right - field facade in the order in which they were retired : 9 -- 4 -- 1 -- 8 . It was pointed out that the numbers , when read as a date ( 9 / 4 / 18 ) , marked the eve of the first game of the 1918 World Series , the last championship series that the Red Sox won before 2004 . After the facade was repainted , the numbers were rearranged in numerical order . In 2012 , the numbers were rearranged again in chronological order of retirement ( 9 , 4 , 1 , 8 , 27 , 6 , 14 ) followed by Robinson 's 42 . As additional numbers are retired ( e.g. : Pedro 's 45 , Boggs 's 26 , Papi 's 34 ) , Robinson 's 42 is moved to the right so it remains the right-most number hanging . Baseball Hall of famers Boston Red Sox Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Luis Aparicio Wade Boggs Lou Boudreau Jesse Burkett Orlando Cepeda Jack Chesbro Jimmy Collins Joe Cronin Andre Dawson Bobby Doerr Dennis Eckersley Rick Ferrell * Carlton Fisk * Jimmie Foxx * Lefty Grove * Rickey Henderson Harry Hooper Waite Hoyt Ferguson Jenkins George Kell Heinie Manush Juan Marichal Pedro Martínez * Herb Pennock * Tony Pérez Jim Rice Red Ruffing Babe Ruth Tom Seaver Al Simmons John Smoltz Tris Speaker Dick Williams Ted Williams Carl Yastrzemski Cy Young Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Red Sox cap insignia . * Wears Red Sox cap on Hall of Fame plaque , but spent more time on other teams Ford C frick Award recipients Boston Red Sox Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Curt Gowdy Bob Murphy Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Red Sox . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates Level Team League Location Triple - A Pawtucket Red Sox International League Pawtucket , Rhode Island Double - A Portland Sea Dogs Eastern League Portland , Maine Class A-Advanced Salem Red Sox Carolina League Salem , Virginia Class A Greenville Drive South Atlantic League Greenville , South Carolina Class A-Short Season Lowell Spinners New York -- Penn League Lowell , Massachusetts Rookie GCL Red Sox Gulf Coast League Fort Myers , Florida DSL Red Sox Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Other notable seasons and team records Main article : List of Boston Red Sox team records Nomar Garciaparra hit . 372 in 2000 , the club record for a right - handed hitter . David Ortiz in 2005 had 47 home runs and 148 RBIs . He also had many game winning and timely hits and came in second in the MVP voting to the New York Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez . David Ortiz had a franchise record - breaking 2006 season with 54 home runs in the regular season On April 22 , 2007 , Manny Ramírez , J.D. Drew , Mike Lowell , and Jason Varitek hit four consecutive home runs in the 3rd inning off 10 pitches from Chase Wright of the New York Yankees in his second Major League start and his fourth above Single - A ball . This was the fifth time in Major League history , and first time in Red Sox history this feat has occurred . Notable is that J.D. Drew had previously contributed to a four consecutive home run sequence on September 18 , 2006 ( coincidentally also the second batter in the sequence ) while with the Los Angeles Dodgers . Additionally , then - Red Sox manager Terry Francona 's father , Tito Francona , also was a part of such a four consecutive home run sequence for the Cleveland Indians in 1963 . The overall regular season winning percentage since club inception in 1901 is . 516 , a record of 8595 -- 8065 for games played through July 9 , 2008 . They started 2007 with winning percentage of . 512 ( 8444 -- 7960 ) . On September 1 , 2007 , Clay Buchholz no - hit the Baltimore Orioles in his second Major League start . He is the first Red Sox rookie and 17th Red Sox pitcher to throw a no - hitter . On September 22 , 2007 , with a victory over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays , the Red Sox clinched a spot in the postseason for the fourth time in five years , the first time in club history this has happened . Also , with this postseason berth , manager Terry Francona becomes the first manager in team history to lead the club to three playoff appearances . Between May 15 , 2003 and April 10 , 2013 , the Red Sox sold out every home game . The 820 game streak is a record for all major American sports , narrowly passing the Portland Trail Blazers record of 814 between 1977 and 1995 . The previous major league baseball record had been held by the Cleveland Indians , who sold out 455 games between June 12 , 1995 and April 2 , 2001 . ( The team 's definition of a sellout : `` The criteria used for a sellout at Fenway Park have been the same since the early 1990s , '' Kennedy said in an e-mail . `` Our policy is simple and straightforward , and is used by many MLB clubs ( and other sports teams around the country ) . A sellout occurs when the number of tickets distributed to spectators is equal to or greater than the seating capacity at Fenway Park . ( The 2008 seating capacity is 36,984 for day games and 37,400 for night games . ) '' That is : a sellout only covers ticket sales , not spectators in physical seats . ) On May 21 , 2011 , the Red Sox played against the Chicago Cubs at Fenway Park for the first time since the 1918 World Series ( they had faced each other at Chicago 's Wrigley Field in 2005 ) . Both teams wore uniforms that match the style worn in 1918 . In 2016 , David Ortiz set all - time records for most home runs and RBI in a player 's final MLB season . Ortiz finished the season with 38 homers , which surpassed Dave Kingman 's 35 in 1986 , and 127 RBI , which surpassed Shoeless Joe Jackson 's 123 in 1920 . See also Baseball portal Boston portal Boston Red Sox all - time roster List of Boston Red Sox team records List of Boston Red Sox award winners List of Boston Red Sox managers List of Boston Red Sox coaches List of World Series champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Tony Conigliaro Award The Jimmy Fund Fever Pitch -- a film covering the 2004 Boston Red Sox championship run from a fan - based point of view . Game 6 -- a film covering the Red Sox 's ultimately unsuccessful 1986 World Series championship run . Red Sox Rule -- a 2008 book written by Michael Holley . Notes Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Red Sox unveil ' retro roadies '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2007 '' . ESPN . November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Tigers 7 , Red Sox 2 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Top five most loyal MLB fan bases '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Start of the Red Sox '' . New - York Tribune . August 27 , 1888 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ From George V. Tuohey ( 1897 ) . A History of the Boston Baseball Club : A concise and accurate history of Base Ball from its inception . Boston , Massachusetts : M.F. Quinn & Co. p. 64 . Jump up ^ Nowlin 's follow - up article in The National Pastime . Apparently this originated with a writer for the Washington Post during 1906 , and by 1907 it started to be retroactively applied to the 1903 club , even by Boston newspapers . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Pilgrims Did Exist '' . Celebrateboston.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Colin McEnroe at the Hartford Courant '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox News RedSox.com : News '' . Boston Red Sox . MLB . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Business Entity Summary ID Number : L86001121 '' . Office of the Secretary of State of Massachusetts , Corporations Division . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lussierphoto.com/2011/01/03/boston-american-league-baseball-company/ Jump up ^ The Milwaukee Sentinel , April 16 , 1981 , `` Where is the bronze giantess , Germania ? '' By Jay Joslyn Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Cy Young Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Dutch Leonard Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Duffy Lewis '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Mays '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year League Leaders & Records for Home Runs -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . Random House . pp. 161 -- 64 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB -- When the Yankees nearly moved to Boston '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Schang BaseballLibrary.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Everett Scott BaseballLibrary.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Elmer Smith BaseballLibrary.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Pennock Statistics -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Williams Statistics -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Carl Yastrzemski Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 145 -- 147 ^ Jump up to : Cafardo , Nick ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Dent Dumped by Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Roger Clemens Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Page 2 : Is Clemens the Antichrist ? '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( October 28 , 1986 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; Babe Ruth Curse Strikes Again '' . The New York Times . p . D33 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lou Gorman , Whose Red Sox Lost to Mets , Dies at 82 '' . The New York Times . p . B8 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` His Back Was Against the Wall '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of The Boston Red Sox : Ballpark : Fenway Facts '' . Boston Red Sox . MLB . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` David Eckstein Statistics -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens putting Cooperstown on hold '' . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joseph P. ( September 24 , 2003 ) . `` Rallying Cry Spurs Sox To Finish Ride '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( 23 October 2003 ) . `` Boston Globe , Little unsure he wants job '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Going , going , gone '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Drew 's game - winning hit keeps Red Sox alive in ALCS '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Down by 7 -- 0 , Red Sox Force a Game 6 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ringolsby , T. ( September 21 , 2013 ) . Worst to first finishes becoming more coming . Mlb.com . retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130921&content_id=61302802 Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 20 , 2013 ) . Numerous reasons for Red Sox 's Turnaround . Mlb.com retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130920&content_id=61186228 Jump up ^ The Uehara Phenomenon http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/10/18/the-uehara-phenomenon/ Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 19 , 2013 ) . Uehara hit the ground running as Boston 's closer . Mlb.com retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130919&content_id=61080784&vkey=news_bos&c_id=bos Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 20 , 2013 ) . Numerous reasons for Red Sox 's Turnaround . Mlb.com retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130920&content_id=61186228&vkey=news_bos&c_id=bos Jump up ^ Brown , I. ( September 28 , 2013 ) . Red Sox secure home - field advantage throughout playoffs . Retrieved from http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/bos/red-sox-secure-home-field-advantage-throughout-playoffs?ymd=20130928&content_id=62065434 Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 29 , 2013 ) . As playoffs loom , Sox get in final tune - up . Retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2013_09_29_bosmlb_balmlb_1 Jump up ^ `` World Series 2013 Schedule : Where and When to Catch Remaining Games '' . Bleacher Report . 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Red Sox parade reclaims marathon finish line '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moroney , Tom and Linskey , Annie ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Red Sox Homage to April Bomb Victims Drives World Series Win '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karlamangla , Soumya ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Boston celebrates Red Sox win , remembers marathon bombings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston fans converge on bombing site '' . Fox Sports . October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Saturday 's Boston Red Sox victory parade to heal city 's marathon wounds '' . CNN . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Papi confirms he will retire after 2016 season '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Boston Red Sox Schedule and Results '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Boston Red Sox Schedule and Results '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox Hire Alex Cora '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Signs of spring arrive '' . The News - Press . Fort Myers , Florida . February 9 , 2009 . p. 27 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Healey , Tim ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Red Sox fans show support on annual Truck Day '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox to stay in Fort Myers for 30 more springs '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charlie Whitehead ( 2009 - 04 - 28 ) . `` A home run : Lee commissioners choose Watermen - Pinnacle as site for new Red Sox spring home - Naples Daily News '' . Naplesnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue puts stamp on Red Sox Complex '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon . `` Sox new facility to be named JetBlue Park -- Boston Red Sox Blog -- ESPN Boston '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham , Peter ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox announce spring training ticket prices at new JetBlue Park '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/curse-boonebinoshot-11th-history-sox-article-1.518448 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Tim ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Two nations , over the air : Portrait of a rivalry in radio waves '' . The Boston Globe . p . K12 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers from redsox.com '' . Jump up ^ 2014 Boston Red Sox Media Guide ( PDF ) . 2014 . p. 416 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Leigh ( 2001 ) . The Red Sox Fan Handbook . Swordsmith Books . p. 208 . ISBN 1 - 931013 - 03 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Pesky makes honor roll '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Mastrodonato , Jason ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Red Sox to retire Pedro Martínez 's No. 45 at Fenway Park on July 28 '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers from redsox.com '' . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 Boston Red Sox Media Guide ( PDF ) . 2015 . pp. 376 -- 379 . Jump up ^ 2016 Boston Red Sox Media Guide ( PDF ) . 2016 . pp. 353 -- 356 . Jump up ^ `` Sox to retire Papi 's number tonight vs. Angels '' . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox All - Time Uniform Numbers '' . Jump up ^ Dzen , Gary ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Sox to retire Rice 's number tonight '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Cary ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Effort Being Renewed to Retire Tony Conigliaro 's Red Sox Jersey '' . Lynn Journal . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couture , Jon ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` What ifs not enough to retire Tony C 's number 25 '' . South Coast Today . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` David Ortiz Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sox tie mark with four straight homers redsox.com : News '' . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com -- Blogs -- Rob Neyer Blog Jump up ^ Livingstone , Seth ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Happy Birthday : Fenway Park turns 100 years old '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon . `` Red Sox 's sellout streak ends '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Red Sox to set MLB sellout record '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 14 , Boston Red Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet . Retrosheet.org . June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox to `` turn back the clock '' on Saturday against the Cubs `` . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` David Ortiz breaks Dave Kingman 's final - season HR record with 36th '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ortiz sets mark for most RBIs in final season '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . References Nowlin , Bill ; Prime , Jim ( 2005 ) . Feud : The Red Sox , The Yankees , and the Struggle of Good versus Evil . Rounder Books . ISBN 1 - 57940 - 111 - 2 . Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Red Sox Century . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 88417 - 9 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Red Sox . Boston Red Sox official website Season - by - Season Records Boston Red Sox Video at ESPN Video Archive 2004 World Series win in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2004 - 10 - 28 . Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Achievements Preceded by None ( First ) Philadelphia Athletics 1911 Boston Braves 1914 Chicago White Sox 1917 Florida Marlins 2003 St. Louis Cardinals 2006 San Francisco Giants 2012 World Series championships 1903 1912 1915 & 1916 1918 2007 2013 Succeeded by New York Giants 1905 Philadelphia Athletics 1913 Chicago White Sox 1917 Cincinnati Reds 1919 Chicago White Sox 2005 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 San Francisco Giants 2014 Principal owners of the Boston Red Sox franchise Charles Somers Henry Killilea John I. Taylor & Jimmy McAleer John I. Taylor & Joseph Lannin Joseph Lannin Harry Frazee Bob Quinn Tom Yawkey Jean R. Yawkey JRY Trust John W. Henry Boston Red Sox general managers Eddie Collins ( 1933 -- 1947 ) Joe Cronin ( 1948 -- 1958 ) Bucky Harris ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Dick O'Connell ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Pinky Higgins ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Dick O'Connell ( 1965 -- 1977 ) Haywood Sullivan ( 1978 -- 1983 ) Lou Gorman ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Dan Duquette ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Mike Port ( 2002 ) Theo Epstein ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Ben Cherington and Jed Hoyer ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Theo Epstein ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ben Cherington ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Mike Hazen ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Red Sox managers Jimmy Collins ( 1901 -- 1906 ) Chick Stahl ( 1906 ) Cy Young ( 1907 ) Bob Unglaub ( 1907 ) George Huff ( 1907 ) Deacon McGuire ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Fred Lake ( 1908 -- 1909 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Jake Stahl ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Bill Carrigan ( 1913 -- 1916 ) Jack Barry ( 1917 ) Ed Barrow ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Hugh Duffy ( 1921 -- 1922 ) Frank Chance ( 1923 ) Lee Fohl ( 1924 -- 1926 ) Bill Carrigan ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Heinie Wagner ( 1930 ) Shano Collins ( 1931 -- 1932 ) Marty McManus ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Bucky Harris ( 1934 ) Joe Cronin ( 1935 -- 1947 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Steve O'Neill ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Lou Boudreau ( 1952 -- 1954 ) Pinky Higgins ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Rudy York ( 1959 ) Billy Jurges ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Del Baker ( 1960 ) Pinky Higgins ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Johnny Pesky ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Billy Herman ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Pete Runnels ( 1966 ) Dick Williams ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Eddie Popowski ( 1969 ) Eddie Kasko ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Eddie Popowski ( 1973 ) Darrell Johnson ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Don Zimmer ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Johnny Pesky ( 1980 ) Ralph Houk ( 1981 -- 1984 ) John McNamara ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Joe Morgan ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Butch Hobson ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Kevin Kennedy ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Jimy Williams ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Joe Kerrigan ( 2001 ) Grady Little ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Terry Francona ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Bobby Valentine ( 2012 ) John Farrell ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Alex Cora ( 2018 -- ) Boston Red Sox retired numbers 1 Bobby Doerr 4 Joe Cronin 6 Johnny Pesky 8 Carl Yastrzemski 9 Ted Williams 14 Jim Rice 26 Wade Boggs 27 Carlton Fisk 34 David Ortiz 45 Pedro Martínez Championship navigation boxes Boston Americans 1903 World Series champions Jimmy Collins Lou Criger Bill Dinneen Patsy Dougherty Duke Farrell Hobe Ferris Buck Freeman Norwood Gibson Tom Hughes Candy LaChance Jack O'Brien Freddy Parent Chick Stahl George Winter Cy Young Manager Jimmy Collins Regular season Boston Americans 1904 American League Champions Jimmy Collins Lou Criger Bill Dinneen Patsy Dougherty Duke Farrell Hobe Ferris Buck Freeman Norwood Gibson Candy LaChance Freddy Parent Kip Selbach Chick Stahl Jesse Tannehill George Winter Cy Young Manager Jimmy Collins Regular season Boston Red Sox 1912 World Series champions Neal Ball Hugh Bedient Hugh Bradley Hick Cady Bill Carrigan Ray Collins Clyde Engle Larry Gardner Charley Hall Olaf Henriksen Harry Hooper Marty Krug Duffy Lewis Les Nunamaker Buck O'Brien Larry Pape Tris Speaker Jake Stahl Pinch Thomas Heinie Wagner Joe Wood Steve Yerkes Manager Jake Stahl Regular season Boston Red Sox 1915 World Series champions Jack Barry Hick Cady Bill Carrigan Ray Collins Rube Foster Del Gainer Larry Gardner Vean Gregg Olaf Henriksen Dick Hoblitzell Harry Hooper Hal Janvrin Dutch Leonard Duffy Lewis Carl Mays Herb Pennock Babe Ruth Everett Scott Ernie Shore Tris Speaker Pinch Thomas Heinie Wagner Smoky Joe Wood Manager Bill Carrigan Regular season Boston Red Sox 1916 World Series champions Hick Cady Bill Carrigan Rube Foster Del Gainer Larry Gardner Olaf Henriksen Dick Hoblitzell Harry Hooper Hal Janvrin Dutch Leonard Duffy Lewis Carl Mays Mike McNally Babe Ruth Everett Scott Ernie Shore Chick Shorten Pinch Thomas Tilly Walker Jimmy Walsh Manager Bill Carrigan Regular season Boston Red Sox 1918 World Series champions Sam Agnew Joe Bush Jean Dubuc Harry Hooper Sam Jones Carl Mays Stuffy McInnis Hack Miller Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Dave Shean Amos Strunk Fred Thomas George Whiteman Manager Ed Barrow Regular season Boston Red Sox 2004 World Series champions 3 Pokey Reese 7 Trot Nixon 11 Bill Mueller 12 Mark Bellhorn 13 Doug Mientkiewicz 15 Kevin Millar 18 Johnny Damon 19 Gabe Kapler 20 Kevin Youkilis 24 Manny Ramirez ( World Series MVP ) 26 Ramiro Mendoza 28 Doug Mirabelli 29 Keith Foulke 30 Curt Leskanic 31 Dave Roberts 32 Derek Lowe 33 Jason Varitek 34 David Ortiz ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Mike Myers 38 Curt Schilling 43 Alan Embree 44 Orlando Cabrera 45 Pedro Martínez 49 Tim Wakefield 50 Mike Timlin 61 Bronson Arroyo Manager 47 Terry Francona Coaches Bench Coach 2 Brad Mills Pitching Coach 17 Dave Wallace Hitting Coach 22 Ron Jackson First Base Coach 35 Lynn Jones Third Base Coach 41 Dale Sveum Interim First Base Coach 44 Bill Haselman Bullpen Coach 54 Euclides Rojas Bullpen Catcher 60 Dana LeVangie Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Boston Red Sox 2007 World Series champions 7 J.D. Drew 10 Coco Crisp 12 Eric Hinske 13 Alex Cora 15 Dustin Pedroia 17 Manny Delcarmen 18 Daisuke Matsuzaka 19 Josh Beckett ( ALCS MVP ) 20 Kevin Youkilis 23 Julio Lugo 24 Manny Ramirez 25 Mike Lowell ( World Series MVP ) 28 Doug Mirabelli 31 Jon Lester 32 Bobby Kielty 33 Jason Varitek 34 David Ortiz 36 Kevin Cash 37 Hideki Okajima 38 Curt Schilling 39 Kyle Snyder 46 Jacoby Ellsbury 48 Javier López 49 Tim Wakefield 50 Mike Timlin 51 Julián Tavárez 58 Jonathan Papelbon 83 Éric Gagné Manager 47 Terry Francona Coaches Bench Coach 2 Brad Mills First Base Coach 16 Luis Alicea Hitting Coach 29 Dave Magadan Third Base Coach 35 DeMarlo Hale Pitching Coach 52 John Farrell Bullpen Coach 57 Gary Tuck Bullpen Catcher 65 Ino Guerrero Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Boston Red Sox 2013 World Series champions 2 Jacoby Ellsbury 3 David Ross 5 Jonny Gomes 7 Stephen Drew 11 Clay Buchholz 12 Mike Napoli 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Will Middlebrooks 18 Shane Victorino 19 Koji Uehara ( ALCS MVP ) 22 Félix Doubront 29 Daniel Nava 31 Jon Lester 32 Craig Breslow 34 David Ortiz ( World Series MVP ) 36 Junichi Tazawa 37 Mike Carp 39 Jarrod Saltalamacchia 41 John Lackey 44 Jake Peavy 46 Ryan Dempster 50 Quintin Berry 56 Franklin Morales 67 Brandon Workman 72 Xander Bogaerts Manager 53 John Farrell Third base coach 13 Brian Butterfield Bench coach 17 Torey Lovullo Hitting coach 28 Greg Colbrunn First Base coach 43 Arnie Beyeler Pitching coach 47 Juan Nieves Assistant hitting coach 57 Vic Rodriguez Bullpen coach 58 Dana LeVangie Bullpen catcher 83 Brian Abraham Bullpen catcher 88 Alex Martinez Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Major League Baseball owners by team American League East Peter Angelos ( Baltimore Orioles ) John W. Henry ( Boston Red Sox ) Hal Steinbrenner ( New York Yankees ) Stuart Sternberg ( Tampa Bay Rays ) Rogers Communications ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago White Sox ) Larry Dolan ( Cleveland Indians ) Christopher Ilitch ( Detroit Tigers ) David Glass ( Kansas City Royals ) Jim Pohlad ( Minnesota Twins ) West Jim Crane ( Houston Astros ) Arte Moreno ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) John J. Fisher ( Oakland Athletics ) John W. Stanton ( Seattle Mariners ) Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson ( Texas Rangers ) National League East Liberty Media ( Atlanta Braves ) Bruce Sherman ( Miami Marlins ) Fred Wilpon ( New York Mets ) John S. Middleton ( Philadelphia Phillies ) Ted Lerner ( Washington Nationals ) Central Thomas S. Ricketts ( Chicago Cubs ) Bob Castellini ( Cincinnati Reds ) Mark Attanasio ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Robert Nutting ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) William DeWitt , Jr . ( St. Louis Cardinals ) West Ken Kendrick ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Monfort brothers ( Colorado Rockies ) Guggenheim Baseball Management ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) Ron Fowler ( San Diego Padres ) Larry Baer ( San Francisco Giants ) Sports teams based in Massachusetts Australian rules football USAFL Boston Demons Baseball MLB Boston Red Sox NYPL Lowell Spinners CCBL Bourne Braves Brewster Whitecaps Chatham Anglers Cotuit Kettleers Falmouth Commodores Harwich Mariners Hyannis Harbor Hawks Orleans Firebirds Wareham Gatemen Yarmouth -- Dennis Red Sox FCBL Brockton Rox Martha 's Vineyard Sharks North Shore Navigators Pittsfield Suns Wachusett Dirt Dawgs Worcester Bravehearts NECBL New Bedford Bay Sox North Adams SteepleCats Plymouth Pilgrims Valley Blue Sox Basketball NBA Boston Celtics Football NFL New England Patriots NAL Massachusetts Pirates WFA Boston Renegades Hockey NHL Boston Bruins AHL Springfield Thunderbirds ECHL Worcester Railers NWHL Boston Pride CWHL Boston Blades Lacrosse MLL Boston Cannons UWLX Boston Storm Roller derby WFTDA Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby Boston Roller Derby MRDA Pioneer Valley Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Boston Thirteens Oneida FC Rugby union RSL Boston RFC NERFU Boston Irish Wolfhounds Mystic River South Shore Anchors Soccer MLS New England Revolution PDL FC Boston Western Mass Pioneers NPSL Boston City FC Greater Lowell NPSL FC Champions Soccer League USA Greater Lowell United FC UWS New England Mutiny WPSL Boston Breakers Academy Boston Breakers Reserves Boston Breakers U20 FC Stars FC Stars U23 Ultimate Club Boston Ironsides College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) AIC Yellow Jackets ( ice hockey ) Bentley Falcons ( ice hockey ) Boston College Eagles Boston University Terriers Harvard Crimson Holy Cross Crusaders UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen UMass Lowell River Hawks Merrimack Warriors ( ice hockey ) Northeastern Huskies City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Fenway Sports Group Based in Boston , Massachusetts , USA Owners John W. Henry Tom Werner Sports teams Boston Red Sox ( MLB ) Liverpool F.C. ( Premier League ) Roush Fenway Racing † ( NASCAR ) ( 50 % ) Salem Red Sox † ( Carolina League ) Sports venues Anfield Fenway Park Sports channels New England Sports Network ( 80 % ) † - These properties are owned by NESV through the Fenway Sports Group subsidiary . All other listed properties are directly owned by NESV . Laureus Spirit of Sport Award winners 2005 : Boston Red Sox 2006 : Valentino Rossi 2007 : FC Barcelona 2008 : Dick Pound 2009 : No award 2010 : No award 2011 : European Ryder Cup Team 2012 : No award 2013 : No award 2014 : Afghanistan national cricket team 2015 : Yao Ming 2016 : Johan Cruyff 2017 : Leicester City F.C. 2018 : No award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Red_Sox&oldid=833909189 '' Categories : Boston Red Sox Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Baseball teams established in 1901 Baseball teams in Boston Professional baseball teams in Massachusetts Laureus World Sports Awards winners 1901 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times did the red sox win the world series	[ "\n\nBoston Red Sox\n\n\n 2018 Boston Red Sox season\n\n\nEstablished in 1901\n\n\nBased in Boston since 1901\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (1901–present)\n\nEast Division (1969–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n1\n4\n6\n8\n9\n14\n26\n27\n34\n45\n42\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nRed, Blue, White[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nBoston Red Sox (1908–present)\nBoston Americans (1901–1907)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Sox\nThe BoSox\nThe Olde Towne Team\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nFenway Park (1912–present)\nHuntington Avenue Grounds (1901–1911)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (8)\n\n\n\n1903\n1912\n1915\n1916\n1918\n2004\n2007\n2013\n\n\n\n\n\nAL Pennants (13)\n\n\n\n1903\n1904\n1912\n1915\n1916\n1918\n1946\n1967\n1975\n1986\n2004\n2007\n2013\n\n\n\n\n\nEast Division titles (9)\n\n\n\n1975\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1995\n2007\n2013\n2016\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (7)\n\n\n\n1998\n1999\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2008\n2009\n\n\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nFenway Sports Group (John Henry (Principal Owner), Tom Werner (Chairman), Sam Kennedy (President and CEO))\n\n\nManager\nAlex Cora\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nDave Dombrowski (acting)\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nDave Dombrowski\n\n" ]	[ "8" ]
-6148425682434999125	List of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets	List of Pokémon Trading card Game sets - wikipedia List of Pokémon Trading card Game sets Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( September 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This is a list of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets which is a collectible card game first released in Japan in 1996 . As of September 2017 , there are 74 card sets released in America and 68 in Japan . The sets are generally broken into two lists ; One for the first line of Wizards of the Coast cards , and the second after Nintendo 's acquisition of the card game after Wizards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wizards of the Coast 1.1 First Generation Sets 1.1. 1 Pokémon Demo Game Plastic Pack 1.1. 2 Base Set 1.1. 3 Jungle 1.1. 4 Fossil 1.1. 5 Base Set 2 1.1. 6 Team Rocket 1.1. 7 Gym Heroes 1.1. 8 Gym Challenge 1.2 Second Generation Sets 1.2. 1 Neo Genesis 1.2. 2 Neo Discovery 1.2. 3 Southern Islands 1.2. 4 Neo Revelation 1.2. 5 Neo Destiny 1.2. 6 Legendary Collection 1.2. 7 Expedition Base Set 1.2. 8 Aquapolis 1.2. 9 Skyridge 2 The Pokémon Company 2.1 Third Generation Sets 2.1. 1 EX Ruby and Sapphire 2.1. 2 EX Sandstorm 2.1. 3 EX Dragon 2.1. 4 EX Team Magma V.S. Team Aqua 2.1. 5 EX Hidden Legends 2.1. 6 EX Fire Red and Leaf Green 2.1. 7 EX Team Rocket Returns 2.1. 8 EX Deoxys 2.1. 9 EX Emerald 2.1. 10 EX Unseen Forces 2.1. 11 EX Delta Species 2.1. 12 EX Legend Maker 2.1. 13 EX Holon Phantoms 2.1. 14 EX Crystal Guardians 2.1. 15 EX Dragon Frontiers 2.1. 16 EX Power Keepers 2.2 Fourth Generation Sets 2.2. 1 Diamond and Pearl Base Set 2.2. 2 Diamond and Pearl -- Mysterious Treasures 2.2. 3 Diamond and Pearl -- Secret Wonders 2.2. 4 Diamond and Pearl -- Great Encounters 2.2. 5 Diamond and Pearl -- Majestic Dawn 2.2. 6 Diamond and Pearl -- Legends Awakened 2.2. 7 Diamond and Pearl -- Stormfront 2.2. 8 Platinum Base Set 2.2. 9 Platinum -- Rising Rivals 2.2. 10 Platinum -- Supreme Victors 2.2. 11 Platinum -- Arceus 2.2. 12 HeartGold SoulSilver Base Set 2.2. 13 HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed 2.2. 14 HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Undaunted 2.2. 15 HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant 2.2. 16 Call of Legends 2.3 Japanese Pokémon Heartgold and Soulsilver sets 2.3. 1 Heartgold and Soulsilver Collection 2.3. 2 Heartgold and Soulsilver special decks 2.3. 3 Heartgold and Soulsilver Revived Legends 2.3. 4 Lost Link Mini-Series 2.4 Fifth Generation Sets 2.4. 1 Black and White -- Base Set 2.4. 2 Black and White -- Emerging Powers 2.4. 3 Black and White -- Noble Victories 2.4. 4 Black and White -- Next Destinies 2.4. 5 Black and White -- Dark Explorers 2.4. 6 Black and White -- Dragons Exalted 2.4. 7 Black and White -- Boundaries Crossed 2.4. 8 Black and White -- Plasma Storm 2.4. 9 Black and White -- Plasma Freeze 2.4. 10 Black and White -- Plasma Blast 2.4. 11 Black and White -- Legendary Treasures 2.5 Sixth Generation Sets 2.5. 1 Generations 2.6 Seventh Generation Sets 3 Promotional cards 4 External links 5 References Wizards of the Coast ( edit ) When the series first launched in English in late 1998 , Wizards of the Coast handled publishing . First generation sets ( edit ) Pokémon Demo Game plastic pack ( edit ) The Pokémon Demo Game pack was the earliest Pokémon card pack to be produced in the English Pokémon TCG . This card pack was printed and distributed in December 1998 to select retailers and at Magic : The Gathering ( MTG ) trading card shows as a limited production run . This Pokémon pack consists of 24 Base Set shadowless cards and an instruction manual . The remaining Pokémon Demo Game packs were given to guests and vendors at the annual E3 ( Electronic Entertainment Expo ) event which was held from May 13 -- 15 in 1999 . This Pokémon Demo Game pack is considered the `` Holy Grail '' within the Pokémon trading card game because it was the very first introduction of the Pokémon trading cards within the United States . This Pokémon pack is limited in quantity and predates all other Pokémon Set cards including the 1st edition Base Set cards making these packs extremely rare and valuable . It is estimated that between 100 - 200 of these Pokémon Demo Game packs remain unopened . The first ever Demo Game pack to be issued a PSA certification number was Demo Game pack # 24287143 making it the default earliest known package of English Pokémon cards to remain sealed in existence . Base set ( edit ) The Base Set , released on January 9 , 1999 in the United States , is the 1st set of 102 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the only one so far not to have a set logo or symbol ( with the exception of the error `` no symbol '' Jungle set cards ) . It is one of few sets to include Fighting , Fire , Grass , Lightning , Psychic and Water Energy cards , now commonly known as basic Energy cards . The set also contained Double Colorless Energy , the first Special Energy card . The set is one of the more well - rounded sets available , with a mixed amount of Pokémon of all types , and includes only Pokémon from the original 150 . Some of the more popular examples are Charizard , Blastoise , Venusaur and Pikachu . The set 's four main theme decks were based on four different strategies ( offensive , defensive , tactic and speed ) . This set also had a 2 - player starter set , containing two half - sized decks and a play mat with no intended strategy . The `` 1st issue '' print and a few of the following ( `` 2nd issue '' ) prints have a slightly different design than the standard `` unlimited '' ( `` 3rd issue '' ) prints . These early prints are generally brighter in color , use a thinner font , have the year 1999 appear twice in the copyright notice and lack the shadow around the pictures . Because of this , these cards are known as `` shadowless '' cards among collectors . Since not many prints were printed as `` shadowless '' , these cards are rarer than the `` unlimited '' print . Cards printed right before the release of Base Set 2 have the year 2000 included in their copyright notices . These cards are known as `` 4th issue '' cards , and are also rarer than the `` unlimited '' print . Certain `` 4th issue '' cards have slightly brighter color than the other prints . Jungle ( edit ) Jungle was the first expansion set in the United States , adding new Pokémon and one Trainer to the bunch , and was released on June 16 , 1999 . After being a very small set in Japan , the English set started the trend of having alternate holographic and non-holographic editions of rare cards , effectively doubling the number of rares in the set . Some cards featured were Pikachu , Gloom , and Victreebel . Unlike base , it had 2 preconstructed decks . The expansion symbol resembles a Vileplume and it has 64 cards . During the production some of the jungle holos were printed without the jungle symbol . These holos sell for higher than the amount normal jungle holos sell for . All 16 holos from the set have the no symbol error . The rarest card in the first edition jungle set is a 1st edition promo `` Ivy Pikachu '' , which was mistakenly printed with the set . There are rumored to be only one in 10 booster boxes . Fossil ( edit ) Fossil , released on October 8 , 1999 , is the 3rd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Fossil contains the fewest cards of any standard set in the card game ( 62 ) . Future sets would often use a gimmick to differentiate its cards from other sets . Base set 2 ( edit ) Base Set 2 is a compilation of selected cards from the previous Base Set And Jungle sets . Wizards of the Coast had a trend of releasing these compilation sets for most of the trading card game series they sold . This set , containing 130 cards , replaced the previous Base set , and all energy cards printed between base set 2 's release and the gym heroes set were printed as base set 2 cards . Its symbol is a Pokéball with a 2 running through it . Team Rocket ( edit ) Team Rocket , released in April 2000 , is the 4th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The title refers to a criminal organization from the video games Pokémon Red , Blue , and Yellow , and also features the trio of Rockets known as Jessie , James , and Meowth , who relentlessly follow the protagonists in the anime . Its symbol is the R , which is the Team Rocket organization 's symbol and can be seen on practically everything that comes from them . This set introduced the Dark Pokémon , Pokémon corrupted and controlled by the Team Rocket organization . After the release of this set , Dark Pokémon would not show a strong presence until the set 's sequel released four years later , Team Rocket Returns . This is also the first set to include a card exclusive to the English - language version , though it was eventually released for the Japanese counterpart , as well . As part of a promotion , an American - only Dark Raichu can be found in this set , though it is the rarest card , as a `` secret '' card that numbered above the regular set number : `` 83 / 82 '' . The card was also available in Australian sets . Gym Heroes ( edit ) Brock 's Onix Gym Heroes , released in June 2000 , is the 5th set of 132 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is an amphitheatre with a black stage and white tiers . Its name comes from the Gym Leaders it focuses around and how these first four Gym Leaders have relatively optimistic and carefree personalities compared to those featured in Gym Challenge . This set also introduced a card layout change , eliminating the flavor text and stacking the weakness / resistance / level to fit the Gym Leader 's headshot / badge . This is the first set to have Owner 's Pokémon , the owners being the Gym Leaders of the various Pokémon Gyms around Kanto . While Sabrina and Blaine are also represented in this set , the most attention is paid to the first four met in the video games : Brock , Misty , Lt. Surge , and Erika . Each of their Pokémon reflect their favorite Pokémon types , as well as Pokémon they have been seen carrying in the TV show . For example , Brock specializes in the Rock - type , so a lot of his cards in the card game are Rock Pokémon . However , in the anime , he also carried a Vulpix , a Fire - type , which is also included in this set . Owner 's Pokémon must be evolved from a Pokémon of the same owner , which also proved to be unpopular , as the element of mixing and matching cards from different sets is lost . Additionally , some of the `` Rare '' cards had little or no value in play , such as Misty 's Tentacool , which is incapable of doing damage and is overshadowed by a better version of `` Uncommon '' rarity . However , Owner 's Pokémon have been sporadically released in Japan , though except for those within EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua , none have been translated into English . This set was originally released with theme decks that contained cards not found in the main set in Japan , releasing in the odd rarities for Basic Pokémon . This set is also the first set to introduce Stadium cards , trainers that stay in play until another Stadium card comes into play . Gym Challenge ( edit ) Gym Challenge , released in July 2000 , is the 6th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its expansion symbol is an amphitheatre with a white stage and black tiers , the inverse of the Gym Heroes symbol . It also has a set of 132 cards . Its name comes from the four Gym Leaders it focuses on ( Sabrina , Koga , Blaine , and Giovanni ) . Second generation sets ( edit ) Neo Genesis ( edit ) Chikorita Neo Genesis , released in October 2000 , is the 8th set of 111 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a pair of stars , one in front of the other . Neo is Greek for `` new '' , and Genesis is Greek for `` birth '' or `` beginning '' . Neo Genesis features second - generation Pokémon that come from the region of Johto and is the first set to do so . With it comes two new Pokémon types : Darkness and Metal , each with their own Energy cards . The design on the cards have also changed , now looking closer to the Japanese version . The hit points displayed on the upper - right is now smaller , and its color has changed from red to black . The statistics on the bottom of the card now have dune - shaped indentations in the background immediately behind each stat . The text reading `` Basic Pokémon '' is now directly under the HP ( Hit Points ) instead of the upper - left corner . The information about the Pokémon directly below the illustration is now in a parallelogram instead of a rectangle . Neo Genesis is considered by some to be like a second Base Set , bringing in a new stable of Pokémon and a new feel to the game . It was particularly well liked among players for introducing many cards that helped reduce the amount of random luck involved with the game , such as Professor Elm and Cleffa . Neo Genesis is still considered by fans familiar with the history of the game to be one of the best sets ever released . Two cards from this set were banned from tournament play : Sneasel and Slowking . It was at this point the 2 different play formats were realized : Unlimited ( allowing all cards to be played ) , and Limited where only the Neo Genesis cards could be played ( this limited format would go through a few changes where as more sets were released where the rules were changed to `` Neo Genesis and newer cards are allowed to be played in official tournaments '' this would later be changed to be `` only the 8 most recent sets are legal for tournament play '' ) . At this point the idea of `` proxy '' cards became frequent at tournaments where an older card could be used as a placeholder for a card a player only had a single print of . Neo Discovery ( edit ) Neo Discovery , released in June 2001 , is the 9th set of 75 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a Mayan temple . While the architectural structure of the ruins is ambiguous in the video games Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal , in Pokémon 3 : The Movie , they seem to be of Central or South American origin . Neo Discovery premieres many second - generation Pokémon into the card game , such as Smeargle , Politoed , and Wobbuffet . In a way , this makes it a counterpart to the Jungle set ( which introduced another third of the original 150 Pokémon ) . The Unown are a Pokémon themed on the English alphabet . At the time of Neo Discovery 's release , there were 26 types , one for each letter . ( Later , Unown ? and Unown ! would be introduced , bringing the total to 28 . ) Neo Discovery introduced nine of these Pokémon into the card game . Each could affect the game in different ways related to a word starting with the letter the Unown represents . Unown `` O '' is associated with the word observe , and this application in the card game is done through `` observing '' the opponent 's deck . Southern islands ( edit ) Southern Islands is a set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . In Japan , it was released at the same time as Gym 2 , while in America it came after Neo Discovery and before Neo Revelation . This set 's symbol is a palm tree . Though it is often considered the 10th set , it was actually a promotional set , sold as a complete collection in the form of a specially - packaged box ( rather than as booster packs ) . The mini-set only contains a total of 18 cards . When arranged in the correct way , every illustration used in this set forms a single larger image . Neo Revelation ( edit ) Shining Gyarados Neo Revelation , released in October 2001 , is the 11th set of 64 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a representation of the departure of Suicune , Entei and Raikou from the Burned Tower . As of the release of this set , there were at least one card of each of the 251 Pokémon , including the elusive Celebi . This set finishes the second generation with Pokémon like Porygon2 , Misdreavus , and Raikou . In a way , this makes it a counterpart to the Fossil set ( which rounded out the original set of 151 Pokémon ) . It also includes three more of the Unown introduced in Neo Discovery . Most importantly , this set was the debut of the Shining Pokémon . Shining Pokémon are extremely powerful , but no more than one of each kind is allowed in a deck . This tradition was short - lived , however , as the Shining Pokémon were present only until the following set , Neo Destiny . However , Pokémon - star cards , which function almost identically to Shining Pokémon , were introduced in a later set known as EX Team Rocket Returns . Neo Destiny ( edit ) Neo Destiny , released in February 2002 , is the 12th set of 105 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a blue sparkle above a white sparkle , possibly referring to the Dark and Light Pokémon within this set . This set almost completes the Unown alphabet started in Neo Discovery ( R was left out , but was eventually given a card in another set years later . J was also left out , being a Promo ) . This set is the second set with an emphasis on Dark Pokémon , though unlike its predecessor , Team Rocket , these Dark Pokémon do n't seem to have any influences . In this set and only this set , they are counterbalanced by Light Pokémon . Whereas Dark Pokémon have low hit points ( health ) and do a lot of damage , Light Pokémon have high Hit Points and have attacks and other abilities that revolve around support , such as healing damage . Perhaps the reason why Light Pokémon have not seen an appearance after this set is because many of its moves benefit the user and the opponent equally , thus requiring the user to set the situation up for maximum gain while preventing the opponent from doing so . Also , Light Pokémon do not normally inflict much damage , a disadvantage in a game whose objective is to cause as much damage as possible . Legendary Collection ( edit ) The Legendary Collection , released in May 2002 , is the 13th set of 110 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The set 's symbol is a medal . The Legendary Collection is the sequel to Base Set 2 , made up entirely of reprints from the first four sets : Base Set , Jungle , Fossil , and Team Rocket . Its purpose is to make these cards legal in tournament play ; otherwise , these cards would be considered `` too old . '' Thus , some people could claim this set to be a third `` Base Set '' . The Legendary Collection is the first set to have a parallel set whose only difference is that shiny foil is printed on the entire front of the card except for its illustration ( this is n't done in the regular set ) . Strangely , even though this set is an amalgamation of four sets , this set contains fewer cards than any of the following three . Expedition Base set ( edit ) Expedition Base Set , released in September 2002 , is the 14th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a Poké Ball drawn to look like a lower - case `` e '' . At 165 cards ( 330 if its parallel set is included ) , Expedition is the largest set ever in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . It is the first to use the e-Reader : By scanning a dot code found on the bottom of all of the cards and the sides of some , the e-Reader can display patterns , produce sounds , or other various novelties . However , none of these features are required for play . Subsequent sets , up until EX Hidden Legends , would also be compatible with the e-Reader . Because of its completely new format , this was thought to be a good time to balance the card game with less powerful versions of previously printed cards . For example , Energy Removal 2 serves an identical purpose to Energy Removal from the Base Set , except a coin must be flipped to determine if the effects are successful . However , this set also introduces the Supporter card , a type of Trainer card that now dominates competitive play . Aquapolis ( edit ) Aquapolis , released in January 2003 , is the 15th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and consists of 186 cards . Its symbol is a skyline within a water droplet . This set is the second of three to extensively use the e-Reader . Aquapolis introduces minigames playable by scanning in dot codes from multiple cards ( in any order ) . These mini-games are usually very simple , and more often than not , each Pokémon whose card has been scanned in will play some role in the mini-game . While Technical Machines were dabbled upon in Expedition , Aquapolis is the set to make use of them . Technical Machines would be released sparingly from this point onward . The Aquapolis set was also the first Pokémon TCG set to utilize the `` Crystal Type '' Poké - power . This power was written on the Aquapolis cards Kingdra , Lugia , and Nidoking , all of which are holofoil . It essentially allows the player to attach a basic energy card to the Pokémon and have it become that type for the turn . Note that this power does not allow the player to attach an additional energy card per turn . Of the 186 cards , the first 32 were designated with an `` H '' before the number . The 33rd card started at number `` 1 . '' Thus , the number sequence only goes up to 147 ( the 3 `` Crystal Types '' take the number to 150 / 147 ) . In addition , there were 4 cards that received 2 versions : Golduck ( 50a , 50b ) , Drowzee ( 74a , 74b ) , Mr. Mime ( 95a , 95b ) , and Porygon ( 103a , 103b ) . These cards are identical except for the data they show when swiped through the e-Reader . Skyridge ( edit ) Skyridge , released in May 2003 , is the 16th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a pair of mountains with a halo around the taller one . This is the last set published by Wizards of the Coast and has 182 cards . This set is the last of three to extensively use the e-Reader . Skyridge continues Aquapolis ' tradition of minigames playable by scanning in dot codes from multiple cards . The Skyridge set was also the second and last set to contain Pokémon with the `` Crystal Type '' Poké - power . Characters in this set to use it were Celebi , Charizard , Crobat , Golem , Ho - oh , and Kabutops . These cards normally carry a much higher trade value on eBay and other online retailers than normal cards from this set . However , even normal cards from Skyridge are more valuable than normal cards from other sets , due to the fact that Skyridge booster packs were very hard to find compared to other sets . The numbering system for Skyridge is similar to that of Aquapolis . The first 32 cards begin with an `` H '' and the 33rd card starts the numbering at `` 1 '' , and thus the number only goes up to 144 . The 6 `` Crystal Types '' take it to 150 / 144 . There are no `` a '' and `` b '' versions in Skyridge as there were in Aquapolis . The Pokémon Company ( edit ) In July 2003 , The Pokémon Company took the place of Wizards of the Coast as publisher for the cards . The first set published by Pokémon USA , Inc. was EX Ruby and Sapphire . Third generation sets ( edit ) All of the Third Generation sets have `` EX '' in their name ; this comes from the Pokémon - ex present in these sets . EX Ruby and Sapphire ( edit ) Torchic EX Ruby and Sapphire , released in July 2003 , is the 17th set of 109 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . This set was the first set to be adapted into English by Pokémon USA , Inc. after the card game 's rights transferred back from Wizards of the Coast . Its symbol is a jewel with a brilliant cut , viewed from above . It is named after the video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . This set introduces third - generation Pokémon and continues to be scannable by the e-Reader . However , the dot codes on the left side of the card are gone , replaced with a single dot code on the bottom . Unlike the cards in Expedition , Aquapolis , and Skyridge , however , this dot code produces only where to find the Pokémon in the video games instead of completely original Pokédex information . This set yet again changes the layout of the cards ; except for the dot code at the bottom ( which is now absent ) , it is exactly the same as the Japanese layout and is the format used up to this day . This set is also the first to have Pokémon - ex , Pokémon who are stronger than usual , but the rewards are doubled if a player can take one down . During its release , these Pokémon were exceedingly useful , but as more cards were released , the card game became increasingly stacked against Pokémon - ex . EX Sandstorm ( edit ) EX Sandstorm , released on September 18 , 2003 , is the 18th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 2nd set released by Pokémon USA Inc . Its symbol is a pair of fossils : the Claw Fossil and the Root Fossil from the video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . It has a set of 100 cards . The Sandstorm name comes from the fact that the player must retrieve these fossils in the video game from within a sandstorm . EX Sandstorm also continues to introduce third - generation Pokémon into the card game , with many desert - themed Pokémon , such as Cacnea and Vibrava , and thereof unrelated Pokémon , such as Zangoose and Sableye . This set brings back the Mysterious Fossil from the Fossil set and expands on it with the Claw Fossil , which can be made into Anorith , and the Root Fossil , which can be made into Lileep . The Mysterious Fossil plays the same role as before , which is to evolve it into Omanyte , Kabuto , or Aerodactyl . Other Pokémon from older generations return , such as Xatu from the second generation and Psyduck from the first . EX Dragon ( edit ) EX Dragon , released in November 2003 , is the 19th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 3rd set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a crosshair . This set numbers up to 97 cards , but there are 100 with the 3 secret cards , and its main emphasis is Dragon Pokémon . These usually appear as Colorless - type Pokémon , but they tend to use two or more different types of Energy ( an example is Salamence , which uses Fire and Water Energy ) . Many of the Pokémon in EX Dragon made their debut in the set . Salamence , Flygon and Altaria are three of the Dragon Pokémon in the set -- others , such as Latios , Latias , Dragonite and Rayquaza appear as Pokémon - EX . EX Dragon is the first set in the third generation of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to be based on Dragon Pokémon ; the other set , EX Dragon Frontiers , is the penultimate set of the same generation . EX Team Magma vs. Team Aqua ( edit ) EX Team Magma V.S. Team Aqua , released in March 2004 , is the 20th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 4th set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a maroon `` X '' that 's slightly slanted , somewhat like a cut or a scar . This set contains 95 cards and was the last set to feature e-Reader compatibility . EX hidden Legends ( edit ) EX Hidden Legends , released in June 2004 , is the 21st set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 5th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a trapezoid with six equally - spaced smaller dots surrounding it . This entire setup is within a solid white irregular hexagon . The Hidden Legends part refers to Regirock , Regice , and Registeel , Legendary Pokémon hidden away in stone structures . This set contains 101 different cards This set revolves around three concepts : Regirock , Regice , and Registeel , as mentioned above ; Jirachi , a Legendary Pokémon with the power of wishes ; and Pokémon 4Ever with the presence of Dark Celebi . This set also continues to introduce Pokémon into the card game . In addition to the Pokémon above , Beldum and its evolution line makes its debut . EX Fire Red and Leaf Green ( edit ) EX Fire Red and Leaf Green , released in September 2004 , is the 22nd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 6th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is an emblem of a black Pokéball . It came out around the time the Nintendo video games , Pokémon Fire Red and Leaf Green were released . The set had some extra cards : 113 / 112 Charmander , Box Topper ; 114 / 112 Articuno ex , Secret ex ; 115 / 112 Moltres ex , Secret ex ; and 116 / 112 Zapdos ex , Secret ex . EX Team Rocket Returns ( edit ) EX Team Rocket Returns , released in November 2004 , is the 23rd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 7th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is an emblem of Team Rocket , a shield - like shape with a black bold R in the center . It has a set of 109 . This emblem for Team Rocket is unusual as it appears nowhere else ; the purpose of this emblem is probably to distinguish this set from the former Team Rocket set . This set also introduced Dark Pokémon Team Rocket as a criminal organization -- its members , the Pokémon it controls , and the techniques it uses for world domination are all part of this set 's theme . The Returns part is an indication that it 's a sequel set to the Team Rocket set released four years earlier . This set introduced star Pokémon , which are shiny just like those of the Neo Revelations set . Only one of these Pokémon with the star symbol on the card next to the name may be present in a deck . EX Deoxys ( edit ) EX Deoxys , released in February 2005 , is the 24th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 8th set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a shooting star and has 107 cards . The set is named after the Pokémon Deoxys and also features Rayquaza , both of which were the featured legendary Pokémon in the seventh Pokémon movie , Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys . While the Pokémon in this set have little , if anything , to do with either of these two Pokémon , the set 's Trainer cards feature people and places involved with astronomy in the Pokémon Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald video games . EX Emerald ( edit ) EX Emerald , released in May 2005 , is the 25th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 9th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a gemstone , presumably an emerald . It has a set of 106 cards . Nintendo released six 15 - card packs , known as Quick Construction Packs -- one pack for each type of Basic Energy . The set is also composed of Japanese promos that were never brought outside Japan . Because of this , and the fact that most promos are viewed as `` unplayable '' in the competitive scene , this set was largely ignored , with exceptions to Medicham ex . EX Unseen Forces ( edit ) EX Unseen Forces , released in August 2005 , is the 26th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 10th set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a black silhouette of Ho - Oh 's wing , superimposed on a white silhouette of Lugia 's wing . it is a set of 115 cards , plus 2 secret cards ( including the box topper ) , plus 28 Unowns . The set , which in Japan was named `` GoldenSky and SilverSea '' , is set in Johto , and is the first set by Pokémon USA to mainly consist of Pokémon from the Pokémon Gold and Silver games , released in 2001 . EX Unseen Forces is known for having more Pokémon - ex than any other set to date , with a total of fourteen ( including one box topper and one secret rare card ) . EX Delta Species ( edit ) EX Delta Species , released in October 2005 , is the 27th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 11th set released by Pokémon USA . It contains 113 different cards . While this set was released after EX Legends hit in Japan , it was released before Legend Maker in English - language territories . The set , which in Japan was named `` Researching Tower of Holon '' , is set in the research centre , Holon . Its logo / symbol is Holon Tower , a tower with a broad top floor . This set introduces `` delta species '' Pokémon , which are unusual types . ( For example , Tyranitar would typically be a Dark - or Fighting - type Pokémon , but Tyranitar δ is a Metal / Fire dual - typed Pokémon . ) It also introduces the staff of Holon Tower and their Pokémon . The Holon staff appears in the form of Supporter cards , all of which require a card to be discarded in order for them to be used , and Holon 's Pokémon , which can be used as either Pokémon or as Energy cards . EX LEGEND Maker ( edit ) EX Legend Maker , released in February 2006 , is the 28th set of 92 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 12th set released by Pokémon USA . The set , which in Japan was named `` Eidolon Forest '' , is set in a forest in the middle of nowhere . Its symbol is a stylized forest , a white egg - shaped area with three black acute isosceles triangles . It received the name Legend Maker due to the inclusion of Mew . Due to a mix - up with translations , this was supposed to be released before EX Delta Species , but was delayed until February 2006 in English - language territories . This is considered by many to be a very good set , for several reasons -- possibly for its similarity with Jungle and Fossil original expansions , or possibly for its exclusion of the complicated Delta Species Pokémon . EX Holon Phantoms ( edit ) EX Holon Phantoms , released in May 2006 , is the 29th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 13th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is the Holon symbol , with three triangles around the sides . The set , which in Japan was named `` Holon Phantom '' , is set in an undeveloped area of Holon . It marks the return of Delta Species Pokémon , after they debuted in EX Delta Species . This set contains 110 Cards in total . The back of the cards from this set has a lighter back than other sets . EX Crystal Guardians ( edit ) EX Crystal Guardians , released in July 2006 , is the 30th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 14th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a sliver of a crystal . 100 cards are included in this set release . EX Dragon Frontiers ( edit ) EX Dragon Frontiers , released in November 2006 , is the 31st set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 15th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a pair of black mountains on a circular white background . It is a set of 101 cards. The set is based on an unknown set of islands far away , inhabited primarily by Dragon Pokémon . This set marks the final appearance of Delta Species Pokémon , and , strangely , almost every single Pokémon card is Delta Species . There are even `` Delta Star '' Pokémon , Mew and Charizard , whose type depends on their alternate color ( Shiny form ) , which is , in this case , Water and Dark , respectively . This set introduces a new mechanic : Shockwave and Imprison markers . These markers are similar to special conditions , save that they can be applied to benched Pokémon and that they do n't go away when the Pokémon retreats . Only three cards in the set use these markers , however : two Pokémon place the markers , and one Pokémon can remove them . EX power Keepers ( edit ) EX Power Keepers , released in February 2007 , is the 32nd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The symbol for this set is a road leading to a vanishing horizon on which the sun is either rising or setting . It is a set of 108 cards . It is the first set since EX Emerald to be released only outside Japan , and the first since EX Unseen Forces not to include Delta Species Pokémon . The set is loosely based on the Hoenn Elite Four , as all four members ( Drake , Glacia , Phoebe and Sidney ) have their own Stadium cards , and the Pokémon EX are all Pokémon owned by members of the Elite Four . The set also consists of several reprints of cards from older sets , and is the last third - generation set . Fourth generation sets ( edit ) All of the Fourth Generation sets have the words `` Diamond and Pearl '' , `` Platinum '' , `` HeartGold SoulSilver '' , or `` Legends '' in their names ; this comes from the Pokémon Diamond , Pokémon Pearl , Pokémon Platinum , Pokémon HeartGold and Pokémon SoulSilver video games present in these sets . Diamond and Pearl Base set ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl Base Set , released in May 2007 , is the 33rd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 17th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a circle in an upside - down pentagon . it is a set of 130 cards . The set is the first in English - language territories to include fourth - generation Pokémon ; namely , those that first featured in the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl video games on the Nintendo DS . Several new rules were introduced to the Pokémon Trading Card Game with the release of Diamond & Pearl Base Set in Japan , and several changes have been made to the format of the cards ; some of these changes were included on previous card formats , and others are brand new . One such change is the introduction of Pokémon LV. X , replacing the retired Pokémon - ex and Pokémon - `` star '' cards . This is also the first set in which Pokémon classified as Poison type in the video game series would be identified as Psychic rather than Grass type and the first set to include Pokémon cards with `` energy-less attacks '' denoted by a transparent effect where energy requirements would normally be . Basic Dark and Steel Energy cards are introduced in this set . Three holographic Pokémon cards from this set were released in tin sets a few weeks prior to the set 's launch . These tins included a Tyranitar tin featuring a Turtwig , a Camerupt tin featuring a Chimchar and a Milotic tin featuring a Piplup . Diamond and Pearl -- Mysterious Treasures ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Mysterious Treasures , released in August 2007 , is the 34th set of cards in the Pokemon Trading Card Game and the 18th set released by Pokemon USA . Its symbol is a shiny jewel . The set introduces the Sinnoh Legendary trio , Uxie , Mesprit , and Azelf , as well as the fourth - generation Fossil Pokémon Rampardos and Bastiodon , both featured in their respective theme decks . The set also introduces `` Pokémon with Item '' cards , Pokémon cards with held items that work similarly to the Poké - Body mechanic . For this particular set , all held items are the berries found in the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl games . The set includes three new Pokémon LV. X and has a total of 124 cards . It is also the first set to include a secret card since EX Holon Phantoms . Diamond and Pearl -- Secret Wonders ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Secret Wonders released in November 2007 , is the 35th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 19th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a whirlpool . The set includes several more `` Pokémon with Item '' cards : Pokémon cards with integrated Pokémon Tools , which include specific items from the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl games , such as the Moon Stone and Reaper Cloth evolution items . The set also includes two new Pokémon LV. X. and has 132 cards . Hidden treasures Set of 123 was created in 2007 Diamond and Pearl -- great Encounters ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Great Encounters is the 36th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 20th set released by Pokémon USA , released in February 2008 and is the second - smallest Diamond and Pearl set to date , with 106 cards . Its symbol is a triskelion inside a hexagon . The set introduces Darkrai , an event Pokémon and legendary Pokémon featured alongside Dialga and Palkia in Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai . The set also features four more Pokémon LV. X . Diamond and Pearl -- Majestic Dawn ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Majestic Dawn , released in May 2008 is the 37th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 21st set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a rising sun coming over a hill , hence the name Majestic Dawn . It is the smallest Diamond and Pearl set to date with 100 cards . This set introduces Leafeon and Glaceon as two new evolutions of Eevee and includes four more Pokémon LV. X . Diamond and Pearl -- Legends Awakened ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Legends Awakened is the 38th set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 22nd released by Pokémon USA , and was released in August 2008 . The set reintroduces Technical Machines to the Trading Card Game and includes the last of the Pokémon card variants of Pokémon first seen in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Video Games ( excluding unreleased Shaymin and Arceus ) . The set includes seven Pokémon LV. X , more than any set thus far . Many great decks came out of LA LV. X cards , a prominent one being AMU . It is the fourth - largest set in the history of the TCG with 146 cards . Diamond and Pearl -- Stormfront ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Stormfront is the 39th set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 23rd released by Pokémon USA , and was released in November 2008 . Its symbol is a circle with a lightning bolt running through it . It is a set of 100 cards . The set reintroduced Pokémon of alternate coloration ( better known as shiny Pokémon ) and was the first set of the Diamond and Pearl series to reprint three `` classic '' cards from the first Trading Card Game expansions . The set includes eight Pokémon LV. X , two of which were also released as promotional cards . It also introduced trainer cards that can be used with another one at the same time . Platinum Base set ( edit ) Platinum Base Set is the 40th set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 24th released by Pokémon USA . It was released on October 13 , 2008 in Japan and in the United States on February 11 , 2009 . It introduces the never - before - seen Pokémon Shaymin and includes a new Trainer - specific variant of Pokémon known as Pokémon SP . The set also includes a new mechanic called the Lost Zone , which acts as a second discard pile but one from which players can not retrieve cards . It features two theme decks , one built around Shaymin , `` Flourish '' , and the other around Renegade Pokémon Giratina , `` Rebellion '' . Platinum includes six Pokémon LV. X , two of which are Shaymin ( one of Land Forme and one of Sky Forme ) , and 127 cards in total . The set includes 6 secret cards . Two of the Pokémon LV. X were released as promotional reprints with new artwork on March 2 , 2009 . The new Pokémon SP includes Team Galactic Pokémon like Dialga G . Platinum -- rising Rivals ( edit ) Platinum -- Rising Rivals is the 41st set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 25th released by Pokémon USA . It is a set of 114 cards not including the 6 secret holo foil cards of the Pokémon Rotom . It expands on the recent creation of Pokémon SP ( trainer - owned Pokémon ) with Gym Leader 's Pokémon and Elite Four 's Pokémon . It was released on December 26 , 2008 in Japan . It was released in the US on May 16 , 2009 . the cards from this set include : Luxray GL LV. X , Lucian 's Assignment , Gallade 4 LV. X , and a new version of Infernape LV. X . It was not reprinted , this Infernape is now in SP form , with different attacks and a Poke - Power . Some other LV. X include Alakazam LV. X and Snorlax LV. X . It also includes some hidden rares which are remakes of original cards from the first sets . They have as much value as a LV. X . They include : the original Pikachu , Surfing Pikachu , and Flying Pikachu . A main Pokémon from this set is Rotom , which has many unique forms : Wash , Mow , Fan , Heat , and Frost Rotom . Platinum -- Supreme Victors ( edit ) Platinum -- Supreme Victors is the 42nd set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 26th released by Pokémon USA . It was released on March 6 , 2009 in Japan and was released in the United States on August 19 , 2009 . It is a set of 147 cards . Its symbol is of 2 connected upside - down triangles . This set contains Frontier Brain Pokémon as well as the Champion 's Pokémon . New LV. X Pokémon , like , Rayquaza C LV . X and Charizard G LV . X are also included . Platinum -- Arceus ( edit ) Platinum -- Arceus is the 43rd set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 27th released by Pokémon USA . Contains 99 different cards . It was released on July 5 , 2008 in Japan and was released in North America on November 4 , 2009 . This set marks the TCG debut of the final Generation IV Pokémon , Arceus . All the Arceus Pokémon cards have a special rule printed on them which allows you to have any number of Pokémon with the name `` Arceus '' in your deck , as opposed to the normal 4 - per deck rule . Six additional new Lv. Xs were included in this expansion , three of which being different forms of Arceus Lv . X , the other three being Gengar Lv . X , Salamence Lv . X and Tangrowth Lv . X . This expansion also marked the continuation of the `` Shining '' Pokémon which were featured through the Platinum booster series . Each of these cards had a different collector number sequence than the other cards in the expansion , which were Bagon ( SH10 ) Ponyta ( SH11 ) and Shinx ( SH12 ) . HeartGold SoulSilver Base set ( edit ) HeartGold SoulSilver Base Set is based on the Pokémon video games of the same title . This set has over 123 cards in it . It includes the new Pokémon Prime cards , which replace Lv. Xs . This set also features 2 Legend Pokémon which are one Pokémon made up of 2 cards . They are Ho - oh and Lugia . It has an Alph Lithograph in it . This set has 3 theme decks . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed ( edit ) HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed is the second Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver . The set has a total of 95 cards , including Tyranitar ( Prime ) , Steelix ( Prime ) , Crobat ( Prime ) , Kingdra ( Prime ) , Lanturn ( Prime ) , Ursaring ( Prime ) , Entei and Raikou LEGEND , Raikou and Suicine LEGEND , and Suicine and Entei LEGEND . The set also features a Secret Rare card '' Alph Lithograph . This one , unlike the one in the previous set , HGSS , allows the player to shuffle his deck . There are 4 versions of Alph Lithograph . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed is the first set to feature dual - Legend cards , which consist of two Pokémon on the same two - card Legend . However , these Pokémon , when Knocked Out , allow the opponent to draw 2 Prize Cards rather than 1 . The set features Chaos Control ( Tyranitar ) and Steel Sentinel ( Steelix ) decks . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Undaunted ( edit ) HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Undaunted is the third Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver . The set has a total of 90 cards , including Raichu ( Prime ) , Houndoom ( Prime ) , Espeon ( Prime ) , Umbreon ( Prime ) , Scizor ( Prime ) , Slowking ( Prime ) , Rayquaza and Deoxys LEGEND and Kyogre and Groudon LEGEND . The set also features a Secret Rare card : Alph Lithograph . This one allows the player to return any stadium in play to its owner 's hand . Heartgold and Soulsilver Undaunted continues the trend of dual - Legend cards , Legend cards depicting 2 Pokémon that allow the opponent to draw 2 prize cards when Knocked Out . The starter decks for HGSS Undaunted are Nightfall , a dark / metal type deck featuring Umbreon , and Daybreak , a grass / psychic type deck featuring Espeon . With HGSS Undaunted came out there were two changes to the Starter Deck packaging : they now contain an additional booster pack from the set as well as a cardboard deckbox which can hold a 60 - card unsleeved deck . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant ( edit ) HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant is the Fourth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver . The set has a total of 102 cards , including Absol ( Prime ) , Celebi ( Prime ) , Gengar ( Prime ) , Electrode ( Prime ) , Mew ( Prime ) , Magnezone ( Prime ) , Yanmega ( Prime ) , Machamp ( Prime ) , Darkrai / Cresselia LEGEND and Dialga / Palkia LEGEND . The set also features a Secret Rare card : Alph Lithograph . This one , unlike the ones in the previous sets , allows the player to look at all of their face down prize cards . Heartgold and Soulsilver Triumphant continues the trend of dual - Legend cards , Legends depicting 2 Pokémon that allow the opponent to draw 2 prize cards when Knocked Out . The starter decks for HGSS Triumphant are Royal Guard , a Psychic / Fighting type deck featuring Nidoking , and Verdant Frost , a grass / water type deck featuring Mamoswine . It is speculated to be the last Heartgold and Soulsilver set in America . The set contains cards from the Japanese set `` Clash at the Summit '' and the mini-set Lost Link . One card missing from the set is the Stadium `` Lost World '' which introduced a new win condition to the game in Japan . The card , along with the other cards missing from the Lost Link set were released in the next expansion , Call of Legends . Call of Legends ( edit ) Call of Legends is a stand - alone English set of reprints and previously unreleased cards . Contains 95 different cards . Due to the extended time period between HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant and the release of the 5th generation of Pokémon video games this set was released as a filler set . It contains reprints from the HeartGold and SoulSilver sets , as well as the remaining cards from the Japanese Lost Link set . In addition , it contains cards of legendary Pokémon in shiny and non-shiny forms . The shiny Pokémon are also known as Shiny Legendaries , and for example Shiny Suicune is number SL11 . There are a total of 11 shiny Legendaries . Japanese Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver sets ( edit ) When the Heartgold and Soulsilver Pokémon trading card lineup was released in Japan , it was done differently from in America . It also had an abnormally long waiting period in between the first and second sets . HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection ( edit ) Heartgold and Soulsilver Collection is the first Japanese set based on the Heartgold and Soulsilver games . It has 140 cards in total , including the following special cards : Alph Lithograph , Ursaring Prime , Crobat Prime , Typhlosion Prime , Meganium Prime , Blissey Prime , Donphan Prime , Ampharos Prime , Feraligatr Prime , Lugia LEGEND , and Ho - Oh LEGEND . Starting from this set , the Trainer cards in Japan have been renamed Goods cards . It has been renamed in America as HeartGold SoulSilver , or HS . HeartGold and SoulSilver special decks ( edit ) The Heartgold and Soulsilver special decks were released in between the releases of the first and second Heartgold and Soulsilver sets . Expert Deck : Leafeon vs. Metagross is a set of two 60 - card decks ( 120 different cards ) with a CD for online play . In addition to being more powerful than most theme decks , the Leafeon and Metagross decks have special cards that were n't released in any other Japanese sets . There are also Battle Starter decks , which were released with special cards only available to their specific deck . The decks are named Offense ( fire types ) , Defense ( grass types ) , Speed ( electric types ) , and Skill ( water types ) . HeartGold and SoulSilver Revived Legends ( edit ) Heartgold and Soulsilver Revived Legends is the second Japanese set based on the Heartgold and Soulsilver games . It has 80 cards , including the following special cards : Tyranitar Prime , Steelix Prime , Lanturn Prime , Kingdra Prime , Entei & Raikou LEGEND , Suicune & Entei LEGEND , Raikou & Suicune LEGEND , and Alph Lithograph . It has been renamed HS Unleashed in the United States . Lost Link mini-series ( edit ) Lost Link is a mini-set that features Mew Prime , Absol Prime , Gengar Prime , Darkrai and Cresselia LEGEND , and Magnezone Prime . The set has a total of 40 cards . In Japan , it was released on April 16 . Though the boosters have 8 cards rather than 11 in Japan , they cost less than regular boosters . The special feature of the series is that it includes a Stadium called Lost World , which has a revolutionary effect . However , the mini-set will not be released in America , but instead will be combined with the cards from the Japanese set Clash at the Summit , to make HS Triumphant , which was released in America in early November . Fifth generation sets ( edit ) All of the Fifth Generation sets have the words `` Black and White '' in their names ; this comes from the Pokémon Black and Pokémon White video games present in these sets . The first set was released on April 6 , 2011 and included codes that allowed purchasers to play online with an identical deck . Black and White -- Base set ( edit ) Black and White -- Base Set is the first Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . The set has a total of 115 cards , introducing 69 new Pokémon to the TCG , including special full card art versions of Reshiram and Zekrom as well as a hidden rare foil Pikachu . Starting in this set , all non-Pokémon , non-energy cards now have the `` Trainer '' designation . Trainers are now divided into Trainer - Item ( representing old trainer cards ) , Trainer - Supporter , and Trainer - Stadium ( though there were no Stadium in this set ) . The set features Blue Assault ( Samurott ) , Green Tornado ( Serperior ) , and Red Frenzy ( Emboar ) starter decks . Black and White -- Emerging Powers ( edit ) Black and White -- Emerging Powers is the second Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . The set has a total of 98 cards , introducing 31 new Pokémon to the TCG , including special full card art versions of Thundurus and Tornadus . This set features the highly anticipated `` Pokémon Catcher '' Item card . The first Item card since Gust of Wind that lets a player switch their opponent 's active Pokémon , without the opponent choosing the new active . On the release date , the card , an uncommon in the set , was going for upwards of $15.00 on popular buy / sell site TrollandToad.com . The set features Toxic Tricks ( Scolipede ) and Power Play ( Krookodile ) starter decks . Black and White -- Noble Victories ( edit ) Black and White -- Noble Victories is the third Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . This set introduces the final Pokémon from the 5th generation to the card game , aside from the event - exclusive Pokémon ; Keldeo , Meloetta and Genesect . It features the Victory Pokémon Victini , as well as introduces the new Fossil Pokémon , Tirtouga and Archen . Full art cards in this set include Victini , Cobalion , Terrakion , Virizion and the first full art Trainer card , N. The set also includes a hidden rare Meowth . The set features Fast Daze ( Accelgor ) and Furious Knights ( Escavalier ) starter decks . Black and White -- Next Destinies ( edit ) Black and White -- Next Destinies is the fourth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . Starting from this set , Pokémon from the previous generations were reintroduced and a new type of cards , the Pokémon - EX cards were introduced ( with Shaymin , Reshiram , Kyurem , Zekrom , Mewtwo and Regigigas EX ) . Also included are 4 Secret Rare cards , depicting cards from previous sets , but was reprint as `` shiny '' ; Emboar ( Black & White ) , Chandelure ( Noble Victories ) , Zoroark ( Black & White ) , and Hydreigon ( Noble Victories ) . The starter decks for this set are Explosive Edge ( Reshiram ) and Voltage Vortex ( Zekrom ) , which includes the fourth printing of the Reshiram and Zekrom cards from `` Black and White Base Set '' . 1 card from this expansion , Shiftry ( Black & White -- Next Destinies , 72 / 99 ) , was banned from all Pokémon Organized Play Expanded format events from September 15 , 2015 onward . Black and White -- Dark Explorers ( edit ) Black and White -- Dark Explorers is the fifth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . This is the second set to reintroduce Pokémon from the previous generations and Pokémon - EX cards ( which are Entei , Raikou , Tornadus , Darkrai , Groudon , Kyogre ) to the card game . There are again , 3 Secret Rare cards ( `` shiny '' ) which were reprinted from earlier sets : Archeops ( Noble Victories ) , Gardevoir ( Next Destinies ) , and a golden Pokémon Catcher ( Emerging Powers ) . The starter decks for this set are : Raiders ( Cofagrigus ) , and Shadows ( Zoroark ) . Black and White -- Dragons Exalted ( edit ) Black and White -- Dragons Exalted is the sixth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . This is the set to officially introduce the Dragon Pokémon type to the Trading Card Game , and the third set to reintroduce Pokémon from the previous generations . The Pokémon - EX cards in this set are Terrakion , Mew , Ho - Oh , Registeel , and the brand new Dragon type EXs , Rayquaza , and Giratina . Also in this set are 4 Secret Rare cards ( `` shiny '' ) which were reprinted from earlier sets : Reuniclus ( Black and White ) , Serperior ( Black and White ) , Krookodile ( Black and White ) , and Rayquaza ( which was exclusive to the English sets ) . The starter theme decks are : DragonSnarl ( Hydreigon ) , and DragonSpeed ( Garchomp ) . Black and White -- Boundaries Crossed ( edit ) Black and White -- Boundaries Crossed is the first Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 , and the seventh overall of the Black and White series . This set officially introduces the Pokémon ; both Black and White Kyurem , Landorus in its Therian form , Meloetta , and Keldeo , and continuing the trend of reintroducing Pokémon from the previous generations . The Pokémon - EX cards in this set are Celebi , Keldeo ( in Resolution form ) , Cresselia , Landorus ( in Therian form ) , Black Kyurem , and White Kyurem . A new special holofoil Item card , known as Ace Spec cards , was also introduced starting from this set ( there are 4 of them in this set ) . Again , 4 Secret Rare cards ( `` shiny '' ) , reprinted from earlier sets , were included in this set : Golurk ( Dragons Exalted ) , Terrakion ( Noble Victories ) , Altaria ( Dragons Exalted ) , and a golden Rocky Helmet ( Noble Victories ) , and finally , we have 3 new full art supporters ; Bianca ( reprinted from Emerging Powers ) , Cheren ( reprinted from Emerging Powers and / or Dark Explorers ) , and Skyla . The theme decks are : IceShock ( Black Kyurem ) , and ColdFire ( White Kyurem ) . Black and White -- Plasma Storm ( edit ) Black and White -- Plasma Storm is the second Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 , and the eighth overall of the Black and White series . It is based on the Japanese set , Plasma Gale ( BW7 ) . This set continues reintroducing Pokémon from the previous generations . The Pokémon - EX cards in this set are Moltres EX , Victini EX , Articuno EX , Zapdos EX , Cobalion EX and Lugia EX . The Ace Spec cards returned in this set . Also , this set focuses around Team Plasma . Black and White -- Plasma Freeze ( edit ) Black and White -- Plasma Freeze is the ninth English , and eighth Japanese , expansion from the Black & White series , and is the second Team Plasma Set . It features Thundurus - EX , Tornadus - EX and Deoxys - EX . A new Ace - Spec was added ( rock guard ) . The Black and White Plasma Freeze has more than 110 cards . Black and White -- Plasma Blast ( edit ) Black and White -- Plasma Blast is the third Team Plasma Set in Pokémon Black and White series . The new Pokémon - EX are Genesect - EX , Dialga - EX , Palkia - EX , Virizion - EX , Jirachi - EX , and Kyurem - EX . Plasma Blast is the first set to have only 11 Pokémon EX Cards , because there is no Full Art version of Kyurem - EX . There is an all new Full Art Supporter which is Iris . In Japanese Plasma Blast is Megalo Cannon , ( BW10 ) . The entire set all together has 101 cards . Black and White -- Legendary Treasures ( edit ) Black and White -- Legendary Treasures is the 11th and final release for Pokémon Black and White . Released on November 6 , 2013 in the United States , this set has 115 cards plus 25 RC ( `` Radiant Collection '' ) cards . There are ten returning Pokémon - EX cards , including Mewtwo - EX , Darkrai - EX , and Keldeo - EX , and two new Pokémon - EX cards , Chandelure - EX and Excadrill - EX . The 25 `` Radiant Collection '' cards will have a special coating and foil patterns , in addition to having their own numbering and rarity scheme . Sixth generation sets ( edit ) The sixth generation sets have `` XY '' in their names . This comes from the sixth generation video games Pokémon X and Pokémon Y . Generation Set No . Name Release date Details XY February 5 , 2014 It featured the three starters of the Kalos Region ( Chespin , Fennekin , and Froakie ) with 60 - card decks built around each , released on November 8 , 2013 , prior to the sets ' release . It introduced Fairy - type cards , and the Basic Energy to go along with that , being the first new type addition after 2012 's Dragon - type . Flashfire May 7 , 2014 It introduced 12 new Trainer cards , five new Pokémon - EX , and three new Mega Evolutions to the game . Furious Fists August 13 , 2014 It introduced 10 new Trainer cards , two new Mega Evolutions , and five new Pokémon - EX to the game . Phantom Forces November 5 , 2014 It brings 122 new cards to the card game , including a new mechanic called `` Spirit Link '' that allows Mega Pokémon to evolve without ending the player 's turn . It also introduces six new Pokémon - EX cards , and two new Mega Evolutions to the game . `` New in the Pokémon TCG - Pokémon TCG : XY -- Phantom Forces '' . Pokémon TCG : XY -- Phantom Forces . < / ref > The card `` Lysandre 's Trump Card '' ( numbered 99 / 119 and 118 / 119 ) , was banned from all sanctioned Pokémon Organized Play events from June 15 , 2015 onward . 5 Primal Clash February 4 , 2015 It brings 164 new cards to the card game , along with the introduction of Primal Reversions with Primal Kyogre - EX and Primal Groudon - EX , as seen in Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire . Primal Clash also introduces twelve new Pokémon - EX , such as Sharpedo - EX , Trevenant - EX , Wailord - EX , and Camerupt - EX . 6 Roaring Skies May 6 , 2015 It includes 110 new cards and 11 new Pokémon - EX , including 4 new Mega Evolution Pokémon , and 9 new Full Art Rare Ultra Pokémon - EX cards . 7 Ancient Origins August 12 , 2015 It brings 100 new cards to the thriving trading card franchise , alongside the release of the Djinn - based Pokémon , Hoopa . Ancient Origins also introduces 14 new Pokémon - EX , including the three Secret Full Art Pokémon - EX cards of Primal Groudon , Primal Kyogre and Mega Rayquaza , all in their respective Shiny ( alternative colour palette ) forms . 8 BREAKthrough November 4 , 2015 This set brings 164 new cards and introduces a new type of Evolution called BREAK which gives an additional Attack or Ability to a Pokémon while retaining its previous Attacks and Ability . 9 BREAKpoint February 3 , 2016 It continues to introduce Pokémon BREAK cards , such as Greninja and Luxray . It also features Full Art Trainer cards of Misty and Skyla from previous generations . 10 Fates Collide May 2 , 2016 Lugia and Delphox are featured as Pokémon BREAK cards , and Alakazam and Genesect as Pokémon - EX . 11 Steam Siege August 3 , 2016 It is the last set to feature the card style used from `` Black & White '' to `` XY '' , as the following set features the style of the original Base Set . It features the Mythical Pokémon of Kalos ; Volcanion and Magearna . It contains six new Pokémon - EX , seven new Pokémon BREAK , as well as bringing back an older mechanic , dual types , which was last seen in the HS -- Triumphant set . 12 Evolutions November 2 , 2016 This set ushers the end of Pokémon TCG -- XY series . The cards were reprints of the Base Set cards and also included some new Pokémon - EX and Trainer cards . Generations ( edit ) Generations is an extra set in the X and Y series of Pokémon cards . This set features many reprints from recent and older sets , including the First and Second Generations . Slowpoke is a reprint from Fossil and the Tauros card uses the artwork from Jungle . Pokémon - EX and Pokémon BREAK are also printed with similar style to the First Generation Sets . Seventh generation sets ( edit ) The seventh generation sets have Sun & Moon in their name . This comes from the seventh generation video games Pokémon Sun and Moon . Generation Set No . Name Release date Details Sun & Moon February 3 , 2017 This set introduced the new mechanics `` Pokémon - GX '' cards and the new Alolan variants of Pokémon . It focuses on the two main Legendary Pokémon of the `` Pokémon Sun and Moon '' video games ; Solgaleo and Lunala . It continues to introduce new Full Art Secret Rare Trainer cards and debuting the new Secret Rare basic Energy cards . Guardians Rising May 5 , 2017 This set provides more Alolan Pokémon cards . It also provides more Pokémon - GX cards , such as Lycanroc - GX and Kommo - o - GX , and Pokémon - GX of the Guardian deities ; Tapu Koko - GX and Tapu Lele - GX . Burning Shadows August 4 , 2017 This set introduces more Alolan Pokémon cards and Pokémon - GX cards , such as Tapu Bulu - GX , Ho - Oh - GX , Necrozma - GX and Marshadow - GX . It also features Full Art Secret Rare Trainer cards of the Trial Captains and Team Skull members from the `` Pokémon Sun and Moon '' video games . Crimson Invasion November 3 , 2017 This set debuts the new Ultra Beasts as Pokémon - GX cards , such as Nihilego - GX , Buzzwole - GX and Guzzlord - GX . Sun & Moon -- Shining Legends is an extra set in the Sun & Moon series of Pokémon cards . It was released on October 6 , 2017 , however , Pokémon Center Online had already released them if players pre-ordered from the website . This set brings back the Shining mechanics from the Second Generation sets ( Neo series ) , with the Legendary Pokémon . Promotional cards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the course of the Trading Card Game , there have been many promotional cards released . There have been many error cards as well . Promotional cards have a star that indicates that they are promotional , and the `` expansion '' symbol is a five - pointed black star has the word `` PROMO '' written across as white or cloudy crystal . The first promotional set consisted of 53 cards in all with a 54th being a holographic Ancient Mew ( which is not recognized as a promo card due to its nonconforming layout ) . 53 of the cards vary between holographic and normal , and encompass Pokémon and Trainer cards alike . The most famous of these is likely the card `` Birthday Pikachu '' , for its uniqueness and scarcity . The second promotional set , called Best of Game , was also released by Wizards of the Coast . It included reverse holographic reprints of Hitmonchan and Electabuzz from the Base Set , Rocket 's Hitmonchan and Rocket 's Mewtwo from Gym Challenge , and Professor Elm from Neo Genesis . In addition , there were four new cards : Rocket 's Sneasel and Rocket 's Scizor from the Pokémon * VS Japanese expansion ; and Dark Ivysaur and Dark Venusaur from the Pokémon Web Japanese expansion . Many were taken directly from Japanese cards , though there were a few that simply had alternate art of regular expansion cards . Most were obtainable through league or tournament play , while others were mail - in offers , or exclusive to certain retailers . There have also been `` box toppers '' , special or secret cards that are included at the top of the booster packs in a booster box , as well as various `` jumbo '' cards , Skyridge for example , approximately four times the size of a regular card , and obviously not legal in play . Under Nintendo 's publishing house , the third promotional set consisted of 40 cards . The release of these cards coincided with the Pokémon Organized Play ( POP ) packs , and as a result , are less well documented . They were obtainable in two - card booster packs , given for winning tournaments . The fourth promotional set , also under Nintendo , has been running since the release of Diamond & Pearl Base Set , and are better marketed by Pokémon USA , Inc . External links ( edit ) Pokémon Organized Play ( POP ) and Pokémon official website Pokémon TCG Sets catalog TCG page on Bulbapedia , the Pokémon encyclopedia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.pojo.com/pokemon/error_cards/index.shtml Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Card Search '' . pokebeach.com . Jump up ^ Ebay . `` Pokemon Card Error and Misprint List / Guide '' . Rockcarolina85 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) . http://reviews.ebay.ca/Pokemon-Card-Error-and-Misprint-List-Guide-UPDATED-2012?ugid=10000000143920845 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Card Search '' . pokebeach.com . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Card Search '' . pokebeach.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Pokemon_EX_Emerald.html Archived June 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon TCG : HS -- Unleashed '' . pokemon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Unleashed ' Set List '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Electrode and Black Belt from `` Triumphant '' ( October 13th , 2010 ) `` TCG News `` PokéBeach '' . Pokebeach.com. 2010 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved June 19 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved October 18 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com. 2010 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Shiftry Banned from Expanded Format '' . Official Pokemon Website . Pokémon / Nintendo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Seedhouse , Alex ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Pokémon X & Y 's Fairy - type to shortly expand Trading Card Game '' . Nintendo Insider . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ong , Larry ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Pokemon X & Y Trading Card Game : TCG Expansion ' Flashfire ' Out in May '' . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Seedhouse , Alex ( 4 July 2014 ) . `` Pokémon TCG : XY - Furious Fists expansion launching in August '' . Nintendo Insider . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lysandre 's Trump Card Banned '' . Official Pokemon Website . Pokémon / Nintendo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon TCG : XY Expansion Primal Clash Out Next Month '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` XY -- Roaring Skies '' . Pokemon.com . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua . `` Pokemon TCG Fates Collide Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalajian , Robert . `` Pokemon TCG : XY Steam Siege Launches August 3rd '' . Purple Pawn . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Crimson Invasion '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Guardians Rising '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Burning Shadows '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Crimson Invasion '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Pokémon_Trading_Card_Game_sets&oldid = 808628316 '' Categories : Pokémon Trading Card Game Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from September 2017 Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Română Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many sets of pokemon cards are there	[ "This is a list of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets which is a collectible card game first released in Japan in 1996. As of September 2017, there are 74 card sets released in America and 68 in Japan.", "This is a list of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets which is a collectible card game first released in Japan in 1996. As of September 2017, there are 74 card sets released in America and 68 in Japan." ]	[ "74 card sets released in America", "68 in Japan" ]
7874241054583765907	Criminal Minds (season 13)	Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Promotional poster Starring Joe Mantegna Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Aisha Tyler Daniel Henney Adam Rodriguez Paget Brewster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 5 Release Original network CBS Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 List of Criminal Minds episodes The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest star 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season will return for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest star ( edit ) Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons Declan Whaley as David Simmons Guest cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . It was announced that the season would begin to air on September 27 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season will return for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Matthew Gray Gubler will be directing the seventeenth episode of the season and it is said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and will involve clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . Casting ( edit ) Shemar Moore will reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) as his character returns to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 278 `` Wheels Up '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1301 7.00 When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . 279 `` To a Better Place '' Diana C. Valentine Bruce Zimmerman October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1302 6.17 When suitcases containing human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to find a connection between the victims before the killer takes another life . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . 280 `` Blue Angel '' Sharat Raju Christopher Barbour October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1304 5.87 When two businessmen are emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU investigates a connection between the victims only to discover a family secret that changes the course of the case . Meanwhile , Simmons finds himself bonding with an escort involved in the case . 281 `` Killer App '' Alec Smight Stephanie SenGupta October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1303 5.94 When a workplace shooting in Silicon Valley claims the lives of three employees , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine if the shooting was personal and why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . 282 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' Tawnia McKiernan Jim Clemente October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1306 5.91 When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs and several fingers missing , the BAU sets out to determine if cannibalistic serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another spree or if a copycat killer is responsible . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) helps Garcia when she becomes overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . 283 6 `` The Bunker '' Aisha Tyler Karen Maser November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1305 TBD 284 7 `` Dust and Bones '' Marcus Stokes Erica Meredith November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1307 TBD 285 8 `` Neon Terror '' Bethany Rooney Erik Stiller November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1308 TBD 286 9 `` False Flag '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier TBA 1309 TBD 287 10 `` Submerged '' Rob Bailey Bruce Zimmerman TBA 1310 TBD 288 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness TBA 1311 TBD 289 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser TBA 1312 TBD 290 13 `` Cure '' Glenn Kershaw Christopher Barbour TBA 1313 TBD 291 14 `` Miasma '' TBA TBA TBA 1314 TBD 292 15 `` TBA '' TBA TBA TBA 1315 TBD 293 16 `` TBA '' Adam Rodriguez Stephanie SenGupta TBA 1316 TBD 294 17 `` TBA '' Matthew Gray Gubler TBA TBA 1317 TBD 295 18 `` TBA '' Joe Mantegna TBA TBA 1318 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' September 27 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.00 1.1 4.15 2.4 11.15 `` To a Better Place '' October 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.17 1.1 3.98 2.2 10.15 `` Blue Angel '' October 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.87 1.0 3.82 2.1 9.68 `` Killer App '' October 18 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.94 1.1 3.87 2.1 9.81 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` The Bunker '' November 8 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dust and Bones '' November 15 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Neon Terror '' November 22 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` False Flag '' TBA TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When Bull , S.W.A.T. , The Big Bang Theory and More CBS Shows Premiere '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # CM1305 ) `` The Bunker '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # CM1307 ) `` Dust and Bones '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # CM1308 ) `` Neon Terror '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` 1309 Day One of Preparation . '' False Flag '' Directed by : @ JoeMantegna Written by : Breen Frazier '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Location Scout 1310 . `` Submerged '' Written by : Bruce Zimmerman Directed by : Rob Bailey '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Prep day one 1311 Director : Simon Mirren Writers : @ ecmess @ Vangsness `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` 1312 Karen Maser Christoph Schrewe `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' 1313 Chris Barbour Glenn Kershaw `` Cure '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Miasma '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Yes he is . 1317 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Yes . 1318 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Penelope Garcia Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=808552666 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2017 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 15 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does criminal minds season 13 come back	[ "The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7, 2017, by CBS with an order of 22 episodes.[1][2] The season premiered on September 27, 2017 in a new time slot at 10:00PM on Wednesday when it had been at 9:00PM on Wednesday since its inception." ]	[ "September 27, 2017" ]
-428060222495348876	Auguries of Innocence	Auguries of Innocence - wikipedia Auguries of Innocence Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem by William Blake . For the book of the same name by Patti Smith , see Auguries of Innocence ( Patti Smith poems ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Auguries of Innocence Wikisource has original text related to this article : the Pickering Manuscript Auguries of Innocence is a poem from one of William Blake 's notebooks now known as The Pickering Manuscript . It is assumed to have been written in 1803 , but was not published until 1863 in the companion volume to Alexander Gilchrist 's biography of William Blake . The poem contains a series of paradoxes which speak of innocence juxtaposed with evil and corruption . The poem is 132 lines and has been published with and without breaks that divide the poem into stanzas . An augury is a sign or omen . Lines from the poem were set to music in 1965 by Benjamin Britten as part of his song cycle Songs and Proverbs of William Blake . Three lines of the poem were included in the 1967 song `` End of the Night '' by Jim Morrison and The Doors . The Agatha Christie novel `` Endless Night '' 's title was inspired by this poem . Six lines of the poem were recited in a 1995 film , Dead Man . The lines were recited by the character named Nobody . On May 10 , 2015 , the first four lines of the poem were recited in Season 2 Episode 2 ( titled `` Verbis Diablo '' ) of the television series Penny Dreadful . The four lines were recited by the character `` The Creature '' better known as John Clare ( played by Rory Kinnear ) to the character Vanessa Ives ( played by Eva Green ) during a conversation the two were having about theology and philosophy . In 2016 , a verse of the poem is quoted in the E3 trailer for Hideo Kojima 's game Death Stranding . The poem ( edit ) To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower , Hold infinity in the palm of your hand , And eternity in an hour . A robin redbreast in a cage Puts all heaven in a rage . A dove - house fill 'd with doves and pigeons Shudders hell thro ' all its regions . A dog starv 'd at his master 's gate Predicts the ruin of the state . A horse misused upon the road Calls to heaven for human blood . Each outcry of the hunted hare A fibre from the brain does tear . A skylark wounded in the wing , A cherubim does cease to sing . The game - cock clipt and arm 'd for fight Does the rising sun affright . Every wolf 's and lion 's howl Raises from hell a human soul . The wild deer , wand'ring here and there , Keeps the human soul from care . The lamb misus 'd breeds public strife , And yet forgives the butcher 's knife . The bat that flits at close of eve Has left the brain that wo n't believe . The owl that calls upon the night Speaks the unbeliever 's fright . He who shall hurt the little wren Shall never be belov 'd by men . He who the ox to wrath has mov 'd Shall never be by woman lov 'd . The wanton boy that kills the fly Shall feel the spider 's enmity . He who torments the chafer 's sprite Weaves a bower in endless night . The caterpillar on the leaf Repeats to thee thy mother 's grief . Kill not the moth nor butterfly , For the last judgement draweth nigh . He who shall train the horse to war Shall never pass the polar bar . The beggar 's dog and widow 's cat , Feed them and thou wilt grow fat . The gnat that sings his summer 's song Poison gets from slander 's tongue . The poison of the snake and newt Is the sweat of envy 's foot . The poison of the honey bee Is the artist 's jealousy . The prince 's robes and beggar 's rags Are toadstools on the miser 's bags . A truth that 's told with bad intent Beats all the lies you can invent . It is right it should be so ; Man was made for joy and woe ; And when this we rightly know , Thro ' the world we safely go . Joy and woe are woven fine , A clothing for the soul divine . Under every grief and pine Runs a joy with silken twine . The babe is more than swaddling bands ; Throughout all these human lands ; Tools were made and born were hands , Every farmer understands . Every tear from every eye Becomes a babe in eternity ; This is caught by females bright , And return 'd to its own delight . The bleat , the bark , bellow , and roar , Are waves that beat on heaven 's shore . The babe that weeps the rod beneath Writes revenge in realms of death . The beggar 's rags , fluttering in air , Does to rags the heavens tear . The soldier , arm 'd with sword and gun , Palsied strikes the summer 's sun . The poor man 's farthing is worth more Than all the gold on Afric 's shore . One mite wrung from the lab'rer's hands Shall buy and sell the miser 's lands ; Or , if protected from on high , Does that whole nation sell and buy . He who mocks the infant 's faith Shall be mock 'd in age and death . He who shall teach the child to doubt The rotting grave shall ne'er get out . He who respects the infant 's faith Triumphs over hell and death . The child 's toys and the old man 's reasons Are the fruits of the two seasons . The questioner , who sits so sly , Shall never know how to reply . He who replies to words of doubt Doth put the light of knowledge out . The strongest poison ever known Came from Caesar 's laurel crown . Nought can deform the human race Like to the armour 's iron brace . When gold and gems adorn the plow , To peaceful arts shall envy bow . A riddle , or the cricket 's cry , Is to doubt a fit reply . The emmet 's inch and eagle 's mile Make lame philosophy to smile . He who doubts from what he sees Will ne'er believe , do what you please . If the sun and moon should doubt , They 'd immediately go out . To be in a passion you good may do , But no good if a passion is in you . The whore and gambler , by the state Licensed , build that nation 's fate . The harlot 's cry from street to street Shall weave old England 's winding - sheet . The winner 's shout , the loser 's curse , Dance before dead England 's hearse . Every night and every morn Some to misery are born , Every morn and every night Some are born to sweet delight . Some are born to sweet delight , Some are born to endless night . We are led to believe a lie When we see not thro ' the eye , Which was born in a night to perish in a night , When the soul slept in beams of light . God appears , and God is light , To those poor souls who dwell in night ; But does a human form display To those who dwell in realms of day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` The Pickering Manuscript . '' Online . Accessed December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` You Tube clip '' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WfbRJYKlM0 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Dreadful Episode List . '' IMDB . IMDB.com , Inc. , May 10 , 2015 . Web . September 2 , 2016 . http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2628232/episodes?season=2&ref_=tt_eps_sn_2 The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations , 1986 , 3rd Edition , Oxford University Press ( hide ) William Blake ( hide ) Literary works Early writings Poetical Sketches An Island in the Moon All Religions are One There is No Natural Religion Songs of Innocence and of Experience Songs of Innocence The Shepherd The Ecchoing Green The Lamb The Little Black Boy The Blossom The Chimney Sweeper The Little Boy Lost The Little Boy Found Laughing Song A Cradle Song The Divine Image Holy Thursday Night Spring Nurse 's Song Infant Joy A Dream On Another 's Sorrow Songs of Experience Introduction Earth 's Answer The Clod and the Pebble Holy Thursday The Little Girl Lost The Little Girl Found The Chimney Sweeper Nurse 's Song The Sick Rose The Fly The Angel The Tyger My Pretty Rose Tree Ah ! Sun - flower The Lilly The Garden of Love The Little Vagabond London The Human Abstract Infant Sorrow A Poison Tree A Little Boy Lost A Little Girl Lost To Tirzah The School Boy The Voice of the Ancient Bard A Divine Image ( found only in Copy BB ) Prophetic books The continental prophecies America a Prophecy Europe a Prophecy The Song of Los Other Tiriel The Book of Thel The Marriage of Heaven and Hell The French Revolution Visions of the Daughters of Albion The Book of Urizen The Book of Ahania The Book of Los The Four Zoas Milton Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion The Pickering Manuscript `` Auguries of Innocence '' `` The Mental Traveller '' The Rossetti Manuscript `` Never seek to tell thy love '' Mythology Ahania Albion Beulah Bromion Enion Enitharmon Fuzon Golgonooza Grodna Har Leutha Los Luvah Orc Palamabron Spectre Tharmas Thiriel Tiriel Urizen Urthona Utha Vala Art Paintings and prints Relief etching Engravings for Original Stories from Real Life The Ancient of Days The Night of Enitharmon 's Joy Newton Nebuchadnezzar Illustrations for Night - Thoughts Illustrations of The Grave The Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne Illustrations of Paradise Lost A Vision of the Last Judgement Descriptive Catalogue The Great Red Dragon Paintings Pity The Ghost of a Flea Agony in the Garden Illustrations of On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity The Wood of the Self - Murderers : The Harpies and the Suicides Illustrations of the Book of Job Sketches Visionary Heads The Ancients Edward Calvert John Linnell Samuel Palmer George Richmond Arthur Tatham Frederick Tatham Related Catherine Blake ( wife ) Criticism and scholarship Scholars and critics Peter Ackroyd Donald Ault Harold Bloom Nancy Bogen Jacob Bronowski S. Foster Damon David V. Erdman Northrop Frye Alexander Gilchrist Geoffrey Keynes Alicia Ostriker Kathleen Raine E.P. Thompson W.B. Yeats Scholarly works Life of William Blake Fearful Symmetry Blake : Prophet Against Empire Witness Against the Beast Archives and Collections William Blake Archive Musical Serenade for Tenor , Horn and Strings ( 1943 ) Ten Blake Songs ( 1958 ) Songs and Proverbs of William Blake ( 1965 ) The Lamb ( 1982 ) Related Blake ( 1983 ) In Lambeth ( 1989 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auguries_of_Innocence&oldid=798792137 '' Categories : Poetry by William Blake Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Italiano עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 02 . About Wikipedia	to see infinity in a grain of sand	[]	[]
9069897747628110720	Vasectomy	Vasectomy - wikipedia Vasectomy Vasectomy Background Type Sterilization First use 1899 ( experiments from 1785 ) Failure rates ( first year ) Perfect use 0.10 % Typical use 0.15 % `` Vas - Clip '' nearly 1 % Usage Duration effect Permanent Reversibility Possible , but expensive . User reminders Two consecutive negative semen specimens required to verify no sperm . Advantages and disadvantages STI protection No Benefits No need for general anesthesia . Lower cost and less invasive than tubal ligation for women . Risks Temporary local inflammation of the testes , long - term genital pain . Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception . During the procedure , the male vas deferens are cut and tied or sealed so as to prevent sperm from entering into the urethra and thereby prevent fertilization of a female through sexual intercourse . Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician 's office , medical clinic , or , when performed on an animal , in a veterinary clinic -- hospitalization is not normally required as the procedure is not complicated , the incisions are small , and the necessary equipment routine . There are several methods by which a surgeon might complete a vasectomy procedure , all of which occlude ( i.e. , `` seal '' ) at least one side of each vas deferens . To help reduce anxiety and increase patient comfort , men who have an aversion to needles may consider a `` no - needle '' application of anesthesia while the `` no - scalpel '' or `` open - ended '' techniques help to accelerate recovery times and increase the chance of healthy recovery . Due to the simplicity of the surgery , a vasectomy usually takes less than thirty minutes to complete . After a short recovery at the doctor 's office ( usually less than an hour ) , the patient is sent home to rest . Because the procedure is minimally invasive , many vasectomy patients find that they can resume their typical sexual behavior within a week , and do so with little or no discomfort . Because the procedure is considered a permanent method of contraception and is not easily reversed , men are usually counseled / advised to consider how the long - term outcome of a vasectomy might affect them both emotionally and physically . The procedure is not often encouraged for young single childless men as their chances for biological parenthood are thereby more or less permanently reduced to almost zero . It is seldom performed on dogs ( castration , a different procedure , remains the preferred reproductive control option for canines ) but is regularly performed on bulls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Efficacy 2 Complications 2.1 Postvasectomy pain 2.2 Psychological effects 2.3 Dementia 3 Procedure 3.1 Other techniques 3.1. 1 Vas occlusion techniques 3.2 Recovery 4 Conceiving after vasectomy 4.1 Vasectomy reversal 5 Prevalence 6 History 7 Society and culture 7.1 Availability and legality 7.2 Ideological issues 7.3 Tourism 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Medical uses ( edit ) A vasectomy is done to prevent fertility in males . It ensures that in most cases the person will be sterile after confirmation of success following surgery . The procedure is regarded as permanent because vasectomy reversal is costly and often does not restore the male 's sperm count or sperm motility to prevasectomy levels . Men with vasectomies have a very small ( nearly zero ) chance of successfully impregnating a woman , but a vasectomy has no effect on rates of sexually transmitted infections . After vasectomy , the testes remain in the scrotum where Leydig cells continue to produce testosterone and other male hormones that continue to be secreted into the blood - stream . Some studies have found that sexual desire after vasectomy may be somewhat diminished . When the vasectomy is complete , sperm can not exit the body through the penis . Sperm are still produced by the testicles , but they are soon broken down and absorbed by the body . Much fluid content is absorbed by membranes in the epididymis , and much solid content is broken down by the responding macrophages and reabsorbed via the blood stream . Sperm is matured in the epididymis for about a month before leaving the testicles . After vasectomy , the membranes must increase in size to absorb and store more fluid ; this triggering of the immune system causes more macrophages to be recruited to break down and reabsorb more solid content . Within one year after vasectomy , sixty to seventy per cent of vasectomized men develop antisperm antibodies . In some cases , vasitis nodosa , a benign proliferation of the ductular epithelium , can also result . The accumulation of sperm increases pressure in the vas deferens and epididymis . The entry of the sperm into the scrotum can cause sperm granulomas to be formed by the body to contain and absorb the sperm which the body will treat as a foreign biological substance ( much like a virus or bacterium ) . Efficacy ( edit ) Vasectomy is the most effective permanent form of contraception available to men . In nearly every way that vasectomy can be compared to tubal ligation it has a more positive outlook . Vasectomy is more cost effective , less invasive , has techniques that are emerging that may facilitate easier reversal , and has a much lower risk of postoperative complications . Early failure rates , i.e. pregnancy within a few months after vasectomy , typically result from unprotected sexual intercourse too soon after the procedure while some sperm continue to pass through the vasa deferentia . Most physicians and surgeons who perform vasectomies recommend one ( sometimes two ) postprocedural semen specimens to verify a successful vasectomy ; however , many men fail to return for verification tests citing inconvenience , embarrassment , forgetfulness , or certainty of sterility . In January 2008 , the F.D.A. cleared a home test called SpermCheck Vasectomy that allows patients to perform postvasectomy confirmation tests themselves ; however , compliance for postvasectomy semen analysis in general remains low . Late failure , i.e. pregnancy following spontaneous recanalization of the vasa deferentia , has also been documented . The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists states there is a generally agreed - upon rate of late failure of about one in 2000 vasectomies -- better than tubal ligations for which the failure rate is one in every 200 to 300 cases . A 2005 review including both early and late failures described a total of 183 recanalizations from 43,642 vasectomies ( 0.4 % ) , and sixty pregnancies after 92,184 vasectomies ( 0.07 % ) . Complications ( edit ) Short - term possible complications include infection , bruising and bleeding into the scrotum resulting in a collection of blood known as a hematoma . A study in 2012 demonstrated an infection rate of 2.5 % postvasectomy . The stitches on the small incisions required are prone to irritation , though this can be minimized by covering them with gauze or small adhesive bandages . The primary long - term complications are chronic pain conditions or syndromes that can affect any of the scrotal , pelvic or lower - abdominal regions , collectively known as post-vasectomy pain syndrome . Though vasectomy results in increases in circulating immune complexes , these increases are transient . Data based on animal and human studies indicate these changes do not result in increased incidence of atherosclerosis . The risk of prostate and testicular cancer is not affected by vasectomy . According to one study long - term postvasectomy discomfort is experienced at a frequency which ranges between 15 % and 33 % of vasectomy patients . Postvasectomy pain ( edit ) Main article : Post-vasectomy pain syndrome Post-vasectomy pain syndrome ( P.V.P.S. ) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy . One survey cites studies that estimate incidence at one case in every ten to thirty vasectomies . The pain can be constant orchialgia or epididymal pain ( epididymitis ) , or it can be pain that occurs only at particular times such as with sexual intercourse , ejaculation , or physical exertion . Psychological effects ( edit ) Approximately 90 % are generally reported in reviews as being satisfied with having had a vasectomy , while 7 -- 10 % of men regret their decision . Regret was less common when both people in the relationship agreed on the procedure . Men who are of a younger age at the time of having a vasectomy are significantly more likely to regret and seek a reversal of their vasectomy , with one study showing men for example in their twenties being 12.5 times more likely to undergo a vasectomy reversal later in life ( and including some who chose sterilization at a young age ) ; prevasectomy counseling is therefore of particular importance in younger patients . Dementia ( edit ) An association between vasectomy and primary progressive aphasia , a rare variety of frontotemporal dementia , was reported . However , it is unclear if there is a causal relationship . The putative mechanism is a cross-reactivity between brain and sperm , including the shared presence of neural surface antigens . In addition , the cytoskeletal tau protein has been found only to exist outside of the CNS in the manchette of sperm . Procedure ( edit ) The traditional incision approach of vasectomy involves numbing of the scrotum with local anesthetic ( although some men 's physiology may make access to the vas deferens more difficult in which case general anesthesia may be recommended ) after which a scalpel is used to make two small incisions , one on each side of the scrotum at a location that allows the surgeon to bring each vas deferens to the surface for excision . The vasa deferentia are cut ( sometimes a section may be removed altogether ) , separated , and then at least one side is sealed by ligating ( suturing ) , cauterizing ( electrocauterization ) , or clamping . There are several variations to this method that improve healing , effectiveness , and which help mitigate long - term pain such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome ( PVPS ) or epididymitis . Fascial interposition : Recanalization of the vas deferens is a known cause of vasectomy failure ( s ) . Fascial interposition ( `` FI '' ) , in which a tissue barrier is placed between the cut ends of the vas by suturing , may help to prevent this type of failure , increasing the overall success rate of vasectomy while leaving the testicular end within the confines of the fascia . The fascia is a fibrous protective sheath that surrounds the vas deferens as well as all other body muscle tissue . This method , when combined with intraluminal cautery ( where one or both sides of the vas deferens are electrically `` burned '' closed to prevent recanalization ) , has been shown to increase the success rate of vasectomy procedures . No - needle anesthesia : Fear of needles for injection of local anesthesia is well known . In 2005 , a method of local anesthesia was introduced for vasectomy which allows the surgeon to apply it painlessly with a special jet - injection tool , as opposed to traditional needle application . The numbing agent is forced / pushed onto and deep enough into the scrotal tissue to allow for a virtually pain - free surgery . Initial surveys show a very high satisfaction rate amongst vasectomy patients . Once the effects of no - needle anesthesia set in , the vasectomy procedure is performed in the routine manner . However , unlike in conventional local anesthesia where needles and syringes are used on one patient only , the applicator is not single use and can not be properly cleaned leading to concerns regarding infection control . No - scalpel vasectomy ( NSV ) : Also known as a `` key - hole '' vasectomy , is a vasectomy in which a sharp hemostat ( as opposed to a scalpel ) is used to puncture the scrotum . This method has come into widespread use as the resulting smaller `` incision '' or puncture wound typically limits bleeding and hematomas . Also the smaller wound has less chance of infection , resulting in faster healing times compared to the larger / longer incisions made with a scalpel . The surgical wound created by the No - Scalpel method usually does not require stitches . NSV is the most commonly performed type of minimally invasive vasectomy , and both describe the method of vasectomy that leads to access of the vas deferens . Open - ended vasectomy : In this procedure the testicular end of the vas deferens is not sealed , which allows continued streaming of sperm into the scrotum . This method may avoid testicular pain resulting from increased back - pressure in the epididymis . Studies suggest that this method may reduce long - term complications such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome . Vas irrigation : Injections of sterile water or euflavine ( which kills sperm ) are put into the distal portion of the vas at the time of surgery which then brings about a near - immediate sterile ( `` azoospermatic '' ) condition . The use of euflavine does however , tend to decrease time ( or , number of ) ejaculations to azoospermia vs. the water irrigation by itself . This additional step in the vasectomy procedure , ( and similarly , fascial interposition ) , has shown positive results but is not as prominently in use , and few surgeons offer it as part of their vasectomy procedure . Other techniques ( edit ) The following vasectomy methods have purportedly had a better chance of later reversal but have seen less use by virtue of known higher failure rates ( i.e. , recanalization ) . An earlier clip device , the VasClip , is no longer on the market , due to unacceptably high failure rates . The VasClip method , though considered reversible , has had a higher cost and resulted in lower success rates . Also , because the vasa deferentia are not cut or tied with this method , it could technically be classified as other than a vasectomy . Vasectomy reversal ( and the success thereof ) was conjectured to be higher as it only required removing the Vas - Clip device . This method achieved limited use , and scant reversal data are available . Vas occlusion techniques ( edit ) Injected plugs : There are two types of injected plugs which can be used to block the vasa deferentia . Medical - grade polyurethane ( M.P.U. ) or medical - grade silicone rubber ( MSR ) starts as a liquid polymer that is injected into the vas deferens after which the liquid is clamped in place until is solidifies ( usually in a few minutes ) . Intra-vas device : The vasa deferentia can also be occluded by an intra-vas device ( IVD ) . A small cut is made in the lower abdomen after which a soft silicone or urethane plug is inserted into each vas tube thereby blocking ( occluding ) sperm . This method allows for the vas to remain intact . IVD technique is done in an out - patient setting with local anesthetic , similar to a traditional vasectomy . IVD reversal can be performed under the same conditions making it much less costly than vasovasostomy which can require general anesthesia and longer surgery time . Both vas occlusion techniques require the same basic patient setup : local anesthesia , puncturing of the scrotal sac for access of the vas , and then plug or injected plug occlusion . The success of the aforementioned vas occlusion techniques is not clear and data are still limited . Studies have shown , however , that the time to achieve sterility is longer than the more prominent techniques mentioned in the beginning of this article . The satisfaction rate of patients undergoing IVD techniques has a high rate of satisfaction with regard to the surgery experience itself . Recovery ( edit ) A post-vasectomy scrotum , showing typical post-operative bruising , incision stitches and a shaved scrotum . Sexual intercourse can usually be resumed in about a week ( depending on recovery ) ; however , pregnancy is still possible as long as the sperm count is above zero . Another method of contraception must be relied upon until a sperm count is performed either two months after the vasectomy or after ten to twenty ejaculations have occurred . After a vasectomy , contraceptive precautions must be continued until azoospermia is confirmed . Usually two semen analyses at three and four months are necessary to confirm azoospermia . The British Andrological Society has recommended that a single semen analysis confirming azoospermia after sixteen weeks is sufficient . Conceiving after vasectomy ( edit ) In order to allow the possibility of reproduction via artificial insemination after vasectomy , some men opt for cryopreservation of sperm before sterilization . It is advised that all men having a vasectomy consider freezing some sperm before the procedure . Dr Allan Pacey ( senior lecturer in andrology at Sheffield University and secretary of the British Fertility Society ) notes that men who he sees for a vasectomy reversal which has not worked , express wishing they knew they could have stored sperm . Pacey notes , `` The problem is you 're asking a man to foresee a future where he might not necessarily be with his current partner -- and that may be quite hard to do when she 's sitting next to you . '' The cost of cryopreservation ( sperm banking ) itself may also be substantially less ( approximately every five years ) than alternative vaso - vasectomy procedure ( s ) , compared to the costs of in - vitro fertilization which usually run to US $15,000 . Intracytoplasmic sperm injection : Sperm can be aspirated from the testicles or the epididymis , and while there is not enough for successful artificial insemination , there is enough to fertilize an ovum by ICSI This avoids the problem of antisperm antibodies and may result in a faster pregnancy . IVF ( In - vitro fertilization ) may be less costly ( see aforementioned text ) per cycle than reversal in some health - care systems , but a single I.V.F. cycle is often insufficient for conception . Disadvantages include the need for procedures on the woman , and the standard potential side - effects of I.V.F. for both the mother and the child . Vasectomy reversal ( edit ) Main article : Vasectomy reversal Although men considering vasectomies should not think of them as reversible , and most men and their partners are satisfied with the operation , life circumstances and outlooks can change , and there is a surgical procedure to reverse vasectomies using vasovasostomy ( a form of microsurgery first performed by Earl Owen in 1971 ) . Vasovasostomy is effective at achieving pregnancy in a variable percentage of cases , and total out - of - pocket costs in the United States are often upwards of $10,000 . The typical success rate of pregnancy following a vasectomy reversal is around 55 % if performed within 10 years , and drops to around 25 % if performed after 10 years . After reversal , sperm counts and motility are usually much lower than pre-vasectomy levels . There is evidence that men who have had a vasectomy may produce more abnormal sperm , which would explain why even a mechanically successful reversal does not always restore fertility . The higher rates of aneuploidy and diploidy in the sperm cells of men who have undergone vasectomy reversal may lead to a higher rate of birth defects . Some reasons that men seek vasectomy reversals include wanting a family with a new partner following a relationship break - down / divorce , their original wife / partner dying and subsequently going on to repartner and to want children , the unexpected death of a child , or a long - standing couple changing their minds some time later , often prompted by situations such as improved finances or existing children approaching the age of school or leaving home . Patients often comment that they never anticipated the possibility of a relationship break - down or death ( of their partner or child ) , or how that may affect their situation at the time of having their vasectomy . A small number of vasectomy reversals are also performed in attempts to relieve postvasectomy pain syndrome . Prevalence ( edit ) Internationally , vasectomy rates are vastly different . While female sterilisation is the most widely used method worldwide , with 223 million women relying on it , only 28 million women rely on their partner 's vasectomy . In the world 's 69 least developed countries less than 0.1 % of men use vasectomies on average . Of 54 African countries , only ten report measurable vasectomy use and only Swaziland , Botswana , and South Africa exceed 0 1 % prevalence . country vasectomy usage notes Canada 22 % `` of all women rely on vasectomy '' UK 17 % - 21 % only range given New Zealand 17 % to 21 % only range given South Korea 17 % to 21 % only range given Australia ~ 10 % Belgium ~ 10 % Denmark ~ 10 % Spain ~ 10 % Switzerland ~ 10 % Swaziland 0.3 % Botswana 0.4 % South Africa 0.7 % In North America and Europe vasectomy usage is on the order of 10 % with some countries reaching 20 % . Despite its high efficacy , in the United States , vasectomy is utilized less than half the rate of the alternative female tubal ligation . According to the research , vasectomy is least utilized among black and Latin populations , the U.S. groups that have the highest rates of female sterilization . New Zealand , in contrast to the U.S. , has higher levels of vasectomy than tubal ligation uptake. 18 % of all men , and 25 % of all married men have had a vasectomy . The age cohort with the highest level of vasectomy was 40 -- 49 , where 57 % of men had taken it up . Canada , the UK , Bhutan and the Netherlands all have similar levels of uptake . History ( edit ) The first recorded vasectomy was performed on a dog in 1823 . A short time after that , R. Harrison of London performed the first human vasectomy ; however the surgery was not done for sterilization purposes , but to bring about atrophy of the prostate . Soon , however , it was believed to have benefits for eugenics . The first case report of vasectomy in the U.S. was in 1897 , by A.J. Ochsner , a surgeon in Chicago , in a paper titled , `` Surgical treatment of habitual criminals . '' He believed vasectomy to be a simple , effective means for stemming the tide of racial degeneration widely believed to be occurring . In 1902 , Harry C. Sharp , the surgeon at the Indiana Reformatory , reported that he had sterilized 42 inmates , in an effort to both reduce criminal behavior in those individuals and prevent the birth of future criminals . However , some vasectomies were not performed with the goal of sterilization in mind . Eugen Steinach ( 1861 -- 1944 ) , an Austrian physician , believed that a unilateral vasectomy ( severing only one of the two vas deferentia ) in older men could restore general vigor and sexual potency , shrink enlarged prostates , and cure various ailments by somehow boosting the hormonal output of the vasectomied testicle . This surgery , which became very popular in the 1920s , was undertaken by many wealthy men , including Sigmund Freud and W.B. Yeats . Since these operations lacked rigorous controlled trials , any rejuvenating effect was likely due to the Placebo Effect , and with the later development of synthetic injectable hormones , this operation fell out of vogue . Vasectomy began to be regarded as a method of consensual birth control during the Second World War . The first vasectomy program on a national scale was launched in 1954 in India . Society and culture ( edit ) Availability and legality ( edit ) Vasectomy costs are ( or may be ) covered in different countries , as a method of both contraception or population control , with some offering it as a part of a national health insurance . The Affordable Care Act of the U.S. does not cover vasectomy . Vasectomy was generally considered illegal in France until 2001 , due to provisions in the Napoleonic Code forbidding `` self - mutilation '' . No French law specifically mentioned vasectomy until a 2001 law on contraception and foeticide permitted the procedure . Ideological issues ( edit ) The emphasis on `` shared responsibility '' has been taken up in recent research and articles by Terry and Braun , who regard much of the earlier psychological research on vasectomy as seemingly negative , or ' suspicious ' in tone . In research based on 16 New Zealand men ( chosen for their enthusiasm on the topic of vasectomy ) , researchers extracted primary themes from their interviews of `` taking responsibility '' and `` vasectomy as an act of minor heroism '' . The need to `` target men 's involvement in reproductive and contraceptive practices '' was historically raised on a global scale at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development ( ICPD ) in Cairo , in relation to both population control and decreasing the levels of inequality in the ' contraceptive burden ' , which has traditionally placed responsibility for contraception unfairly upon women . Vigoya has referred to a global `` cultura anticonceptiva femenina '' -- a female contraceptive culture , where , despite the possibility of men taking more responsibility for contraception , there is virtually nowhere in the world where true contraceptive equality exists . Critical health researchers emphasize the positive identities that men can take up post vasectomy , as a `` man who takes on responsibility for the contraceptive task '' and a man who is willing to `` sacrifice '' his fertility for his partner and family 's sake . Often these sorts of accounts are constructed within the ' contraceptive economy ' of a relationship , in which women have maintained responsibility of the contraceptive task up until the point of the operation . Terry notes that a man undergoing a vasectomy may also mean he receives a high degree of gratitude and positive reinforcement for making the choice to be sterilised , perhaps more so than a woman who has been on an oral contraceptive or similar for years prior . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Medical tourism Medical tourism , where a patient travels to a less developed location where a procedure is cheaper to save money and combine convalescence with a vacation , is infrequently used for vasectomy due to its low cost , but is more likely to be used for vasectomy reversal . Many overseas hospitals list vasectomy as one of their qualified surgical procedures . Medical tourism has come under the scrutiny of some governments for quality of care and postoperative care issues . See also ( edit ) Male contraceptive Sperm granuloma Testicular sperm extraction Orchiectomy List of surgeries by type World Vasectomy Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popenoe P ( 1934 ) . `` The progress of eugenic sterilization '' . Journal of Heredity. 25 ( 1 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Trussell , James ( 2011 ) . `` Contraceptive efficacy '' . In Hatcher , Robert A. ; Trussell , James ; Nelson , Anita L. ; Cates , Willard Jr. ; Kowal , Deborah ; Policar , Michael S. ( eds . ) . Contraceptive technology ( 20th revised ed . ) . New York : Ardent Media . pp. 779 -- 863 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59708 - 004 - 0 . ISSN 0091 - 9721 . OCLC 781956734 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Table 26 -- 1 = Table 3 -- 2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception , and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year . United States . Jump up ^ Dean A. Hendrickson ; A.N. Baird ( 5 June 2013 ) . Turner and McIlwraith 's Techniques in Large Animal Surgery . John Wiley & Sons . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 68404 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nielsen CM , Genster HG ( 1980 ) . `` Male sterilization with vasectomy . The effect of the operation on sex life '' . Ugeskrift for Lægerer. 142 ( 10 ) : 641 -- 643 . PMID 7368333 . Jump up ^ Dias , P.L.R. ( 1983 ) . `` The long - term effects of vasectomy on sexual behaviour '' . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 67 ( 5 ) : 333 -- 338 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0447.1983. tb00350. x . PMID 6869041 . Jump up ^ Hattikudur , S. ; Shanta , S. RAO ; Shahani , S.K. ; Shastri , P.R. ; Thakker , P.V. ; Bordekar , A.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Immunological and Clinical Consequences of Vasectomy * '' . Andrologia. 14 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0272.1982. tb03089. x . PMID 7039414 . Jump up ^ Deshpande RB , Deshpande J , Mali BN , Kinare SG ( 1985 ) . `` Vasitis nodosa ( a report of 7 cases ) '' . J Postgrad Med. 31 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 8 . PMID 4057111 . Jump up ^ Hirschowitz , L ; Rode , J ; Guillebaud , J ; Bounds , W ; Moss , E ( 1988 ) . `` Vasitis nodosa and associated clinical findings '' . Journal of Clinical Pathology. 41 ( 4 ) : 419 -- 423 . doi : 10.1136 / jcp. 41.4. 419 . PMC 1141468 . PMID 3366928 . ^ Jump up to : Christiansen C , Sandlow J ( 2003 ) . `` Testicular Pain Following Vasectomy : A Review of Post vasectomy Pain Syndrome '' . Journal of Andrology. 24 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 8 . PMID 12721203 . Jump up ^ Christensen , R.E. ; Maples , D.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Postvasectomy Semen Analysis : Are Men Following Up ? '' . The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine . 18 : 44 -- 47 . doi : 10.3122 / jabfm. 18.1. 44 . Jump up ^ Klotz , Kenneth L. ; Coppola , Michael A. ; Labrecque , Michel ; Brugh Vm , Victor M. ; Ramsey , Kim ; Kim , Kyung - ah ; Conaway , Mark R. ; Howards , Stuart S. ; Flickinger , Charles J. ; Herr , John C. ( 2008 ) . `` Clinical and Consumer Trial Performance of a Sensitive Immunodiagnostic Home Test That Qualitatively Detects Low Concentrations of Sperm Following Vasectomy '' . The Journal of Urology. 180 ( 6 ) : 2569 -- 2576 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2008.08. 045 . PMC 2657845 . PMID 18930494 . Jump up ^ Philp , T ; Guillebaud , J ; Budd , D ( 1984 ) . `` Late failure of vasectomy after two documented analyses showing azoospermic semen '' . BMJ. 289 ( 6437 ) : 77 -- 79 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 289.6437. 77 . PMC 1441962 . PMID 6428685 . Jump up ^ Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . `` Sterilisation for women and men : what you need to know '' . Jump up ^ Griffin , T ; Tooher , R ; Nowakowski , K ; Lloyd , M ; Maddern , G ( 2005 ) . `` HOW LITTLE IS ENOUGH ? THE EVIDENCE FOR POST-VASECTOMY TESTING '' . The Journal of Urology. 174 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ju. 0000161595.82642. fc . PMID 15947571 . Jump up ^ Nevill et al ( 2013 ) Surveillance of surgical site infection post vasectomy . Journal of Infection Prevention . January 2013 . Vol 14 ( 1 ) http://bji.sagepub.com/content/14/1/14.abstract Jump up ^ Schwingl , Pamela J ; Guess , Harry A ( 2000 ) . `` Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy '' . Fertility and Sterility. 73 ( 5 ) : 923 -- 936 . doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 0282 ( 00 ) 00482 - 9 . PMID 10785217 . Jump up ^ `` AUA Responds to Study Linking Vasectomy with Prostate Cancer '' . American Urological Association . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bhindi , Bimal ; Wallis , Christopher J.D. ; Nayan , Madhur ; Farrell , Ann M. ; Trost , Landon W. ; Hamilton , Robert J. ; Kulkarni , Girish S. ; Finelli , Antonio ; Fleshner , Neil E. ; Boorjian , Stephen A. ; Karnes , R. Jeffrey ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` The Association Between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer : A Systematic Review and Meta - analysis '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2017.2791 . Jump up ^ McMahon AJ , Buckley J , Taylor A , Lloyd SN , Deane RF , Kirk D ( February 1992 ) . `` Chronic testicular pain following vasectomy '' ( PDF ) . Br J Urol . Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 69 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 91 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 410X. 1992. tb15494. x . PMID 1537032 . Jump up ^ Nangia , Ajay K. ; Myles , Jonathan L. ; Thomas Aj , Anthony J. ( 2000 ) . `` VASECTOMY REVERSAL FOR THE POST-VASECTOMY PAIN SYNDROME : : A CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION '' . The Journal of Urology. 164 ( 6 ) : 1939 -- 1942 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 05 ) 66923 - 6 . PMID 11061886 . Jump up ^ Potts , Jeannette M. ( 2008 ) . `` Genitourinary Pain And Inflammation '' . Current Clinical Urology : 201 -- 209 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 60327 - 126 - 4_13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 816 - 4 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ THONNEAU , P. ; D'ISLE , BÉATRICE ( 1990 ) . `` Does vasectomy have long - term effects on somatic and psychological health status ? '' . International Journal of Andrology. 13 ( 6 ) : 419 -- 432 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2605.1990. tb01050. x . PMID 2096110 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Michel ; Paunescu , Cristina ; Plesu , Ioana ; Stacey , Dawn ; Légaré , France ( 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of the effect of a patient decision aid about vasectomy on the decision - making process : a randomized trial '' . Contraception. 82 ( 6 ) : 556 -- 562 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2010.05. 003 . PMID 21074020 . ^ Jump up to : Köhler TS , Fazili AA , Brannigan RE ( August 2009 ) . `` Putative health risks associated with vasectomy '' . Urol . Clin. North Am. 36 ( 3 ) : 337 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2009.05. 004 . PMID 19643236 . Jump up ^ POTTS , J.M. ; PASQUALOTTO , F.F. ; NELSON , D. ; THOMAS , A.J. ; AGARWAL , A. ( June 1999 ) . `` PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH VASECTOMY REVERSAL '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Urology. 161 ( 6 ) : 1835 -- 1839 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 05 ) 68819 - 2 . PMID 10332448 . Jump up ^ Köhler , TS. ; Choy , JT. ; Fazili , AA. ; Koenig , JF. ; Brannigan , RE . ( Nov 2012 ) . `` A critical analysis of the reported association between vasectomy and frontotemporal dementia '' . Asian J Androl. 14 ( 6 ) : 903 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / aja. 2012.94 . PMC 3720109 . PMID 23064682 . ^ Jump up to : Rogalski E , Weintraub S , Mesulam MM ( 2013 ) . `` Are there susceptibility factors for primary progressive aphasia ? '' . Brain Lang . 127 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bandl. 2013.02. 004 . PMC 3740011 . PMID 23489582 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , LA ; Pun , A ; Gallo , MF ; Lopez , LM ; Van Vliet , HA ( 30 March 2014 ) . `` Scalpel versus no - scalpel incision for vasectomy '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 3 ) : CD004112 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004112. pub4 . PMID 24683021 . Jump up ^ [email protected] ( 2007 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Recanalization of the vas deferens '' . Vasectomy-information.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sokal , David ; Irsula , Belinda ; Hays , Melissa ; Chen - Mok , Mario ; Barone , Mark A ; Investigator Study , Group ( 2004 ) . `` Vasectomy by ligation and excision , with or without fascial interposition : a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN77781689 '' . BMC Medicine . 2 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 2 - 6 . PMC 406425 . PMID 15056388 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , RS ; Li , PS ( 2005 ) . `` No - needle jet anesthetic technique for no - scalpel vasectomy '' . The Journal of Urology. 173 ( 5 ) : 1677 -- 80 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ju. 0000154698.03817. d4 . PMID 15821547 . Jump up ^ Panel Members : Ira D. Sharlip , M.D. , Panel Co-Chair Clinical Professor Department of Urology University of California , San Francisco , CA San Francisco , CA Arnold M. Belker , M.D. , Panel Co-Chair Emeritus Clinical Professor Department of Urology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville , Kentucky Stanton Honig , M.D. Professor of Surgery / Urology University of Connecticut Farmington CT The Urology Center New Haven , CT Michel Labrecque , M.D. , Ph. D. Professor Department of Family and Emergency Medicine Université Laval Quebec City , Canada Joel L. Marmar , M.D. Professor of Urology Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Camden , NJ Lawrence S. Ross , M.D. Clarence C. Saelhof Professor Emeritus Department of Urology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago , IL Jay I. Sandlow , M.D. Professor of Urology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee , WI David C. Sokal , MD Senior Scientist Clinical Sciences Department FHI 360 Durham , NC ( January 2015 ) . `` American Urology Association Vasectomy guideline 2012 ( amended 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Urology Association . American Urological Association Education and Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Moss , WM ( December 1992 ) . `` A comparison of open - end versus closed - end vasectomies : a report on 6220 cases '' . Contraception. 46 ( 6 ) : 521 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 7824 ( 92 ) 90116 - B. PMID 1493712 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , EI ; Silber , SJ ( November 1979 ) . `` Open - ended vasectomy , sperm granuloma , and postvasectomy orchialgia '' . Fertility and Sterility. 32 ( 5 ) : 546 -- 50 . PMID 499585 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Lynley A. ; Van Vliet , Huib AAM ; Lopez , Laureen M ; Pun , Asha ; Gallo , Maria F ( 2007 ) . Cook , Lynley A. , ed . `` Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003991. pub3 . Jump up ^ Levine , LA ; Abern , MR ; Lux , MM ( 2006 ) . `` Persistent motile sperm after ligation band vasectomy '' . The Journal of Urology. 176 ( 5 ) : 2146 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2006.07. 028 . PMID 17070280 . Jump up ^ `` Male Contraception Update for the public - August 2008 , 3 ( 8 ) '' . Imccoalition.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.vasweb.com/vasclip.htm Jump up ^ `` Injected plugs '' . MaleContraceptives.org. 2011 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Intra Vas Device ( IVD ) '' . MaleContraceptives.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Healthwise Staff ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Vasectomy Procedure , Effects , Risks , Effectiveness , and More '' . webmd.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Post Vasectomy Semen Analysis '' . Cambridge IVF . Cambridge IVF . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Clare . `` Divorce fuels vasectomy reversals '' , BBC News , 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Shridharani , Anand ; Sandlow , Jay I ( 2010 ) . `` Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval : which is better ? '' . Current Opinion in Urology. 20 ( 6 ) : 503 -- 509 . doi : 10.1097 / MOU. 0b013e32833f1b35 . PMID 20852426 . Jump up ^ Landry E , Ward V ( 1997 ) . `` Perspectives from Couples on the Vasectomy Decision : A Six - Country Study '' ( PDF ) . Reproductive Health Matters . ( special issue ) : 58 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , D ( 2002 ) . `` A comparison of women 's regret after vasectomy versus tubal sterilization '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 99 ( 6 ) : 1073 -- 1079 . doi : 10.1016 / S0029 - 7844 ( 02 ) 01981 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` About Vasectomy Reversal '' . Professor Earl Owen 's homepage . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Owen ER ( 1977 ) . `` Microsurgical vasovasostomy : a reliable vasectomy reversal '' . Urology. 167 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : 1205 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 02 ) 80388 - 3 . PMID 11905902 . Jump up ^ Vasectomy Reversal http://www.epigee.org/guide/vasectomy_reversal.html Jump up ^ Cited in Laurance , Jeremy ( 2009 ) `` Vasectomy Reversal : First Cut Is n't Final '' in The Independent 30 March 2009 https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/vasectomy-reversal-first-cut-isnt-final-1657039.html ^ Jump up to : Sukcharoen , Nares ; Ngeamvijawat , J ; Sithipravej , T ; Promviengchai , S ( 2003 ) . `` High sex chromosome aneuploidy and diploidy rate of epididymal spermatozoa in obstructive azoospermic men '' . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics . 20 ( 5 ) : 196 -- 203 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023674110940 . PMC 3455301 . PMID 12812463 . Jump up ^ Abdelmassih , V. ; Balmaceda , JP ; Tesarik , J ; Abdelmassih , R ; Nagy , ZP ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between time period after vasectomy and the reproductive capacity of sperm obtained by epididymal aspiration '' . Human Reproduction. 17 ( 3 ) : 736 -- 740 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / 17.3. 736 . PMID 11870128 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , D. ( February 2012 ) . `` Vasectomy reversal provides long - term pain relief for men with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome '' . National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.S. National Library of Medicine . 187 : 613 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2011.10. 023 . PMID 22177173 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobstein , Roy ( December 2015 ) . `` The kindest cut : global need to increase vasectomy availability '' . The Lancet . Global Health . 3 ( 12 ) : e733 -- 734 . doi : 10.1016 / S2214 - 109X ( 15 ) 00168 - 0 . ISSN 2214 - 109X . PMID 26545447 . Jump up ^ `` Contraceptive Use 2011 '' . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shih G , Turok DK , Parker WJ ( April 2011 ) . `` Vasectomy : the other ( better ) form of sterilization '' . Contraception. 83 ( 4 ) : 310 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2010.08. 019 . PMID 21397087 . Jump up ^ Sneyd , Mary Jane ; Cox , Brian ; Paul , Charlotte ; Skegg , David C.G. ( 2001 ) . `` High prevalence of vasectomy in New Zealand '' . Contraception. 64 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 159 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 01 ) 00242 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pile , John M. ; Barone , Mark A. ( 2009 ) . `` Demographics of Vasectomy -- USA and International '' . Urologic Clinics of North America . 36 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 305 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2009.05. 006 . PMID 19643232 . Jump up ^ Leavesley , JH ( 1980 ) . `` Brief history of vasectomy '' . Family planning information service . 1 ( 5 ) : 2 -- 3 . PMID 12336890 . Jump up ^ Leavesley , J.H. ( 1980 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Brief history of vasectomy '' . Family Planning Information Service . 1 ( 5 ) : 2 -- 3 . ISSN 0155 - 2449 . PMID 12336890 . Jump up ^ A.J. , Ochsner , ( 1969 ) . `` Surgical Treatment of Habitual Criminals '' . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phillip ( 1991 ) . The Surgical Solution : A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 30 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Schultheiss , Dirk ; Engel , Rainer M. ( 2003 - 11 - 01 ) . `` G. Frank Lydston ( 1858 -- 1923 ) revisited : androgen therapy by testicular implantation in the early twentieth century '' . World Journal of Urology. 21 ( 5 ) : 356 -- 363 . doi : 10.1007 / s00345 - 003 - 0370 - z . ISSN 0724 - 4983 . Jump up ^ Ellmann , Richard . `` Yeats 's Second Puberty '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Angus ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) . Reproduction by Design : Sex , Robots , Trees , and Test - Tube Babies in Interwar Britain . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226560694 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Sanjay ( April -- June 2014 ) . `` A Study of Male Sterilization with No Scalpel Vasectomy '' ( PDF ) . JK Science . 16 ( 2 ) : 67 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Latham , Melanie ( 2002 - 07 - 05 ) . Regulating reproduction : a century of conflict in Britain and France . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5699 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Gareth ; Braun , Virginia ( 2011 ) . `` ' I 'm committed to her and the family ' : positive accounts of vasectomy among New Zealand men '' . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology . 29 ( 3 ) : 276 -- 291 . doi : 10.1080 / 02646838.2011. 592976 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , G. ; Braun , V. ( 2011 ) . `` ' It 's kind of me taking responsibility for these things ' : Men , vasectomy and ' contraceptive economies ' '' ( PDF ) . Feminism & Psychology . 21 ( 4 ) : 477 -- 495 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959353511419814 . Jump up ^ Mundigo A ( 2000 ) Re-conceptualizing the role of men in the post-Cairo era '' Culture , Health & Sexuality 2 ( 3 ) 323 -- 337 ; cited in Terry , G and Braun , V ( 2011 ) . ' It 's kind of me taking responsibility for these things ' : men , vasectomy and ' contraceptive economies ' Feminism & Psychology 21 ( 4 ) , pp. 477 -- 495 . Available online at : http://oro.open.ac.uk/34285/1/It%27s%20kind%20of%20me%20taking%20responsbility%20for%20these%20things.pdf Jump up ^ cited in Terry , G and Braun , V ( 2011 ) . ' It 's kind of me taking responsibility for these things ' : men , vasectomy and ' contraceptive economies ' Feminism & Psychology 21 ( 4 ) , p. 1 Available online at : http://oro.open.ac.uk/34285/1/It%27s%20kind%20of%20me%20taking%20responsbility%20for%20these%20things.pdf Jump up ^ Lunt , Neil ; Carrera , Percivil ( 2010 ) . `` Medical tourism : Assessing the evidence on treatment abroad '' . Maturitas. 66 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. maturitas. 2010.01. 017 . PMID 20185254 . External links ( edit ) Vasectomy : Procedure MedlinePlus Encyclopedia How to treat : vasectomy and reversal , Australian Doctor , 2 July 2014 hide Birth control methods ( G02B , G03A ) Comparison Comparison of birth control methods Long - acting reversible contraception ( LARC ) Behavioral Avoiding vaginal intercourse : Abstinence Anal sex Masturbation Non-penetrative sex Oral sex Including vaginal intercourse : Breastfeeding infertility ( LAM ) Calendar - based methods ( rhythm , etc . ) Fertility awareness ( Billings ovulation method Creighton Model , etc . ) Withdrawal Barrier and / or spermicidal Cervical cap Condom Contraceptive sponge Diaphragm Female condom Spermicide Hormonal ( formulations ) Combined estrogen - progestogen Contraceptive patch Extended cycle Injectable Combined vaginal ring Pill Progestogen - only Depo - Provera Etonogestrel implant ( Nexplanon ) Levonorgestrel implant ( Norplant ) Progestogen - only pill Progesterone vaginal ring Anti-estrogen Ormeloxifene ( Centchroman ) Post-intercourse Emergency contraception ( Ulipristal acetate Yuzpe regimen Levonorgestrel ) Intrauterine device Copper IUDs Hormonal IUDs ( progestogens ) Sterilization Female : Essure Tubal ligation Male : Vasectomy Experimental Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance ( Vasalgel ) Long - acting reversible contraception ( LARC ) Intrauterine device ( Hormonal IUD Copper IUD ) Contraceptive implant ( Etonogestrel implant , Levonorgestrel implant ) hide Male genital surgical and other procedures : reproductive system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 60 -- 64 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0V ) Internal Prostate Transurethral incision of the prostate Prostate biopsy Transrectal biopsy Transurethral biopsy Prostatectomy Transurethral resection of the prostate Radical retropubic prostatectomy Transurethral microwave thermotherapy Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate Brachytherapy Prostate brachytherapy Prostate massage seminal vesicles : Spermatocelectomy Vas deferens Vasectomy Vasectomy reversal Vasovasostomy Vasoepididymostomy Testes Orchiectomy Castration Orchiopexy External Penis Circumcision Penectomy Penile prosthesis Preputioplasty Penile plethysmograph Postage stamp test Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis Tests Semen analysis Medical imaging Transscrotal ultrasound Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasectomy&oldid=845443072 '' Categories : Sterilization Contraception for males 1897 introductions Male genital surgery Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a type of male sterilization the removal of a portion of the vas deferens	[]	[]
-700790343775873890	List of earthquakes in South Africa	List of earthquakes in South Africa - Wikipedia List of earthquakes in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search USGS seismicity map for South Africa The following is a list of notable earthquakes or tremors that have been detected within South Africa . According to Professor Andrzej Kijko from the University of Pretoria 's Natural Hazard Centre , mining can activate natural faults . He believes that 95 % of South Africa 's earthquakes are caused by mining , especially around the areas of Klerksdorp , Welkom and Carletonville . According to earth science consultant Dr Chris Hartnady , `` This part of Africa is in the vicinity of the African Rift system , which is being pulled apart by a few millimetres annually . '' He says `` earthquakes are caused by a slip on a fault line and the release of stored elastic energy '' and mining activity can trigger earthquakes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earthquake data 1.1 20th and 21st century 2 References 3 External links Earthquake data ( edit ) For earthquakes prior to the modern era , the magnitude and epicentre location are only approximate , and were calculated based on available reports from the time . The magnitude where given is measured using the Richter scale ( M L ( \ displaystyle M_ ( L ) ) ) unless stated otherwise . 20th and 21st century ( edit ) Date Time ( SAST ) Epicentre M L ( \ displaystyle M_ ( L ) ) Depth Notes 29 September 1969 Near Tulbagh 6.3 The 1969 earthquake remains the most destructive earthquake in South African history . The earthquake occurred in the Tulbagh area and measured 6.3 on the Richter scale , stronger than that of the 1809 Cape Town earthquake which destroyed a local Milnerton farm . 8 December 1976 Welkom 5.2 Four miners were killed . 26 September 1990 Welkom 4.2 Two people were killed . 9 March 2005 Stilfontein , North West 5.3 Two miners were killed underground . 28 May 2013 Near Mbabane 4.0 The earthquake was felt in Newcastle and lasted about six seconds . 22 June 2013 07 : 08 Thabazimbi , Limpopo 3.9 9 km The earthquake was felt up in the Thabazimbi area . 7 July 2013 16 : 52 Barberton , Mpumalanga 4.7 5 km The earthquake was felt in the Barberton area . 11 November 2013 University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg , Gauteng 4.0 The earthquake was felt as far as parts of northern and southern Johannesburg and lasted for around 10 -- 15 seconds . 2 December 2013 21 : 18 ~ 25 km south of Bela - Bela , Limpopo 4.8 5 km The earthquake was felt as far as Parkhurst and Randburg in Johannesburg , Hartebeespoort Dam in North West , Witbank and KwaMhlanga in Mpumalanga , and Soshanguve near Pretoria . 15 June 2014 18 : 16 Near Orkney , North West 4.9 M 5 km The earthquake was felt up to Potchefstroom . 5 August 2014 12 : 22 Near Orkney , North West 5.5 5.0 km The earthquake was felt as far as parts of Botswana and Durban , it lasted for around 90 sec . The local Council for Geoscience measured the earthquake at 5.5 on the Richter scale , while the United States Geological Survey recorded a moment magnitude of 5.4 . 22 August 2014 1 : 14 Near Orange Farm , Gauteng 3.8 10 km The second earthquake in South Africa in less than three weeks . No reports of injuries . The Council for Geoscience ( CGS ) in South Africa reported an earthquake of 3.8 with two aftershocks occurring within minutes of each other of 3.2 and 2.0 respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hosken , Graeme ; Smillie , Shaun ; Child , Katharine ; Louw , Poppy ; Masombuka , Sipho ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Quake of shaky things to come '' . Times LIVE . Archived from the original on 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shevel , Adele ( 10 August 2014 ) . `` Insurers brace for a wave of quake claims '' . Business Day . Archived from the original on 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ceres earthquake '' . 9 Mar 2014 . Retrieved 9 Mar 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seale , Lebogang ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Quake triggered by mine activity -- expert '' . The Star . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Update : 5.5 magnitude earthquake -- tremors continue '' . Council for Geoscience . Archived from the original on 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ le Cordeur , Matthew ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Did mining cause SA quake ? '' . Fin24 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tremor hits northern KZN '' . IOL. 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3.9 magnitude earthquake 15 km from Thabazimbi , Limpopo , South Africa '' . Earthquake Track. 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4.7 magnitude earthquake 49 km from Barberton , Mpumalanga , South Africa '' . Earthquake Track. 7 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Earth tremor felt in Joburg '' . IOL. 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tremor strikes near Bela Bela '' . IOL. 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4.8 magnitude earthquake 40 km from Siyabuswa , Mpumalanga , South Africa '' . Earthquake Track. 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4.9 magnitude earthquake 7 km from Orkney , North - West , South Africa '' . Earthquake Track. 15 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Tempelhoff , Elise ; Cilliers , Susan ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Só skeur Afrika ( stadig ) in twee '' ( Thus Africa tears ( slowly ) in two ) . Beeld ( in Afrikaans ) . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aardbewing van 5.3 ruk SA , berigte van skade ( twiets ) '' ( Earthquake of 5.3 shakes SA , reports of damage ( tweets ) ) . Beeld ( in Afrikaans ) . 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M5. 4 -- 3km ENE of Orkney , South Africa '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5.4 magnitude earthquake 4 km from Orkney , North - West , South Africa '' . Earthquake Track. 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4.6 magnitude earthquake hits west of Orange Farm '' . 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No injuries after 4.6 magnitude quake '' . 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three earthquakes hit the Carletonville area early in the morning '' . 22 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Council for Geoscience South Africa Earthquake Information -- United States Geological Survey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa&oldid=839313508 '' Categories : Lists of earthquakes by country Lists of events in South Africa Earthquakes in South Africa Hidden categories : CS1 Afrikaans - language sources ( af ) Use South African English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 16 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	definition of the earthquake and mostly impacted by the problems in south africa	[]	[]
-7156000808226879294	Black Country	Black Country - wikipedia Black Country Jump to : navigation , search `` Yam Yam '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yam yam . For other uses , see Black Country ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flag of the Black Country , with colours representing Elihu Burritt 's description of the region as `` black by day and red by night '' , adopted July 2012 The metropolitan boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell and Walsall highlighted within the West Midlands metropolitan county Coordinates : 52 ° 32 ′ N 2 ° 2 ′ W / 52.533 ° N 2.033 ° W / 52.533 ; - 2.033 The Black Country is a region of the West Midlands in England , west of Birmingham , and commonly refers to all or part of the four Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton . During the Industrial Revolution , it became one of the most industrialised parts of Britain with coal mines , coking , iron foundries , glass factories , brickworks and steel mills producing a high level of air pollution . The 14 - mile ( 23 km ) road between Wolverhampton and Birmingham was described as `` one continuous town '' in 1785 . The first trace of `` The Black Country '' as an expression dates from the 1840s . The name is believed to come from the soot from the heavy industries that covered the area , although the 30 - foot - thick ( 10 metre ) coal seam close to the surface is another possible origin . Although the heavy polluting industry that gave the region its name has long since disappeared , a sense of shared history and tradition in the area has kept the term in use . In addition , the regeneration of the area by local and national government has brought official recognition to the region and has , to some extent , defined its boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 1.1 Local government 1.2 Cultural and industrial definition 1.3 Geological definitions 2 Toponymy 3 History 4 Geology and landscape 5 Symbols 6 Economy 7 Dialect and accent 8 Brewing 9 Media 10 South Staffordshire Railway 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Extent ( edit ) South Staffordshire in 1911 . The Black Country region , as indicated on the map , lies to the west and north - west of the city of Birmingham The Black Country has no single set of defined boundaries . Some traditionalists have tended to define it as `` the area where the coal seam comes to the surface -- so West Bromwich , Oldbury , Blackheath , Cradley Heath , Old Hill , Bilston , Dudley , Tipton , Wednesfield and parts of Halesowen , Wednesbury and Walsall but not Wolverhampton , Stourbridge and Smethwick or what used to be known as Warley '' . There are records from the 18th century of shallow coal mines in Wolverhampton , however . Others have included areas slightly outside the coal field which were associated with heavy industry . Today it commonly refers to the majority or all of the four Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton although it is said that `` no two Black Country men or women will agree on where it starts or ends '' . Local government ( edit ) Official use of the name came in 1987 with the Black Country Development Corporation , an urban development corporation covering the metropolitan boroughs of Sandwell and Walsall , which was disbanded in 1998 . The Black Country Consortium ( founded in 1999 ) and the Black Country Local Enterprise Partnership ( founded in 2011 ) both define the Black Country as the four metropolitan boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton , an approximate area of 138 square miles ( 360 km ) . Cultural and industrial definition ( edit ) The borders of the Black Country can be defined by using the special cultural and industrial characteristics of the area . Areas around the canals ( the cut ) which had mines extracting mineral resources and heavy industry refining these are included in this definition . Cultural parameters include unique or characteristic foods such as Groaty pudding , Grey Peas and Bacon , faggots , gammon or pork hocks and pork scratchings ; Black Country Humour ; and the Black Country dialect . Geological definitions ( edit ) Mining the thick coal seam at one of the Earl of Dudley 's pits in the 1870s The Black Country Society defines the Black Country 's borders as the area on the thirty foot coal seam , regardless the depth of the seam . This definition includes West Bromwich and Oldbury , which had many deep pits , and Smethwick . The thick coal that underlies Smethwick was not mined until the 1870s and Smethwick has retained more Victorian character than most West Midland areas . Sandwell Park Colliery 's pit was located in Smethwick and had ' thick coal ' as shown in written accounts from 1878 and coal was also heavily mined in Hamstead further east . Smethwick and Dudley Port were described as `` a thousand swarming hives of metallurgical industries '' by Samuel Griffiths in 1872 . The Black Country Society excludes Wolverhampton ( West Midlands conurbation ) and Stourbridge geologically but includes them culturally , linguistically and in terms of heavy industry as both had iron and steel works , manufacturing industries and contributed enormously to the region . Warley is also included , despite lacking industry and canals , as housing for industrial workers in Smethwick and Oldbury was built there . Another geological definition , the seam outcrop definition , only includes areas where the coal seam is shallow making the soil black at the surface . Some coal mining areas to the east and west of the geologically defined Black Country are therefore excluded by this definition because the coal here is too deep down and does not outcrop . The seam outcrop definition excludes areas in North Worcestershire and South Staffordshire . Since the geological definitions are narrower and exclude many areas which are culturally and industrially similar to the rest of the Black Country , they are irritants to those now wishing to extend the area known as the Black Country for social or commercial reasons . This is the basis for much of the controversy over definitions . Toponymy ( edit ) The first recorded use of the term `` the Black Country '' may be from a toast given by a Mr Simpson , town clerk to Lichfield , addressing a Reformer 's meeting on 24 November 1841 , published in the Staffordshire Advertiser . He describes going into the `` black country '' of Staffordshire - Wolverhampton , Bilston and Tipton . In published literature , the first reference dates from 1846 and occurs in the novel Colton Green : A Tale of the Black Country by the Reverend William Gresley , who was then a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral . He introduces the area as `` that dismal region of mines and forges , commonly called ' the Black Country ' '' , implying that the term was already in use . Gresley 's opening paragraph stated `` The scene of this story lies in that part of Staffordshire to which the constant exhumation of its mineral resources has long since given the well - known name of the Black Country '' , implying that the original Black Country may not have included Dudley which was in Worcestershire . He also stated that the ' Black Country was twenty miles in length ' , which is also at odds with the ' restricted coalfield ' version propsed by the Black Country Society . The phrase was used again , though as a description rather than a proper noun , by the Illustrated London News in an 1849 article on the opening of the South Staffordshire Railway . An 1851 guidebook to the London and North Western Railway included an entire chapter entitled `` The Black Country '' , including an early description : In this Black Country , including West Bromwich , Dudley , Darlaston , Bilston , Wolverhampton and several minor villages , a perpetual twilight reigns during the day , and during the night fires on all sides light up the dark landscape with a fiery glow . The pleasant green of pastures is almost unknown , the streams , in which no fishes swim , are black and unwholesome ; the natural dead flat is often broken by high hills of cinders and spoil from the mines ; the few trees are stunted and blasted ; no birds are to be seen , except a few smoky sparrows ; and for miles on miles a black waste spreads around , where furnaces continually smoke , steam engines thud and hiss , and long chains clank , while blind gin horses walk their doleful round . From time to time you pass a cluster of deserted roofless cottages of dingiest brick , half swallowed up in sinking pits or inclining to every point of the compass , while the timbers point up like the ribs of a half decayed corpse . The majority of the natives of this Tartarian region are in full keeping with the scenery -- savages , without the grace of savages , coarsely clad in filthy garments , with no change on weekends or Sundays , they converse in a language belarded with fearful and disgusting oaths , which can scarcely be recognised as the same as that of civilized England . -- Samuel Sidney , Rides on Railway This work was also the first to explicitly distinguish the area from nearby Birmingham , noting that `` On certain rare holidays these people wash their faces , clothe themselves in decent garments , and , since the opening of the South Staffordshire Railway , take advantage of cheap excursion trains , go down to Birmingham to amuse themselves and make purchases '' . The geologist Joseph Jukes made it clear in 1858 that he felt the meaning of the term was self - explanatory to contemporary visitors , remarking that `` It is commonly known in the neighbourhood as the ' Black Country ' , an epithet the appropriateness of which must be acknowledged by anyone who even passes through it on a railway '' . Jukes based his Black Country on the seat of the great iron manufacture , which for him was geographically determined by the ironstone tract of the coalfield rather than the thick seam , running from Wolverhampton to Bloxwich , to West Bromwich , to Stourbridge and back to Wolverhampton again . A travelogue published in 1860 made the connection more explicit , calling the name `` eminently descriptive , for blackness everywhere prevails ; the ground is black , the atmosphere is black , and the underground is honeycombed by mining galleries stretching in utter blackness for many a league '' . An alternative theory for the meaning of the name is proposed as having been caused by the darkening of the local soil due to the outcropping coal and the seam near the surface . It was however the American diplomat and travel writer Elihu Burritt who brought the term `` the Black Country '' into widespread common usage with the third , longest and most important of the travel books he wrote about Britain for American readers , his 1868 work Walks in The Black Country and its Green Borderland . Burritt had been appointed United States consul in Birmingham by Abraham Lincoln in 1864 , a role that required him to report regularly on `` facts bearing upon the productive capacities , industrial character and natural resources of communities embraced in their Consulate Districts '' and as a result travelled widely from his home in Harborne , largely on foot , to explore the local area . Burritt 's association with Birmingham dated back 20 years and he was highly sympathetic to the industrial and political culture of the town as well as being a friend many of its leading citizens , so his portrait of the surrounding area was largely positive . He was the author of the famous early description of the Black Country as `` black by day and red by night '' , adding appreciatively that it `` can not be matched , for vast and varied production , by any other space of equal radius on the surface of the globe '' . Burritt used the term to refer to a wider area than its common modern usage , however , devoting the first third of the book to Birmingham , which he described as `` the capital , manufacturing centre , and growth of the Black Country '' , and writing `` plant , in imagination , one foot of your compass at the Town Hall in Birmingham , and with the other sweep a circle of twenty miles ( 30 km ) radius , and you will have , ' the Black Country '' . However he also described a ' Black Country proper ' including Wolverhampton , Dudley , and several smaller towns . Bilston - born Samuel Griffiths , in his 1876 Griffiths Guide to the Iron Trade of Great Britain , stated `` The Black Country commences at Wolverhampton , extends a distance of sixteen miles to Stourbridge , eight miles to West Bromwich , penetrating the northern districts through Willenhall to Bentley , The Birchills , Walsall and Darlaston , Wednesbury , Smethwick and Dudley Port , West Bromwich and Hill Top , Brockmoor , Wordsley and Stourbridge . As the atmosphere becomes purer , we get to the higher ground of Brierley Hill , nevertheless here also , as far as the eye can reach , on all sides , tall chimneys vomit forth great clouds of smoke '' . He also stated that `` Wolverhampton is considered to be The Capital of the Black Country '' , as well as `` The Capital of the Iron Trade in the Black Country '' . History ( edit ) The Oak House , West Bromwich . A Yeoman Farmer 's house dating from the late 16th or early 17th century , it represents a rare surviving building from the pre-industrial Black Country A few Black Country places such as Wolverhampton , Bilston and Wednesfield are mentioned in Anglo - Saxon charters and chronicles and the forerunners of a number of Black Country towns and villages such as Cradley , Dudley , Smethwick , and Halesowen are included in the Domesday Book of 1086 . At this early date , the area was mostly rural . A monastery was founded in Wolverhampton in the Anglo - Saxon period and a castle and priory was built at Dudley during the period of Norman rule . Another religious house , Premonstratensian Abbey of Halesowen , was founded in the early 13th century . A number of Black Country villages developed into market towns and boroughs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries , notably Dudley , Walsall and Wolverhampton . Coal mining was carried out for several centuries in the Black Country , starting from medieval times , and metalworking was important in the Black Country area as early as the 16th century spurred on by the presence of iron ore and coal in a seam 30 feet ( 9 m ) thick , the thickest seam in Great Britain , which outcropped in various places . Many people had an agricultural smallholding and supplemented their income by working as nailers or smiths , an example of a phenomenon known to economic historians as proto - industrialisation and by the 1620s `` Within ten miles ( 16 km ) of Dudley Castle there were 20,000 smiths of all sorts '' . In 1642 at the start of the Civil War , Charles I failed to capture the two arsenals of Portsmouth and Hull , which although in cities loyal to Parliament were located in counties loyal to him . As he had failed to capture the arsenals , Charles did not possess any supply of swords , pikes , guns , or shot ; all these the Black Country could and did provide . From Stourbridge came shot , from Dudley cannon . Numerous small forges which then existed on every brook in the north of Worcestershire turned out successive supplies of sword blades and pike heads . It was said that among the many causes of anger Charles had against Birmingham was that one of the best sword makers of the day , Robert Porter , who manufactured swords in Digbeth , Birmingham , refused at any price to supply swords for `` that man of blood '' ( A Puritan nickname for King Charles ) , or any of his adherents . As an offset to this sword - cutler and men like him in Birmingham , the Royalists had among their adherents Colonel Dud Dudley , who had invented a means of smelting iron by the use of coke , and who claimed he could turn out `` all sorts of bar iron fit for making of muskets , carbines , and iron for great bolts '' , both more cheaply , more speedily and more excellent than could be done in any other way . His method was employed on the King 's behalf . A Black Country scene from the 1870s including coal mines , mineral railways , furnaces and factories . An important milestone in the establishment of Black Country industry came when John Wilkinson set up an iron works at Bradley near Bilston . In 1757 he started making iron there by coke - smelting rather than using charcoal . His example was followed by others and iron making spread rapidly across the Black Country . Another important development of the 18th century was the construction of canals to link the Black Country mines industries to the rest of the country . Between 1768 and 1772 a canal was constructed by James Brindley starting in Birmingham through the heart of the Black Country and eventually leading to the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal . By the 19th century or early 20th century , many villages had their characteristic manufacture , but earlier occupations were less concentrated . Some of these concentrations are less ancient than sometimes supposed . For example , chain making in Cradley Heath seems only to have begun in about the 1820s , and the Lye holloware industry is even more recent . The ironworks of W. Barrows and Sons , Tipton . Canals were of crucial importance in the development of Black Country industry . Prior to the Industrial Revolution , coal and limestone were worked only on a modest scale for local consumption , but during the Industrial Revolution by the opening of canals , such as the Birmingham Canal Navigations , Stourbridge Canal and the Dudley Canal ( the Dudley Canal Line No 1 and the Dudley Tunnel ) opened up the mineral wealth of the area to exploitation . Advances in the use of coke for the production in iron enabled iron production ( hitherto limited by the supply of charcoal ) to expand rapidly . By Victorian times , the Black Country was one of the most heavily industrialised areas in Britain , and it became known for its pollution , particularly from iron and coal industries and their many associated smaller businesses . This led to the expansion of local railways and coal mine lines . The line running from Stourbridge to Walsall via Dudley Port and Wednesbury closed in the 1960s , but the Birmingham to Wolverhampton line via Tipton is still a major transport route . The anchors and chains for the ill - fated liner RMS Titanic were manufactured in the Black Country in the area of Netherton . Three anchors and accompanying chains were manufactured ; and the set weighed in at 100 tons . The centre anchor alone weighed 12 tons and was pulled through Netherton on its journey to the ship by 20 Shire horses . Glass cones where glass was made and worked were once a common sight in Dudley and Stourbridge . This example , now a museum , is situated near Stourbridge In 1913 , the Black Country was the location of arguably one of the most important strikes in British trade union history when the workers employed in the area 's steel tube trade came out for two months in a successful demand for a 23 shilling minimum weekly wage for unskilled workers , giving them pay parity with their counterparts in nearby Birmingham . This action commenced on 9 May in Wednesbury , at the Old Patent tube works of John Russell & Co. Ltd. , and within weeks upwards of 40,000 workers across the Black Country had joined the dispute . Notable figures in the labour movement , including a key proponent of Syndicalism , Tom Mann , visited the area to support the workers and Jack Beard and Julia Varley of the Workers ' Union were active in organising the strike . During this confrontation with employers represented by the Midlands Employers ' Federation , a body founded by Dudley Docker , the Asquith Government 's armaments programme was jeopardised , especially its procurement of naval equipment and other industrial essentials such as steel tubing , nuts and bolts , destroyer parts , etc . This was of national significance at a time when Britain and Germany were engaged in the Anglo - German naval arms race that preceded the outbreak of the First World War . Following a ballot of the union membership , a settlement of the dispute was reached on 11 July after arbitration by government officials from the Board of Trade led by the Chief Industrial Commissioner Sir George Askwith , 1st Baron Askwith . One of the important consequences of the strike was the growth of organised labour across the Black Country , which was notable because until this point the area 's workforce had effectively eschewed trade unionism . The area had earlier gained widespread notoriety for its hellish appearance . Charles Dickens 's novel The Old Curiosity Shop , written in 1841 , described how the area 's local factory chimneys `` Poured out their plague of smoke , obscured the light , and made foul the melancholy air '' . In 1862 , Elihu Burritt , the American Consul in Birmingham , described the region as `` black by day and red by night '' , because of the smoke and grime generated by the intense manufacturing activity and the glow from furnaces at night . Early 20th century representations of the region can be found in the Mercian novels of Francis Brett Young , most notably My Brother Jonathan ( 1928 ) . Chain making , once a major Black Country industry , as demonstrated at the Black Country Living Museum . Carol Thompson the curator `` The Making of Mordor '' at Wolverhampton Art Gallery in the last quarter of 2014 stated that J.R.R. Tolkien 's description of the grim region of Mordor `` resonates strongly with contemporary accounts of the Black Country '' , in his famed novel The Lord of the Rings . Indeed , in the Elvish Sindarin language , Mor - Dor means Dark ( or Black ) Land . It is also claimed by one Black Country scholar ( Peter Higginson ) that the character of Bilbo Baggins may have been based on Tolkien 's observation of Mayor Ben Bilboe of Bilston in The Black Country , who was a Communist and Labour Party member from the Lunt in Bilston . But the scholarly evidence for this is still questionable . The 20th century saw a decline in coal mining in the Black Country , with the last colliery in the region -- Baggeridge Colliery near Sedgley -- closing on 2 March 1968 , marking the end of an era after some 300 years of mass coal mining in the region , though a small number of open cast mines remained in use for a few years afterwards . As the heavy industry that had named the region faded away , in the 1970 's a museum , called the Black Country Living Museum started to take shape on derelict land near to Dudley . Today this museum demonstrates Black Country crafts and industry from days gone by and includes many original buildings which have been transported and reconstructed at the site . Geology and landscape ( edit ) A dark seam of coal is clearly visible on the sides of Doultons Clay Pit , in Saltwells Wood to the south of Netherton The history of industry in the Black Country is connected directly to its underlying geology . Much of the region lies upon an exposed coalfield forming the southern part of the South Staffordshire Coalfield where mining has taken place since the Middle Ages . There are , in fact several coal seams , some of which were given names by the miners . The top , thin coal seam is known as Broach Coal . Beneath this lies successively the Thick Coal , Heathen Coal , Stinking Coal , Bottom Coal and Singing Coal seams . Other seams also exist . The Thick Coal seam was also known as the `` Thirty Foot '' or `` Ten Yard '' seam and is made up of a number of beds that have come together to form one thick seam . Interspersed with the coal seams are deposits of iron ore and fireclay . The Black Country coal field is bounded on the north by the Bentley Fault , to the north of which lies the Cannock Chase Coalfield . Around the exposed coalfield , separated by geological faults , lies a concealed coalfield where the coal lies at much greater depth . A mine was sunk between 1870 and 1874 over the eastern boundary of the then known coal field in Smethwick and coal was discovered at a depth of over 400 yards . In the last decade of the 19th century , coal was discovered beyond the western boundary fault at Baggeridge at a depth of around 600 yards . A broken ridge runs across the Black Country in a north - westerly direction from Rowley Regis through Dudley , Wrens Nest and Sedgley , separating the Black Country into two regions . This ridge forms part of a major watershed of England with streams to the north taking water to the Tame and then via the Trent into the North Sea whilst to the south of the ridge , water flows into the Stour and thence to the Severn and the Bristol Channel . At Dudley and Wrens Nest , limestone was mined . This rock formation was formed in the Silurian period and contain many fossils . One particular fossilized creature , the trilobite Calymene blumenbachii , was so common that it became known as the `` Dudley Bug '' or `` Dudley Locust '' and was incorporated into the coat - of - arms of the County Borough of Dudley . Symbols ( edit ) In recent years the Black Country has seen the adoption of symbols and emblems with which to represent itself . The first of these to be registered was the Black Country tartan in 2009 , designed by Philip Tibbetts from Halesowen . In 2008 the idea of a flag for the region was first raised . After four years of campaigning a competition was successfully organised with the Black Country Living Museum . This resulted in the adoption of the Flag of the Black Country as designed by Gracie Sheppard of Redhill School in Stourbridge and was registered with the Flag Institute in July 2012 . The flag was unveiled at the museum on 14 July 2012 as part of celebration in honour of the 300th anniversary of the erection of the first Newcomen atmospheric engine . Following this it was agreed by the museum and Black Country society for 14 July to be recognised as Black Country Day to celebrate the areas role in the Industrial Revolution . The day was marked by Department for Communities and Local Government in 2013 and following calls to do more in 2014 more events were planned around the region . Black Country Day takes place on 14 July each year , originally organised by Steven Edwards . Originally in March , the day was later moved to 14 July - the anniversary of the invention of the Newcomen steam engine . Economy ( edit ) The heavy industry which once dominated the Black Country has now largely gone . The 20th century saw a decline in coal mining and the industry finally came to an end in 1968 with the closure of Baggeridge Colliery near Sedgley . Clean air legislation has meant that the Black Country is no longer black . The area still maintains some manufacturing , but on a much smaller scale than historically . Chainmaking is still a viable industry in the Cradley Heath area where the majority of the chain for the Ministry of Defence and the Admiralty fleet is made in modern factories . Much but not all of the area now suffers from high unemployment and parts of it are amongst the most economically deprived communities in the UK . This is particularly true in parts of the metropolitan boroughs of Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton . According to the Government 's 2007 Index of Deprivation ( ID 2007 ) , Sandwell is the third most deprived authority in the West Midlands region , after Birmingham and Stoke - on - Trent , and the 14th most deprived of the UK 's 354 districts . Wolverhampton is the fourth most deprived district in the West Midlands , and the 28th most deprived nationally . Walsall is the fifth most deprived district in the West Midlands region , and the 45th most deprived in the country . Dudley fares better , but still has pockets of deprivation . Overall Dudley is the 100th most deprived district of the UK , but the second most affluent of the seven metropolitan districts of the West Midlands , with Solihull coming top . As with many urban areas in the UK , there is also a significant ethnic minority population in parts : in Sandwell , 22.6 per cent of the population are from ethnic minorities , and in Wolverhampton the figure is 23.5 per cent . However , in Walsall 84.6 per cent of the population is described as white , while in Dudley 92 per cent of the population is white . Resistance to mass immigration in the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s led to the slogan `` Keep the Black Country white ! '' . The Black Country suffered its biggest economic blows in the late 1970s and early 1980s , when unemployment soared largely because of the closure of historic large factories including the Round Oak Steel Works at Brierley Hill and the Patent Shaft steel plant at Wednesbury . Unemployment rose drastically across the country during this period as a result of the Thatcher government 's neo-liberal economic policies ; later , in an implicit acknowledgement of the social problems this had caused , these areas were designated as Enterprise Zones , and some redevelopment occurred . Round Oak and the surrounding farmland was developed as the Merry Hill Shopping Centre and Waterfront commercial and leisure complex , while the Patent Shaft site was developed as an industrial estate . Unemployment in Brierley Hill peaked at more than 25 % -- around double the national average at the time -- during the first half of the 1980s following the closure of Round Oak Steel Works , giving it one of the worst unemployment rates of any town in Britain . The Merry Hill development between 1985 and 1990 managed to reduce the local area 's unemployment dramatically , however . The Black Country Living Museum in Dudley recreates life in the Black Country in the early 20th century , and is a popular tourist attraction . On 17 February 2012 the museum 's collection in its entirety was awarded Designation by Arts Council England ( ACE ) . Designation is a mark of distinction that celebrates unique collections of national and international importance . The fouir metropolitan boroughs of the Black Country form part of the Birmingham metropolitan economy , the second largest in the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the government announced the creation of the Black Country Enterprise Zone . The zone includes 5 sites in Wolverhampton and 14 in Darlaston . The i54 business park in Wolverhampton is the largest of the 19 sites ; its tenants include Jaguar Land Rover . The largest site in Darlaston is that of the former IMI James Bridge Copper Works . Dialect and accent ( edit ) Main article : Black Country dialect The traditional Black Country dialect , known as `` Black Country Spake '' ( as in `` Where 's our Spake Gone '' a 2014 - 16 lottery funded project to preserve and document the dialect ) preserves many archaic traits of Early Modern English and even Middle English and can be very confusing for outsiders . Thee , Thy and Thou are still in use , as is the case in parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire . `` ' Ow B'ist , '' or `` Ow b'ist gooin '' ( How are you / how are you going ) , to which typical responses would be `` Bostin ah kid '' ( Bostin means `` Bursting '' , and implies being filled with good , and `` Ah Kid '' ( our kid ) is a term of endearment ) or `` ' Bay too bah , '' ( `` I be not too bad '' / I 'm not too bad ) . Ai n't is in common use as when `` I have n't seen her '' becomes `` I ay sid ' er . '' Black Country dialect often uses `` ar '' where other parts of England use `` yes '' ( this is common as far away as Yorkshire ) . Similarly , the local version of `` you '' is pronounced / ˈjaʊ / YOW , rhyming with `` now . '' The local pronunciation includes `` goo '' ( elsewhere `` go '' ) or `` gewin ' '' is similar to that elsewhere in the Midlands . It is quite common for broad Black Country speakers to say `` ' agooin ' '' where others say `` going . '' A woman is a `` wench '' , a man is a `` mon '' , a nurse is a `` nuss '' and home is `` wom '' . An apple is an `` opple '' . Other examples are `` code '' for the word cold , and `` goost '' for the word Ghost . A Sofa becomes a `` sofie '' , and a Fag ( cigarette ) , a `` fake '' . Seen becomes `` Sid '' . Put together , `` I just sid a Goost , so I bist gooin to sit on ma sofie and have a fake '' ( I have just seen a ghost , so I am going to sit upon my sofa and have a cigarette ) Some idioms link to local landmarks , some quite recent , such as saying a woman of loose morals is `` a wench what goos up t'back a Rackhams '' ( `` a woman who goes behind the Rackham 's Department Store in Birmingham '' ) , as this area was once connected with prostitution . Food may be called `` fittle '' ( after victuals or `` vittles '' ) , so `` Bostin fittle '' is `` good food '' . One participant in the `` Where 's our Spake Gone '' project related the following : `` Day say yom call oos rabbits up ere . I say We day , dey say yow say `` Tah rah rabbits '' . Weem say Tah - Ra a bit , un to dem , it sound like weem calling dem rabbits . '' ( `` They say you call us rabbits there , I said we do n't , ( but ) they say you say `` Tah Rah Rabbits '' . We say `` Tah Rah A bit '' ( Tah Rah for a little while ) and to them , it sounds like we are calling them rabbits. `` ) The dialect has local differences , and sounds and phrases differ across the towns ; often people can mishear a word or phrase and write it down wrong as in `` shut charow up , '' which actually is `` shut ya row up , '' so one has to be careful when hearing words and phrases . Brewing ( edit ) See also : List of breweries in the Black Country The Black Country is notable for its small breweries and brewpubs which , unlike most in Britain , continued brewing their own beer alongside larger breweries which opened in the Industrial Revolution . Small breweries and brewpubs in the Black Country include Bathams in Brierley Hill , Holdens in Woodsetton , Sarah Hughes in Sedgley and the Old Swan Inn ( Ma Pardoe 's ) in Netherton . They produce light and dark mild ales , as well as malt - accented bitters and seasonal strong ales . Media ( edit ) The Black Country is home to one television station Made in Birmingham and three region wide radio stations -- BBC WM , Free Radio and Free Radio 80s . Both Free Radio ( formerly Beacon Radio ) and Free Radio 80s ( formerly Beacon 303 , Radio WABC & Gold ) have broadcast since 1976 from transmitters at Turner 's Hill and Sedgley , with the studios which were previously located in Wolverhampton being moved to Oldbury and Birmingham respectively . The area also has three other radio stations which only officially cover part of the region . Black Country Radio ( born from a merger of 102.5 The Bridge and BCCR ) who are based in Stourbridge , Signal 107 who broadcast from Wolverhampton and Ambur Radio who broadcast from Walsall . The Express and Star is one of the region 's two daily newspapers , publishing eleven local editions from its Wolverhampton headquarters and its five district offices ( for example the Dudley edition is considerably different in content from the Wolverhampton or Stafford editions ) . It is the biggest selling regional paper in the UK . Incidentally , the Express and Star , traditionally a Black Country paper , has expanded to the point where they sell copies from vendors in Birmingham city centre . The Black Country Mail -- a local edition of the Birmingham Mail -- is the region 's other daily newspaper . Its regional base is in Walsall town centre . Established in 1973 , from a site in High Street , Cradley Heath , the Black Country Bugle has also contributed to the region 's history . It started as a fortnightly publication , but due to its widespread appeal , now appears on a weekly basis . It is now located above the Dudley Archives and Local History Centre on Tipton Road , Dudley . South Staffordshire Railway ( edit ) South Staffordshire Line See also ( edit ) Pays Noir ( in French meaning `` Black country '' ) , referring to Sillon industriel , a similar early industrial region in Belgium . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Black Country Flag Design -- Officially Registered '' . Black Country Museum . 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What or where is the Black Country ? '' . Blackcountrysociety.co.uk . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` What and where is the Black Country ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter M. ( 2009 ) . Industrial Enlightenment : Science , technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands , 1760 -- 1820 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 7770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter M. ( 2009 ) . `` Birmingham and the West Midlands '' . Industrial Enlightenment : Science , technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands , 1760 -- 1820 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 7770 - 2 . The notion of the Black Country , that is to say , a rectangle of territory bounded by Wolverhampton and Walsall to the north and Smethwick , Halesowen and Stourbridge to the south , is also an anachronism , since the expression can not be traced back beyond the 1840s Jump up ^ `` RR Angerstein 's Illustrated Travel Diary 1753 - 55 '' Jump up ^ Parsons , Harold ( 1986 ) . Portrait of the Black Country . London : Robert Hale . ISBN 0709025742 . ^ Jump up to : Palliser , D.M. ( 1976 ) . The Staffordshire Landscape . London : Hodder and Staunton . ISBN 0340129948 . Jump up ^ `` Official Black Country history website , featuring content supplied by the metropolitan boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell and Walsall , and the City of Wolverhampton '' . Blackcountryhistory.org . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham and the Black Country are neighbouring areas located in the English West Midlands ... The Black Country has no agreed physical or political boundaries being defined instead of what is it is not , and primarily , by its residents , in opposition to the neighbouring large city of Birmingham '' ( Clark 2013 , p. 140 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Enterprise Zones : only one piece of the economic regeneration puzzle '' . London Chamber of Commerce and Industry . July 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - BCLEP '' . Black Country LEP . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Jokes '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Chitham , Edward ( 2009 ) . The Black Country . Amblerley Publications . p. 152 . Jump up ^ http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/robertburden/Sandwell.htm Jump up ^ http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/articles/BlackCountry2.htm Jump up ^ `` Reform dinner at Lichfield '' . Staffordshire Advertiser. 27 November 1841 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Upton , Chris ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` And so it came to pass ... '' Birmingham Post . Trinity Mirror Midlands . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Gavin ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` ' Black Country ' in print over twenty years before Elihu Burritt '' . Black Country Bugle . Staffordshire Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidney , Samuel . `` Rides on Railways '' . AJH Computer Services . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://distinctlyblackcountry.org.uk/ Jump up ^ Mugridge , Stuart ( 2007 ) . `` Mapping The Black Country '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Peter T. ( Sep 2013 ) . `` Burritt , Elihu ( 1810 -- 1879 ) , peace campaigner and American consul '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Gordon ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` ' Ackle ' -- a word causing some hassle ! '' . Black Country Bugle . Staffordshire Newspapers . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Pack '' ( pdf ) . Black Country Living Museum . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian , Walden ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` Keeping history alive ; Ian Walden , Director of The Black Country Living Museum in Dudley , explains why he thinks Birmingham and the West Midlands needs more of a vision '' . Birmingham Post . Trinity Mirror Midlands . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnsby , George J. ( 1985 ) . The origins of Wolverhampton to 1085 . Wolverhampton Borough Council . ISBN 0905654064 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , John ( 2006 ) . An Illustrated Chronicle of the Castle and Barony of Dudley 1070 - 1757 . Dudley : The Friends of Dudley Castle . ISBN 9780955343803 . Jump up ^ `` Houses of Premonstratensian canons : Abbey of Halesowen British History Online '' . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` History of Saltwells Local Nature Reserve '' . Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dudley 1854 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ John William Willis - Bund . The Civil War in Worcestershire , 1642 -- 1646 : And the Scotch Invasion of 1615 , Birmingham : The Midland Educational Company , ltd. , 1905 , pp. 4 , 5 , 88 Jump up ^ Joan Zuckerman , Geoffrey Eley . The Birmingham Heritage , Taylor & Francis , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 875 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85664 - 875 - 5 . p. 34 Jump up ^ Paget - Tomlinson , Edward W. ( 2006 ) ( 1978 ) . The Illustrated History of Canal & River Navigations . Landmark Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84306 - 207 - 0 . Jump up ^ G. Askwith , Industrial Problems and Disputes ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & Co. , 1920 ) ^ Jump up to : BBC staff ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Was the Lord of the Rings inspired by Black Country industry ? '' . BBC . Retrieved March 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Closing of Baggeridge '' . Blackcountrysociety.co.uk . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coal and Iron '' . maps.nls.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cameron , D.G. `` Mineral Resource Information for Development Plans '' . www.bgs.ac.uk . British Geological Survey . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murchison , Roderick ( 1839 ) . The Silurian System . London : John Murray . pp. 463 -- 479 . ^ Jump up to : Jukes , Joseph Beete ( 1859 ) . The South Staffordshire coal - field . London : Longman , Green , Longman and Roberts . Jump up ^ Chapman , Nigel ( 2009 ) . South Staffordshire Coalfield . Stroud : Amberley Publishing Limited . ISBN 9781848689718 . Jump up ^ `` Sinking of Baggeridge '' . www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The most fossiliferous place in the United Kingdom ! '' . www.dudley.gov.uk . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Black Country gets its own tartan BBC NEWS , 12 January 2009 Jump up ^ Reference : WR3278 Scottish Tartan World Register Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Scottish Register of Tartans Jump up ^ `` Flying the Flag for the Black Country '' . Express & Star . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Flag for the Black Country '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budding artists invited to design official Black Country flag '' . Dudley News . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Flag '' . British County Flags . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country -- UK Flag Registry '' . Flag Institute . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Flag Design -- Officially Registered '' . Black Country Living Museum . April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Day '' . British County Flags . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country flag flies high in Whitehall '' . Department for Communities and Local Government . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's fly the flag for the Black Country Day '' . Express & Star . 3 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Day 2014 '' . Express & Star . 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://brierleyhillnesstoolkit.wordpress.com/my-brierley-hill-street-interviews/facts-and-stats/ Jump up ^ `` Arts Council Designation Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New ' enterprise zones ' announced around England '' . BBC News Online . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 350 jobs to be created at site '' . Express & Star . 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff and Agencies Wolverhampton researches Black Country dialect Guardian Unlimited , 27 January 2003 Jump up ^ http://www.freeradio.co.uk/listen-free-radio-80s/ Jump up ^ http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/mcamaps/MCAs.htm Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Regional newspaper ABCs : Two evening papers buck downward trend Media guardian.co.uk '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . References ( edit ) Dudley , Dudd ( 1854 ) ( 1665 ) , Bagnall , John N. , ed. , Dud Dudley 's Metallum Martis : or , Iron made with pit - coale , sea - coale , &c : and with the same fuell to melt and fine imperfect mettals , and refine perfect mettals ( reprint ed . ) , London Clark , Urszula ( 2013 ) , Language and Identity in Englishes , Routledge , pp. 92 -- 94 , 140 , ISBN 9781135904807 Further reading ( edit ) Raybould , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The Economic Emergence of the Black Country : A Study of the Dudley Estate . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5995 - 9 . Rowlands , M.B. ( 1975 ) . Masters and Men in the West Midlands metalware trades before the industrial revolution . Manchester : Manchester University Press . Gale , W.K.V. ( 1966 ) . The Black Country Iron Industry : a technical history London : The Iron and Steel Institute . Higgs , L. ( 2004 ) A Description of Grammatical Features and Their Variation in the Black Country Dialect Schwabe Verlag Basel . Led Zeppelin ( 1975 ) . `` Black Country Woman '' , Physical Graffiti . Webster , L. ( 2012 ) Lone Wolf : memoirs in the form of short stories . Dudley : Kates Hill Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904552 - 42 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Black Country Dialect ( `` Ow we spake '' ) Black Country Dialect The Black Country 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article BBC Black Country BBC website for Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton Black Country History Catalogue of Museums and Archives in the Black Country Black Country Living Museum Website Black Country Society Ceremonial county of West Midlands Metropolitan districts City of Birmingham City of Coventry City of Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough of Dudley Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell Metropolitan Borough of Solihull Metropolitan Borough of Walsall Major settlements Aldridge Bilston Birmingham Blackheath Bloxwich Brierley Hill Brownhills Coventry Cradley Heath Darlaston Dudley Fordbridge Halesowen Oldbury Rowley Regis Smethwick Solihull Stourbridge Sutton Coldfield Tipton Walsall Wednesbury West Bromwich Willenhall Wolverhampton See also : West Midlands Rivers River Blythe River Cole River Penk River Rea Smestow Brook River Sherbourne River Sow River Sowe River Stour River Tame Canals Birmingham Canal Navigations Shropshire Union Canal Staffordshire & Worcestershire Worcester & Birmingham Topics Places Population of major settlements Parliamentary constituencies SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Conservation areas History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Black Country Birmingham Airport Coventry / Bedworth Urban Area Transport for West Midlands West Midlands conurbation West Midlands Combined Authority Mayor of the West Midlands Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Sunderland Tyneside Yorkshire South Kent Thames Estuary ; London Multicultural London Sussex West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Northern Ireland Mid Ulster Ulster Scots Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin D4 South - West Cork Supraregional Ulster Channel Islands Alderney Guernsey Jersey Elsewhere Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Appalachian Boston Cajun California Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes Chicano Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimorese General American High Tider Maine Miami Midland Midwestern New England New Mexican New York Old Southern Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Dutch Pittsburghese Rhode Island Southern Texan Upper Midwestern Western Vermont Yat Yeshivish Yooper Varieties by geographic location Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimore Midland Midwest Great Lakes ; Inland North Upper Midwest Upper Peninsula of Michigan New England Boston Maine Rhode Island Vermont New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey New York Latino North South Acadiana Appalachia Chesapeake ; Pamlico Miami New Orleans Texas West California New Mexico Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Cape Breton Newfoundland Lunenburg Standard Ottawa Valley Pacific Northwest Quebec Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad Elsewhere Bermuda Falkland Islands Guyana Oceania Australia Aboriginal Broad ; Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Country&oldid=810213983 '' Categories : Black Country Areas of the West Midlands ( county ) History of the West Midlands ( county ) Coal mining regions in England Culture in the West Midlands ( region ) Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 23 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the black country name come from	[ "The 14-mile (23 km) road between Wolverhampton and Birmingham was described as \"one continuous town\" in 1785.[4] The first trace of \"The Black Country\" as an expression dates from the 1840s.[5] The name is believed to come from the soot from the heavy industries that covered the area, although the 30-foot-thick (10 metre) coal seam close to the surface is another possible origin." ]	[ "believed to come from the soot from the heavy industries that covered the area, although the 30-foot-thick (10 metre) coal seam close to the surface is another possible origin" ]
-8324408179455416582	Muppet Babies	Muppet Babies - wikipedia Muppet Babies Jump to : navigation , search For the reboot , see Muppet Babies ( 2018 TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Muppet Babies First and second season title card Also known as Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies Genre Animated series Created by Jim Henson Based on The Muppets by Jim Henson Developed by Jeffrey Scott Written by Jeffrey Scott Sindy McKay Larry Swerdlove Hank Saroyan J.R. Young Voices of Greg Berg Barbara Billingsley Dave Coulier ( Season 3 -- 8 ) Katie Leigh Howie Mandel ( Season 1 -- 2 ) Laurie O'Brien Russi Taylor Frank Welker Theme music composer Hank Saroyan Rob Walsh Opening theme `` Muppet Babies '' Ending theme `` Muppet Babies '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Rob Walsh ( Season 1 -- 6 ) Robert Irving ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Hank Saroyan ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 107 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Lee Gunther ( Season 1 -- 5 ) Margaret Loesch ( Season 1 -- 7 ) Jim Henson ( Season 5 -- 7 ) Michael K. Frith ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Joe Taritero ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Producer ( s ) John Ahern ( Season 1 -- 5 ) Bob Richardson ( Season 1 -- 7 ) Robert Shellhorn ( Season 5 -- 6 ) Roy Allen Smith ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Marvel Productions The Jim Henson Company Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network CBS Audio format Mono ( 1984 -- 86 ) CBS Stereosound ( 1987 -- 91 ) Original release September 15 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 15 ) -- November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) Chronology Preceded by The Muppets Take Manhattan Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies , commonly known by the shortened title Muppet Babies , is an American animated television series that aired from September 15 , 1984 to November 2 , 1991 on CBS . The show portrays childhood versions of the Muppets living together in a nursery under the care of a human woman called Nanny . Nanny appears in almost every episode , but her face is never visible , only the babies ' view of her pink skirt , purple sweater , and distinctive green and white striped socks is shown . The idea of presenting the Muppets as children first appeared in a dream sequence in The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) , released two months before Muppet Babies debuted , in which Miss Piggy imagined what it would be like if she and Kermit the Frog had grown up together . Muppet Babies was produced by The Jim Henson Company and Marvel Productions . The rights are now held by The Walt Disney Company , which separately acquired both the Muppets characters and Marvel . Although the episodes were 30 minutes ( including commercials ) , it was typically shown in 60 and even 90 minute blocks during the peak of its popularity . Outside the United States , the show was distributed by Walt Disney Television . A reboot of Muppet Babies premiered on Disney Junior in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Characters 3 Episodes 4 Cast 4.1 Additional voices and performances 5 Crew 6 Production history 7 Syndication 8 Music 9 Merchandise 9.1 Comics 9.2 Home media releases 9.2. 1 Distribution 10 VHS release 10.1 Other appearances 10.2 Cameos 11 Reception 11.1 Awards and nominations 12 2018 reboot 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The Muppet Babies live in a large nursery watched over by Nanny , who is seen only from the shoulders down . The babies ' imaginary games transition from the nursery into scenes that become `` real '' to the babies , such as finding themselves aboard a pirate ship or in the land of Oz . Often these fantasies are filled with stock footage scenes or live - action clips from popular movies such as Star Wars , Ghostbusters , and Indiana Jones . Each episode contains a related musical number . When the pretend game becomes too perilous , or when an interruption occurs ( often in the form of Nanny checking in or the imaginary game straying too far from its original premise ) , the scene dissolves and they find themselves in the nursery once more . The central idea of each episode is the power of imagination . Sometimes the babies use their imagination to solve a problem ( when Nanny 's newspaper is accidentally ruined , the babies write their own newspaper to replace it ) , but occasionally their imaginations run away with them ( overhearing Nanny 's phone call to the garbage collector to help her decide which armchair to donate to charity leads the babies to fear that one of them ( which was thought to be Fozzie ) is going to be thrown away ) . Other frequent themes involve the babies coming up with new ways to play with old toys , imagining what life will be like when they are adults , or facing common childhood firsts such as a visit to the dentist or a new addition to the family . Nanny is the voice of reason , congratulating them on their creativity or soothing their fears . Characters ( edit ) The series stars Kermit the Frog , Miss Piggy , Fozzie Bear , Animal , Scooter , Skeeter , Rowlf the Dog , and Gonzo as the main muppets . Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker made regular appearances as did Camilla in the form of Gonzo 's stuffed baby chick . In the final two seasons , Bean Bunny and Statler and Waldorf began making regular appearances . Several Muppets made guest appearances including Janice as an older preteen , and Kermit 's nephew , Robin , a young tadpole . The Muppet Baby character Skeeter , Scooter 's twin sister , only appeared in this series , and was never a live - action Muppet . This was done because the producers wanted another female character added to the cast . Despite this , Skeeter was always voiced by a male actor ( first Howie Mandel , and later Frank Welker ) . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Muppet Babies episodes Cast ( edit ) Greg Berg -- Baby Fozzie , Baby Scooter , Dr. Julius Strangepork ( archive footage , ep. 107 ) Barbara Billingsley -- Nanny Dave Coulier ( 1986 -- 1991 ) -- Baby Animal , Baby Bunsen , Baby Bean Bunny , Baby Janice , Uncle Statler and Waldorf , Camilla ( occasionally ) , Himself ( ep. 91 ) Katie Leigh -- Baby Rowlf , Mrs. Mitchell Howie Mandel ( 1984 -- 1985 ) -- Baby Skeeter , Baby Animal , Baby Bunsen Laurie O'Brien -- Baby Piggy Russi Taylor -- Baby Gonzo , Baby Robin , Aunt Fanny , and Camilla ( occasionally ) Frank Welker -- Baby Kermit , Baby Beaker , Baby Skeeter ( 1986 -- 1991 ) , Camilla , Irma / Charlie ( ep. 12 ) , The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard ( ep. 31 ) , Polly the parrot ( ep. 38 ) , Adult Kermit ( looped dialogue , ep. 45 ) , Bosko the Snowman ( ep. 100 ) Additional voices and performances ( edit ) Jered Barclay - Bob Bergen - Link Hogthrob ( archive footage , ep. 107 ) Phillip Clark - Peter Cullen -- Smoggy the Bear ( ep. 33 ) , Football - Playing Bear ( ep. 33 ) Brian Cummings - Pat Fraley - Announcer Barry Gordon - Jim Henson - Dr. Teeth ( archive footage , ep. 61 ) , Kermit the Frog ( archive footage , ep. 45 ) Irv Immerman - Paul Kirby - Derek McGrath - Tony Pope - Hal Rayle - Miss Piggy ( archive footage , ep. 107 ) Neilson Ross - Steve Schatzberg - Hal Smith - Bob Towers - Crew ( edit ) Hank Saroyan -- Executive in Charge of Series , Voice Director , Story Editor , Song Producer , Composer Production history ( edit ) In 1984 , The Muppets Take Manhattan , the third full - length Muppet film , debuted . The film included a fantasy sequence in which Miss Piggy imagined what growing up with Kermit would have been like . While Piggy sang , baby versions of Rowlf , Fozzie , Scooter , and Gonzo acted as backup singers . The live - action sequence was so popular that The Jim Henson Company turned the idea into a half - hour cartoon program . In order for 107 episodes to be produced , Henson and Marvel hired two companies : the Japanese - based Toei Animation for Seasons 1 -- 3 and five episodes of Season 4 , and the Korean - based AKOM Productions for Episode six of Season 4 through Season 7 , both of which also animated G.I. Joe and The Transformers for Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions . Muppet Babies proved highly popular and ran on CBS from 1984 to 1991 , a total of seven seasons . At the height of its popularity it ran in two or three episode blocks . Even after the conclusion of the series , it had remained so popular that CBS continued to air reruns of the series until the fall of 1992 . For a brief run in the second season , the program became Muppets , Babies & Monsters , and a second half - hour was dedicated to a new show called Jim Henson 's Little Muppet Monsters . This show featured live action puppets and cartoons starring the adult Muppet characters . The program lasted three weeks before Jim Henson pulled the plug , despite 18 episodes having been made . The show then reverted to an hour of Muppet Babies ; however , a portion of the Little Muppet Monsters theme could still be heard in the show 's end credits for the remainder of its run . Muppet Babies later expanded to 90 minutes after CBS pulled The Garbage Pail Kids before it even aired due to controversy . It is noted for starting a trend of relaunching popular cartoon characters as younger versions of themselves . This trend can be seen in numerous TV series such as A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , The Flintstone Kids , Baby Felix , Tiny Toon Adventures ( the main characters actually are parodies of the Looney Tunes . The Looney Tunes themselves are their instructors ) , Tom and Jerry Kids and Jungle Cubs ( based on characters from Walt Disney 's animated film The Jungle Book ) as well as merchandise items such as Baby Snoopy , Baby ( Betty ) Boop , Disney Babies , Baby Hello Kitty , Care Bear Cubs , and Baby Garfield . In recent years , Baby Looney Tunes , Sesame Beginnings and Baby Mario continued the concept . The show was a critical success during its time on the air : the show won four consecutive Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Animated Program , 1985 -- 88 , and won a Humanitas Prize for Children 's Animation in 1985 . Muppet Babies was voted `` Top Cartoon of the Childhood Days '' by the Irvin Hall newspaper 's weekly review of the Pennsylvania State University in 2007 . Syndication ( edit ) The series entered local syndication in 1989 , and ran until 1992 . Syndication rights were sold to Nickelodeon ( 1992 -- 1999 ) and Odyssey Network ( 1999 -- 2001 ) . Music ( edit ) Approximately 100 of the songs were co-written by Alan O'Day and Janis Liebhart , with the exception of the theme song and `` Rocket To The Stars '' which were written by Hank Saroyan and Rob Walsh , and Dream for Your Inspiration , written by Scott Brownlee . The song that played during the end credits was laughingly titled `` Hank in the Box '' in deference to Hank Saroyan . Merchandise ( edit ) In the mid-1980s PVC Muppet Babies toys were available as prizes in McDonald 's ' Happy Meals . Each non-articulated character came with a wheeled vehicle . Some time later , special Christmas stuffed versions of the Muppet Babies were available in Happy Meals , too . In 1992 , after the last aired Muppet Babies episode in 1991 , an episode book collection of Muppet Babies was produced from the book company Grolier . It was called The Muppet Babies Press Books . The book talked mostly about character traits and learning for young children . It was produced and ended in 1992 . There were two Muppet Babies LP records produced and released on Parker Bros. / Columbia records . Both albums were produced by Hank Saroyan and Rob Walsh and featured extended versions of songs from certain Muppet Babies episodes . The first album , `` Rocket To The Stars '' was also a fully produced stereo story - adventure starring the Muppet Babies characters in which the songs were woven into the all new story written by Saroyan . The second album was strictly more fully produced longer versions of songs from the show . BMG released a CD version of the first album when it bought Henson . The CD was renamed `` Rock It To The Stars '' , likely due to Parker Bros. / Columbia records owning the name `` Rocket to the Stars '' . Songs -- Rocket To The Stars : Muppet Babies theme , Merry - G0 - Round , Sleep Rockin ' , Dream For Your Inspiration , Good Things Happen in the Dark , Camilla , Rocket To The Stars , Practice Makes Perfect , Be What You Wanna Be , I Ca n't Help Being a Star , Closing Theme . A second , music only Muppet Babies LP , `` Music Is Everywhere '' was also produced . Songs : ( side one ) Music Is Everywhere , Table For One , Wocka Wocka Wocka , Snow White Blues , Wishes Have A Way , Best Friends , Runnin ' Out Of Time ( side two ) We Love Cartoons , Show Us The Real You . Amadogus , Semi-Weirdo , Art Is For Your Heart , Playin ' In The City , TV Maniacs . Comics ( edit ) From 1985 until 1989 , Marvel Comics produced a monthly comic book of the Muppet Babies with their Star Comics imprint , drawn by Marie Severin . The series lasted for twenty - six issues . The back - up stories on the last two issues , # 25 ( May 1989 ) and # 26 ( July 1989 ) , were drawn by Nate Butler . In 1992 , Harvey Comics acquired the rights to produce Muppet Babies comics and produced a further 3 issues ( restarting at issue # 1 ) . The Muppet Babies also appeared in Star Comics Digest ( also known as Star Comics Magazine ) . This comic was printed in digest size format , and features a number of reprinted short stories in each issue . The series itself lasted for thirteen issues from 1986 until 1988 . It should be noted that the Muppet Babies appeared in some , but not all the issues . Other short stories contained in Star Comics Digest included Madballs , Heathcliff , the Care Bears , and Top Dog . Home Media Releases ( edit ) Although not every Muppet Babies episode was released on VHS , a number of them were released between 1993 and 1995 . One series released on VHS called `` Yes I Can '' included three videos , which featured two Muppet Babies episodes inside . The series focused on Robin the Frog , who asks his uncle Kermit for assistance in different chores he was struggling with such as cleaning his room or doing homework . Kermit would lead off into a Muppet Babies episode which told of a similar situation . Sometimes , he would give examples about achieving Robin 's trouble . For example , in one Yes I Can video , Robin is worried about making new friends , and Kermit tells him that sharing is an example of having a good friendship , which leads directly to a Muppet Babies episode . There have been no plans announced of any DVD releases of Muppet Babies . One possible reason is that clips from other TV shows and movies ( such as Star Trek , Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , The $25,000 Pyramid , Raiders of the Lost Ark and * batteries not included ) were used extensively in imagination sequences , closet opening scenes , and scenes on the TV in the nursery and thus could pose difficulties in terms of resolving possible copyright issues . In 2003 , four episodes were made available , in uncut form , as bonus DVDs with 10 - inch Muppet Babies plush toys , The Daily Muppet , Eight Take Away One Equals Panic , Piggy 's Hyper - Activity Book , and Gonzo 's Video Show . Distribution ( edit ) United States : Kids Klassics , Jim Henson Video , Muppet Home Video , Sony Wonder ( Video Buddy releases ) , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment United Kingdom : Children 's Video Library , Palace Video , Buena Vista Home Video , Columbia Tristar Home Video , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Australia / New Zealand : Communications and Entertainment Limited , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment VHS Release ( edit ) There are 18 VHS releases in all U.S. 1st Releases ( 4 ) : Muppet Babies : Be My Valentine Episode 407 : My Muppet Valentine Muppet Babies : Explore With Us Episode 610 : The New Adventures of Kermo Polo Episode 801 : The Transcontinental Whoo - Whoo Muppet Babies : Time to Play Episode 708 : Muppet Babies : The Next Generation Episode 502 : Beauty and the Schnoz Muppet Babies : Let 's Build Episode 603 : Six - to - Eight Weeks Episode 808 : Eight Flags Over the Nursery ' U.S. 2nd releases ' Yes I Can ' Release ( 3 ) : Muppet Babies : Yes I Can Learn Episode 306 : Kermit Goes to Washington Episode 805 : Nice to Have Gnome You Muppet Babies : Yes I Can Help Episode 113 : Good , Clean Fun Episode 802 : Get Me to the Perch on Time Muppet Babies : Yes I Can Be A Friend Episode 204 : The Great Cookie Robbery Episode 301 : Pigerella McDonald 's Releases ( 4 ) : Episode 308 : The Daily Muppet Episode 207 : I Want My Muppet TV ! and Episode 110 : Gonzo 's Video Show Episode 206 : Snow White and the Seven Muppets Episode 210 : The Great Muppet Cartoon Show Video Buddy Interactive Releases ( 3 ) Episode 105 : Scooter 's Hidden Talent Episode 108 : What Do You Want to Be When You Grow Up ? Episode 209 : What 's New at the Zoo ? UK Releases ( 2 ) ( works on any VCR ) : Muppet Babies : Close Encounters of the Frog Kind and Dental Hyjinks Episode 109 : Close Encounters of the Frog Kind Episode 102 : Dental Hyjinks Muppet Babies : Gonzo 's Video Show and Noisy Neighbors Episode 110 : Gonzo 's Video Show Episode 101 : Noisy Neighbors Australia Releases ( 2 ) ( works on any VCR ) : Muppet Babies : I Want My Muppet T.V 1985 , Snow White and the Seven Muppets , Once Upon an Egg Timer Episode 207 : I Want My Muppet TV ! Episode 206 : Snow White and the Seven Muppets Episode 201 : Once Upon an Egg Timer Muppet Babies : Muppet Babies : Raiders of the Lost Muppet , Dental Hyjinks Episode 104 : Raiders of the Lost Muppet Episode 102 : Dental Hyjinks Total 25 VHS Release Episodes in order : Episode 101 : Noisy Neighbors Episode 102 : Dental Hyjinks Episode 104 : Raiders of the Lost Muppet Episode 105 : Scooter 's Hidden Talent Episode 108 : What Do You Want to Be When You Grow Up ? Episode 110 : Gonzo 's Video Show Episode 113 : Good , Clean Fun Episode 201 : Once Upon an Egg Timer Episode 204 : The Great Cookie Robbery Episode 206 : Snow White and the Seven Muppets Episode 207 : I Want My Muppet TV ! Episode 209 : What 's New at the Zoo ? Episode 210 : The Great Muppet Cartoon Show Episode 301 : Pigerella Episode 306 : Kermit Goes to Washington Episode 308 : The Daily Muppet Episode 407 : My Muppet Valentine Episode 502 : Beauty and the Schnoz Episode 603 : Six - to - Eight Weeks Episode 610 : The New Adventures of Kermo Polo Episode 708 : Muppet Babies : The Next Generation Episode 801 : The Transcontinental Whoo - Whoo Episode 802 : Get Me to the Perch on Time Episode 805 : Nice to Have Gnome You Episode 808 : Eight Flags Over the Nursery Other appearances ( edit ) Baby Kermit , Piggy , and Gonzo made small appearances in the drug prevention TV special ( later released on home video ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) . When the rest of the characters met the cats , Murray Hare , and the rest of the characters that they sang from Jefferson Starship and more of the songs from Muppet Babies - Out of this Rockin ' Town World . A live - action version of all the characters except Skeeter also appeared in A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) in the form of a home movie , which the adult Muppets watched during the Christmas Party . The segment was cut out of the home video releases because the rights to `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' could not be obtained . Skeeter in her adult form was featured in the `` Family Reunions '' issues of The Muppet Show comics . Cameos ( edit ) In the film Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) , Sally Field 's daughter is seen watching an episode of Muppet Babies . In an episode of Robot Chicken , `` Schindler 's Bucket List '' ( 2011 ) , we learn what happened to Skeeter from Muppet Babies when she comes back from the grave to kill the other Muppets . Reception ( edit ) In January 2009 , IGN named Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies as the 31st best in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Daytime Emmy Awards Won award for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Jim Henson , Bob Richardson , Hank Saroyan , John Gibbs and Jeffrey Scott ) Won award for Outstanding Film Sound Editing ( presented to Richard C. Allen , Robert T. Gillis , Richard Bruce Elliott , Michael L. DePatie , Michael Tomack and Ron Fedele ) ( 1985 ) Nominated for Outstanding Music Direction and Composition ( Robert J. Walsh ) Nominated for Outstanding Film Sound Editing ( Robert T. Gillis , Allison Cobb , Michael Tomack , Michael L. DePatie , Ron Fedele , Richard Bruce Elliott , and Richard C. Allen ) Won award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Jim Henson , Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Bob Richardson , John Gibbs and Jeffrey Scott ) ( 1986 ) Nominated for Outstanding Film Sound Mixing ( Bill Thiederman , Bob Minkler and Lee Minkler ) ( 1986 ) Won award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Jim Henson , Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Bob Richardson , Robert Shellhorn and Jeffrey Scott ) ( 1987 ) Won award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Jim Henson , Bob Richardson , John Ahern and Robert Shellhorn ) ( 1988 ) Won award for Outstanding Film Sound Editing ( presented to Al Breitenbach , Ron Fedele , Richard C. Allen , Steven D. Williams and Kenneth R. Burton ) Won award for Outstanding Film Sound Mixing ( presented to Jeffrey J. Haboush and Greg P. Russell ) Nominated for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Margaret Loesch , Jim Henson , Bob Richardson , John Ahern , Karen Peterson , Rudy Cataldi , Al Kouzel , Chuck Downs , Hank Saroyan , Sindy McKay and Larry Swerdlove ) Nominated for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series ( Barbara Billingsley ) ( 1989 ) Nominated for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series ( Barbara Billingsley ) ( 1990 ) 2018 reboot ( edit ) Main article : Muppet Babies ( 2018 TV series ) A reboot of the series premiered on Disney Junior on March 23 , 2018 . As opposed to the traditional animation of the original show the reboot instead uses CGI , but still will be targeted to children ages 4 -- 7 with each episode consisting of two 11 - minute stories . Disney Junior , Disney Consumier Products and Interactive Media 's Content & Media group , and The Muppets Studio are co-producing the show . Tom Warburton , creator of Cartoon Network 's Codename : Kids Next Door , will serve as the executive producer while former SpongeBob SquarePants writer Eric Shaw will serve as the story editor . See also ( edit ) List of animated spinoffs from prime time shows Sesame Beginnings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Animation Industry Finding Cost Of Laughter Is In Serious Trouble '' . Orlando Sentinel . May 11 , 1988 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Awards Jump up ^ `` Top 100 animated series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Barbara Takes Drama Emmy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://www.laughingplace.com/w/news/2018/01/25/disney-junior-creates-summer-penguin-muppet-babies/ Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Muppet Babies ' Reboot Begins Production at Disney Junior '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Muppet Babies Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies at the Big Cartoon DataBase Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies on IMDb Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies at TV.com Muppet Babies ( comic book ) The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Cast performers Current Bill Barretta Dave Goelz Eric Jacobson Peter Linz David Rudman Matt Vogel Former Kevin Clash Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Jerry Juhl Kathryn Mullen Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Steve Whitmire Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Television The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Muppet Babies ( 1985 ) Muppet Babies ( 1986 ) Muppet Babies ( 1987 ) Muppet Babies ( 1988 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1989 ) Beetlejuice / The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1990 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1991 ) Rugrats ( 1992 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1993 ) Rugrats ( 1994 ) Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1995 ) Animaniacs ( 1996 ) Animaniacs ( 1997 ) Arthur ( 1998 ) Arthur ( 1999 ) Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain ( 2000 ) Arthur ( 2001 ) Madeline ( 2002 ) Rugrats ( 2003 ) Little Bill ( 2004 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2005 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2006 ) Arthur ( 2007 ) Curious George ( 2008 ) WordWorld ( 2009 ) Curious George ( 2010 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2011 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2012 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2013 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2014 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2015 ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2016 ) Children 's programming on CBS in the 1980s First - run animated series The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle ( 1979 -- 81 ) The All New Popeye Hour ( 1978 -- 83 ) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids ( 1972 -- 84 ) Tarzan and the Super 7 ( 1978 -- 80 ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) Blackstar ( 1981 ) The Kwicky Koala Show ( 1981 ) Trollkins ( 1981 -- 82 ) Gilligan 's Planet ( 1982 -- 83 ) Pandamonium ( 1982 -- 83 ) Meatballs & Spaghetti ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Dukes ( 1983 ) The Biskitts ( 1983 -- 84 ) Saturday Supercade ( 1983 -- 86 ) Dungeons & Dragons ( 1983 -- 85 ) The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 -- 86 ) The Get Along Gang ( 1984 -- 85 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 91 ) Pole Position ( 1984 ) Inspector Gadget ( 1985 -- 86 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 1985 -- 87 ) The Wuzzles ( 1985 ) Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling ( 1985 -- 87 ) Wildfire ( 1986 ) Galaxy High ( 1986 -- 87 ) Teen Wolf ( 1986 -- 87 ) Hello Kitty 's Furry Tale Theater ( 1987 -- 88 ) Mighty Mouse : The New Adventures ( 1987 -- 88 ) Popeye and Son ( 1987 -- 88 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1986 -- 88 ) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy ( 1988 -- 90 ) Superman ( 1988 ) Garfield and Friends ( 1988 -- 95 ) Dink , the Little Dinosaur ( 1989 -- 91 ) The California Raisin Show ( 1989 -- 90 ) Rude Dog and the Dweebs ( 1989 -- 90 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) In the News ( 1971 -- 86 ) 30 Minutes ( 1978 -- 82 ) CBS Saturday Film Festival ( 1971 -- 78 ; 1982 -- 84 ) Benji , Zax & the Alien Prince ( 1983 ) Pryor 's Place ( 1984 -- 85 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) CBS Storybreak ( 1985 -- 87 ) Pee - wee 's Playhouse ( 1986 -- 91 ) Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! ( 1988 -- 89 ) Rebroadcasts The Bugs Bunny Show / Road Runner Show ( 1968 -- 71 ; 1975 -- 78 ; 1978 -- 85 ) Shazam ! Speed Buggy He - Man and the Masters of the Universe Shirt Tales Land of the Lost The Transformers Kidd Video Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related topics Garbage Pail Kids The Young Astronauts Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Children 's programming on CBS in the 1990s First - run animated series Dink , the Little Dinosaur ( 1989 -- 91 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 92 ) The California Raisin Show ( 1989 -- 90 ) Garfield and Friends ( 1988 -- 95 ) Rude Dog and the Dweebs ( 1989 -- 90 ) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy ( 1988 -- 91 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 -- 96 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( 1990 -- 91 ) Mother Goose and Grimm ( 1991 -- 93 ) Back to the Future ( 1991 -- 93 ) Where 's Waldo ? ( 1991 -- 92 ) Fievel 's American Tails ( 1992 -- 93 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1992 -- 95 ) Raw Toonage ( 1992 -- 93 ) Marsupilami ( 1993 -- 94 ) Hello Kitty and Friends ( 1993 -- 94 ) All - New Dennis the Menace ( 1993 -- 94 ) Cadillacs and Dinosaurs ( 1993 -- 94 ) Conan and the Young Warriors ( 1994 ) Beethoven ( 1994 -- 95 ) Aladdin ( 1994 -- 96 ) Skeleton Warriors ( 1994 -- 95 ) Wild C.A.T.s ( 1994 -- 95 ) Street Sharks ( 1994 -- 95 ) The Adventures of Hyperman ( 1995 -- 96 ) Timon & Pumbaa ( 1995 -- 97 ) Santo Bugito ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Neverending Story ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Mask ( 1995 -- 97 ) Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ( 1995 -- 97 ) Project G.e.e.K.e.R. ( 1996 -- 97 ) The New Adventures of Zorro ( 1997 - 99 ) Anatole ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Dumb Bunnies ( 1998 -- 99 ) Flying Rhino Junior High ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Birdz ( 1998 -- 99 ) Mythic Warriors ( 1998 -- 2000 ) New Tales from the Cryptkeeper ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Blaster 's Universe ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rescue Heroes ( 1999 -- 2000 ) First - run live - action series Pee - wee 's Playhouse ( 1986 -- 91 ) Riders in the Sky ( 1991 ) The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys ( 1992 ) Beakman 's World ( 1993 -- 98 ) Fudge ( 1995 ) Bailey Kipper 's P.O.V. ( 1996 -- 97 ) Secrets of the Cryptkeeper 's Haunted House ( 1996 -- 97 ) The New Ghostwriter Mysteries ( 1997 ) Wheel 2000 ( 1997 -- 98 ) The Weird Al Show ( 1997 ) The Sports Illustrated for Kids Show ( 1997 ) In the News ( 1997 -- 98 ) Rebroadcasts Inspector Gadget ( 1991 -- 92 ) Cyber C.O.P.S. ( 1993 ) CBS Storybreak ( 1993 -- 94 ) Franklin ( 1998 -- 99 ) Schedules 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 Related topics Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Modern animation in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muppet_Babies&oldid=836222871 '' Categories : 1984 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 1980s American animated television series 1990s American animated television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated musical television series CBS network shows Child versions of cartoon characters American preschool education television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program winners English - language television programs Television series by Marvel Productions Prequel television series Star Comics titles American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series by The Jim Henson Company American animated television spin - offs The Muppets television series YTV shows Disney animated television series American television series with live action and animation Nick Jr. shows Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 12 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of nanny on muppet babies	[ "\nGreg Berg – Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter, Dr. Julius Strangepork (archive footage, ep. 107)\nBarbara Billingsley – Nanny\nDave Coulier (1986–1991) – Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, Camilla (occasionally), Himself (ep. 91)\nKatie Leigh – Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell\nHowie Mandel (1984–1985) – Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen\nLaurie O'Brien – Baby Piggy\nRussi Taylor – Baby Gonzo, Baby Robin, Aunt Fanny, and Camilla (occasionally)\nFrank Welker – Baby Kermit, Baby Beaker, Baby Skeeter (1986–1991), Camilla, Irma/Charlie (ep. 12), The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard (ep. 31), Polly the parrot (ep. 38), Adult Kermit (looped dialogue, ep. 45), Bosko the Snowman (ep. 100)\n" ]	[ "Barbara Billingsley" ]
5939737934623061533	Wonder (Palacio novel)	Wonder ( Palacio novel ) - wikipedia Wonder ( Palacio novel ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wonder Author R.J. Palacio Cover artist Tad Carpenter Language English , Spanish , Catalan , Japanese , German , Hebrew , French , Portuguese , Danish , Serbian , Arabic , Norwegian , Icelandic , Swedish , Dutch , Italian , Finnish , Korean , Chinese , Polish , Greek , Romanian , Slovenian Subject Prejudice Self - acceptance Middle school Friendship Bullying Genre Children 's novel Publisher Alfred A. Knopf Publication date February 14 , 2012 Pages 311 Awards Maine Student Book Award Vermont 's Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children 's Book Award Mark Twain Award Hawaii 's Nene Award Junior Young Reader 's Choice Award ISBN 0375869026 OCLC 726819876 Wonder is a children 's novel by Raquel Jaramillo , under the pen name of R.J. Palacio , published on February 14 , 2012 . It has been sold in more than five million copies . Palacio wrote Wonder after an incident where she and her three - year - old son were waiting in line to buy ice cream . Her son noticed a girl with a severe facial deformity and started to cry . Fearing he would react badly , Palacio attempted to remove her son from the situation so as not to upset the girl or her family but ended up worsening the situation . Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' made her realize that the incident could teach her son a valuable lesson . Palacio was inspired by Merchant 's lyrics and she began writing . She named the book directly after the song , and used the song 's chorus as the prologue of the first chapter . The book has a released spin - off , 365 Days of Wonder : Mr. Browne 's Book of Precepts . In August 2015 , the book Auggie and Me was published . A film adaptation was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main characters 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Awards 4 Film adaptation 5 Related books 5.1 Auggie and Me 5.2 365 Days of Wonder 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) August Pullman is a homeschooled fifth - grader living in North River Heights in Upper Manhattan with his parents . He has a medical condition , often equated with Treacher Collins syndrome , that has caused him to have many surgeries . Due to this , August has been homeschooled by his mother ; however , wanting him to experience a larger world , his parents enroll him into Beecher Middle School for the start of fifth grade . August has a sister , Via , who is older than him and cares for him , even though she believes that he is in control of her life . On his first day of school , August tries not to raise awareness of himself . Despite his efforts , the other kids still look at him , and a student , whom Mr. Tushman selected to be friends with August , named Julian immediately antagonizes him for his appearance , comparing him to Darth Sidious and asking him whether he was in a fire . However , August 's hopes for the school year are raised slightly when he kindles a friendship with classmates Jack and Summer , both of whom defend him from Julian 's taunts . The situation comes to a head on Halloween when August , disguised in a costume , overhears Jack joining in with the bullying . August feels betrayed and fakes illness in order to return home . As August isolates himself from his classmates and parents , Via 's frustration grows , added on by years of feeling ignored by her family . Returning to school , August tries to ignore Jack and talks about the incident with Summer . She gives Jack a clue and he realizes that August overheard his comments . He punches Julian in the face for calling August a ' freak ' and is quickly suspended from school for a short while . Over the Christmas break , Jack attempts to make it up to August . As the school year progresses , the bullying August faces become more serious . Julian manipulates his friends into turning against August and Jack and begins leaving mean notes in their lockers . In addition , Julian 's mother voices her concerns over August 's attendance at the school , commenting that his appearance may be too much of a burden for the students to handle . Via confides in her mother that she does n't want August to attend her school play , as she was finding comfort in nobody at her new school knowing about him . August overhears Via discussing this with their mother , and he storms out of the room . When Via eventually comes to find him , it is the sad news that their elderly dog , Daisy , has passed away . August , overcome with emotion , grieves . When the main actress in Via 's school play pretends to be sick , Via takes on the role of the female lead . Her family celebrates by taking her out for dinner . At the end of the school year , the students are invited on a three - day school trip to a nature reserve . August is initially concerned about going . However upon hearing that Julian will not be attending , August decides to join his friends on the trip . August has fun until the last night , when he and Jack go to the woods and are attacked by seventh graders who start to beat them , only to be saved by Julian 's friends . With the summer vacation fast approaching , August is informed that Julian will not be returning to Beecher Prep for the next grade . The Pullman family get a new puppy , whom they call ' Bear ' . At the graduation ceremony , August is awarded the ' Henry Ward Beecher Medal ' for being ' notable or exemplary in certain areas throughout the school year ' . Incredibly proud of her son , August 's mother comments that he is a ' wonder ' . Main characters ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman : The main character . His face is deformed due to a type of `` bulofacial dysotosis '' , along with other facial malformations . He faces many difficulties when he goes into his first year of middle school after being schooled by his parents for many years . In the end , he is able to make new friends and accept himself for who he is . Olivia `` Via '' Pullman : August 's older sister . She talks about Auggie and the hardships of being a sister of someone who is deformed in Part 2 . She truly cares for Auggie and will always defend him . Often , Via feels jealous of the attention Auggie receives because of his deformity . She often scolds herself and feels guilty for feeling this way . Summer Dawson : One of Auggie 's first and best friends . She sits next to him at lunch on the first day of school when no one else would . She does n't care what the other students think of Auggie and is always very kind to him . Isabel and Nate Pullman : Auggie and Via 's parents . They care deeply about Auggie and Via , but due to Auggie 's problems , Via is often unintentionally left out . Isabel and Nate work with Auggie to make sure going to private school instead of being homeschooled is ultimately his decision . Jack Will : A tough city boy and August 's best friend . Mr. Tushman asked Jack , Charlotte , and Julian to give August a tour of Beecher Prep . At first , Jack did not want to be friends with Auggie because of his facial deformity . He thought it would prevent him from being friends with the `` popular kids . '' He first pretended to be friends with Auggie and was devastated when August found out , but they become friends again . Later , he comes to genuinely appreciate August for who he is . Julian Albans : He dislikes Auggie and convinces the other students that if they touch him , they will develop `` The Plague . '' He bullied Auggie and told most of the grade to isolate him , and Jack Will for becoming friends with Auggie . At the end of the story , Julian 's parents take him out of Beecher , as they say , they do n't feel Beecher Prep is an `` inclusion school '' and they think Auggie should n't have been admitted . Justin : Via 's boyfriend . He is somewhat shocked by Auggie 's appearance but is very kind to him . He has a main part in `` Our Town '' with Via at their high school . In his part in the book , he does n't use proper punctuation because he thinks it takes too long to write . He also mentions that he has `` tics , '' especially when he is nervous and describes them as `` hard blinks '' and `` the occasional head pull . '' This leads the reader to believe that he has a form of Tourette 's syndrome . Justin also gets to meet Via 's parents . Charlotte Cody : She is a smart 5th grader and one of August 's friends . Despite being nice by waving to Auggie and telling Jack about the `` boy war '' she never truly is friends with August as she never sits with Auggie or truly sides with Jack . Edward `` Eddie '' Johnson : He is a 7th grader who bullies August when he goes to a sleepaway camp . Mr. Browne : Auggie 's first teacher in 5th grade at Beecher Prep school . As he makes precepts for the class to ponder , Auggie is marvelled at these precepts . Mr. Browne wants to give Auggie a good year at Beecher . Bear : August and Via 's second dog that they got after the camping trip that Auggie went on , as a replacement for Daisy . Darth Daisy `` Daisy '' : Via and August 's first dog , who goes by `` Daisy . '' She was an old dog , and at the end of the book dies . August 's family then decides to get a new dog named Bear . Miranda Navas : Via 's friend . Via , Miranda , and Ella were friends . Miranda had recently cut her hair into a bob and dyed it pink , and dressed in a manner that she would have never dressed before . Via is shocked by Miranda 's new look , and the two former friends slowly drift apart . Miranda took care of August and thought of him as her own `` little brother ; '' when she went to summer camp immediately previous to the events in the book , Miranda lied and told everyone August was her brother . She was the one who gave him his astronaut helmet he would wear to conceal his face , and they would also sing `` Space Oddity '' by David Bowie together , and she would call him `` Major Tom '' after the astronaut in the song . Mr. Lawrence Tushman : The director of Beecher Prep . He is extremely welcoming and positive towards Auggie throughout the course of the school year . He tries his hardest to make him feel welcome at school . He delivers an important speech at graduation where he says `` if every single person in this room made it a rule that wherever you are , whenever you can , you will try to act a little kinder than is necessary - the world would be a better place . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) The book received positive reviews from critics . The parent resource Common Sense Media gave Wonder four out of five stars , calling it a `` Moving , uplifting tale about a disfigured boy with inner beauty '' . Entertainment Weekly said : `` In a wonder of a debut , Palacio has written a crackling page - turner filled with characters you ca n't help but root for . '' New York Times called it , `` Rich and memorable ... It 's Auggie and the rest of the children who are the real heart of ' Wonder , ' and Palacio captures the voices of girls and boys , fifth graders , and teenagers , with equal skill . '' . Awards ( edit ) `` Wonder '' was on The New York Times Best Seller list and was also on the Texas Bluebonnet Award master list . The book was the winner of the 2014 Maine Student Book Award , Vermont 's Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children 's Book Award , the 2015 Mark Twain Award , Hawaii 's 2015 Nene Award , and the Junior Young Reader 's Choice Award for 2015 . In Illinois , it won both the Bluestem and Caudill Awards in 2014 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Wonder ( film ) A film adaptation directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Steve Conrad starring Julia Roberts and Owen Wilson as Isabel and Nate Pullman respectively , and Jacob Tremblay as August Pullman was released on November 17 , 2017 by Lionsgate . Related Books ( edit ) Auggie and Me ( edit ) Auggie and Me is not a sequel but a companion book to Wonder ( although `` The Julian Chapter '' serves as one ) . It contains three stories , each telling the events of Wonder from different perspectives . The first story , called `` The Julian Chapter '' , is from the point of view of school bully Julian where he explains why he mistreats Auggie and if he will change . The second -- called Pluto -- focuses on August Pullman 's life before Beecher Prep and is set in the point of view of Christopher , Auggie 's oldest friend . The third is called Shingaling and is from the point of view of Auggie 's classmate , Charlotte who in Wonder is nice but not kind enough to Auggie and focuses on things that were going on between some of the girls in Auggie 's year like Ximena Chin , Summer Dawson , and Maya Markowitz . 365 Days of Wonder ( edit ) In Wonder , Mr. Browne made a precept for every month . 365 Days of Wonder states 365 different precepts collected by Mr. Browne . It also has thoughts and opinions by Mr. Browne after every ' month ' in the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Palacio , Raquel J. `` Formats and Editions of Wonder '' . Worldcat.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( Book , 2012 ) '' . WorldCat.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder ' What It 's Like To Have Kids Stare At You ? '' . New York Times . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Milliot ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` PRH Has Stable 2017 '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A ' Wonder ' - filled day : Best - selling author surprises Ann Arbor elementary student '' . MLive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( Feb 13 , 2014 ) . `` R.J. Palacio 's ' Wonder ' Spins Off Two Follow - Up Books '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auggie & Me '' . ^ Jump up to : Palacio , R.J. ( 2012 ) . Wonder ( 1st ed . ) . ( s.l. ) : Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0375869026 . Jump up ^ The Dormouse ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wonder by R.J. Palacio - review '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wonder by R.J Palacio : review '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Barbara Schultz . `` Wonder Book Review '' . `` Common Sense Media '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ihsan . `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Bluebonnet Award Annotated 2013 - 2014 Master List '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Award Winners Announced at Maine Reading Conference '' . Maine.gov. 2014 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder ' Selected as 2015 Nene Award Winner '' . Mauinow.com. 2015 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` YRCA 2015 '' . Pnla.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Champagne Library Illinois Award Winners '' . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal RJ Palacio 's website Review in The Guardian Awards Preceded by The Unwanteds Mark Twain Award 2015 Succeeded by Escape from Mr. Lemoncello 's Library Preceded by Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever Junior Young Reader 's Choice Award 2015 Succeeded by N / a Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(Palacio_novel)&oldid=836927059 '' Categories : American children 's novels Debut novels Novels set in schools 2012 American novels 2012 children 's books Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2017 All articles needing style editing Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from February 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 17 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the author of wonder the book	[ "Wonder is a children's novel by Raquel Jaramillo, under the pen name of R. J. Palacio,[3] published on February 14, 2012. It has been sold in more than five million copies.[4]" ]	[ "Raquel Jaramillo, under the pen name of R. J. Palacio" ]
5345240895163634372	Great Pyramid of Giza	Great Pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great Pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 Egyptian Royal cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Memphis and its Necropolis -- the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Criteria Cultural : i , iii , vi Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 - to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenized as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing - stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the north - eastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 Egyptian Royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 Egyptian Royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo , not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the Great Pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time - span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which , unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fibre - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery , rather than resting on the block beneath it , in order to prevent cumulative pressure . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 -- 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . In 2017 , scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery , using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays . Its length is at least 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery . It was detected using three different technologies : nuclear emulsion films , scintillator hodoscopes , and gas detectors . The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery . The Japanese research team disputes this , however , saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 Egyptian Royal cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw - marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as the Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived , Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid - building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Brier and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Five Great Civilizations of Ancient World . Educreation Publishing . 2017 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kingsland , William ( 1932 ) . The Great pyramid in fact and in theory . London : Rider . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt 's Great Pyramid '' . 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Morishima , Kunihiro ; Kuno , Mitsuaki ; Nishio , Akira ; Kitagawa , Nobuko ; Manabe , Yuta ; Moto , Masaki ; Takasaki , Fumihiko ; Fujii , Hirofumi ; Satoh , Kotaro ; Kodama , Hideyo ; Hayashi , Kohei ; Odaka , Shigeru ; Procureur , Sébastien ; Attié , David ; Bouteille , Simon ; Calvet , Denis ; Filosa , Christopher ; Magnier , Patrick ; Mandjavidze , Irakli ; Riallot , Marc ; Marini , Benoit ; Gable , Pierre ; Date , Yoshikatsu ; Sugiura , Makiko ; Elshayeb , Yasser ; Elnady , Tamer ; Ezzy , Mustapha ; Guerriero , Emmanuel ; Steiger , Vincent ; Serikoff , Nicolas ; Mouret , Jean - Baptiste ; Charlès , Bernard ; Helal , Hany ; Tayoubi , Mehdi ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Discovery of a big void in Khufu 's Pyramid by observation of cosmic - ray muons '' . Nature . 552 ( 7685 ) : 386 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 552 ... 386M . doi : 10.1038 / nature24647 . PMID 29160306 -- via www.nature.com . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Scientists discover hidden chamber in Egypt 's Great Pyramid '' . Jump up ^ `` Critics : Nothing special about big void found in Khufu Pyramid : The Asahi Shimbun '' . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bob Brier ; A. Hoyt Hobbs ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aedeen Cremin ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica : The World 's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures . Frances Lincoln . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . Library resources about Great Pyramid of Giza Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Cooper , Roscoe , Vicki Teague Cooper , Carolyn Croll , Diana Craig Patch , and Tehon Atha. 1997 . The Great Pyramid : An Interactive Book . London : British Museum Press . Der Manuelian , Peter . 2017 . Digital Giza : Visualizing the Pyramids . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Grajetzki , Wolfgang. 2006 . The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt : History , Archaeology and Society . Bristol , UK : Golden House . Hawass , Zahi A. 2006 . Mountains of the Pharaohs : The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . Nell , Erin and Clive Ruggles. 2014 . `` The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures . '' Journal for the History of Astronomy 45 , no . 3 : 304 -- 60 . Oppenheim , Adela , Dieter Arnold , and Kei Yamamoto. 2015 . Ancient Egypt Transformed : The Middle Kingdom . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . Petrie , W.M. Flinders. 2006 . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Worcester , UK : Yare Egyptology . Rossi , Corinna , and Laura Accomazzo. 2005 . The Pyramids and the Sphinx . English ed . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570 BC − 1300 AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Nyuserre Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=833168445 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with Curlie links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was buried in the great pyramid of giza	[ "Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.[2] It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall (146.5 metres (480.6 ft)), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is 138.8 metres (455.4 ft). Each base side was 440 cubits, 230.4 metres (755.9 ft) long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres (88,000,000 cu ft).[3]" ]	[ "the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\")" ]
4145143076900869312	What You Won't Do for Love (song)	What You Wo n't Do for Love ( song ) - wikipedia What You Wo n't Do for Love ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' U.S. red heart - shaped vinyl limited edition Single by Bobby Caldwell from the album Bobby Caldwell B - side `` Love Wo n't Wait '' Released December 1978 Recorded 1978 Genre Blue - eyed soul smooth jazz R&B quiet storm Length 4 : 45 Label Clouds ( U.S. ) TK ( international ) Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Caldwell , Alfons Kettner Producer ( s ) Ann Holloway Bobby Caldwell singles chronology `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1978 ) `` My Flame '' ( 1979 ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1978 ) `` My Flame '' ( 1979 ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' is a blue - eyed soul - styled single written by Bobby Caldwell with Alfons Kettner , which Caldwell recorded for his eponymous debut album , released in 1978 by Clouds Records domestically and by TK Records internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Covers 5.1 Go West 5.2 Boyz II Men 5.3 Other cover versions 6 Samples 7 Interpolations 8 Soundtrack appearances 9 References 10 External links Recording ( edit ) After gaining a reputation in Miami clubs as a talented musician , Caldwell was signed to an exclusive contract with TK Records in 1978 by TK Records president Henry Stone . Heading to the studio , Caldwell recorded his first album , which was given a redo after Stone felt the album was good but `` did n't have a hit '' . Caldwell returned to the studio and came up with the final product , which included `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' . The song 's horn arrangement was written and recorded by Miami arranger Mike Lewis . Release ( edit ) Caldwell wanted the song to be the sixth track on the album since he figured the song 's second track , `` My Flame '' , which featured him playing guitar , would be the hit . However , TK Records felt confident that `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' would be the breakout hit . When it was released to R&B radio , TK Records did its best to shield Caldwell 's identity ( Caucasian ) hoping not to alienate its predominantly black audience . However , when Caldwell began making performances live on stage , it only increased demand . The song would become Caldwell 's most successful single and also his signature song , reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 6 on the Hot Selling Soul Singles chart , and number 10 on the Easy Listening chart . According to the broadcast of American Top 40 for the week ending February 3 , 1979 , the week in which the song debuted at # 38 on the Top 40 , a heart - shaped pressing of the single was the most expensive single up to that point . The heart - shaped single was originally released as a promotional item only , but public demand led to 50,000 copies being pressed in time for Valentine 's Day 1979 with a retail price of $7.98 -- about the price of a full LP album at the time . The single was also available on standard round vinyl as well . Personnel ( edit ) Bobby Caldwell -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Benny Latimore -- keyboards Steve Mealy -- guitar Richie Valesquez -- bass guitar Harold Seay -- drums Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 16 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 24 UK ( OCC ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 10 US Billboard R&B 6 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Canada 128 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Cash Box 88 Covers ( edit ) Go West ( edit ) Go West recorded a version on their 1992 album Indian Summer that was released as a single . Year Song UK Singles chart US Billboard AC `` What You Wo n't Do For Love '' 15 Year - end charts Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 100 Boyz II Men ( edit ) The vocal group Boyz II Men released a cover of the song on their 2004 album Throwback , Vol. 1 , featuring rapper MC Lyte . Year Song Hot R&B Singles `` What You Wo n't Do For Love '' 60 Other cover versions ( edit ) Peabo Bryson and Natalie Cole , on We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Roy Ayers , on No Stranger to Love ( 1980 ) Dionne Warwick , on Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Phyllis Hyman , on Living All Alone ( 1986 ) Peter Mann ( 1992 ) ( as `` Do For Love '' ) Luciano , on Do n't Get Crazy ( 1994 ) ( as `` Got A Thing For You '' ) Montell Jordan ( unreleased , played on the soundtrack of New York Undercover ) Intro , on New Life ( 1995 ) Hiram Bullock , on Carrasco ( 1997 ) Tupac Shakur , on RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) ( 1997 ) Victor Wooten , on What Did He Say ? ( 1997 ) Goldie , on Ring of Saturn ( 1998 ) Michael Bolton , on Timeless : The Classics Vol. 2 ( 1999 ) Fuel ( 2002 ) ( as `` Do 4 Love '' ) Jay R , on Soul in Love ( 2008 ) Daniel Evans featuring Snake Davis , on No Easy Way ( 2010 ) Jessie Ware , on Devotion ( 2012 ) ( bonus track only ) Lina Nikol , on Your Love ( 2015 ) Junior Boys , on Big Black Coat ( 2016 ) Elliott Yamin also performed the song as a contestant on American Idol Season 5 in 2006 . Barry Black also performed the song as a contestant on The Voice Season 5 in 2012 . Samples ( edit ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' has been sampled on the following songs , among others : Aaliyah - `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' ( Vocal Interpolation ) Mona Lisa - `` Just Wanna Please U '' Alfonzo Blackwell - `` Love No Limit '' Charles Hamilton - `` Where I 've Been '' Charles Hamilton - `` Him '' Esham - `` 24 / 7 '' DJ Rashad - Ghetto Tekz Runnin It Guru - `` Something in the Past '' Kool G Rap - `` Blowin ' up in the World '' Luniz - `` Playa Hata '' ( Vocal and Audio Sample ) Mary J. Blige - `` Love No Limit '' ( Uncredited ) Master P - `` If I Could Change '' Tatyana Ali - `` Boy You Knock Me Out '' ( Audio Sample ) 2Pac - `` Do for Love '' ( Vocal Sample ) 2Pac - `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' 2Pac - `` What I Wo n't Do For Love '' ( Unreleased ) Young Zee - `` Everybody Get High '' DJ Jazzy Jeff - `` My Soul 's Not 4 Sale ( feat . Raheem DeVaughn ) '' Sa - Deuce - `` Do n't waste my time '' Foesum - `` In the Wind '' Z - Ro - `` So Much '' Brown Eyed Soul - `` Candy '' Obeth Pacatang - cover version ( Live The Breakout ) Jessie Ware - cover version Interpolations ( edit ) Songs with vocal interpolations of `` What You Wo n't Do For Love '' include the following : Afroman - `` Do for Bud '' Mariah Carey , Da Brat & Elephant Man - `` Got a Thing 4 You '' Max B featuring French Montana - `` Do 4 Drugs '' Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Caldwell 's recording of the song was featured in the film Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) . The song was featured in a 2014 commercial for the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` American Top 40 , '' Week Ending February 3 , 1979 , replayed February 8 , 2014 , SiriusXM Radio Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 7 April 1979 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 4 May 1979 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 24 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles ( 1979 ) '' . RPM . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 29 , 1979 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Do n't Get Crazy by Luciano Album Listen for Free on Myspace '' . Myspace.com. 1995 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport TV Spot , ' New Beauty ' Song Bobby Caldwell '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Boyz II Men Nathan Morris Shawn Stockman Wanya Morris Marc Nelson Michael McCary Studio albums Cooleyhighharmony II Evolution Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya Full Circle Throwback , Vol. 1 The Remedy Motown : Hitsville USA Love Twenty Collide Compilation albums Christmas Interpretations The Remix Collection The Ballad Collection Legacy : The Greatest Hits Collection Winter / Reflections Covered : Winter The Millennium Collection : The Best of Boyz II Men Singles `` Motownphilly '' `` It 's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday '' `` Uhh Ahh '' `` Please Do n't Go '' `` End of the Road '' `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) '' `` Let It Snow '' `` I 'll Make Love to You '' `` On Bended Knee '' `` Thank You '' `` Water Runs Dry '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Brokenhearted '' `` Hey Lover '' `` 4 Seasons of Loneliness '' `` A Song for Mama '' `` Doin ' Just Fine '' `` I Will Get There '' `` Pass You By '' `` Thank You in Advance '' `` The Color of Love '' `` Relax Your Mind '' `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` Just My Imagination '' `` War '' `` Mercy Mercy Me '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Iris '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' Related topics Discography Babyface The Package Tour Total Package Tour Book Peabo Bryson Studio albums Peabo ( 1976 ) Reaching for the Sky ( 1977 ) Crosswinds ( 1978 ) We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Paradise ( 1980 ) I Am Love ( 1981 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Straight from the Heart ( 1984 ) Live album Live & More ( 1980 ) with Roberta Flack Singles `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Let the Feeling Flow '' ( 1981 ) `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` If Ever You 're in My Arms Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` Show & Tell '' ( 1989 ) `` Can You Stop the Rain '' ( 1991 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1992 ) `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' ( 1993 ) Related articles Discography Book : Peabo Bryson Natalie Cole Studio albums Inseparable ( 1975 ) Natalie ( 1976 ) Unpredictable ( 1977 ) Thankful ( 1977 ) I Love You So ( 1979 ) We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Do n't Look Back ( 1980 ) Happy Love ( 1981 ) Unforgettable -- A Musical Tribute to Nat King Cole ( 1983 ) I 'm Ready ( 1983 ) Dangerous ( 1985 ) Everlasting ( 1987 ) Good to Be Back ( 1989 ) Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1991 ) Take a Look ( 1993 ) Holly & Ivy ( 1994 ) Stardust ( 1996 ) Snowfall on the Sahara ( 1999 ) The Magic of Christmas ( 1999 ) Ask a Woman Who Knows ( 2002 ) Leavin ' ( 2006 ) Still Unforgettable ( 2008 ) Caroling , Caroling : Christmas with Natalie Cole ( 2008 ) Natalie Cole en Español ( 2013 ) Compilation albums The Natalie Cole Collection ( 1987 ) Live albums Natalie Live ! ( 1978 ) Singles `` This Will Be '' `` Inseparable '' `` Sophisticated Lady ( She 's a Different Lady ) '' `` I 've Got Love on My Mind '' `` Our Love '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( with Peabo Bryson ) `` I Live for Your Love '' `` Pink Cadillac '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Miss You Like Crazy '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Unforgettable '' ( with Nat King Cole ) `` A Smile Like Yours '' `` Day Dreaming '' Filmography Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Freak City ( 1999 ) De-Lovely ( 2004 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) The Real Housewives of Miami ( 2011 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( 2011 ) Related articles Discography Nat King Cole ( father ) Maria Cole ( mother ) Carole Cole ( sister ) Eddie Cole ( paternal uncle ) Ike Cole ( paternal uncle ) Freddy Cole ( paternal uncle ) Lionel Cole ( paternal first cousin ) Book : Natalie Cole Go West Peter Cox Richard Drummie Studio albums Go West Bangs & Crashes Dancing on the Couch Indian Summer futurenow 3D Singles `` We Close Our Eyes '' `` Call Me '' `` Goodbye Girl '' `` Eye to Eye '' `` Do n't Look Down '' `` True Colours '' `` I Want to Hear It from You '' `` Do n't Look Down -- The Sequel '' `` The King Is Dead '' `` From Baltimore to Paris '' `` King of Wishful Thinking '' `` Faithful '' `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' `` Still in Love '' `` Tracks of My Tears '' `` We Close Our Eyes '' ( remix ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_You_Won%27t_Do_for_Love_(song)&oldid=837487319 '' Categories : 1978 singles Debut singles 2004 songs Smooth jazz songs Boyz II Men songs Songs written by Bobby Caldwell 1978 songs 1992 singles Go West ( band ) songs Chrysalis Records singles TK Records singles Blue - eyed soul songs Phyllis Hyman songs Quiet storm songs Peabo Bryson songs Natalie Cole songs Jessie Ware songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 04 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i came back to let you know	[ "\n\n\"What You Won't Do for Love\"\n\n\n\nU.S. red heart-shaped vinyl limited edition\n\n\n\nSingle by Bobby Caldwell\n\n\nfrom the album Bobby Caldwell\n\n\nB-side\n\"Love Won't Wait\"\n\n\nReleased\nDecember 1978\n\n\nRecorded\n1978\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nBlue-eyed soul\nsmooth jazz\nR&B\nquiet storm\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:45\n\n\nLabel\nClouds (U.S.)\nTK (international)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBobby Caldwell, Alfons Kettner\n\n\nProducer(s)\nAnn Holloway\n\n\nBobby Caldwell singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"What You Won't Do for Love\"\n(1978)\n\"My Flame\"\n(1979)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"What You Won't Do for Love\"\n(1978)\n\"My Flame\"\n(1979)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Bobby Caldwell" ]
-1841350617613071430	Charlotte Drake	Charlotte Drake - wikipedia Charlotte Drake Jump to : navigation , search Charlotte Drake Charlotte eavesdropping on a conversation between Ezra and Aria taking place at his apartment . Pretty Little Liars character Portrayed by Vanessa Ray First appearance `` UnmAsked '' Season 2 , episode 25 Last appearance `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 7 , episode 20 Spin - off appearances Pretty Dirty Secrets Profile Other names CeCe Drake Charles DiLaurentis Charlotte DiLaurentis `` A '' Varjak Alison DiLaurentis Freddie Occupation A ( formerly ) Red Coat ( formerly ) Stylist ( formerly ) ( show ) Family Father Ted Wilson Mother Mary Drake Adoptive father Kenneth DiLaurentis Adoptive mother Jessica DiLaurentis Half - sisters Spencer Hastings Alex Drake Aunts and uncles Jessica DiLaurentis First cousins Alison DiLaurentis Jason DiLaurentis Charlotte Drake is a fictional character in Pretty Little Liars , an American mystery drama television series based on the homonymous novel series written by Sara Shepard . Charlotte is a character that only appears in the television series and is portrayed by Vanessa Ray . The character is also featured in the Pretty Little Liars spin - off Pretty Dirty Secrets . Charlotte was introduced in the third season using the pseudonym CeCe Drake . Acting as a best friend and mentor to Alison DiLaurentis , CeCe moved back to Rosewood two years after Alison 's disappearance . Having stolen the game from Mona Vanderwaal , Drake acted as the leader of the A-Team , recruiting minions to do her biding whilst also concealing her identity from them as Red Coat . Following the events from `` A dAngerous gAme '' , the group disbanded and her schemes were from then on primarily assisted by her friend and ally , later divulged to be Sara Harvey . During the fourth - season episode `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , CeCe is revealed to be Red Coat . In the sixth - season episode `` Game Over , Charles '' , Drake unmasked herself as Big `` A '' , and revealed that she was born male and underwent gender reassignment surgery . In the following episode `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , it is shown that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital . Charlotte is eventually released from Welby after the Liars ( minus Aria ) lie under oath and testify in favor of her release as a favor to Alison . However , Charlotte is murdered by an unknown assailant merely hours after leaving Welby . Her death fueled the rise of a new `` A '' , using the alias A.D. , who was severely adamant on avenging Charlotte 's homicide . During the sixth - season finale `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' , the Liars discover that Jessica DiLaurentis has an identical twin sister , Mary Drake , a former patient at Radley Sanitarium who is Charlotte 's biological mother . In `` The DArkest Knight '' , Mary is revealed to be Spencer Hastings ' biological mother , thus making her Charlotte 's maternal half - sister . During `` Farewell , My Lovely '' , Mona confesses to killing Charlotte after finding out that her mental health had n't improved and her intentions were to harm the Liars again . In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's younger identical twin sister . Alex believed the Liars knew who was accountable for Charlotte 's murder and was also set on physically replacing Spencer due to being jealous of the upbringing that she was able to have . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 Season 2 3.2 Season 3 3.3 Season 4 3.4 Season 5 3.5 Season 6 3.6 Season 7 4 Reception 5 Notes 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Sources 6 External links Casting ( edit ) Vanessa Ray It was reported that Vanessa Ray was cast to portray CeCe Drake , who was later known to be Charlotte DiLaurentis . When Ray was announced to start filming again for Pretty Little Liars fourth season , she spoke about returning saying , `` It 's so fun to do , and what a crazy character I get to play . She 's sort of a sociopath . I think she 's so weird because she 's , like , 22 but hangs out with high - schoolers . It 's like , ' Hey , girl ! Get a life ! ' '' Development ( edit ) CeCe Drake was characterized as a `` beyond - charismatic twenty - something blonde stylist at a boutique that has one heel in the present , one in the past . '' Pretty Little Liars executive producer Oliver Goldstick told TVLine that she `` schooled Alison in the wicked ways of the world ... She taught her everything she knows ! '' Drake 's personality is described as the sociopathic qualities : controlling , charming , seductive , dominant , and extremely intelligent . The girls believe CeCe is `` a lot '' like Alison . Much like Alison , she is closest to Spencer . CeCe was also described as `` off - the - wall , self - centered , bizarre fashionista . '' Storylines ( edit ) Season 2 ( edit ) The character makes her first appearance in this season , during the episode `` UnmAsked '' , as the stranger in a red bathrobe who pays a visit to Mona Vanderwaal following her admission to Radley Sanitarium . Season 3 ( edit ) In `` Blood Is The New Black '' , Red Coat is seen buying black hoodies and gloves for her team members . The store owner says to the then mysterious entity : `` So , are you buying this for a team ? '' . During `` Kingdom of the Blind '' , Big A pours herself a drink as she is making another necklace , and puts the vodka bottle in the freezer next to a bodybag . In `` Birds of a Feather '' , Big A is at the airport hacking the system of Radley Sanitarium in order to allow Mona having visitors . During `` That Girl is Poison '' , Big A goes through Maya 's purse , finding different items belonging to Maya St. Germain . In `` The Remains of the A '' , Big A looks at rooms for rent in the newspaper and calls a number , ready to officially move to Rosewood . CeCe Drake makes her first official appearance in `` Crazy '' . The girls mistake her for Alison due to their physical similarities . CeCe spent what was described as an `` intense '' summer with Alison DiLaurentis in Cape May , New Jersey , prior to her disappearance . She previously dated Jason DiLaurentis and broke up with him the day after Alison went missing . Jason blames CeCe for the way Ali acted . When Emily and Nate are looking for something he wanted to purchase Jenna Marshall for her birthday , CeCe could tell Emily disfavored his interest on Jenna and assumed she had feelings for Nate . Thus , she steals Jenna 's contact from Emily 's cell phone , and prank dials Marshall to state she was Nate 's girlfriend , and wanted Jenna to back off . Emily is frightened , but CeCe deduces she 's grateful . At the end of the episode , Big A picks up a recorder which was in one of the dolls at Radley , that recorded the conversation between Mona , Aria and Hanna . In `` Stolen Kisses '' , Big A collects a large sum of money from the bank . During `` The Kahn Game '' , CeCe reveals to Spencer and Aria that she was a student at UPenn and invites them to a frat party , promising Spencer that someone from UPenn admissions would be attending . Later , CeCe challenges Erik Kahn to a game of `` Truth or Dare '' . At the end of the episode , A receives a key from a cat obsessed woman to the `` unit A '' . In `` What Lies Beneath '' , Charlotte watches the news as she 's hanging up black hoodies and moving boxes . On one of them , it is written the name `` Hopkins '' , which is the first hospital that had done a sex change surgery . During `` Single Fright Female '' , CeCe is seen posting something at the front of the school when Spencer asks her what she 's doing . CeCe tells her she 's trying to spread the word about a fashion show . Once they catch a glimpse of Paige and Emily arriving to school , CeCe reveals to Spencer that her and Paige had a feud between the two over Emily Fields in which CeCe referred to Paige as `` Pig Skin '' . In a flashback , CeCe and Alison talk in her car , and Alison tells her about how she 'd set up Paige by writing her a love letter , pretending to be Emily . CeCe says she 's proud of her . When Paige appears for the setup , Alison confronts her and threatens to tell her father , who is the deacon at the church . Paige screams at Alison to give her the note back , but Alison says that she owns her now . CeCe gleefully speeds away from the scene with Alison . CeCe proceeds to admit that she believed Alison was afraid of Paige . Later , Spencer helps her out at the boutique and CeCe saves her from a snake attack in one of the dressing rooms . At the end of the episode , Big A plays on the jukebox as she hands over a key to another black - gloved A . In `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' , CeCe remembers the photo of Ali and Cece bonding with lobsters in Cape May , NJ that Emily shows her , but she confesses to never really knowing who `` beach hottie '' was . CeCe stated `` Honestly , there were so many hotties down there that summer '' . A flashback later showcases Alison visiting CeCe at Annie 's Crab Shack to inform her that her period was late . CeCe then states to Emily that she was wearing protection but `` not all the time '' . Ali comes to see her at Annie 's Crab Shack and tells her she 's late ... like two weeks late . She was using protecting , `` just not all the time . '' At the end of the episode , A is sporting her Red Coat disguise in her lair whilst using a blow torch to burn a bobblehead Hanna doll . During `` Dead to Me '' , `` A '' purchases whiskey in a store . In What Becomes of the Broken - Hearted `` , CeCe is at the Brew when Emily spots her and starts asking questions about `` Beach Hottie , '' She leaves , stating that she does n't have time to answer questions since she has to get pictures for her store 's website . She winds up calling Aria , to ask if she could help with the photos , since the first photographer she hired was unprofessional . CeCe later leaves Aria and Wesley alone to go get some dinner and never returns . She calls to tell them her car got towed , but she is lying because she is sitting in her car while making that phone call . Only minutes prior , Jason and Emily were involved in an elevator accident - an act of deliberate sabotage . In this same episode , Jason relays a flashback to Emily of the night Ali disappeared . He recalled seeing ' Alison ' arguing with Melissa near his house , but when he called her name , it was CeCe who turned her head around . At the end of the episode , two ' A 's play `` spin the bottle '' with pictures of the Liars on whiskey bottles . The flask ends up pointing on Aria , but Big A turns it to Spencer and then , both of them drink the whiskey . During `` Hot Water '' , Hanna sees Wilden arrest CeCe in his police vehicle . CeCe later leaves Rosewood because Wilden believes she told people about him possibly getting Alison pregnant . As she 's packing her bags , Emily quickly stops by her apartment in order to find out who took the picture of her and Alison at Wilden 's boat . CeCe admits that it was Melissa and once Emily confronts her about Jason 's memory of seeing Melissa talking to her at the DiLaurentis ' backyard the night Alison went missing , she later reveals that Melissa was looking for the N.A.T. Club 's footage . At the end of the episode , Big A cuts up pink roses , and puts them in a lowery wreath with a ribbon which says `` With Deepest Sympathy '' , foreshadowing Toby 's faux death . In `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' , Big A watches a man fishing up a cap belonging to a Rosewood Police 's officer . During `` I 'm Your Puppet '' , it was revealed that CeCe had a visitor pass to Radley signed by Wren and that she was secretly visiting Mona while she was admitted at the institution . According to Wren , he got into a lot of trouble for allowing her a pass at a time when Mona was n't supposed to have visitors . But he let CeCe see Mona because she was desperate to see her since she stated to have been `` traumatized by Alison '' and wanted to act as a mentor for Mona . Apparently , it was Melissa who called CeCe to tell her that Mona was in Radley . The reasons as to why she did so are still unspecified . Mona would later admit to seeing CeCe while in Radley , though not recalling what they spoke about due to being on medication , in the episode `` ' A ' is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Season 4 ( edit ) In `` Turn of the Shoe '' , Big A feeds dinner to a caged Tippi as it continues to speak in Alison 's voice . During `` Cat 's Cradle '' , A looks at Emily 's x-ray of her shoulder . In `` Face Time '' , Big A holds a broken mask of Melissa as she glues the broken pieces together . During `` Gamma Zeta Die ! '' , Big A drinks a cup of tea while looking at a picture of Carla Grunwald , the house mother of Gamma Zeta Chi sorority . In `` Under the Gun '' , Charlotte hot - wires a car while wearing a mask of Emily 's face . When Toby and Caleb go to investigate Red Coat 's flight plan in the episode `` Crash and Burn , Girl ! '' , they question Nigel Wright a second time until he reluctantly reveals that he was paid to set up an anonymous private flight by CeCe to the lodge at Thornhill on the night of the fire incident that took place in the episode `` A dAngerous gAme '' At the end of the episode , A is in a hardware store , buying house fixing supplies addressed to Emily . During `` The Guilty Girl 's Handbook '' , Big A is seen drilling holes in the floor of the DiLaurentis house . In `` Into the Deep '' , Paige throws Emily a surprise birthday party at her aunt 's lake house . While Aria and Emily are looking for Spencer outside , Emily spots a body floating face down in the lake . She rushes in panick and turns the body over to see that it 's Jenna . Emily thinks whoever bashed her in the back of her head did it to make sure she did n't tell the Liars whatever information she withhold about Alison . Shana Fring later admits to Spencer at the hospital the person Jenna was afraid of was CeCe . At the end of the episode , Big A is seen playing the piano . She places a sheet of music in an envelope with the name `` Toby Cavanaugh '' written on it , whilst drinking wine . After Caleb finds CeCe 's address from an old cable bill in `` The Mirror Has Three Faces '' , Aria heads there and talks to CeCe 's old roommate . She reveals that Alison got CeCe kicked out of college after she pushed a girl down a flight of stairs at a frat party in `` The Badass Seed '' . However , Alison later reveals in the seventh - season episode `` Exes and OMGs '' that Noel was actually responsible for this incident and later used this information to blackmail him . Jessica DiLaurentis is also featured in the episode . In it , she has a flashback of a time when she received a phone call from Radley Sanitarium saying that Alison had checked in . When she got there she encountered CeCe dressed as Ali . Jessica described their friendship to Spencer and Hanna as obsessive and toxic , stating that `` they ' wore ' each other 's personalities '' . The girls realize that the `` Alison '' masks that Alison purchased were n't for them , she probably had them made for CeCe . At the end of episode , Big A throws Ashley 's muddy shoe in the pile of Emily 's collapsed house . CeCe makes her first official appearance in the fourth season during the episode `` Bring Down the Hoe '' . She is seen in an apartment filled with pictures of Alison DiLaurentis and the Liars , dating all the way back from Halloween 2008 . We also see that she has a red coat , hinting at the fact that CeCe potentially spied on the Liars at the hoedown they attended earlier . CeCe is then shown in a black hoodie spying on Aria Montgomery and Ezra Fitz . Later , ' A ' makes voodoo dolls of the five Liars : Aria , Spencer , Hanna , Emily , and the newest one , Mona . She takes the knitting utensil and stabs the Mona doll . In `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , the Liars are convinced that CeCe did indeed murder Darren Wilden as a sketch of a blonde woman resembling her physical features is shown on the news . As the girls realize that there are in fact two Red Coats while saving Emily in Ravenswood , Spencer chases after one while Aria chases after the other . During a brief struggle in which her Alison mask is kicked off by Aria , CeCe is revealed to be one of the Red Coats , and is the evil one that had been working against the Liars . CeCe attempts to escape by grabbing onto a rope , only for it to snap . Aria tries to pull CeCe up as she pleads for Aria to help her , however she proves too heavy for Aria as her sleeve rips and she falls to the ground . As the Liars gather together they are unsure if CeCe is dead or not . While the Liars are contemplating calling the police , CeCe 's hand is seen twitching , and when the Liars turn around she has seemingly disappeared . During `` Who 's In The Box '' , Big A is spotted opening a secret basement in Ezra Fitz 's cabin . According to Travis in `` Love ShAck , Baby '' , CeCe was last spotted in Maryland on the run from the authorities . It was also divulged that she made huge money deposits before Wilden died . Big A later hacks into a GPS System , hinting that she might be the one who messed with Emily 's GPS car settings . In `` Close Encounters '' , A slices a picture of Ali and Shana when they were younger in half and symbolically lights the half with Shana 's face on fire . There 's a possibility that this person was Shana Fring . During `` Bite Your Tongue '' , Big A shreds Radley 's visiting documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi 's cage . In `` Hot for Teacher '' , Big A empties an envelope containing prescription pads with Wren 's name and credentials . During `` Free Fall '' , A collects the pages of Ezra 's book . During `` She 's Come Undone '' , it was revealed that CeCe witnessed a fight between Spencer Hastings and Alison DiLaurentis the night of Ali 's disappearance and that Jessica DiLaurentis paid CeCe to be quiet about it . Big A is later seen reading Ezra 's story by a fireplace . At the end of `` Cover For Me '' , Big A cuts a loose string on a wedding dress , foreshadowing the events of `` Unbridled '' , During the season finale `` A is for Answers '' , CeCe is detained by Detective Gabriel Holbrook and questioned about Wilden 's homicide . She confesses to knowing who murdered Bethany Young ( the girl buried in Alison 's grave ) and that Alison is still alive . At the end of the episode , Jessica 's dead body is dragged across the grass as Charlotte buries her on the Hastings ' backyard . Season 5 ( edit ) In `` EscApe From New York '' , CeCe is taken away by officer Barry Maple to be sent to jail , however , at some point she knocks him unconscious , steals his cop car and heads off to New York where Alison and the Liars are . Drake finds Ali and asks for her help since Alison owed CeCe a favor for helping her out in Ravenswood . Alison offers her a plane ticket to France and she leaves the country , under the alias of Vivian Darkbloom . When Emily catches Alison , she divulges that CeCe was being paid by Ezra for information . Ali further claims to have asked her to dress up as Red Coat only to distract `` Big A '' . However , it 's revealed much later that , unbeknownst to Alison , CeCe was the person who stole the `` A '' game from Mona and donned the Red Coat disguise during some of her missions . Ali also reveals that Drake was accountable for Wilden 's murder . Drake is absent for the following three episodes , seeing as she headed to France . `` Big A '' later makes a comeback in `` Miss Me × 100 '' . She blows up the Cavanaugh 's house and is seen texting the Liars while moving her belongings into a new lair . During `` The Silence of the E. Lamb '' , `` Big A '' , opens up Ella 's engagement party letter and takes a picture of the item before gluing it back together as if it were never open . In `` Scream For Me '' , `` Big A '' walks through Spencer 's room , flipping up a hidden panel under a couch cushion that ultimately opens up a secret compartment at the Hastings house . During `` March of Crimes '' , `` Big A '' is at the Optometrics office Spencer frequented , eavesdropping on what is happening to Ali at the police station through the usage of her mp3 player . In `` A Dark Ali '' , `` Big A '' folds laundry , including a striped candy pinafore . During `` Taking This One to the Grave '' , `` Big A '' allegedly murders Mona Vanderwaal . She later replaces the baby Jesus ornament with a Mona doll and opens up the trunk of her car , revealing Mona 's body . She then makes a snow globe with the picture of The Liars . In `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' , CeCe returns to Rosewood to comfort Ali on her first Christmas without Jessica . In order to remain unseen , Drake wears a white cloak and offers Alison a bottle of customized perfume before warning her the Liars were there and not `` to say Merry Christmas '' , meaning she does not trust them . The two later escape the ball after Alison hands to Cindy and Mindy their clothes as well as `` Alison '' masks and blonde wigs to trick the Liars . At the end of the episode , `` Big A '' lights up a Christmas tree outside Spencer 's house with the message `` Merry Christmas , Bitches - A '' . During `` Over a Barrel '' , `` Big A '' sneaks into Holbrook 's office and hacks into the Rosewood PD site on her computer . In `` The Bin of Sin '' , `` Big A '' shines UV light on the door which leads to an ice cream factory containing Mona 's clothes , looking for the Liars ' fingerprints . During `` Oh , What Hard Luck Stories They All Hand Me '' , `` Big A '' becomes angry when the tape is missing from the binding in Mona 's book . In `` Out , Damned Spot '' , `` Big A '' drops Hanna 's blood onto the clothes Mona wore when she died . During `` Pretty Is n't The Point '' , `` Big A '' walks into Mike 's room and starts lifting the gym equipment as exercises . In `` Bloody Hell '' , `` Big A '' places a $20 bill in each of the bibles at Chester Women 's Correctional Facility , to make the inmates beat Alison . During `` The Melody Lingers On '' , `` Big A '' shreds Paul Varjak 's documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi 's cage , paralleling an exact scene from the fourth season . In `` I 'm a Good Girl , I Am '' , Charlotte plays with the Liars ' dolls ( minus Alison 's ) in a vehicle that escorts them to prison . After that , she prepares her tuxedo for the demented prom , foreshadowing the torturous events of `` Welcome to the Dollhouse '' . Season 6 ( edit ) During `` Do n't Look Now '' , `` Big A '' is seen seated in front of a computer looking at the location of the Liars , revealing she placed trackers in them . In `` She 's No Angel '' , `` Big A '' creates a doll - sized wig of Aria 's hairstyle with pink highlights . During `` O Brother , Where Art Thou '' , `` Big A '' receives a present from her ally ( presumably Sara Harvey ) . The gift is unveiled to be a portrait of a young Charles DiLaurentis accompanied by a young Jason and Alison at his 12th birthday party . In `` FrAmed '' , `` Big A '' is monotoring footage from Rosewood 's Art Gallery when her ally , costumed as Red Coat , arrives at their lair . At the end of the episode , `` Big A '' places six syringes in the trunk of her car , while Red Coat hands her an envelope from the driver 's seat . The item contains two tickets to Rosewood High 's prom . During `` Last Dance '' , `` Big A '' abducts Alison at her high school prom and takes her backstage to unmask herself . In the mid-season finale of the sixth season `` Game Over , Charles '' , CeCe is revealed to be the mysterious antagonist that has tormented the Liars throughout their senior year . At the ending of the previous episode , CeCe ( then unknown ) abducts Alison and takes her to Radley Sanitarium , where she recounts her story to Ali . Meanwhile , the Liars assist through a live feed in a vault at the Carissimi Group . Drake reveals to have been born as a boy named Charles DiLaurentis , and when she was 7 years old , she gave Alison a bath , but accidentally dropped her in the scalding hot water . Ali was saved by Kenneth , but as a consequence Charles was admitted to Radley . According to CeCe , as a child she frequently asked her mother to purchase her dresses but Kenneth despised his son for being feminine , so he used the bathtub incident as an excuse to send him away . Despite feeling lonely while residing at Radley , Jessica paid a visit to Charles as often as she could , in an attempt to make him feel less alienated . When Charles was 12 years old , Bethany Young pushed Toby 's mother Marion Cavanaugh off the roof of Radley , presumably to protect his femininity . However , Bethany double - crossed Charles and blamed him for Marion 's homicide . The staff at Radley believed her accusations due to the fact that Charles was wearing a dress at the time and did n't want to be seen in it . Jessica paid off a young detective Wilden to make sure Mrs. Cavanaugh 's death was ruled a suicide . Charles was diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder ( IED ) , though this was actually an accurate diagnosis for Bethany . For the subsequent 2 years he was heavily medicated with tranquilizers , but was let out to attend his symbolic fake funeral . After the funeral took place at Carol Ward 's house , Jessica finally embraced Charles as her daughter . She allowed his return to Radley as a female , renamed Charlotte . Charlotte dedicated herself to math as a way to escape reality , which allowed her to attend classes at the University of Pennsylvania . She thought going to school would be fun but it was easy for her since she already knew what she was being taught . One day , she called in a bomb threat to cancel classes . She used the opportunity to go to Rosewood High for yearbook picture day where she met Jason . She briefly dated him under the CeCe Drake alias , in order to get closer to her family . Jessica did n't know that CeCe Drake and Charlotte were the same person until the day the DiLaurentis were leaving for Cape May . Though initially angered at her children 's incestuous relationship , Jessica allows Charlotte to go on vacation with the rest of the family . In Cape May , Charlotte became close friends with Alison and even planned on telling her they were related . However , Bethany found out about Mrs. D 's affair with her father , thus ruining Charlotte 's opportunity to tell her sister the truth . On Labor Day Weekend , the night of Alison 's disappearance , Bethany stole Charlotte 's clothes and snuck out of Radley to hurt Jessica at the DiLaurentis property . Charlotte broke out as well , in order to prevent Young from harming her mother . She stumbled upon a blonde in the front yard and bashes her in the skull with a rock . Charlotte immediately realizes that she actually hit Alison , not Bethany . Jessica buried Ali out of panic and paid Wilden to take Charlotte back to Radley . The medical staff at Radley took away Charlotte 's out privileges but once Mona was admitted to the sanitarium , she took advantage of her drugged up state and manipulated her into telling everything she had done as `` A '' . After Charlotte permanently got out of Radley , she moved into Rosewood , where she purposely met the Liars , and began hating the girls due to their relief over Alison 's disappearance . Charlotte kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat that resembled Ali , so she sent Sara Harvey to dress up as Red Coat and act as a decoy in the night of the lodge incident at Thornhill . Melissa also secretly ordered Shana and Jenna to keep tabs on the Liars , since she too had her own suspicions that Ali was alive . Charlotte 's intentions were to lure Alison out of hiding , but things took a left turn when Shana set fire to the lodge . Nonetheless , Aria , Emily and Spencer were rescued by Sara and Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna , therefore giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was alive . She killed Wilden to protect Alison since he would have never allowed her to return to Rosewood , and sent Sara to his funeral disguised as the Black Widow to ensure he was deceased . Before Charlotte fled to New York , she snuck home to say goodbye to her mother , only to find her lifeless body laying on the DiLaurentis ' backyard . Following her mother 's passing , she saw the events in New York as the perfect opportunity to end the `` A '' game and begin a new life in Paris , but eventually came back due to her addiction to power . Sara , dressed as Red Coat , sets a bomb to detonate inside of Radley as part of Charlotte 's final plan to kill her family along with herself . The Liars managed to prevent any collateral damage from happening , since Spencer disabled the bomb while Emily punched Sara for betraying her . Charlotte then runs towards the roof and attempts to commit suicide . However , the Liars arrive in time to persuade her not to and Charlotte instead declares the ending to her reign as `` A '' . In the following episode `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , it is revealed that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years under medical care at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital . Despite the Liars ' hesitation to testify in favor of Charlotte 's release from the hospital , the girls , aside from Aria , ended up lying for Alison and stated that they were no longer traumatized by the events her older sister had put them through . The court approved Charlotte 's release , however , she was found dead the following day after allegedly committing suicide by jumping off the local church 's bell tower . After the funeral , the Liars were advised to stay in Rosewood , since the authorities ruled the events of Charlotte 's death a homicide and they would be possibly held in for questioning . A mysterious entity observes the Liars in a car before it drives off . During `` Charlotte 's Web '' , Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college . The Liars later suspect Aria of being accountable for Charlotte 's death after security footage at The Radley reveals that Ezra met up with her at the hotel and both left during the time her former tormentor was killed . When confronted by her friends , Aria decides to come clean about that night and reveals she could n't sleep so she wanted to talk to Ezra and the two went for a walk around town . Around the time she departed with Ezra , both witnessed whom it appeared to be Charlotte entering the church moments before being murdered . At the end of the episode , an unidentified individual places flowers on Charlotte 's fresh grave next to Jessica DiLaurentis ' , prior to walking over to a black car . Before stepping inside , their chauffeur states , `` I 'm sorry for your loss . '' In `` The Gloves Are On '' , Ezra refuses to talk about his whereabouts the night Charlotte was murdered and the Liars begin receiving text messages from their newest tormentor . At the end of the episode , an unseen person is holding a pair of Charlotte 's signature black hoodies and gloves and dumps them into a garbage bin before searching for `` UNIFORMS '' on Google . When the murder weapon is revealed to be a nine iron in `` New Guys , New Lies '' , Aria , with Emily 's assistance , tries to find out if Ezra is guilty . Unable to get into Ezra 's loft as he is out of town , Aria breaks in . In the loft , she witnesses that Ezra 's nine iron is n't missing , but then overhears a voicemail coming in from her dad and worries that Byron might have had something to do with Charlotte 's death . Later , Aria checks Byron 's car to see his golf clubs and its nine iron is missing . After breaking into Sara Harvey 's hotel room in `` Do Not Disturb '' , and finding out that she 's staying in what used to be Charlotte 's former room at Radley , Aria and Spencer continue their investigation process in `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' . They discover a hole in the wall with a ladder leading down to a mysterious alley . There , they stumble upon an electric switchboard , presuming it was used upon Charlotte when she was admitted to Radley . They also uncover a secret passage that leads to somewhere out the back of the hotel which they suspect is how Sara has been getting in and out of the hotel unseen , fueling the possibility that she 's avenging her former employer 's death . Detective Tanner later divulges to the Liars that someone dialed Charlotte from the Two Crows diner the night she passed away . At the end of the episode , Spencer discovers that Melissa 's broken suitcase handle matches the description of the alleged murder weapon . Throughout `` We 've All Got Baggage '' , Hanna further fuels the possibility that Melissa could have killed Charlotte by telling Spencer and Caleb how she ran into her at a fashion show in London , years prior to Charlotte 's murder . A flashback reveals that Melissa spent the entire night drinking and sobbing at a bathroom in order to get over the fact that Charlotte dialed Wren to inform him that his partner had buried Bethany Young . Due to the side - effects of alcohol , Melissa proceeded to grab Hanna 's phone and dial Welby to have a word with Charlotte by pretending to be Alison . Hanna got into a fight with Melissa and eventually threw the phone at a mirror to prevent hearing Charlotte 's voice from the other end . Emily visits the Two Crows diner and discovers the missing part from Melissa 's suitcase , but is nearly run over by a car that steals the weapon . In `` Burn This '' , Emily stumbles upon an auto shop that appears to be fixing the same car that almost ran her over . After asking if anyone had brought in a dark gray SUV , one of the mechanic insists they ca n't help her . Emily comes backs to snoop around and lifts up a tarp covering a car . She sees paint and takes a picture of it before the same mechanic she had confronted earlier demands to know why she was there again . Emily tells him the car she was talking about matches the one she was investigating and asks if he knows who drove it last night . He says `` Maybe I lent it to a friend . I ca n't remember '' . Emily holds up a picture of Melissa and asks if she was his friend . The mechanic denies , before looking back at the other guys and ordering Emily to leave . Later , Emily spots a pink dice keychain on Mona 's keys as she 's walking over to her car after leaving Hanna 's engagement party . The object happens to fit the description of whomever called Charlotte the night she was killed . After being confronted by Emily , Mona states she ca n't talk about that subject outdoors . At the end of the episode , we see the mechanic that interacted with Emily wiping paint off the SUV , before reaching into the car and finding an enveloping containing several hundred dollars and smiling . During `` Did You Miss Me ? '' , Mona confesses to Emily that she called Charlotte from the Two Crows dinner in order to obtain answers and to find out if she was planning to use anything against her or the Liars since she did n't implicate them at all whilst hospitalized at Welby . Emily questions Mona whether or not she was responsible for Charlotte 's homicide , but Mona states she did n't show up at the diner . Later during the episode , Emily and Spencer witness Sara Harvey 's helper leaving the city hall with a document he hastily hands her as she suspiciously drives off . The girls decide to pursue Sara 's driver and distract him in order to investigate his bags . In them , they stumble upon a tube that contains Radley 's floor plan . Spencer then instructs Emily to continue following him so she can get a copy of the document at the town 's city hall . In `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' , Toby and Spencer study the replica map of Radley 's floor plan and decide to head to the underground alley underneath Sara 's hotel room to investigate it . Mona follows the two of them , and they stumble upon a floor containing an old Radley medical file belonging to Mary Drake . Mary was Jessica 's identical twin sister who gave birth to Charles while she was still a patient at Radley Sanitarium . Since she was n't stable enough to look after her child , Jessica and Kenneth fostered their nephew . At the end of the episode , it 's revealed that Charlotte was in a secret relationship with Dr. Elliott Rollins , who was recruited by Mary to drive Alison insane so they 'd gain full possession of the Carissimi Group 's money . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' , Elliott commences his physical torture towards Alison at Welby , believing she 's held accountable for his former lover 's murder . During `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' , the Liars discover a credit card statement charged for an Amish Bed & Breakfast on Elliott 's dresser . After discovering it was the same week he went to his family 's farm with Alison , Aria and Hanna drive there in hopes to fill out some blanks in regards to who Rollins truly is . Shorty after arriving at the small community , they meet a pre-teen girl called Eliza . She proceeds to show them dolls that Charlotte had offered her named and styled after each of the Liars . Eliza further divulges that their former tormentor used to visit the area very frequently with Elliott and had witnessed them exchanging a kiss . In a flashback during `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' , it 's divulged that Alison was the blonde in the red sweater whom Ezra and Aria spotted the night of Charlotte 's homicide . She followed her cousin to the church and up the bell tower , where the two argued over Ali 's romantic involvement with Elliott . Charlotte heavily disapproved their relationship and accuses her cousin of merely visiting her in order to get closer to Rollins . Alison leaves the church moments before Charlotte is presumably murdered . At the end of the episode , Mona and Hanna listen to an incoming call from Jenna in Elliott 's burner phone , which reveals his factual name as Archer . In another flashback during `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' , it 's revealed that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to track down her birth mother 's whereabouts and come up with an alias for her faux psychiatrist ( revealed to be a wanted criminal in the previous episode ) . The pseudonym Elliott Rollins was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte 's eventual release . During `` Original G'A'ngsters '' , the Liars investigate the storm cellar over at Aunt Carol 's house and discover that Jessica had turned it into her lair and kept files on all of them as well as Mary . While searching through Drake 's medical history , they find out that she had a second child . The gender of Charlotte 's biological sibling is undisclosed . In `` The Wrath of Kahn '' , Spencer and Emily find a flash drive at The Kahn 's cabin filled with footage from the time they were held captive in Charlotte 's Dollhouse . After watching one of the videos , they discover that Noel Kahn was helping Charlotte torture them . During this episode , Aria and Jason team up to find out more details in regards to Mary 's past and discover that Steven Kahn , Noel 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Drake 's second child . Near the ending of `` The Darkest Knight '' , Jenna and Noel both attempt to murder the Liars , partly for their own reasons but to also avenge Charlotte , whom according to Kahn `` taught them a lot '' . During the cat - and - mouse chase , Noel ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head and Marshall is knocked down by Mary Drake just as she was about to shoot Spencer Hastings . Once the Liars stumble upon Spencer being cradled on Mary 's arms , they deduce she 's accountable for their friend 's critical condition . Mary swears she 'd never harm Spencer as she tearfully claims to be her birth mother , thus revealing that Spencer is Charlotte 's biological sister . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Kahn was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . He recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . Later in the episode , Caleb threatens Marshall by warning her that the cops were uncovering inconsistencies in her allegations . However , Jenna assures him the police wo n't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement . In `` Power Play '' , Hanna is hanging out at Spencer 's house when she spots a P.I. 's business card from Peter 's briefcase . She convinces Spencer to infiltrate the investigation in order to locate Drake , and theorizes that Mary might be able to help point them in the direction of `` A.D. '' . Afterwards , Hanna picks up the phone and calls the P.I. , pretending to be someone from Peter 's office . After getting help from the P.I. , Hanna and Spencer knock on several doors until they approach one house and much to their surprise , Pastor Ted Wilson ( Hanna 's former step - dad ) opens the door . The girls show Ted a picture of Drake and ask him if he has seen her , to which Wilson informs them that he has n't . Hanna offers to grab coffee with Ted at the Radley later to catch up , and she also asks him to call her if he happens to spot Mary . As the Liars turn away to leave , Drake shows up in the doorway . Ted turns to Drake and questions her on what she 's truly doing there . Later , he reaches out to Hanna to talk and they meet up at Lucas ' loft , where Wilson reveals to have lied about Mary 's visit . Ted further confesses that Drake is an ex-girlfriend of his back when he was a college student and that she met up with him to inform they had a child together . Things get even more intricate when Wilson discloses to Hanna that said offspring was Charlotte and that he met his daughter prior to her sex change . It turns out that Ted used to run a summer camp for troubled boys , and Charles was a camper there . Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with a `` soft - spoken , sweet '' boy without awareness they were related . Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp , chaperoning Charles and Lucas Gottesman , whom he described as his son 's `` only friend '' . This revelation leaves Hanna stunned . During `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' , the Liars are gathered at the Brew discussing Pastor Ted 's mysterious photo of Charlotte and Lucas . Together , they wonder if Gottesman and Charlotte managed to stay in touch throughout the years . The girls decide to search Lucas 's loft in an attempt to obtain answers , but Aria points out that the entire building could be bugged , considering his affinity for high - tech gadgets . Later , Emily and Hanna commence their search through Lucas 's apartment . Hanna is quick to defend her friend , but while rummaging through a box of comic books , the two Liars come across a manila envelope tucked all the way in the back . Hanna reaches inside and pulls out another comic titled Arcturus . The author signatures at the bottom catches their eye , which reveal that it was conceived by Lucas and Charlotte . Aria soon joins Emily and Hanna , and they inspect the comic together . The content seems to be about a troubled boy who befriends a woman from outer space with magical powers . Together , they seek vengeance upon people who have hurt him . The girls ca n't help but notice that there are some eerily familiar drawings that resemble the electrical switches from Charlotte 's Dollhouse . Almost immediately after this uncovering , Aria is seen on her phone , telling A.D. all about the comic through FaceTime . Back at the loft , Hanna pulls out the box where she previously found Lucas 's mysterious comic , only to realize that it 's missing . Aria is then seen bringing the comic to Rosewood High in the middle of the night . Her mission is to place the book in locker 214 . Just as she starts to walk away after doing so , Aria appears to have a change of heart . She immediately doubles back to the locker , only to find a black hoodie hanging from the hook in its place . Near the end of the episode , Ezra spots Spencer at the airport with Wren Kingston . She immediately gets up and walks over to Ezra to quickly introduce him to her ex-boyfriend . Spencer then pulls Ezra off to the side and explains to him that she has n't spoken to Kingston since before Charlotte 's homicide . She met up with Wren in order to seek for enlightenment on his behalf about her half - sister given that he helped her sneak in and out of Radley . In `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' , Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco . The item contains footage of Lucas admitting to the authorities that he was n't Hanna 's alibi on the night of Charlotte 's murder and that the other Liars are capable of homicide . Gottesman is then shown clutching the comic book that Aria handed to A.D. and later spotted by Hanna awaiting someone at The Radley . He is finally caught by all of the Liars when searching through the contents of his apartment and they confront him in an attempt to learn more about his connection to Charlotte . Lucas claims to have been unaware that Charles transitioned into a female and took inspiration upon the narrative of their book . A worrying Gottesman further divulges that he may have fed Charlotte all the information needed to torture the Liars since they stayed in touch through e-mail . During high school , Lucas disclosed to Charlotte that Alison bullied him and the other girls did nothing to prevent her out of loyalty . An anonymous individual proceeded to return the graphic novel to Gottesman , along with a note instructing him to meet them at The Radley or else his former friendship with Charlotte would be exposed . The person who gave him the ultimatum failed to show up , prompting Lucas to run back to his loft . As it turns out , Gottesman was concerned about a second graphic novel that had never been completed because it continued his first book 's revenge storyline , only this time turning the events into a game . In the final moments of the episode , A.D. is seen flipping through pages of the missing novel and starts drawing the next chapter of the story , which includes a gravestone ( presumably Charlotte 's ) nearby a tree . During `` Farewell , My Lovely '' , Hanna noticed rose petals falling from the church 's bell tower which prompts her to investigate . There she finds Mona dressed like she used to in high school . Hanna is puzzled over the fact that her friend keeps referring to her as Charlotte . Mona divulges she killed Charlotte and through flashbacks we see the two of them engaging in a heated confrontation . After realizing that her health condition had n't improved after all and her intentions were to torture the Liars again through even worse approaches , Mona held a screwdriver to Charlotte 's back . She taunted her former tormentor to jump or else she 'd push her . Shortly after narrating a portion of the events , Mona suddenly grabs Hanna and attempts to throw her off the bell tower until Caleb and Spencer arrive just in time to prevent any collateral damage from happening . Mona is then taken to the Lost Woods and discloses to Spencer she messed up killing Charlotte . Asking what she meant by that , Spencer coaxed the full story from Vanderwaal who revealed that a fight broke out . Charlotte cruelly assured Mona the Liars would never love her back , causing Vanderwaal to gain the upper hand and shove her against a wall . A metal rod impaled Charlotte 's cervical spine , which broke her neck and left a cut on the back of it . After realizing what she had done , Mona began to peel rose petals before throwing Charlotte 's lifeless body from the bell tower to make it look like a suicide . In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's identical twin sister and Charlotte 's maternal half - sister . She was born at Radley Sanitarium , the mental institution in which their mother had spent most her life in and out of . Prior to her birth was Spencer 's , who was placed in the care of their biological father , along with his wife . Alex 's existence was unbeknownst to the Hastings since she was born minutes after Spencer had already been given to Peter and Veronica . Mary , desperate to escape Radley , allowed Dr. Cochran to arrange Alex 's adoption in exchange for $500,000 and a resignation from the psychiatric hospital . Alex was later adopted by a wealthy British couple . However , she began developing mental heath problems at an early age , and the family that took her in refused to tarnish their name . This resulted in Alex being stripped off of her adoptive family and placed into an orphanage with her birth name . She then bounced around foster homes and orphanages for a large portion of her childhood . On her tenth birthday , Alex ran away from the Ambrose Home for wayward children and grew up leading a lonely life . As a teenager , she obtained a job bartending at a pub in London where she met Wren , who originally mistook her for Spencer . Kingston disclosed to Alex her blood relations to Spencer , Charlotte , and Mary . Alex was introduced to Charlotte prior to her death , when the latter flew from a transatlantic flight to France just to meet her . In a flashback , Charlotte is seen exiting a flight , talking to her future lover , Archer Dunhill . After promising to call Charlotte the next day he leaves and Charlotte gets a call from Wren , telling her that Alex is waiting for her in the airport . She says that she found twelve Alex Drake 's and none were related to her . After Wren informs Charlotte that Alex looks a lot like someone they 're acquainted with , she is stunned to stumble upon a girl heavily resembling Spencer before realizing she 's her identical twin . According to Alex , the two bonded instantaneously and walked the streets of Paris until the sun came up , feeling like they 'd known each other their whole lives . She goes on to clarify that Charlotte met Archer on the plane , and they initiated a romantic relationship . Spencer questions if Archer was on the A-Team as well , but Alex quickly dismisses her doubts by explaining that his severe mistreatments towards Alison at Welby was a stunt he pulled on his own . He persuaded Mary into assisting his scheme , believing that her niece was the mastermind who orchestrated Charlotte 's murder . Wren and Alex eventually fell in love , and went on several double dates with Charlotte and Archer before she returned to Rosewood to continue the `` A '' game . During another flashback at a bar , Alex attempts to convince Charlotte to stay with her in London , thinking she allowed the Liars to have power over her . After she suggests departing with Charlotte to meet Spencer , she warns Alex to stay away from the Hastings as far as possible . Alex insinuates that Charlotte wants Spencer all to herself , prompting her to disprove Alex 's hints of jealousy by stating that she only views Spencer as a `` Doll '' . She insists on offering Charlotte a ride to the airport , but Charlotte declines , further justifying that a pre-meditated goodbye would be too hard to handle . The sisters share a final embrace and Charlotte gives Alex her favourite Patsy Cline 's Greatest Hits record as a goodbye gift . Back in present time , Alex explains that Charlotte never returned to London , and the next time she saw her was when she first paid a visit to her grave . It is ultimately revealed that the person whom Ezra ran into at the airport with Wren before almost leaving for Maine was Alex . The couple was engaging in a heated argument over whether or not Alex 's true intentions were justice for Charlotte 's memory . Reception ( edit ) The character was initially well received by critics . Riley Sky of Dropkick Divas Media gave a positive review , saying , `` as charming and manipulative as Alison DiLaurentis was , we get to see where Ali got those sociopathic qualities in CeCe Drake . CeCe possesses a charm eerily similar to Alison 's . While Ali `` may '' be dead , CeCe gives us a refreshing look at how Ali 's life would have looked . This beyond - charismatic twenty - something blonde stylist that sure does have one heel in the present , one in the past , CeCe leaves us wanting more . '' The character 's reveal as transgender and the show 's second `` A '' was met with a polarizing reception . Some television critics described it as `` harmful '' , `` transphobic '' , and as `` a negative stereotype about trans people . '' One article stated that `` a TV show adding a transgender character would be something to celebrate , since there is not nearly enough trans representation in media '' but that the show `` got it all wrong . '' Several other reviewers were also concerned because `` the twist played into a long history of pop culture linking sociopathic behavior with transgender individuals . '' However , praise was given to Vanessa Ray 's performance . Entertainment Weekly 's Isabella Biedenharn called her `` fantastic '' and `` compelling . '' The A.V. Club reviewer LaToya Ferguson wrote that the choice of having CeCe Drake being `` A '' / Charles was `` the best decision '' instead of choosing Wren . To her , it could have turned out worse , alluding to the Gossip Girl 's reveal . Ferguson applauded Vanessa Ray 's emotional performance , `` reminding the audience ( and characters ) why they were drawn to CeCe in the first place . '' She highlighted how CeCe manages to make her wrongdoings acceptable , almost redeeming herself . For her portrayal , Ray won a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV : Villain . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenna could fear CeCe Drake because of the phone call that she made threatening to `` rip her eyes out '' . Jump up ^ since the police believe CeCe was paid to kill Detective Wilden . Jump up ^ Knew Alison DiLaurentis was still alive after her disappearance . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charlotte Drake made her first appearance as Mona 's Visitor in `` UnmAsked '' , but was not formally introduced until the third season episode `` Crazy '' . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 4 Summer Finale Recap : `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232 ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Molly . `` Pretty Little Liars Spoiler : CeCe Was Ali 's `` Wicked '' Mentor , and ( Spoiler ) 's Ex ! `` . WetPaint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy . `` ' Pretty Dirty Secrets ' Recap : Jason & CeCe Dig Up The Past '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Burt , Kayti . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 4B Spoilers : CeCe Drake WILL Return ! '' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Molly . `` Spoiler ! Pretty Little Liars Season 3 Spoiler : More Details on CeCe , Connections to `` the Past '' `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Theo . `` Clip from Pretty Little Liars Season 3 , Episode 7 : The Girls Meet CeCe Drake '' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CeCe Drake - Bio '' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 3 , Episode 7 Recap : Mona Finally Reveals a Secret '' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pretty Little Liars , ' Season 3 , Episode 9 , ' The Kahn Game ' : TV Recap '' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 3 , Episode 11 , ' Single Fright Female ' : TV Recap '' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Etkin , Jaimie . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Recap : Spencer Loses It , Hanna Goes Gay , Ezra Learns The Truth And Someone 's Pregnant '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : The Mystery of Alison 's Pregnancy : In Tuesday 's `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno , '' babies were the talk of the town `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ NG , Philiana . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Wren Makes a Move , Ezra Returns and Wilden Stirs Up Trouble : In Tuesday 's episode , `` Hot Water , '' an unexpected accident puts a wrench into a possible Cape May cover - up `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 3 , Episode 23 -- Spencer Joined the `` A '' Team ? ! `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 4 Premiere -- Wilden Is Dead ! '' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tionah . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' recap , ' Crash and Burn , Girl ! ' '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 4 , Episode 7 -- `` Crash and Burn , Girl ! '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 4 , Episode 9 -- `` Into the Deep '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : -- The Mirror Has Three Faces '' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 4 , Episode 11 -- `` Bring Down the Hoe '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 4 , Episode 15 , `` Love ShAck , Baby ! '' -- Who 's at the Cabin ? `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Season 4 , Episode 21 -- `` She 's Come Undone '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Four Finale `` A is for Answers '' : Alison DiLaurentis tells All , CeCe is arressted , Melissa knows who killed the Girl in Ali 's Grave and Jessica DiLaurentis Dead ? `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sky , Riley . `` Character Review : CeCe Drake -- Pretty Little Liars '' . Dropkick Divas Media . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tannehill , Brynn . `` Pretty Little Liars Transphobic Writing Is Hackneyed , Harmful '' . Huffpost . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth . `` The Real Problem With `` Pretty Little Liars ' '' Transgender Storyline `` . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Transgender Storyline Has Me Doubting Whether I Should Watch Season 6B , Despite My Love For The Liars '' . Bustle . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett . `` Behind That Controversial `` Pretty Little Liars '' Transgender Reveal `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Biedenharn , Isabella ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Over , Charles ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : `` Game Over , Charles '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Award nominations pit Zayn Malik against One Direction '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Arts portal Charlotte Drake on IMDb Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Drake&oldid=812055589 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Fictional transgender and transsexual characters Fictional kidnappers Fictional murderers Fictional stalkers Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do they find out cece is a	[]	[]
1477604713705249113	NCIS (season 15)	NCIS ( season 15 ) - wikipedia NCIS ( season 15 ) NCIS ( season 15 ) Season 15 U.S. DVD cover Starring Mark Harmon Pauley Perrette Sean Murray Wilmer Valderrama Emily Wickersham Brian Dietzen Duane Henry Rocky Carroll David McCallum Maria Bello Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of NCIS episodes The fifteenth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 26 , 2017 , in the same time slot as in the previous seasons , Tuesdays at 8 PM . The season premiere was watched by 17.42 milion viewers , picking up two months after Gibbs and McGee were last seen fighting a group of rebels in Paraguay and focused on the aftermath of those events . The season concluded on May 22 , 2018 and contained 24 episodes . NCIS revolves around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service , which conducts criminal investigations involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps . The series was renewed for fourteenth and fifteenth seasons by CBS on Monday , February 29 , 2016 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest appearances 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Home media 6 Ratings 7 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs , NCIS Supervisory Special Agent ( SSA ) assigned to Washington 's Navy Yard Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto , Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS Sean Murray as Timothy McGee , NCIS Senior Special Agent , second in command Wilmer Valderrama as Nicholas `` Nick '' Torres , NCIS Special Agent Emily Wickersham as Ellie Bishop , NCIS Special Agent Brian Dietzen as Dr. Jimmy Palmer , Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS Duane Henry as Clayton Reeves , SIS Senior Officer , NCIS International Desk Agent Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance , NCIS Director David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard , Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS Maria Bello as Dr. Jacqueline `` Jack '' Sloane , NCIS Special Agent and operational psychologist ( episode 4 -- 24 ) Recurring ( edit ) Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell , Former FBI Senior Special Agent Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. ( Tony DiNozzo 's father ) Jack Conley as Danny Sportelli , Metro P.D. Detective Sergeant Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding , Department of Defense intelligence analyst ( McGee 's wife ) French Stewart as Paul Triff , imprisoned serial killer Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim , British Humanitarian Sumalee Montano as Nicole Taggart , NCIS Special Agent Diona Reasonover as Kasie Hines , Forensic Scientist attached to NCIS Naomi Grace as Kyla Vance ( Leon Vance 's Daughter ) Hilliary Ward as Jessica Shaeffer , Defense Attorney Guest appearances ( edit ) Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts , JAG Captain from Falls Church Muse Watson as Mike Franks , deceased Senior Special Agent for NCIS ( Gibbs ' old boss ) Drew Carey as John Ross , retired Marine Sergeant Kevin Pollak as Albert Hathaway , convicted Investment Advisor Dan Lauria as Morgan Cade , Emergency Room Guard Trevor Donovan as Thomas Bucker , Navy Commander Susan Blakely as Candence Darwin , Ducky 's friend Gwendoline Yeo as NCIS Special Agent Joanna Wright Jake Busey as Whit Dexter , Radio Host Mike Wolfe as himself Peter Jason as Robert King , Biological Weapons Specialist Production ( edit ) Maria Bello 's first season as a regular The series was renewed for fourteenth and fifteenth seasons by CBS on Monday , February 29 , 2016 . It was announced that Jennifer Esposito , who portrayed NCIS agent Alexandra Quinn , had departed and would be replaced by Maria Bello as Agent Jackie Sloane -- a new series regular , beginning with episode 15 : 5 . Bello inked a three - year deal to remain with show through until the end of its seventeenth season . Production began in July 2017 with the rest of cast members returning . Showrunners Frank Cardea and George Schenck ( in their first full season at the helm ) wanted to focus Season 15 around a `` good mystery and more stand - alone episodes than two or three - parters . '' But noted that they would n't shy away from multi-part episodes if the story was deemed worth it . As to Quinn 's departure , Special Agent Torres ( Wilmer Valderrama ) states in 15 : 1 ( `` House Divided '' ) that Quinn is now on leave taking care of her mother ; this coincides with a running story - arc her character has maintained for some time . The specific turnover point between Quinn & Sloane 's characters occurs at the end of 15 : 4 , when Bello 's character premieres . In another central casting announcement , TV Line reported on October 4 , 2017 , that founding NCIS actress Pauley Perrette will be leaving the role of `` Abby Sciuto '' after the conclusion of season fifteen . Perrette 's final episode was episode 22 , which aired on May 8 , 2018 . Also , in this episode , Duane Henry ( Clayton Reeves ) was written off the show . NCIS was renewed for a sixteenth season on April 13 , 2018 , following a deal with Mark Harmon to return for an additional two years . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 331 `` House Divided '' Tony Wharmby Steven D. Binder September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1501 13.29 The NCIS team continues their search for Gibbs and McGee two months after they went missing fighting rebels in Paraguay ; Vance and Torres are summoned to a congressional hearing regarding the fallout from the Paraguay mission . 332 `` Twofer '' James Whitmore , Jr . Scott Williams October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1502 13.50 The team investigates the murder of a Navy lieutenant , whose body is found hidden at a local cemetery ; Gibbs and McGee must pass a psychiatric evaluation by Dr. Grace Confalone before officially resuming work . 333 `` Exit Strategy '' Terrence O'Hara Christopher J. Waild October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1503 13.30 While on a stakeout with Metro P.D. , Torres ' partner mysteriously vanishes , with the subsequent investigation leading NCIS to uncover new evidence from a decade - old murder . Also , Ducky 's friend ( Susan Blakely ) presents him with a new opportunity during his guest lecture series . 334 `` Skeleton Crew '' Rocky Carroll Jennifer Corbett October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1504 12.85 Director Vance welcomes NCIS Special Agent Sloane ( Maria Bello ) , a forensic psychologist he lobbied to transfer from California , to headquarters . Also , in the midst of a storm that has shut down Washington , D.C. and knocked out power , the NCIS team investigates the kidnapping of a sailor , which sends Torres and Bishop out to sea to track evidence . 335 5 `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' Thomas J. Wright David J. North October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1506 13.30 After Reeves sees a friend from an AA meeting get kidnapped , the NCIS team discovers the primary suspect disappeared two days ago with confidential military information . Meanwhile , an embarrassing photo from McGee 's teenage years becomes a popular meme . 336 6 `` Trapped '' Bethany Rooney Brendan Fehily October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1505 12.11 After a petty officer is found murdered on a golf course , McGee spends hours on the victim 's ham radio trying to locate a key witness . Also , Palmer asks his co-workers to donate to a charity that builds playgrounds for kids of all abilities , and Torres surprises them with his generosity . 337 7 `` Burden of Proof '' Dennis Smith Gina Lucita Monreal November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1507 13.47 After a convicted felon swears the NCIS agency framed him for murder a decade ago , Gibbs begins his own investigation , starting with a new autopsy by Ducky . Also , Senior FBI Agent Fornell ( Joe Spano ) joins the team , since he was the lead investigator in the original joint FBI and NCIS case . 338 8 `` Voices '' Tony Wharmby Steven D. Binder November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1508 13.08 After voices inside a woman 's head lead her to the body of a contractor suspected of corruption , the team is requested to use her to figure out what happened only to find she may be hiding more than she realizes ; McGee and Delilah disagree about finding out their child 's gender . 339 9 `` Ready or Not '' Terrence O'Hara Scott Williams November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1509 12.54 The team tracks an elusive international arms dealer who recently murdered an MI5 officer ; Abby races Delilah to the hospital when her labor starts three weeks early . Things gets more complicated when the arms dealer shows up at the same hospital Delilah and McGee are in . 340 10 `` Double Down '' Alrick Riley Christopher J. Waild December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1510 12.58 While Sloane and Torres protect a Congressman ( and one of Gibbs ' friends ) in Afghanistan , the team investigates when his son suffers a damaging fall . 341 11 `` High Tide '' Tony Wharmby David J. North & Steven D. Binder January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 1512 14.10 Torres and Bishop go undercover as a criminal couple available for hire , during an NCIS sting operation tracking illegal drug - running out of the Norfolk civilian marina . 342 12 `` Dark Secrets '' Bethany Rooney George Schenck & Frank Cardea January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 1511 14.24 After a seemingly happy and successful Navy Lieutenant appears to have taken her own life , Gibbs and the team conduct a thorough investigation , interviewing family and friends from her past and present . 343 13 `` Family Ties '' Rocky Carroll Brendan Fehily January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 1513 13.97 After McGee and Torres visit the home of a high schooler who witnessed a hit and run , her parents flee with their daughter , leaving NCIS in the lurch . Also , Vance 's daughter is arrested for shoplifting . 344 14 `` Keep Your Friends Close '' Mark Horowitz Gina Lucita Monreal February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 1514 13.90 After the body of a missing Navy commander is found , Vance orders Gibbs and the team to work with former FBI Agent Tobias `` T.C. '' Fornell , the private investigator who was hired to locate him . Also , Bishop and Torres interview convicted investment advisor Albert Hathaway ( Kevin Pollak ) when the victim is linked to his highly publicized trial . The episode ends in a cliffhanger , as Gabriel Hicks 's lawyers ' car is blown up , leaving Sloane in the middle of the road , unconscious . 345 15 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Thomas J. Wright Jennifer Corbett February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1515 12.45 NCIS strikes a deal with convicted murderer Paul Triff ( French Stewart ) , giving him a 48 - hour furlough at his former residence , now McGee 's home , in exchange for information that can convict his former cellmate , Gabriel Hicks , the murderer who deceived Gibbs and Fornell 346 16 `` Handle with Care '' Alrick Riley Scott J. Jarrett & Matthew R. Jarrett March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1516 12.92 Gibbs and the team work to clear the name of retired Marine Sergeant John Ross ( Drew Carey ) when cyanide is found in one of the hundreds of care packages he sends to active - duty Marines 347 17 `` One Man 's Trash '' Michael Zinberg Scott Williams March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1517 13.26 Gibbs and Ducky see an antique war stick on television that could be the missing murder weapon to a 16 - year - old cold case . Mike Wolfe guest stars as himself 348 18 `` Death from Above '' Rocky Carroll Christopher J. Waild March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1518 11.94 The NCIS headquarters are evacuated after the team discovers bomb materials on the roof of the squad room ; the team reads the first draft of Ducky 's book . 349 19 `` The Numerical Limit '' Leslie Libman David J. North & Steven D. Binder April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1519 12.23 Gibbs is granted protective custody of a 10 - year - old orphaned refugee , Elena , when an NCIS case reveals she is the target of a violent gang . 350 20 `` Sight Unseen '' Bethany Rooney Brendan Fehily April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1520 11.58 NCIS searches for a petty officer suspected of assault who escapes when the sheriff transporting him crashes into a lake . Also , Torres works closely with Annie Barth ( Marilee Talkington ) , a key blind witness who heard vital evidence needed to solve the case . 351 21 `` One Step Forward '' James Whitmore , Jr . Gina Lucita Monreal May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1521 12.35 A daughter begs Gibbs to investigate her mother 's murder because she believes the police convicted the wrong man . Abby receives a hard - to - get reservation at a new restaurant that is cold like an igloo . The episode ends in a cliffhanger , with a mugger cornering Abby and Reeves in an alley , pulling a gun and demanding money . Reeves hands over his wallet , but Abby offers to help , instead of giving up her purse . A single gunshot sounds . 352 22 `` Two Steps Back '' Michael Zinberg Jennifer Corbett May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1522 15.08 When evidence reveals an NCIS team member is a hitman 's latest target , the team must search through old case files to determine who is seeking vengeance . Reeves dies from injuries sustained in the gunfight with the mugger ; he instinctively protected Abby , who ends up in the hospital . The mugger was hired by Robert King ( see episode 6x21 `` Toxic '' ) , who held a grudge against Abby since his arrest , and Abby privately brings him to justice . Looking over Reeves 's dead body in the autopsy room , Abby vows to carry on his wish to start a charity in his native London , deciding to leave NCIS to do so . Note : This is the final appearance by Pauley Perrette & Duane Henry as NCIS series regulars . 353 23 `` Fallout '' Terrence O'Hara Teleplay by : David J. North & Christopher J. Waild Story by : Christopher J. Waild May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1523 12.71 While Gibbs attends the memorial service for a friend who was lost at sea , he discovers that the deceased , Navy Captain Phillip Brooks ( Don Lake ) , has been hiding in a fallout shelter after his boat was attacked and he swam to shore . Meanwhile , the NCIS team has to come to terms with the reality of losing a fellow agent . 354 24 `` Date with Destiny '' Tony Wharmby Scott Williams & George Schenck & Frank Cardea May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1524 12.07 While on a blind date set up by McGee and Delilah , Sloane encounters a random man who she recognizes as one of her captors from her deployment in Afghanistan and gets arrested for attacking the unidentified man . Meanwhile , the NCIS team investigates a naval destroyer for a potential bomb threat . The bomb threat is later revealed to be a false report given by the captain 's son in order to spend more time with his father . Vance , Sloane , and McGee investigate the identity of Sloane 's captor , and learn that the unidentified man is Nigel Hakim ( Pej Vahdat ) , a British humanitarian worker attached to the British embassy . After replaying an audio recording for a Marine officer who was captured with Sloane , they properly identify Hakim as the captor . While Sloane attempts to assassinate Hakim , Gibbs intervenes and offers his assistance in apprehending him . Sloane 's efforts are proven to be futile when the team learns that Hakim had already left the country on another plane . The episode ends in a cliffhanger when unknown to the team , Hakim has already kidnapped Vance . Reception ( edit ) Season 15 was praised for its sharp cases and bringing new life into characters and series , with Matt Carter of CarterMatt.com citing `` the arrival of Maria Bello and the creative direction of the new showrunners ; this has been the best season overall since season 10 '' as chief reasons for this revival . Sara Netzley of Entertainment Weekly said , in reference to the positive changes , `` now here 's the show we 've enjoyed for years , '' noting that it was `` dark and twisty . '' giving it an ' A ' rating . It received both a fresh critic and audience rating on Rotten Tomatoes . As well as scoring an 8.9 average rating on TV.com and a 8.1 rating on IMDB - both significant upticks from the previous season . Season 15 of NCIS was CBS 's most watched and highest rated drama on their network for another year . Whilst being the most watched drama nationally , beating out NBC 's megahit This Is Us ( TV series ) and ABC 's The Good Doctor ( TV series ) , it also finished as the 6th most watched television program overall for 2017 / 18 season . Home media ( edit ) A DVD and BluRay of the fifteenth season of NCIS was announced for August 21 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` House Divided '' September 26 , 2017 1.6 / 6 13.29 0.9 4.13 2.5 17.42 `` Twofer '' October 3 , 2017 1.4 / 5 13.50 0.8 3.89 2.2 17.40 `` Exit Strategy '' October 10 , 2017 1.4 / 6 13.30 0.8 3.79 2.2 17.40 `` Skeleton Crew '' October 17 , 2017 1.4 / 5 12.85 0.8 4.13 2.2 16.98 5 `` Fake It ' til You Make It '' October 24 , 2017 1.4 / 5 13.30 0.7 3.84 2.1 17.14 6 `` Trapped '' October 31 , 2017 1.2 / 5 12.11 0.8 3.85 2.0 15.96 7 `` Burden of Proof '' November 7 , 2017 1.5 / 6 13.47 0.7 3.98 2.2 17.45 8 `` Voices '' November 14 , 2017 1.5 / 6 13.08 0.8 3.65 2.3 16.74 9 `` Ready or Not '' November 21 , 2017 1.4 / 5 12.54 0.6 3.54 2.0 16.01 10 `` Double Down '' December 12 , 2017 1.4 / 5 13.08 0.6 3.65 2.0 16.74 11 `` High Tide '' January 2 , 2018 1.5 / 6 14.10 0.8 3.87 2.3 17.98 12 `` Dark Secrets '' January 9 , 2018 1.5 / 6 14.24 0.8 3.95 2.3 18.13 13 `` Family Ties '' January 23 , 2018 1.5 / 6 13.97 0.8 4.20 2.3 18.17 14 `` Keep Your Friends Close '' February 6 , 2018 1.5 / 6 13.90 0.8 4.11 2.3 18.01 15 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' February 27 , 2018 1.2 / 5 12.45 0.9 4.26 2.1 16.72 16 `` Handle with Care '' March 6 , 2018 1.4 / 6 12.92 0.8 4.43 2.2 17.35 17 `` One Man 's Trash '' March 13 , 2018 1.5 / 6 13.26 0.7 4.02 2.2 17.28 18 `` Death From Above '' March 27 , 2018 1.3 / 5 11.94 0.8 4.35 2.1 16.29 19 `` The Numerical Limit '' April 3 , 2018 1.3 / 5 12.23 0.7 3.73 2.0 15.87 20 `` Sight Unseen '' April 17 , 2018 1.2 / 4 11.58 0.7 3.76 1.9 15.15 21 `` One Step Forward '' May 1 , 2018 1.2 / 5 12.35 0.8 TBD 2.0 TBD 22 `` Two Steps Back '' May 8 , 2018 1.6 / 7 15.08 0.9 4.32 2.5 19.40 23 `` Fallout '' May 15 , 2018 1.3 / 5 12.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 24 `` Date with Destiny '' May 22 , 2018 1.3 / 5 12.07 0.7 3.83 2.0 15.90 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Bello Joins ' NCIS ' as Series Regular for Season 15 '' . Jump up ^ Cohn , Paulette . `` NCIS Bosses Frank Cardea and George Schenck on the Season 14 Finale and What Lies Ahead '' . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` NCIS : Yes , Pauley Perrette Is Truly Leaving -- Find Out When '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` NCIS ' Pauley Perrette Wraps 15 - Year Run , Shares Photos From Set '' . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Renews ' NCIS ' For Season 16 '' . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' The Flash ' returns lower , series low for ' Lethal Weapon ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS and Absentia face off in TV Madness 2018 round 1 '' . March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` NCIS Vets Named New Showrunners '' . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' recap : Gibbs and Fornell lock horns over an old case '' . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : Season 15 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` NCIS '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` NCIS ( TV Series 2003 -- ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` CBS 2017 - 18 Season Ratings ( updated 6 / 9 / 18 ) - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale '' . June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Final same - day total viewer averages for 2017 - 18 : ' Sunday Night Football ' No. 1 for 7th straight year '' . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : NCIS : Naval Criminal Investigative Service : The Fifteenth Season : Maria Bello , Rocky Carroll , Mark Harmon , David McCallum : Movies & TV '' . www.amazon.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2017 / 18 Season * Updated 27th January 2018 * '' . January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2017 / 18 Season * Updated 22nd March 2018 * '' . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 `` Boom Boom '' ( theme song ) Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS_(season_15)&oldid=856592558 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons NCIS ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 09 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes does ncis season 15 have	[ "No. of episodes\n24" ]	[ "24" ]
5311238050384145925	2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game	2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game - wikipedia 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Date July 17 , 2018 Venue Nationals Park City Washington , DC Managers A.J. Hinch ( HOU ) Dave Roberts ( LAD ) MVP Alex Bregman ( HOU ) Attendance 43,843 First pitch James McCloughan Television Fox ( United States ) MLB International ( outside of the United States ) TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Dan Shulman and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2019 → The 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 89th Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The game was hosted by the Washington Nationals and was played at Nationals Park on July 17 , 2018 . It was televised nationally by Fox . The American League beat the National League 8 -- 6 , in 10 innings . The host city was announced on April 6 , 2015 , by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred ; it was the fifth All - Star Game in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1969 , when the second Washington Senators hosted . It was also the first time that the Nationals had hosted the All - Star Game , and the first time that the Nationals franchise had hosted it since 1982 , when the franchise played as the Montreal Expos . The two leagues came into the game with identical 43 -- 43 -- 2 records and both had scored exactly 361 runs each in All - Star Game history . The game also broke a home run record , as ten home runs were hit in the game ; the previous record being six . All but one run was scored by way of a home run . This is the second consecutive game the AL has won in the 10th inning . The national rating for the game was 5.2 , down from 6.5 in 2017 . Contents 1 Fan balloting 1.1 Starters 1.2 Final roster spot 2 Rosters 2.1 National League 2.2 American League 2.2. 1 Roster notes 3 Game summary 3.1 Starting lineup 3.2 Line score 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Fan balloting ( edit ) Starters ( edit ) Balloting began on June 1 and ended on July 5 . As in previous games , the top vote - getters at each position will be the selected starters for their respective positions , barring any suspensions , injuries or other issues . The reserve players are picked in a more convoluted way involving fan votes , players , and Commissioner 's Office . For the fourth year , voting was conducted online exclusively . The results were announced on July 8 . Final roster spot ( edit ) After the rosters were finalized , a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All - Star Final Vote to determine the 32nd and final player of each roster . The online balloting was conducted from July 8 through July 11 . The winners of the All - Star Final Vote were Jean Segura of the American League 's Seattle Mariners and Jesús Aguilar of the National League 's Milwaukee Brewers . National League Player Team Pos . Jesús Aguilar Brewers 1B Brandon Belt Giants 1B Matt Carpenter Cardinals 3B Max Muncy Dodgers 1B Trea Turner Nationals SS American League Player Team Pos . Andrew Benintendi Red Sox OF Eddie Rosario Twins OF Jean Segura Mariners SS Andrelton Simmons Angels SS Giancarlo Stanton Yankees OF Rosters ( edit ) National League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Willson Contreras Cubs 1B Freddie Freeman Braves 2B Javier Báez Cubs 3B Nolan Arenado Rockies SS Brandon Crawford Giants OF Nick Markakis Braves OF Matt Kemp Dodgers OF Bryce Harper Nationals 6 Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Yadier Molina Cardinals 9 Buster Posey Giants 6 J.T. Realmuto Marlins 1B Jesús Aguilar Brewers 1B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 6 1B Joey Votto Reds 6 2B Ozzie Albies Braves 2B Scooter Gennett Reds 3B Eugenio Suárez Reds SS Trevor Story Rockies OF Charlie Blackmon Rockies OF Lorenzo Cain Brewers OF Christian Yelich Brewers Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Patrick Corbin Diamondbacks Jacob deGrom Mets Sean Doolittle Nationals Mike Foltynewicz Braves Zack Greinke Diamondbacks 5 Josh Hader Brewers Brad Hand Padres Kenley Jansen Dodgers Jeremy Jeffress Brewers Jon Lester Cubs 5 Miles Mikolas Cardinals Aaron Nola Phillies Max Scherzer Nationals 6 Ross Stripling Dodgers Felipe Vázquez Pirates American League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Wilson Ramos Rays 1B José Abreu White Sox 2B José Altuve Astros 6 3B José Ramírez Indians SS Manny Machado Orioles OF Mookie Betts Red Sox OF Mike Trout Angels 7 OF Aaron Judge Yankees DH J.D. Martinez Red Sox Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Salvador Pérez Royals 6 Yan Gomes Indians 1B Mitch Moreland Red Sox 2B Jed Lowrie Athletics 2B Gleyber Torres Yankees 3B Alex Bregman Astros SS Francisco Lindor Indians SS Jean Segura Mariners OF Michael Brantley Indians OF Shin - Soo Choo Rangers OF Mitch Haniger Mariners OF George Springer Astros DH Nelson Cruz Mariners 6 Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Trevor Bauer Indians José Berríos Twins Aroldis Chapman Yankees 5 Gerrit Cole Astros Edwin Díaz Mariners J.A. Happ Blue Jays Joe Jiménez Tigers Craig Kimbrel Red Sox 7 Corey Kluber Indians Charlie Morton Astros Chris Sale Red Sox 7 Luis Severino Yankees Blake Snell Rays Blake Treinen Athletics Justin Verlander Astros 7 Roster notes ( edit ) Trevor Bauer was named as the roster replacement for Justin Verlander due to Verlander starting on Sunday . Yadier Molina was named as the roster replacement for Buster Posey due to injury . Jed Lowrie was named as the roster replacement for Gleyber Torres due to injury . Ross Stripling was named as the roster replacement for Miles Mikolas due to Mikolas starting on Sunday . Zack Greinke was named as the roster replacement for Jon Lester due to Lester starting on Sunday . Jeremy Jeffress was named as the roster replacement for Sean Doolittle due to injury . Blake Snell was named as the roster replacement for Corey Kluber due to injury . Charlie Morton was named as the roster replacement for Aroldis Chapman due to injury . Salvador Pérez was named starter in place of Wilson Ramos due to injury . Yan Gomes was named as the roster replacement for Wilson Ramos due to injury . # : Indicates player would not play ( replaced as per reference notes above ) . Game summary ( edit ) Starting lineup ( edit ) National Order Player Team Position Javier Báez Cubs 2B Nolan Arenado Rockies 3B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks DH Freddie Freeman Braves 1B 5 Matt Kemp Dodgers LF 6 Bryce Harper Nationals CF 7 Nick Markakis Braves RF 8 Brandon Crawford Giants SS 9 Willson Contreras Cubs Max Scherzer Nationals American Order Player Team Position Mookie Betts Red Sox RF José Altuve Astros 2B Mike Trout Angels CF J.D. Martinez Red Sox DH 5 José Ramírez Indians 3B 6 Aaron Judge Yankees LF 7 Manny Machado Orioles SS 8 José Abreu White Sox 1B 9 Salvador Pérez Royals Chris Sale Red Sox Line score ( edit ) Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 8 : 23 pm ( EDT ) Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Starting pitchers : AL : Chris Sale NL : Max Scherzer WP : Edwin Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ross Stripling ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : J.A. Happ ( 1 ) Home runs : AL : Aaron Judge ( 1 ) , Mike Trout ( 1 ) , Jean Segura ( 1 ) , Alex Bregman ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) NL : Willson Contreras ( 1 ) , Trevor Story ( 1 ) , Christian Yelich ( 1 ) , Scooter Gennett ( 1 ) , Joey Votto ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,843 . Time : 3 : 34 . Umpires : HP -- Ted Barrett ( crew chief ) ; 1B -- Jim Reynolds ; 2B -- Alfonso Márquez ; 3B -- Andy Fletcher ; LF -- Mike Muchlinski ; RF -- Cory Blaser ; Replay Official -- Marvin Hudson See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball All - Star Games Major League Baseball All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award All - Star Futures Game Home Run Derby References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park draws 2018 All - Star Game '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Asheville , North Carolina . April 7 , 2015 . p . C3 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Double TV coverage set for Cards - Cubs game Sunday '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Ballot '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Voting ends July 5 , 2018 at 11 : 59 p.m. ET . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game roster rules FAQ '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riveting All - Stars earn their stripes for DC trip '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/final-vote-has-two-asg-spots-up-for-grabs/c-284892562 Jump up ^ Adler , David . `` Segura , Aguilar win MLB Final Vote '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 : 15 p.m. Sun : Five Indians , one Pirate make all - star squads '' . Tribtoday.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yadier Molina added to NL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Lowrie named to first All - Star team '' . MLB.com . July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stripling added to NL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greinke to replace Lester on NL All - Star roster '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeffress becomes fifth Brewer on All - Star team '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snell , Morton named to AL All - Star roster '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvy replacing Ramos as AL 's starting catcher '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tribe catcher Gomes added to AL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Umpires , coaches & official scorers announced for 2018 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Chesterton , Eric ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` MLB unveiled the 2018 All - Star Game uniforms , and they 're spectacular '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . `` Check Out New Era 's Eye - Popping Hat Collection For 2018 MLB All - Star Game '' . NESN . July 14 , 2018 . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends & Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . 2018 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2018 MLB draft 2018 All - Star Game NL Central tie - breaker NL West tie - breaker 2018 World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) FSN Northwest ( Seattle Mariners ; 2004 - 2011 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C. : WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. Nitkowski Dan Plesac Billy Ripken Pete Rose Mark Sweeney Frank Thomas Mitch Williams Dontrelle Willis Dave Winfield Lore Regular season 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Philip Humber 's perfect game ( 2012 ) Postseason games The Flip Play ( 2001 ) Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The 53 - Minute 7th Inning ( 2015 ) World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty ( 2001 ) Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction ( 2013 ) The End of The Curse ( 2016 ) Game 5 of the 2017 World Series ( 2017 ) Curses Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito World Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 AL Championship Series 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Championship Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Division Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2014 2016 2018 2020 All - Star Game 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Music `` At Last '' `` Con te partirò '' `` Golden Autumn Day '' `` The Golden Age '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' `` On Top '' `` The Rising '' Scott Schreer `` The Scientist '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Time of Your Life '' `` Walk On '' Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card 1999 NL Wild Card 2007 NL Wild Card 2008 AL Central 2009 AL Central 2013 AL Wild Card 2018 NL Central 2018 NL West Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction End of the Curse of the Billy Goat Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game&oldid=865019066 '' Categories : Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 Major League Baseball season Baseball in Washington , D.C. 2018 in sports in Washington , D.C. 21st century in Washington , D.C. Sports competitions in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 04 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the date of the 2018 mlb all star game	[ "The 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 89th Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game was hosted by the Washington Nationals and was played at Nationals Park on July 17, 2018. It was televised nationally by Fox. The American League beat the National League 8–6, in 10 innings.\n" ]	[ "July 17, 2018" ]
2155610169604406099	River Soar	River Soar - wikipedia River Soar River Soar Bridge over the Soar next to the Navigation , Barrow upon Soar Country United Kingdom Country within the UK England Counties Leicestershire , Warwickshire Cities Leicester Towns Loughborough Tributaries - left Soar Brook , Thurlaston Brook , River Biam , Rothley Brook , Black Brook - right Whetstone Brook , River Sence , River Wreake , Kingston Brook Source - location Monks Kirby , Warwickshire - elevation 132 m ( 433 ft ) - coordinates 52 ° 28 ′ 15 '' N 1 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W / 52.470807 ° N 1.305981 ° W / 52.470807 ; - 1.305981 Mouth - location Trent Lock , Leicestershire - elevation 30 m ( 98 ft ) - coordinates 52 ° 52 ′ 23 '' N 1 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 52.8731 ° N 1.2682 ° W / 52.8731 ; - 1.2682 Coordinates : 52 ° 52 ′ 23 '' N 1 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 52.8731 ° N 1.2682 ° W / 52.8731 ; - 1.2682 Length 95 km ( 59 mi ) Basin 1,386 km ( 535 sq mi ) Discharge for Littlethorpe - average 1.36 m / s ( 48 cu ft / s ) - max 37.19 m / s ( 1,313 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Kegworth 11.73 m / s ( 414 cu ft / s ) Wikimedia Commons : River Soar Progression : Soar -- Trent -- Humber Source Leicester Kegworth Zouch Sharnford Aylestone Narborough Wanlip Barrow Trent Lock Map showing the source in Warwickshire and locations along its course in Leicestershire A canalised section of the river in Leicester The River Soar ( / sɔːr / ) is a major tributary of the River Trent in the English East Midlands and is the principal river of Leicestershire . The source of the river is midway between Hinckley and Lutterworth . The river then flows north through Leicester , where it is joined by the Grand Union Canal . Continuing on through the Leicestershire Soar Valley , it passes Loughborough and Kegworth until it reaches the Trent at the county boundary . In the 18th century , the Soar was made navigable , initially between Loughborough and the Trent , and then through to Leicester . It was not until the early 19th century that it was linked by the Grand Union Canal to the wider network to the south and to London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Course 3 Pollution 4 History 4.1 Industry 5 Legend 6 Tourism 7 Sport 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Name ( edit ) The name of the Soar is included in a family of old river - names derived from a root * ser - `` to flow '' , alongside ( among others ) Saravus ( Soar , a tributary of the Moselle in Belgium ) , Sera ( la Serre , la Cère and le Séran , three rivers in France ) , Serantia ( Sierentz , Alsace ) , Serma ( Schremm , Brandenburg ) , Sora ( Cwm Sorgwm , Wales ) , Sorna ( die Zorn , Alsace ) , Sara ( Saire ) , Saar ( e ) ( Brandenburg ) , Saros ( Sar , Spain ) , Sarius ( Serio , Lombardy ) , Sarià ( Lithuania ) , Saravus ( Saar , Germany ) , Sarnivos ( Sernf , Glarus ) , etc . According to a suggestion due to William Somner ( 1701 ) the Soar river may formerly have been called the Leir , from Brittonic * Ligera or * Ligora , cognate with the French Loire . This theory is based on the name of Leicester ( as well as Loughborough and the village of Leire ) being derived from the name of the river . Course ( edit ) The River Soar near Sutton Bonington , where it forms the Nottinghamshire ( to the left ) -- Leicestershire county border . The Soar rises near Wibtoft in Warwickshire , and flows north to join the Soar Brook near Sharnford , it then continues in a north - easterly direction , passing through Croft and between Narborough and Littlethorpe , until on the outskirts of Leicester it is joined by the Sence near Enderby . Before flowing through the centre of the city it meets the Grand Union Canal at Aylestone , where it is also joined by the River Biam . After passing over Freemens Weir , the river splits and recombines with the canal , creating an area of Leicester called Bede Island . The navigable arm that runs to the east has been canalised with parallel banks and is known as ' The Mile Straight ' . Beyond Blackfriars , the river splits again to form Frog Island and Abbey Park , it recombines at Belgrave where it passes beside the National Space Centre . Once out of the city the Soar passes Birstall and threads its way through the lakes of Watermead Country Park , until it reaches Wanlip . The river then meets the once navigable River Wreake , near Cossington Mill , with another tributary the Rothley Brook , joining the river just downstream . The Soar continues north - east to reach Mountsorrel then passes between Quorn and Barrow - on - Soar , at which point an arm of the canal extends into Loughborough , although the river passes to the East of the town at Cotes . Downstream of Stanford on Soar the river forms the county boundary between Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire . Between Stanford and Normanton on Soar , the canal rejoins the river , which then continues to Zouch , passing the ' Devils Elbow ' to reach Kegworth . Downstream of Kegworth , it meets the Kingston Brook , near the village of the same name , passing Ratcliffe - on - Soar and its power station , before flowing into the Trent at Trent Lock . Pollution ( edit ) Floating Pennywort infestation in the River Soar , Leicester The River Soar is rich in wildlife with thriving bird , fish and plant populations being popular with wildlife enthusiasts . The river was once notorious for its unusual pink colour - a result of discharges from Leicester 's prosperous textile industries . However the end to textile industries near the river in Leicester and clean - up work by the Environment Agency has now restored it to its natural state . Industry now wanting to attempt to discharge any sewage waste into the river must now obtain an agreement from the Environment Agency . Several consents have been granted to companies to use the River Soar , however the quantity and quality of the sewage is strictly controlled to a preset amount that is agreed on with the Environment Agency . The quality of any water is determined by what is able to contaminate the river upstream , the River Soar is constantly monitored by the Environment Agency which keeps check on the level of pollution . The pollution in the water running through the Soar in the city of Leicester is low and the water is generally of good quality ; however there is a significant decrease in the quality just downstream of the city , where the Wanlip sewage treatment works enters the river . Unfortunately though new tourism industry has caused environmental problems ; Barge hulls and propellers may cause `` physical damage and uprooting '' of plants and turbulence may increase water turbidity to the extent that light may not reach underwater plants , reducing photosynthesis . Sewage works have an adverse effect on water life . History ( edit ) A nineteenth - century pump house and a new riverside development by the Soar in central Leicester 1634 Thomas Skipwith of Cotes obtained a grant from Charles I to make the river Soar `` portable for barges and boats '' , though the scheme was never completed . 1794 The Leicester Canal was opened , making the Soar navigable for almost 40 miles ( 64 km ) . The western line was also opened - this was known as the Charnwood Forest Branch . However , most of the branch was made up of rail tracks rather than a waterway . This included a 2 ⁄ mi ( 4 km ) uphill climb from Loughborough Basin . At the western end of the branch , rail lines travelled towards Coleorton and Swannington . A track to Cloudhill , which would have connected to similar lines on the Ashby Canal , was proposed but never built . 1795 Another branch line ( operated by a separate company ) opened from the main line of the Leicester Canal ( between Cossington and Syston ) to Melton Mowbray . The line was 15 miles ( 24 km ) long and used the River Wreake for virtually the whole of its course . The line was sometimes known as the Wreake Navigation , though it is better known as the Melton Mowbray Navigation . This new line was so successful that within a year William Jessop was appointed to survey another new line which would extend the Melton Mowbray Navigation to Oakham in Rutland , a further 15 miles ( 24 km ) . The extension would be called the Oakham Canal . An Act of Parliament was passed and work began . 1796 While the lines to Leicester and Melton Mowbray were doing very well , trade on the Charnwood Forest Branch was very slow to pick up . The company even put on demonstrations in an attempt to encourage its use . With no real success being gained from this the company went into the coal carrying and selling business itself . 1797 A proposal to extend the main line of the Leicester Canal much further south was announced . A new canal , the Leicestershire & Northamptonshire Union Canal , would link the river Soar with the River Nene . However , like many great ideas , the money ran out before the imagination did and the line reached just 17 of the proposed 44 miles ( 71 km ) , coming to a stop at Debdale Wharf near Kibworth Beauchamp . Thus the Leicestershire & Northamptonshire Canal never even got close to Northamptonshire . In fact , the whole project had proved to be something of a failure , the company having spent thousands of pounds building a waterway which passed nowhere in particular and ended in the middle of the countryside miles from any major town . Meanwhile , the Charnwood Forest Branch was still struggling to attract any trade . Water supply was one reason for lack of use , so the company built Blackbrook Reservoir . Following this , trade picked up but only very slightly . 1802 The Oakham Canal opened after costing almost £ 70,000 to build . It was 15 miles ( 24 km ) long , with 19 broad locks . Boats could now travel onto the River Soar from Rutland . 1809 The main line of the Leicestershire & Northamptonshire Canal was extended from its resting place near Kibworth Beauchamp to Market Harborough where once again the work came to a stop . All the same , it was now a considerable navigation , linking the south of Leicestershire to the river Trent . However , there was still no link to the Grand Junction Canal . 1810 By now ideas of connecting Leicester to Northampton seemed pointless . The Grand Junction Canal was running a tramway into Northampton and would surely soon convert this to a full navigation . The obvious thing to do now was to connect the Leicester navigations to the Grand Junction Canal . 1814 The new link between the Leicester navigations and the Grand Junction Canal opened and was named the Grand Union Canal ( not to be confused with the later canal route of the same name ) . 1832 The Leicester and Swannington Railway opened from the Leicestershire coalfield to a wharf alongside the canal at West Bridge , Leicester . This allowed Leicestershire coal to be cheaply carried on southwards for sale in London . 1848 The owners of the River Soar Navigation were finally able to officially abandon the Charnwood Forest Branch which had stood idle since 1801 . 1877 After 80 years , the Melton Mowbray ( or Wreake ) Navigation also closed , leaving Melton Mowbray with no waterway outlet to the main canal system . 1886 Mr. Fellows of Fellows Morton and Clayton ( who were the main carriers on the Grand Union link ) pushed the company to convert the canal to wide beam . When this was not done he tried to encourage the Grand Junction Company to buy the link . 1894 -- The Grand Union and the Leicestershire & Northamptonshire Union canals were purchased by the Grand Junction Canal Company . By now , though , even the Grand Junction Company was n't whole - heartedly in favour of widening the link . Instead they looked into methods of making the lock flights more efficient . The simple answer was to make a duplicate flight alongside the existing locks to make two - way traffic but this would cause other problems , especially water supply , which was already a major headache . 1931 -- The whole stretch of waterway from Norton Junction through to Leicester and on to Long Eaton was merged with the Grand Junction Canal to form the Grand Union Canal . Industry ( edit ) A factory on the River Soar south of Leicester The River Soar before the late 1700 was too small and shallow to allow navigation of barges ; however this was partially solved by the construction of the Leicester canal which allowed the Soar to be navigable for almost about 40 miles ( 64 km ) . The expansion of the canal meant that industry could start to develop along the canal side , with the transport provided by the canal being `` vital to the industry . '' This included buildings and industries like `` wind and watermills ; brewing and malting ; bridges ; canal and railway structures ; public utilities . '' `` By 1895 , there were 231 listed hosiery manufacturers in the county . In Leicester , the industry employed 10 % of the population in 1851 , and around 7 % in 1881 and 1911 . '' This shows the importance of hosiery to Leicester 's economy . This industry needed a consistent supply of water and needed transport links , so was located alongside the canal . Due to the excellent transport links provided by the Grand Union Canal , the Hosiery industry was able to expand rapidly . Many of these factories however soon outgrew themselves , moving to new larger sites , which vacated space for other trades such as boot and shoe manufacture , printing or box making . Railway competition in the nineteenth century reduced canal profits . This was the beginning of the end for many of the companies who owned the canals ; several of these companies converted their canals to railways while many of the others were bought out by railway companies looking to expand their businesses . With the decline of industry in the 1960s , the warehouses and factories which were once the core of Leicester 's economy had fallen into dereliction . Leicester City Council has made a move towards re-developing the waterfront `` offering one of the most exciting waterside regeneration opportunities in the country . '' The company is currently building luxury waterside apartments . This will enhance the areas aesthetic values . Research conducted by Newcastle University suggests that people 's desire to reside on the waterfront and enjoy recreation offered by the canal is upset by `` visually unattractive features , such as run - down derelict areas and poor design '' . The re-development plan has included the building of the Walkers stadium , home to Leicester City F.C. , along the canal in 2002 , `` from a barren , desolate piece of waste - ground has risen a stunning futuristic collaboration of steel and glass that dominates the skyline of Leicester . '' Old warehouses have also been converted into student accommodation for De Montfort University increasing the value of the area . On the eastern bank of the Soar in central Leicester are the premises of Donisthorpe and Company , a producer of textiles . The Donisthorpe Mill , also known as Friars ' Mill , is one of the oldest mills in the East Midlands , and manufacturing activity has occurred on its site since the 1730s . The Mill was awarded listed status in 1975 . A number of surrounding buildings , including a Victorian pump house , were also listed at this time . The Donisthorpe Company left the factory in 1983 , which led to immediate concerns about the mill 's conservation . The building stood empty for a number of years , and fell into a state of disrepair . In July 2012 , a fire destroyed its roof , clocktower and most of the interior . In November 2012 , Leicester City Council announced its decision to purchase and restore the Donisthorpe Mill building . Legend ( edit ) Geoffrey of Monmouth , who claimed Leicester was named for an eponymous King Leir , claimed that the king was buried in an underground chamber beneath the river near Leicester . This was supposedly devoted to the god Janus . The body of King Richard III was sometimes said to have been thrown into the river during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII . From this legend , the bridge carrying the A47 across the Soar at Leicester is known as `` King Richard 's Bridge '' . However , in 2013 , it was confirmed that the skeleton discovered beneath a car park in 2012 was , in fact , that of Richard III and , in March 2015 , the skeleton was re-interred in Leicester Cathedral . Tourism ( edit ) Soar valley between Barrow upon Soar and Mountsorrel The Soar is now a hive of tourism rather than of industry . Holiday narrowboat cruises are extremely popular as it is a relaxing way to visit the country and get ' in - touch ' with nature . The tow - paths next to the canal are used for `` cycling , rambling , horse - riding and picnicking '' ( Leicester City Council , 2005 ) . The waterway is a popular location for match and occasional fishing . There are large carp , chub , bream , roach , and perch in the canal , plus dace and barbel on some stretches ( www.waterscape.com/River_Soar ) . Sport ( edit ) The stretch of the River Soar which passes through the centre of Leicester known as the ' Mile Straight ' is home to De Montfort University Rowing Club , the University of Leicester Boat Club and Leicester Rowing Club a rowing and sculling club formed in 1882 . See also ( edit ) Rivers of the United Kingdom Soar Valley Barrow - upon - Soar Kingston - on - or upon - Soar Normanton - on - or upon - Soar Ratcliffe - or Radcliffe - upon - Soar Stanford - on - Soar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Soar from Source to Soar Brook '' . Catchment Data Explorer . Environment Agency . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WFD Surface Water Classification Status and Objectives 2012 csv files '' . Environment-agency.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 28082 - Soar at Littlethorpe '' . The National River Flow Archive . Centre for Ecology & Hydrology . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hi Flows UK - AMAX for Littlethorpe '' . Environment-agency.gov.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vorgermanisch / Vorindogermanisch '' in : Jankuhn ( ed . ) , Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 32 , Walter de Gruyter , 1968 , p. 607 ; also in the Sanskrit river names Sarayu , Sarasvati , etc . Jump up ^ Stevenson , W. H. `` A note on the derivation of the name ' Leicester ' '' in The Archaeological Journal , Vol. 75 , pp. 30 f . Royal Archaeological Institute ( London ) , 1918 . John Dudley , `` Etymology of the Name of Leicester '' , The Gentleman 's Magazine 184 , 1848 , 580 -- 582 , citing Wilford , Asiatick Researches vol . ii . No. 2 ( 1812 ) , p. 45 : `` The learned Somner says that the river which runs by it ( Leicester ) was formerly called Leir by the same contraction ( from Legora ) , and it is probably the river Liar of the anonymous geographer . Mr. Somner , if I be not mistaken , places the original own of Ligora near the source of the Lear , now the Soar '' . Jump up ^ Gelling et al. ( eds . ) , The names of towns and cities in Britain , B.T. Batsford , 1970 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Murphy , K.J. ; Eaton , J.W. ( December 1983 ) . `` Effects of Pleasure - Boat Traffic on Macrophyte Growth in Canals '' . The Journal of Applied Ecology. 20 ( 3 ) : 713 -- 729 . doi : 10.2307 / 2403122 . Jump up ^ Alabaster , J.S. ( November 1959 ) . `` The Effect of a Sewage Effluent on the Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen and Fish in a Stream '' . The Journal of Animal Ecology. 28 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 291 . doi : 10.2307 / 2083 . Jump up ^ Arteries Of Commerce : Grand Union Canal . Gloucester : Grand Union Canal Company . 1932 . ^ Jump up to : Neaverson , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` An Archaeological Resource Assessment of Modern Leicestershire and Rutland ( 1750 onwards ) '' ( PDF ) . East Midlands Archaeological Research Framework . University of Leicester . Jump up ^ `` Development Framework in place and two projects on site '' . Leicester Regeneration Company . 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Fisher , David Robert ( 1999 ) . `` Waterside Properties '' . Technical Restoration Handbook . Inland Waterways Association . Jump up ^ `` Walkers Stadium Overview : History of the Build '' . Leicester City Official Site . Archived from the original on 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Donisthorpe and Company Limited Factory Building Overlooking River Soar ( 1361410 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Donisthorpe and Company Limited Range of three Buildings ( 1074058 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Pump House , Friar 's Mill ( 1250015 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest factory ' must be preserved ' '' . Leicester Mercury . 17 August 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Fire at Leicester 's former Donisthorpe and Co factory '' . BBC News . 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Photographs of the pre-fire interior Jump up ^ `` Future of historic building safeguarded '' . Leicester City Council . 16 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Soar . River Soar at Canal and River Trust Leicester and Soar River Navigations at Canal Routes Leicester Environmental Strategy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Soar&oldid=837203212 '' Categories : River navigations in the United Kingdom Rivers of Leicestershire Rivers of Nottinghamshire Soar catchment Tributaries of the River Trent Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 10 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the river soar start and end	[]	[]
-5970010661741579416	Allies of World War II	Allies of World war II - wikipedia Allies of World war II Allies of World War II United Nations 1939 -- 1945 Allied Powers ( and their colonies ) Allies entering after the attack on Pearl Harbor Axis powers and co-belligerents Neutral powers ( and their colonies ) The `` Big Four '' : United States ( from December 1941 ) Soviet Union ( from June 1941 ) United Kingdom China Occupied countries with governments - in - exile : France Poland Yugoslavia Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Norway Czechoslovakia Other Allied combatant states : India Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Philippines Mongolia Nicaragua Panama El Salvador Costa Rica Former Axis powers or co-belligerents : Italy ( from 1943 ) Finland ( from 1944 ) Romania ( from 1944 ) Bulgaria ( from 1944 ) Status Military alliance Historical era World War II Established 1939 Disestablished 1945 Preceded by Succeeded by Allies of World War I United Nations NATO Warsaw Pact The `` United Nations Honour Flag '' , used as a symbol of the wartime Allies , c. 1943 -- 1948 The Allied leaders of the European theatre : Joseph Stalin , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943 The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943 United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and their advisors in the Casablanca Conference , 1943 The Allies of World War II , called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration , were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . The Allies promoted the alliance as a means to control German , Japanese and Italian aggression . At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , as well as their dependent states , such as British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign , the Netherlands , Belgium , Greece , and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war materiel and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 . The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations , from 1 January 1942 . However , the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war . The leaders of the `` Big Three '' -- the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- controlled Allied strategy ; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close . The Big Three together with China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , then were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in the Declaration by United Nations and later as the `` Four Policemen '' of the United Nations . After the war ended , the Allied nations became the basis of the modern United Nations . Contents 1 Origins and creation 2 Major affiliated state combatants 2.1 United Kingdom 2.1. 1 War declared 2.1. 1.1 Colonies and dependencies 2.1. 1.1. 1 In Africa 2.1. 1.1. 2 In the Americas 2.1. 1.1. 3 In Asia 2.1. 1.1. 4 In Europe 2.2 China 2.2. 1 Factions 2.2. 1.1 Nationalists 2.2. 1.2 Communists 2.3 France 2.3. 1 War declared 2.3. 2 Colonies and dependencies 2.3. 2.1 In Africa 2.3. 2.2 In Asia and Oceania 2.3. 2.3 In the Americas 2.4 Soviet Union 2.4. 1 Outbreak 2.4. 2 History 2.5 United States 2.5. 1 War justifications 2.5. 2 History 2.5. 3 Colonies and dependencies 2.5. 3.1 In the Americas and the Pacific 2.5. 3.2 In Asia 3 Other affiliated state combatants 3.1 Australia 3.2 Belgium 3.2. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 Cuba 3.6 Czechoslovakia 3.7 Dominican Republic 3.8 Greece 3.9 Luxembourg 3.10 Mexico 3.11 Netherlands 3.11. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.12 New Zealand 3.13 Norway 3.14 Poland 3.15 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3.16 South Africa 3.17 Yugoslavia 3.17. 1 Resistance factions 3.17. 1.1 Partisans 3.17. 1.2 Chetniks 4 Client states 4.1 British 4.1. 1 Egypt 4.1. 2 India ( British Raj ) 4.1. 3 Iran 4.1. 4 Iraq 4.2 Soviet 4.2. 1 Bulgaria 4.2. 2 Mongolia 4.2. 3 Poland 4.2. 4 Romania 4.2. 5 Tannu Tuva 5 Co-belligerent state combatants 5.1 Italy 6 Associated power 6.1 Albania 7 United Nations 7.1 Declaration by United Nations 7.2 Alliance growing 7.3 Charter of the United Nations 8 Timeline of Allied nations entering the war 8.1 1939 8.2 1940 8.3 1941 8.4 Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 8.5 1942 8.6 1943 8.7 1944 8.8 1945 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Origins and creation Main articles : Causes of World War II and Grand Alliance ( World War II ) The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles . The new Weimar Republic 's legitimacy became shaken . However , the 1920s were peaceful . With the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression , political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in support of revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles . By the early 1930s , the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933 . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German - populated Austria , and German - populated territories of Czechoslovakia . The likelihood of war was high , and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement . In Asia , when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 , the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China . Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933 . After four quiet years , the Sino - Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China . The League of Nations condemned Japan 's actions and initiated sanctions on Japan . The United States , in particular , was angered at Japan and sought to support China . In March 1939 , Germany took over Czechoslovakia , violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before , and demonstrating that the appeasement policy was a failure . Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war . On 31 March 1939 , Britain formed the Anglo - Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country . Also , the French had a long - standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the western powers , but Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by signing the Nazi -- Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939 . The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of Eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine . On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany . Then , on 17 September 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east . A Polish government - in - exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies , a model followed by other occupied countries . After a quiet winter , Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini . In June 1941 , Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Germany invaded the Soviet Union . In December , Japan attacked the US and Britain . The main lines of World War II had formed . Major affiliated state combatants Main articles : Four Policemen and Diplomatic history of World War II During December 1941 , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name `` United Nations '' for the Allies and proposed it to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . He referred to the Big Three and China as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , and then later the `` Four Policemen '' . The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations ( UN ) . At the Potsdam Conference of July -- August 1945 , Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman , proposed that the foreign ministers of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States `` should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe '' , which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the `` Big Five '' , and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC . United Kingdom Further information : Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II British Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft ( bottom ) flying past a German Heinkel He 111 bomber aircraft ( top ) during the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) British Crusader tanks during the North African Campaign British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal under attack from Italian aircraft during the Battle of Cape Spartivento ( Nov. 27 , 1940 ) British soldiers of the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Elst , Netherlands on 2 March 1945 War declared Great Britain and other members of the British Commonwealth , most known as the Dominions , declared war on Germany separately from 3 September 1939 with the UK first , all within one week of each other ; these countries were Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and South Africa . Colonies and dependencies Further information : British Empire in World War II In Africa Further information : Southern Rhodesia in World War II British West Africa and the British colonies in East and Southern Africa participated , mainly in the North African , East African and Middle - Eastern theatres . Two West African and one East African division served in the Burma Campaign . Southern Rhodesia was a self - governing colony , having received responsible government in 1923 . It was not a sovereign dominion . It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces , but had no diplomatic autonomy , and , therefore , was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war . The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939 , which made no difference diplomatically , but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies . In the Americas These included : the British West Indies , British Honduras , British Guiana and the Falkland Islands . Newfoundland was ruled as a royal colony in 1933 -- 49 , with a governor appointed by London who made the decisions . In Asia Further information : India in World War II and Indian Army during World War II British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and ( until 1937 ) Burma / Myanmar , which later became a separate colony . British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei , including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia . Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain 's declaration of war . At the outbreak of World War II , the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II , the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . It suffered 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Protectorates included : Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1920 . The Trucial States were protectorates in the Persian Gulf . Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from former territory of the Ottoman Empire , Iraq . In Europe The Cyprus Regiment was formed by the British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Army structure . It was mostly Greek Cypriot volunteers and Turkish speaking Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included other Commonwealth nationalities . On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943 , Winston Churchill praised the `` soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment who have served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk '' . About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Cyprus Regiment . The regiment was involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign ( Battle of Greece ) ( about 600 soldiers were captured in Kalamata in 1941 ) , North Africa ( Operation Compass ) , France , the Middle East and Italy . Many soldiers were taken prisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various POW camps ( Stalag ) including Lamsdorf ( Stalag VIII - B ) , Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in the Czech Republic . The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transported by train to prisoner of war camps . China Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to the Kuomintang , or the Nationalists and helped reorganize their party along Leninist lines : a unification of party , state , and army . In exchange the Nationalists agreed to let members of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on an individual basis . However , following the nominal unification of China at the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek purged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting Chinese Communist Party , former warlords , and other militarist factions . A fragmented China provided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging in total war . Following the 1931 Mukden Incident , the puppet state of Manchukuo was established . Throughout the early to mid-1930s , Chiang 's anti-communist and anti-militarist campaigns continued while he fought small , incessant conflicts against Japan , usually followed by unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats . In 1936 Chiang was forced to cease his anti-communist military campaigns after his kidnap and release by Zhang Xueliang , and reluctantly formed a nominal alliance with the Communists , while the Communists agreed to fight under the nominal command of the Nationalists against the Japanese . Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937 , China and Japan became embroiled in a full - scale war . The Soviet Union , wishing to keep China in the fight against Japan , supplied China with military assistance until 1941 , when it signed a non-aggression pact with Japan . Continuous clashes between the Communists and Nationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in a major military conflict between these two former allies that effectively ended their cooperation against the Japanese , and China had been divided between the internationally recognized Nationalist China under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and Communist China under the leadership of Mao Zedong until the Japanese surrendered in 1945 . Factions Nationalists Main article : Nationalist Government Soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army associated with Nationalist China , during the Second Sino - Japanese War Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan , the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy . In the early 1930s , Sino - German cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters . Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technical expertise . Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied , however even after the Nationalist Government followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia , the international sanctions proved unsuccessful , and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortly afterwards . Up until 1936 , Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help the Nationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents . Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strong commercial position in China supported by the Italian concession in Tianjin . However , after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to a Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian recognition of Manchukuo , Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan , and on 23 October 1936 Japan recognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo , as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy and Japan . The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States . The United States opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of China 's sovereignty , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . In particular , the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan , Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its petroleum , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government . The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war . Even though China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers , it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor , on 7 December 1941 . China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies In the Pacific War . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war , and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations . However , Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign . General Sun Li - jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung . He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road . But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945 . More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre , troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace . Communists Main article : Communist - controlled China ( 1927 -- 49 ) Soldiers of the First Workers ' and Peasants ' Army associated with Communist China , during the Sino - Japanese War Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China during the Hundred Regiments Offensive Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s , though the Soviet Union diplomatically recognised the Republic of China , Joseph Stalin supported cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists -- including pressuring the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government . This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union 's subversion policy of popular fronts to increase communists ' influence in governments . The Soviet Union urged military and cooperation between Soviet China and Nationalist China during China 's war against Japan . Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of the Soviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai - shek as the `` leader '' of the `` Chinese people '' . In turn , the Soviet Union accepted Mao 's tactic of `` continuous guerilla warfare '' in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases , even if it would result in increased tensions with the Nationalists . After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941 , the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on , building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented , mainly through rural mass organizations , administrative , land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time . The Communist Party 's position in China was boosted further upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 against the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and the Japanese Kwantung Army in China and Manchuria . Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan in World War II in 1945 , Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across China to work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria . France Main article : France during World War II Further information : Free France and Military history of France during World War II Free French forces at the Battle of Bir Hakeim ( 1942 ) War declared FAFL Free French GC II / 5 `` LaFayette '' receiving ex-USAAF Curtiss P - 40 fighters at Casablanca , French Morocco The French fleet scuttled itself rather than fall into the hands of the Axis after their invasion of Vichy France on 11 November 1942 . After Germany invaded Poland , France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 . In January 1940 , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany : At the end of five months of war , one thing has become more and more clear . It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history . The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation . It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued . He destroys them . He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture . He wishes only to consider them as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right . The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle . He orders their massacre or migration . He compels them to make room for their conquerors . He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them . He just takes all their wealth and , to prevent any revolt , he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away . France experienced several major phases of action during World War II : The `` Phoney War '' of 1939 -- 1940 , also called drôle de guerre in France , dziwna wojna in Poland ( both meaning `` Strange War '' ) , or the `` Sitzkrieg '' ( `` Sitting War '' ) in Germany . The Battle of France in May -- June 1940 , which resulted in the defeat of the Allies , the fall of the French Third Republic , the German occupation of northern and western France , and the creation of the rump state Vichy France , which received diplomatic recognition from the Axis and most neutral countries including the United States . The period of resistance against the occupation and Franco - French struggle for control of the colonies between the Vichy regime and the Free French , who continued the fight on the Allies ' side after the Appeal of 18 June by General Charles de Gaulle , recognized by the United Kingdom as France 's government - in - exile . It culminated in the Allied landings in North Africa on 11 November 1942 , when Vichy ceased to exist as an independent entity after having been invaded by both the Axis and the Allies simultaneously , being thereafter only the nominal government in charge during the occupation of France . Vichy forces in French North Africa switched allegiance and merged with the Free French to participate in the campaigns of Tunisia and of Italy and the invasion of Corsica in 1943 -- 44 . The liberation of mainland France beginning with D - Day on 6 June 1944 and operation Overlord , and then with operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944 , leading to the Liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944 by the Free French 2e Division Blindée and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in the newly liberated capital . Participation of the re-established provisional French Republic 's First Army in the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany until V-E Day on 8 May 1945 . Colonies and dependencies In Africa In Africa these included : French West Africa , French Equatorial Africa , the League of Nations mandates of French Cameroun and French Togoland , French Madagascar , French Somaliland , and the protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco . French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully - fledged part of metropolitan France . In Asia and Oceania The fall of Damascus to the Allies , late June 1941 . A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city , escorted by French Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ) . In Asia and Oceania these included : French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna , New Caledonia , the New Hebrides , French Indochina , French India , the mandates of Greater Lebanon and French Syria . The French government in 1936 attempted to grant independence to its mandate of Syria in the Franco - Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936 signed by France and Syria . However , opposition to the treaty grew in France and the treaty was not ratified . Syria had become an official republic in 1930 and was largely self - governing . In 1941 , a British - led invasion supported by Free French forces expelled Vichy French forces in operation Exporter . In the Americas In the Americas these included : Martinique , Guadeloupe , French Guiana and Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Soviet Union Further information : Soviet Union in World War II Soviet soldiers and T - 34 tanks advance in skirmish near Bryansk in 1942 . Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Il - 2 ground attack aircraft attacking German ground forces during the Battle of Kursk ( 1943 ) Outbreak The German invasion of the Soviet Union , Operation Barbarossa , began on 22 June 1941 . General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union described the Soviet war effort as a war being fought by the Soviet people for their survival . Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to 1939 . The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941 , as it called the Allied - Axis conflict an `` imperialist war '' . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , Stalin endorsed the Western Allies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make a coalition with all those who opposed the Nazis . The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945 , cooperating with the Nationalist Government of China and the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai - shek ; though also cooperating , preferring , and encouraging the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control of Manchuria after expelling Japanese forces . History In the lead up to the war between the Soviet Union and Germany , relations between the Soviet Union and Germany underwent several stages . Stalin studied Hitler , including reading Mein Kampf and from it knew of Hitler 's desire to destroy the Soviet Union . In 1933 , the Soviet Union had immediate concerns with the threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of the Baltic states , and in December of that year , Polish - Soviet negotiations began for the issuing of a joint declaration by the two countries guaranteeing the sovereignty of the Baltic states . However , Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections . The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland . The Soviet government also was concerned with the anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland and particularly Józef Piłsudski 's proposed Polish federation that would include the territories of Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and Ukraine within it that threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union . On 20 August 1939 , forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General Georgy Zhukov , together with the People 's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict in the east with a victory over Imperial Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia . On the same day , Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler , suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks . ( After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer , Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom . ) On 23 August , Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined `` spheres of influence '' for the two regimes , and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its `` territorial and political rearrangement '' . On 15 September 1939 , Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan , to take effect the following day ( it would be upgraded to a non-aggression pact in April 1941 ) . The day after that , 17 September , Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east . Although some fighting continued until 5 October , the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on 25 September , and reinforced their non-military partnership with the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September . On 30 November , the Soviet Union attacked Finland , for which it was expelled from the League of Nations . In the following year of 1940 , while the world 's attention was focused upon the German invasion of France and Norway , the USSR militarily occupied the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania . German - Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSR on 22 June 1941 . The Soviet Union soon entered in alliance with the United Kingdom . Following the USSR , a number of other communist , pro-Soviet or Soviet - controlled forces fought against the Axis powers during the Second World War . They were as follows : the Albanian National Liberation Front , the Chinese Red Army , the Greek National Liberation Front , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Communist Party , the People 's Republic of Mongolia , the Polish People 's Army , the Tuvan People 's Republic ( annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944 ) , the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans . United States Further information : Military history of the United States during World War II American Douglas SBD Dauntless dive - bomber aircraft attacking the Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 American Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign in November 1942 American Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber aircraft during the bombing of oil refineries in Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave American soldiers depart landing craft during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 known as D - Day , in the Battle of Normandy . War justifications The United States had indirectly supported Britain 's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement . Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend - Lease Act starting in 1941 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving `` the final destruction of Nazi tyranny '' . Signing the Atlantic Charter , and thereby joining the `` United Nations '' was the way a nation joined the Allies , and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945 . The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan , and provided military equipment , supplies , and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of China to assist in its war effort . In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor , the US declared war on Japan , and Japan 's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US , bringing the US into World War II . History On 8 December 1941 , following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December , bringing the country into the European theatre . The US - led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945 . From 1943 to 1945 , the US - led and coordinated the Western Allies ' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight D. Eisenhower . The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan 's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific , resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war , including losing control of the Philippines , Guam , Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces . American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan . One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid . Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea . A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle of Midway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had been sent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in proximity to Hawaii . However American forces managed to sink four of Japan 's six large aircraft carriers that had initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces . Afterwards the US began an offensive against Japanese - captured positions . The Guadalcanal Campaign from 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where Allied and Japanese forces struggled to gain control of Guadalcanal . Colonies and dependencies In the Americas and the Pacific The United States held multiple dependencies in the Americas , such as Alaska , the Panama Canal Zone , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . In the Pacific it held multiple island dependencies such as American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Midway Islands , Wake Island and others . These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war . In Asia Philippine Scouts at Fort William McKinley firing a 37 mm anti-tank gun in training The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an `` associated state '' of the United States . From late 1941 to 1944 , the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces , who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country . Other affiliated state combatants Australia Further information : Military history of Australia during World War II Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . At the start of the war Australia followed Britain 's foreign policies , and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939 . Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941 , and Australia separately declared war against Finland , Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day . Belgium Main article : Belgium in World War II Members of the Belgian Resistance with a Canadian soldier in Bruges , September 1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt Before the war , Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . During the ensuing fighting , Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders . While the British and French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front , the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket to the north . Finally , on 28 May , the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his military to the Germans , having decided the Allied cause was lost . The legal Belgian government was reformed as a government in exile in London . Belgian troops and pilots continued to fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces . Belgium itself was occupied , but a sizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exile and other Allied powers . British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital , Brussels , was liberated on 6 September . Because of the Ardennes Offensive , the country was only fully liberated in early 1945 . Colonies and dependencies Belgium had the colony of the Belgian Congo and the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda - Urundi . The Belgian Congo was not occupied and remained loyal to the Allies as an important economic asset while its deposits of uranium were useful to the Allied efforts to develop the atomic bomb . Troops from the Belgian Congo participated in the East African Campaign against the Italians . The colonial Force Publique also served in other theatres including Madagascar , the Middle - East , India and Burma within British units . Brazil Main article : Brazilian Expeditionary Force Brazilian soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force greet civilians in the city of Massarosa , Italy , September 1944 . Initially , Brazil maintained a position of neutrality , trading with both the Allies and the Axis , while Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas 's quasi-Fascist policies indicated a leaning toward the Axis powers . However , as the war progressed , trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side . At the beginning of 1942 , Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory , especially in Natal , strategically located at the easternmost corner of the South American continent , and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany , Japan and Italy . After that , 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies , which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 . Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong Expeditionary Force to Europe that fought mainly on the Italian front , from September 1944 to May 1945 . Also , the Brazilian Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war . Brazil was the only South American country to send troops to fight in the European theatre in the Second World War . Canada Main articles : Declaration of war by Canada § Germany , and Military history of Canada during World War II Canada was a sovereign Dominion under the Canadian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King delayed parliament 's vote on a declaration of war for seven days after Britain had declared war . Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939 . Cuba Main article : Cuba in World War II Because of Cuba 's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico , Havana 's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies , and the country 's natural resources , Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II , and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States ' Lend - Lease program . Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941 , making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict , and by the war 's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations . On 15 May 1943 , the Cuban patrol boat CS - 13 sank the German submarine U-176 . Czechoslovakia Ludvík Svoboda with Czechoslovak soldiers of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps on the Eastern Front in 1943 Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve German irredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , however in March 1939 , Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany , Hungary , Poland , and a German client state of Slovakia . The Czechoslovak government - in - exile joined the Allies , the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powers was not accepted by the Allied powers . Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war . Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic was one of the very few countries willing to accept mass Jewish immigration during World War II . At the Évian Conference , it offered to accept up to 100,000 Jewish refugees . The DORSA ( Dominican Republic Settlement Association ) was formed with the assistance of the JDC , and helped settle Jews in Sosúa , on the northern coast . About 700 European Jews of Ashkenazi Jewish descent reached the settlement where each family received 33 hectares ( 82 acres ) of land , 10 cows ( plus 2 additional cows per children ) , a mule and a horse , and a US $ 10,000 loan ( about 166,000 dollars at 2018 prices ) at 1 % interest . The Dominican Republic officially declared war on the Axis powers on December 11 , 1941 , after the attack on Pearl Harbor . However , the Caribbean nation had already been engaged in war actions since before the formal declaration of war . Dominican sailboats and schooners had been attacked on previous occasions by German submarines as , highlighting the case of the 1,993 - ton merchant ship , `` San Rafael '' , which was making a trip from Tampa , Florida to Kingston , Jamaica , when 80 miles away from its final destination , it was torpedoed by the German submarine U-125 , causing the command to abandon the ship by the commander . Although the crew of San Rafael managed to escape the event , it would be remembered by the Dominican press as a sign of the infamy of the German submarines and the danger they represented in the Caribbean . Recently , due to a research work carried out by the Embassy of the United States of America in Santo Domingo and the Institute of Dominican Studies of the City of New York ( CUNY ) , documents of the Department of Defense were discovered in which it was confirmed that Around 340 men and women of Dominican origin were part of the US Armed Forces during the World War II . Many of them received medals and other recognitions for their outstanding actions in combat . Greece Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II and Axis occupation of Greece Greek soldiers in March 1941 during the Greco - Italian War Greece was invaded by Italy on 28 October 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies . The Greek Army managed to stop the Italian offensive from Italy 's protectorate of Albania , and Greek forces pushed Italian forces back into Albania . However , after the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 , German forces managed to occupy mainland Greece and , a month later , the island of Crete . The Greek government went into exile , while the country was placed under a puppet government and divided into occupation zones run by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria . From 1941 , a strong resistance movement appeared , chiefly in the mountainous interior , where it established a `` Free Greece '' by mid-1943 . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans . Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944 , although some Aegean islands , notably Crete , remained under German occupation until the end of the war . Luxembourg Main article : Luxembourg in World War II See also : Luxembourgish government in exile , Luxembourg Resistance , Battle of the Bulge , and Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial Soldiers from Luxembourg training in Britain , 1943 Before the war , Luxembourg had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . The government in exile fled , winding up in England . It made Luxembourgish language broadcasts to the occupied country on BBC radio . In 1944 , the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments , creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system . Mexico Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States . These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers . Mexico formed Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) . The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945 . Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories . Some 15,000 US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world . Netherlands Main article : Netherlands in World War II The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany . During the ensuing campaign , the Netherlands were defeated and occupied by Germany . The Netherlands was liberated by Canadian , British , American and other allied forces during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945 . The Princess Irene Brigade , formed from escapees from the German invasion , took part in several actions in 1944 in Arromanches and in 1945 in the Netherlands . Navy vessels saw action in the British Channel , the North Sea and the Mediterranean , generally as part of Royal Navy units . Dutch airmen flying British aircraft participated in the air war over Germany . Colonies and dependencies The Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) was the principal Dutch colony in Asia , and was seized by Japan in 1942 . During the Dutch East Indies Campaign , the Netherlands played a significant role in the Allied effort to halt the Japanese advance as part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Command . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses , and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java ; the ABDA Command was later dissolved . The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February -- March 1942 . Dutch troops , aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor . New Zealand Further information : Military history of New Zealand during World War II New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the New Zealand monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . It quickly entered World War II , officially declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , just hours after Britain . Unlike Australia , which had felt obligated to declare war , as it also had not ratified the Statute of Westminster , New Zealand did so as a sign of allegiance to Britain , and in recognition of Britain 's abandonment of its former appeasement policy , which New Zealand had long opposed . This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring two days later : With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future we range ourselves without fear beside Britain . Where she goes , we go ; where she stands , we stand . We are only a small and young nation , but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny . Norway Norwegian soldiers on the Narvik front , May 1940 Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and the Atlantic , both the Allies and Germany worried about the other side gaining control of the neutral country . Germany ultimately struck first with operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , resulting in the two - month - long Norwegian Campaign , which ended in a German victory and their war - long occupation of Norway . Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war from exile . The Norwegian merchant fleet , then the fourth largest in the world , was organized into Nortraship to support the Allied cause . Nortraship was the world 's largest shipping company , and at its height operated more than 1000 ships . Norway was neutral when Germany invaded , and it is not clear when Norway became an Allied country . Great Britain , France and Polish forces in exile supported Norwegian forces against the invaders but without a specific agreement . Norway 's cabinet signed a military agreement with Britain on 28 May 1941 . This agreement allowed all Norwegian forces in exile to operate under UK command . Norwegian troops in exile should primarily be prepared for the liberation of Norway , but could also be used to defend Britain . Poland Further information : Polish contribution to World War II , Polish resistance movement in World War II , Polish Armed Forces in the West , and Polish Armed Forces in the East Pilots of the No. 303 `` Kościuszko '' Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , started the war in Europe , and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September . Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies , after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , but before France . The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich , nor to the Soviet Union , primarily because neither of the totalitarian powers requested an official surrender , and continued the war effort under the Polish government in exile . However , the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły on 17 September as an evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of the Polish state , and consequently declared itself allowed to invade ( according to the Soviet position : `` to protect '' ) Eastern Poland starting from the same day . It must be noted that the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before the Polish president fled to Romania . The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m. , while president Mościcki crossed the Polish - Romanian border at 21 : 45 on the same day . The Polish military continued to fight , and the last major battle of the war , the Battle of Kock , ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group `` Polesie , '' a field army , surrendering due to lack of ammunition . Polish Home Army resistance fighters from the `` Kiliński '' Battalion during the Warsaw Uprising ( 1944 ) Polish soldiers fought under their own flag but under the command of the British military . They were major contributors to the Allies in the theatre of war west of Germany and in the theatre of war east of Germany , with the Soviet Union . The Polish armed forces in the West created after the fall of Poland played minor roles in the Battle of France , and important ones in the Italian and North African Campaigns . The Polish People 's Army took part in the Battle of Berlin , the closing battle of the European theater of war . They occupied the city alongside the Soviet Red Army . The Home Army , the largest underground force in Europe , and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence that enabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering of Nazi war crimes ( i.e. , death camps ) to the Western Allies . Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in North Africa and Europe ( outside the Balkans ) . The Soviet Union recognized the London - based government at first . But it broke diplomatic relations after the Katyn massacre of Polish nationals was revealed . In 1943 , the Soviet Union organized the Polish People 's Army under Zygmunt Berling , around which it constructed the post-war successor state People 's Republic of Poland . Provisional government of the Republic of Korea Further information : Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Korean Liberation Army The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13 , 1919 . During the time when the Provisional Government was created , Korea was under Japanese rule . The Provisional Government had governmental tasks and created important organizations for their independence movement , such as the Korean Liberation Army ( KLA ) on September 17 , 1940 . The Provisional Government also declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10 , 1941 . The Provisional Government is also the first democratic government of Korea . The KLA participated in the battles ongoing in China with the Kuomintang forces . In 1943 , KLA underground activists , cooperating with British forces in Burma and India , initiated joint operations with British forces . The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18 , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15 , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy opposition from the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II . In addition , other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as a member of the Allies . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15 , 1948 , under President Syngman Rhee , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially . South Africa Further information : Military history of South Africa during World War II South Africa was a sovereign Dominion under the South African monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . South Africa held authority over the mandate of South - West Africa . Yugoslavia Main article : World War II in Yugoslavia The Partisans and the Chetniks carried captured Germans through Užice , autumn 1941 . Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . The Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied . The Italian - backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over . King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country . In the United Kingdom , they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi - occupied Europe . Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941 , there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war . Resistance factions Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito with Winston Churchill in 1944 Before the end of 1941 , the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought both against each other during the war and against the occupying forces . The Yugoslav Partisans managed to put up considerable resistance to the Axis occupation , forming various liberated territories during the war . In August 1943 , there were over 30 Axis divisions on the territory of Yugoslavia , not including the forces of the Croatian puppet state and other quisling formations . In 1944 , the leading Allied powers persuaded Tito 's Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Yugoslav government led by Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić to sign the Treaty of Vis that created the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . Partisans The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia . Initially the Partisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement . However , the Partisans were recognized by both the Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943 . After that , their strength increased rapidly , from 100,000 at the beginning of 1943 to over 648,000 in September 1944 . In 1945 they were transformed into the Yugoslav army , organized in 4 field armies with 800,000 fighters . Chetniks Chetniks leader General Mihailovic with the members of the US military mission , Operation Halyard 1944 The Chetniks , the short name given to the movement titled the Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland , were initially a major Allied Yugoslav resistance movement . However , due to their royalist and anti-communist views , Chetniks were considered to have begun collaborating with the Axis as a tactical move to focus on destroying their Partisan rivals . The Chetniks presented themselves as a Yugoslav movement , but were primarily a Serb movement . They reached their peak in 1943 with 93,000 fighters . Their major contribution was Operation Halyard in 1944 . In collaboration with the OSS , 413 Allied airmen shot down over Yugoslavia were rescued and evacuated . Client States British Egypt Main article : Military history of Egypt during World War II The United Kingdom controlled Egypt and used it as a major base for Allied operations throughout the region , especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany . Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean , and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia . The Kingdom of Egypt was nominally an independent state since 1922 but effectively remained in the British sphere of influence with the British Mediterranean fleet being stationed in Alexandria and British Army forces being stationed in the Suez Canal zone . Egypt faced an Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war . British frustration over King Farouk 's reign over Egypt resulted in the Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942 where British Army forces surrounded the royal Abdeen Palace and demanded a new government be established , nearly forcing the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands . The Kingdom of Egypt joined the United Nations on 24 February 1945 . India ( British raj ) Further information : India in World War II At the outbreak of World War II , the Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . During the war India suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties ( more than the United Kingdom ) , mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 and 87,000 military casualties , more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom , which suffered 382,000 military casualties . Iran Further information : Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Iraq Further information : Anglo - Iraqi War This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Soviet Bulgaria Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II After a period of neutrality , Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 . The Orthodox Church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps . The king died shortly afterwards , suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany . Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded , offering no resistance to the incoming forces . In the 1947 peace treaties , Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania , making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII . Mongolia Main article : Mongolia in World War II Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the Soviet -- Japanese War in August 1945 to protect its independence and to liberate Southern Mongolia from Japan and China . Mongolia had been a Soviet sphere of influence since the 1920s . Poland Main article : Polish Armed Forces in the East By 1944 , Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with the establishment of Władysław Gomułka 's communist regime . Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces against Germany . Romania Main articles : Romania in World War II and King Michael 's Coup Romanian soldiers in Transylvania , September -- October 1944 Romania had initially been a member of the Axis powers but switched allegiance upon facing invasion by the Soviet Union . In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people and army on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease - fire , proclaimed Romania 's loyalty to the Allies , announced the acceptance of an armistice ( to be signed on 12 September ) offered by the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , and declared war on Germany . The coup accelerated the Red Army 's advance into Romania , but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers , who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps . The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944 , on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union . Under the terms of the armistice , Romania announced its unconditional surrender to the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative , in control of the media , communication , post , and civil administration behind the front . Tannu Tuva Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia . It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944 . Co-belligerent state combatants Italy Further information : Italian Civil War , Italian Co-Belligerent Army , and Italian resistance movement The dead bodies of Benito Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci , and several Fascist leaders , hanging for public display after they were executed by Italian partisans in 1945 Italy initially had been a leading member of the Axis powers , however after facing multiple military losses including the loss of all of Italy 's colonies to advancing Allied forces , Duce Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested in July 1943 by order of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in co-operation with members of the Grand Council of Fascism who viewed Mussolini as having led Italy to ruin by allying with Germany in the war . Victor Emmanuel III dismantled the remaining apparatus of the Fascist regime and appointed Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy . On 8 September 1943 , Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies , ending Italy 's war with the Allies and ending Italy 's participation with the Axis powers . Expecting immediate German retaliation , Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control . Germany viewed the Italian government 's actions as an act of betrayal , and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control , in some cases even massacring Italian troops . Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies , and the Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the German occupation of Northern Italy , where German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from arrest and he was placed in charge of a German puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) . Italy descended into civil war until the end of hostilities after his deposition and arrest , with Fascists loyal to him allying with German forces and helping them against the Italian armistice government and partisans . Associated power Albania Albania was recognized as an `` Associated Power '' at the 1946 Paris conference and officially signed the treaty ending WWII between the `` Allied and Associated Powers '' and Italy in Paris , on 10 February 1947 . United Nations Declaration by United Nations Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1941 by the US Office of War Information The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 . There were 26 signatories : Australia Belgium Canada China Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovakia Dominican Republic El Salvador Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras India Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Panama Poland Soviet Union South Africa United Kingdom United States Yugoslavia Alliance growing Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1943 by the US Office of War Information The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation . In 1942 , Mexico , the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration . The African nation had been restored in its independence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941 , while the Philippines , still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition , was allowed to join on 10 June despite their occupation by Japan . During 1943 , the Declaration was signed by Iraq , Iran , Brazil , Bolivia and Colombia . A Tripartite Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the USSR formalised Iran 's assistance to the Allies . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas , but realistically joined the United Nations after their evident successes . In 1944 , Liberia and France signed . The French situation was very confused . Free French forces were recognized only by Britain , while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing US occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 ; the Prime Minister feared that after the war , Britain could remain the sole great power in Europe facing the Communist threat , as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism . During the early part of 1945 , Peru , Chile , Paraguay , Venezuela , Uruguay , Turkey , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Lebanon , Syria ( these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nations by British occupation troops , despite big protests by Pétain before , and De Gaulle after ) and Ecuador became signatories . Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent nations but parts of the Soviet Union , were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greater influence to Stalin , who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance . Charter of the United Nations Main article : Charter of the United Nations The first version of the flag of the United Nations , introduced in April 1945 The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization , held between April and July 1945 . The Charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June ( Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st `` original '' signatory ) , and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945 . In 1944 , the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the formation and the permanent seats ( for the `` Big Five '' , China , France , the UK , US , and USSR ) of the United Nations Security Council were decided . The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946 . These are the original 51 signatories ( UNSC permanent members are asterisked ) : Argentine Republic Commonwealth of Australia Kingdom of Belgium Republic of Bolivia United States of Brazil Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Dominion of Canada Republic of Chile Republic of China * Republic of Colombia Republic of Costa Rica Republic of Cuba Czechoslovak Republic Kingdom of Denmark Dominican Republic Republic of Ecuador Kingdom of Egypt Republic of El Salvador Ethiopian Empire French Republic * Kingdom of Greece Republic of Guatemala Republic of Haiti Republic of Honduras Indian Empire Imperial Kingdom of Iran Kingdom of Iraq Lebanese Republic Republic of Liberia Grand Duchy of Luxembourg United Mexican States Kingdom of the Netherlands Dominion of New Zealand Republic of Nicaragua Kingdom of Norway Republic of Panama Republic of Paraguay Republic of Peru Commonwealth of the Philippines Republic of Poland Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Union of South Africa Syrian Republic Republic of Turkey Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * United States of America * Oriental Republic of Uruguay United States of Venezuela Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Timeline of Allied Nations entering the war Main article : Declarations of war during World War II The following list denotes dates on which nations declared war on the Axis powers , or on which an Axis power declared war on them . Nepal was formally independent . The Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions . A British poster from 1941 , promoting the greater alliance against Germany 1939 Poland : 1 September 1939 France : 3 September 1939 -- On 22 June 1940 , Vichy France under Marshal Pétain formally capitulated to Germany , and became neutral . This capitulation was denounced by General de Gaulle , who established the Free France government - in - exile , which continued to fight against Germany . This led to the Provisional Government of the French Republic , which was officially recognized by the other Allies as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944 . Pétain 's 1940 surrender was also legally nullified , so France is considered an Ally throughout the war . United Kingdom : 3 September 1939 India : 3 September 1939 Australia : 3 September 1939 New Zealand : 3 September 1939 Nepal : 4 September 1939 South Africa : 6 September 1939 Canada : 10 September 1939 1940 Norway : 8 April 1940 -- German invasion of a neutral country without declaration of war Denmark 9 April 1940 -- German invasion without declaration of war Belgium : 10 May 1940 Luxembourg : 10 May 1940 Netherlands : 10 May 1940 Greece : 28 October 1940 1941 Yugoslavia : 6 April 1941 ( Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact , becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March ; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941 . ) Soviet Union : 22 June 1941 ; Despite membership of the Soviet Union , Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting States by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war . Panama : 7 December 1941 United States : 8 December 1941 ( war declared against Japan ) Philippines : 8 December 1941 Costa Rica : 8 December 1941 Dominican Republic : 8 December 1941 El Salvador : 8 December 1941 Haiti : 8 December 1941 Honduras : 8 December 1941 Nicaragua : 8 December 1941 China : 9 December 1941 ( at war with Japan since 1937 ) Cuba : 9 December 1941 Guatemala : 9 December 1941 United States : 11 December 1941 ( war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy ) Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) : 7 December 1941 Korea ( government in exile ) : 10 December 1941 Czechoslovakia ( government - in - exile ) : 16 December 1941 1942 Peru : 12 February 1942 Mexico : 22 May 1942 Brazil : 22 August 1942 Ethiopia : 14 December 1942 1943 Iraq : 16 January 1943 Bolivia : 7 April 1943 Colombia : 26 July 1943 Iran : 9 September 1943 Italy : 10 October 1943 -- former Axis power 1944 Liberia : 27 January 1944 Romania : 25 August 1944 -- former Axis power Bulgaria : 8 September 1944 -- former Axis power 1945 Hungary : 20 January 1945 -- former Axis power Ecuador : 2 February 1945 Paraguay : 7 February 1945 Uruguay : 15 February 1945 Venezuela : 15 February 1945 Turkey : 23 February 1945 Egypt : 24 February 1945 Syria : 26 February 1945 Lebanon : 27 February 1945 Saudi Arabia : 1 March 1945 Finland : 3 March 1945 -- former co-belligerent of Germany in the Continuation War . On 3 March 1945 , Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944 . Argentina : 27 March 1945 Chile : 11 April 1945 declared war on Japan Mongolia : August 1945 declared war on Japan See also World War II portal War portal History portal Allies of World War I Diplomatic history of World War II Free World ( World War II ) Military production during World War II Neutral powers during World War II Participants in World War II Footnotes Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 150 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780847694167 . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Ian C.B. Dear and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , pp 29 , 1176 Jump up ^ Ward , Geoffrey C. ; Burns , Ken ( 2014 ) . `` Nothing to Conceal '' . The Roosevelts : An Intimate History . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0385353065 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations '' . Wordorigins.org. 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , FDR & the Making of the U.N. Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston S. ( 1981 ) ( 1953 ) . The Second World War , Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy . Houghton - Mifflin Company . p. 561 . Jump up ^ Wood , JRT ( June 2005 ) . So Far And No Further ! Rhodesia 's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959 -- 1965 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4952 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? Oxon , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Routledge , 2006 . Pp. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Frederic J. Fleron , Erik P. Hoffmann , Robbin Frederick Laird . Soviet Foreign Policy : Classic and Contemporary Issues . Third paperback edition . New Brunswick , New Jersey , US : Transaction Publishers , 2009 . Pp. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis '' . Time . 13 November 1944 . Jump up ^ Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Speeches that Reshaped the World . Jump up ^ `` When the US wanted to take over France ‐ Le Monde diplomatique ‐ English edition '' . Le Monde diplomatique . May 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Helen Rapport . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , California , US : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . P. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Bushkovitch . A Concise History of Russia . Cambridge , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . P. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ The Soviet Union and Communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : The Road to Alliance . P. 78 . Jump up ^ Kees Boterbloem . A History of Russia and Its Empire : From Mikhail Romanov to Vladimir Putin . P235 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . Jump up ^ Jan Karski . The Great Powers and Poland : From Versailles to Yalta . Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 . P197 . Jump up ^ David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Overy 1997 , pp 41 , 43 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 148 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 16 , 154 . Jump up ^ Khudoley , Konstantin K. ( 2009 ) . `` The Baltic factor '' . In Hiden , John . The Baltic question during the Cold War . Vahur Made , David J. Smith . Psychology Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37100 - 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey , Roberts ( 2004 ) . `` Ideology , calculation , and improvisation . Sphere of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939 -- 1945 '' . In Martel , Gordon . The World War Two reader . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22402 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1995 ) . `` Soviet policy and the Baltic States , 1939 -- 1940 a reappraisal '' . Diplomacy & Statecraft . Francis & Taylor . 6 ( 3 ) : 672 -- 700 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592299508405982 . Jump up ^ Toomas Alatalu . Tuva . A State Reawakens . Soviet Studies , Vol. 44 , No. 5 ( 1992 ) , pp. 881 -- 895 Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 2009 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Rendezvous with Destiny . p. 350 . ISBN 9780316092418 . Jump up ^ Jonathan G. Utley ( 2005 ) . Going to War with Japan , 1937 -- 1941 . Fordham Univ Press . ISBN 9780823224722 . Jump up ^ Chris Henry . The Battle of the Coral Sea . London , England , UK : Compendium Publishing ; Annapolis , Maryland , US : Naval Institute Press , 2003 . P. 84 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John . `` The Second World War . '' New York : Penguin , 2005 . ( 275 ) Jump up ^ McKeown , Deirdre ; Jordan , Roy ( 2010 ) . `` Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas '' ( PDF ) . Parliamentary Library . Parliament of Australia . pp. 4 , 8 -- 11 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford U.P. pp. 105 -- 6 . ISBN 9780199271641 . Jump up ^ `` Second World War and the Cuban Air Force '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen . World War II : The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941 -- 1945 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The Atlantic . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07061 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cubans Sunk a German Submarine in WWII '' . Cubanow . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` German Jewish Refugees , 1933 -- 1939 '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sang , Mu - Kien Adriana ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` Judíos en el Caribe . La comunidad judía en Sosúa ( 2 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . El Caribe . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic as Haven for Jewish Refugees '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lajara Solá , Homero Luis ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` El heroe de La Batalla del Caribe '' . Listín Dairio . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Embajada de los Estados Unidos y el Museo Memorial de la Resistencia Abren Exposición en honor a Veteranos Dominicanos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial '' . Jump up ^ Various ( 2011 ) . Les Gouvernements du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg Depuis 1848 ( PDF ) . Luxembourg : Government of Luxembourg . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87999 - 212 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron '' . The Netherlands East Indies 1941 -- 1942 . 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron Jump up ^ Plascencia de la Parra , E. La infantería Invisible : Mexicanos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. México . Ed . UNAM . Retrieved 27 April 2012 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Fighting for Britain -- NZ and the Second World War '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PM declares NZ 's support for Britain - NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . 26 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Skodvin , Magne ( red . ) ( 1984 ) : Norge i krig . Bind 7 . Oslo : Aschehoug . Jump up ^ `` Military contribution of Poland to World War II -- Wojsko Polskie -- Departament Wychowania i Promocji Obronności '' . Wojsko-polskie.pl . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Molotov declaration of 17 September 1939 Jump up ^ `` 73 . rocznica sowieckiej napaści na Polskę '' . rmf24.pl. 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prezydent Ignacy Mościcki cz 3 prof . dr hab . Andrzej Garlicki Uniwersytet Warszawski '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ At the siege of Tobruk Jump up ^ `` Basil Davidson : PARTISAN PICTURE '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perica , Vjekoslav ( 2004 ) . Balkan Idols : Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States . Oxford University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517429 - 1 . Jump up ^ Borković , Milan ( 1979 ) . Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji -- Kvislinška uprava 1941 -- 1944 ( Volume 1 , in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sloboda . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Steve Morewood , The British Defence of Egypt , 1935 - 40 : Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Chris ( 2011 ) . World War II : The Book of Lists . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6704 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romania -- Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Delia Radu , `` Serialul ' Ion Antonescu şi asumarea istoriei ' ( 3 ) '' , BBC Romanian edition , 1 August 2008 Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Dictatura + a + luat + sfarsit + si + cu + ea + inceteaza + toate + asupririle '' `` The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression '' - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of August 23 1944 Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Curierul Naţional , 7 August 2004 Jump up ^ `` King Proclaims Nation 's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies '' , The New York Times , 24 August 1944 Jump up ^ Josef Becker ; Franz Knipping ( 1986 ) . Great Britain , France , Italy and Germany in a Postwar World , 1945 -- 1950 . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 506 -- 7 . ISBN 9783110863918 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Fall of Mussolini : Italy , the Italians , and the Second World War . Oxford UP . pp. 194 -- 85 . ISBN 9780191578755 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State , Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . Paris Peace Conference : documents ( 1946 ) , page 802 , Article 26. a ' Memoranda submitted by Albanian Government on the Draft Peace Treaty with Italy ' `` proposed amendment ... For the purposes of this Treaty , Albania shall be considered as an Associated Power . '' , web http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1946v04/reference/frus.frus1946v04.i0011.pdf Jump up ^ Treaties in Force , A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1 , 2013 , Page 453 , accessible online from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/218912.pdf Jump up ^ Axelrod , John ( 5 February 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of World War II . Volume 1 . HW Fowler . p. 824 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 308 - 7 . The first peace treaty concluded between the Allies and a former Axis nation was with Italy . It was signed in Paris on February 10 , by representatives from Albania , Australia ... Jump up ^ Motter , T.H. Vail ( 2000 ) ( 1952 ) . `` Chapter I : Experiment in Co-operation '' . The Persion Corridor and Aid to Russia . United States Army in World War II . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 8 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bohlen , C.E. ( 1973 ) . Witness to History , 1929 -- 1969 . New York . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1944 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council : Official Records : First Year , First Series , First Meeting Jump up ^ Ian Dear , Ian. and M.R.D. Foot , eds. , The Oxford companion to world war II ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 : Britain and France declare war on Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ordre de la Libération '' . ordredelaliberation.fr . Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental . - Legifrance '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Mark ( 2012 ) . The IRA on Film and Television : A History . McFarland . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8961 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61826 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Australia : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958993 - 7 . Jump up ^ New Zealand declares war on Germany , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , updated 14 - Oct - 2014 Jump up ^ Selley , Ron ; Cocks , Kerrin ( 2014 ) . I Wo n't Be Home Next Summer : Flight Lieutenant R.N. Selley DFC ( 1917Ð1941 ) . Pinetown : 30 Degrees South Publishers . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928211 - 19 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tamelander , M. og N. Zetterling ( 2001 ) : 9 . april . Oslo : Spartacus . Jump up ^ Sotirović , Vladislav B. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Кнез Павле Карађорђевић и приступање Југославије Тројном пакту '' . NSPM. ( in Serbian ) '' Jump up ^ Kluckhohn , Frank L. ( 8 December 1941 ) . `` U.S. Declares War , Pacific Battle Widens '' . The New York Times : 1 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 878 - 9 Jump up ^ Rana Mitter . `` Forgotten ally ? China 's unsung role in World War II '' . CNN . Jump up ^ A. Wigfall Green ( 2007 ) . The Epic Of Korea . Read Books . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 0320 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 279 - 80 Jump up ^ A Political Chronology of Europe , Psychology Press , 2001 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Decree 6945 / 45 Bibliography Davies , Norman ( 2006 ) , Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 69285 - 3 Dear , Ian C.B. and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , comprehensive encyclopedia for all countries Holland R. ( 1981 ) , Britain and the Commonwealth alliance , 1918 -- 1939 , London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 27295 - 4 Overy , Richard ( 1997 ) , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1994 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Comprehensive coverage of the war with emphasis on diplomacy excerpt and text search Further reading Ready , J. Lee ( 2012 ) ( 1985 ) . Forgotten Allies : The Military Contribution of the Colonies , Exiled Governments , and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780899501178 . OCLC 586670908 . External links The Atlantic Conference : Resolution of 24 September 1941 History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland Madagascar South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Manchuria Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Catalonia Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs Security Council Members Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General General Assembly President Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies Culture of peace FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2016 ) Security Council ( 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Court International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Ralph Bunche Park Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners ( the Mandela Rules ) Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord ( Battle of Normandy - D - Day ) Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal GND : 4001297 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_II&oldid=866436258 '' Categories : 20th - century military alliances Military alliances involving Canada Military alliances involving the United Kingdom Military alliances involving the United States Military alliances involving Australia Military alliances involving New Zealand Military alliances involving South Africa Military alliances involving France Politics of World War II Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Romanian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Serbian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2012 Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Articles to be expanded from July 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2014 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Pälzisch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 09 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of these nations was an ally of the united states during world war ii	[]	[]
7557577903530567485	Bridesmaid	Bridesmaid - wikipedia Bridesmaid Jump to : navigation , search `` Maid of honor '' redirects here . For the UK royal court title , see maid of honour . For the Justice League episode , see Maid of Honor ( Justice League episode ) . `` Bridesmaids '' redirects here . For the 2011 film , see Bridesmaids ( 2011 film ) . For other uses , see Bridesmaid ( disambiguation ) . Seven bridesmaids in matching dresses , with the bride The bridesmaids are members of the bride 's party in a wedding . A bridesmaid is typically a young woman , and often a close friend or relative . She attends to the bride on the day of a wedding or marriage ceremony . Traditionally , bridesmaids were chosen from unwed young women of marriageable age . The principal bridesmaid , if one is so designated , may be called the chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried , or the matron of honor if she is married . A junior bridesmaid is a girl who is clearly too young to be married , but who is included as an honorary bridesmaid . In the United States , typically only the maid / matron of honor and the best man are the official witnesses for the wedding license . Often there is more than one bridesmaid : in modern times the bride chooses how many to ask . Historically , no person of status went out unattended , and the size of the retinue was closely calculated to be appropriate to the family 's social status . A large group of bridesmaids provided an opportunity for showing off the family 's social status and wealth . Today , the number of bridesmaids in a wedding party is dependent on many variables , including a bride 's preferences , the size of her family , and the number of attendants her partner would like to have as well . The male equivalent is the groomsman , also known in British English as an usher ; in the United States , the role of attending to the groom has diverged from that of escorting guests to their seats , and the two positions are no longer synonymous and are often if not usually filled by different persons . In some cultures , such as in Norway , the Netherlands and Victorian Britain , it has been customary for bridesmaids to be small girls rather than grown women . They may carry flowers during the wedding procession and pose with the married couple in bridal photos . In modern English - speaking countries , this role is separate from that of the bridesmaid , and the small child performing it is known as a flower girl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Duties 2 Maid of honor 3 Origin and history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Duties ( edit ) Four bridesmaids wearing gagra cholis , the traditional dress of northern India . Although many exceed the minimum , the bridesmaids ' required duties are very limited . They are required to attend the wedding ceremony and to assist the bride on the day of the wedding . Bridesmaids in Europe and North America are often asked to assist the bride with planning the wedding and a wedding reception . In modern times , a bridesmaid often participates in planning wedding - related events , such as a bridal shower or bachelorette party , if there are any . These , however , are optional activities ; according to etiquette expert Judith Martin , `` Contrary to rumor , bridesmaids are not obliged to entertain in honor of the bride , nor to wear dresses they can not afford . '' If it is customary in the bride 's area to have a bridesmaids luncheon , then it is hosted , and therefore organized and paid for , by the bride . A junior bridesmaid has no responsibilities beyond attending the wedding . This junior bridesmaid , in North Carolina , USA , is dressed in white , just like the bride . The duties and costs of being a bridesmaid are parsed out between a bride and her attendants in a variety of ways . Since modern bridesmaids , unlike their historical counterparts , can no longer rely on having their clothes and travel expenses paid for by the bride 's family , and are sometimes even told they must pay for parties that the bride wants to have before the wedding , it has become customary for the bride to present the bridesmaids with gifts as a sign of gratitude for the support and financial commitment that comes with their roles . It has become equally customary for women who are invited to serve as bridesmaids to first ask about the amount of time , energy , and money that the bride expects from them before accepting this position , and to decline or resign if this is more than they will be able to give . In some American weddings , each bridesmaid may be asked to spend US $1,700 or more , with travel to destination weddings and pre-wedding parties usually being the biggest expense . Maid of honor ( edit ) For the court title , see Maid of honour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The bride ( center ) with her maid of honor ( third from left ) and bridesmaids . The maid of honor can be distinguished by her dress , which differs somewhat from that of the other bridesmaids , as well as by her position in the traditional place of honor at the immediate right of the principal party . From 1929 , in Minnesota , USA . In the United Kingdom , the term `` maid of honour '' originally referred to the female attendant of a queen . The term bridesmaid is normally used for all bridal attendants in the UK . However , when the attendant is married , or is a mature woman , the term matron of honour is often used . The influence of American English has led to the chief bridesmaid sometimes being called the maid of honour . In North America , a wedding party might include several bridesmaids , but the maid of honor is the title and position held by the bride 's chief attendant , typically her closest friend or sister . In modern - day weddings some brides opt to choose a long - time male friend or brother as their head attendant , using the title best man or man of honor . The activities of the principal bridesmaid may be as many or as varied as she allows the bride to impose upon her . Her only required duty is to participate in the wedding ceremony . Typically , however , she is asked for help with the logistics of the wedding as an event , such as addressing invitations , and for her help as a friend , such as attending the bride as she shops for her wedding dress . On the day of the wedding , her principal duty is to provide practical and emotional support . She might assist the bride with dressing and , if needed , help the bride manage her veil , a bouquet , a prayer book , or the train of her wedding dress during the day . In a double - ring wedding , the chief bridesmaid is often entrusted with the groom 's wedding ring until it is needed during the ceremony . Many brides ask bridesmaids , if they are adults , to be legal witnesses who sign the marriage license after the ceremony . If there is a reception after the wedding , the maid of honor may be asked to offer a toast to the newlywed . Origin and history ( edit ) The origin of the Western bridesmaid tradition likely arose from a combination of many factors . The most - likely factors include , but are n't limited to , socioeconomic class and status , family size , socialization standards of the day , and religion . Those that religion often cite the Biblical story of Jacob , and his two wives Leah and Rachel , who both literally came with their own maids as detailed in the Book of Genesis ( 29 : 24 , 46 : 18 ) as the origin of bridesmaids . These women were handmaidens ( servants or slaves ) instead of social peers . In China during the feudal era , the female womb was seen as precious for the production of an heir . Brides were susceptible to kidnapping at weddings by rival clans and hooligans . Shouldering the responsibility to protect the bride , bridesmaids were dressed up like the bride to lower the risk that she might be identified and robbed . As legal protections for marriage were established , this was no longer necessary , and the role of bridesmaid took a more symbolic turn . In the Victorian era , white was the official color for both male groomsmen and female bridesmaids . This trend originated with Queen Victoria when she married Prince Albert wearing a long white wedding dress , and her bridesmaids matched the color of her gown . See also ( edit ) Bridesman Groomsman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior , Freshly Updated . Kamen , Gloria . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 383 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . ( I ) n polite society ... the bridesmaids ' only duties are to make a special fuss over the bride by gathering around her at the wedding and , in the weeks before , by pretending to be interested in all the wedding details . It is also nice , but not obligatory , for them to plan a girlishly informal gathering -- a luncheon or shower -- for her beforehand . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 1999 ) . Miss Manners on weddings . New York : Crown Publishers . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60431 - 7 . Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 1922 ) . Etiquette in Society , in Business , in Politics and at Home ' . Funk & Wagnalls Company . pp. 335 -- 337 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Stephanie ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` How much does it cost to be a bridesmaid ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/it%e2%80%99s-so-dangerous-being-a-bridesmaid-in-china-that-some-brides-are-hiring-professionals-instead/ar-AAjoU6y?li=BBnb7Kz External links ( edit ) A Salute to Bridesmaids - slideshow by Life magazine ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridesmaid&oldid=798203987 '' Categories : Wedding ceremony participants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	can you call a married woman maid of honor	[]	[]
7864233249728468012	House of Cards (season 6)	House of Cards ( season 6 ) - wikipedia House of Cards ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search House of Cards ( season 6 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of House of Cards episodes The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4 , 2017 , and is scheduled to be released in late 2018 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each , the sixth season will consist of only eight . The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey , who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast members 2.2 New cast members 3 References 4 External links Production ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017 . On October 18 , 2017 , production of the sixth season of House of Cards appeared to be already in progress , without an official renewal announcement by Netflix , when a gunman opened fire near a House of Cards set outside Baltimore . Production company Media Rights Capital and Netflix stated that production on the show was not impacted by the shooting . Production on the series was shut down on October 30 , 2017 , following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey by actor Anthony Rapp , who publicly stated that Spacey had made a sexual advance on him in 1986 , when he was 14 years old . Netflix announced its decision to cancel the series , after the upcoming sixth season . Multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation , but the announcement nevertheless caused suspicions for its timing . The following day , Netflix and MRC announced that production on the season would be suspended indefinitely , in order to review the current situation and to address any concerns of the cast and crew . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever . On December 4 , 2017 , Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's chief content officer , announced that production would restart in 2018 with Robin Wright in the lead , without Spacey 's involvement , and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show would consist of eight episodes . On January 31 , 2018 , House of Cards resumed production , with new cast members including Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear , who were later joined by Australian actor Cody Fern in a regular role . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards characters Robin Wright ( Claire Underwood ) Michael Kelly ( Doug Stamper ) Jayne Atkinson ( Cathy Durant ) Returning cast members ( edit ) The following cast members will star in the sixth season of the series : Robin Wright as Claire Underwood Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson Campbell Scott as Mark Usher Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt New cast members ( edit ) On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear will play siblings on the sixth season of the series . Australian actor Cody Fern was added a few days later , in a regular role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` The first trailer for ' House of Cards ' final season is here -- and it 's all about Claire Underwood '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Erika ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards renewed for sixth season , filming to begin by end of October '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Strause , Jackie ; Sandberg , Bryn ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Production Not Impacted by Active Shooter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Cancels ' House Of Cards ' , Says It 's `` Deeply Troubled '' Over Kevin Spacey Claims `` . Deadline . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to cancel House of Cards in wake of Kevin Spacey allegations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards cancelled as fallout continues for Spacey '' . CBC News . Associated Press . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Though the decision to end the series was announced on Monday , the decision to end the series was made several months ago , according to a person with knowledge of the situation who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the decision . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : Production On Netflix Series Suspended Indefinitely Following Kevin Spacey Allegations '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards : Kevin Spacey Fired '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Resumes Production , Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear Join Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Adds ' American Crime Story ' Alum Cody Fern for Season 6 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Diane Lane , Greg Kinnear Join Cast as Final Season Production Resumes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb ( hide ) House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood List of politicians See also Awards and nominations Related House of Cards ( novel ) House of Cards ( UK TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Cards_(season_6)&oldid=840199656 '' Categories : Upcoming television seasons House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does season 6 start of house of cards	[ "The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4, 2017, and is scheduled to be released in late 2018.[1] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each, the sixth season will consist of only eight. The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey, who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations." ]	[ "late 2018" ]
-1415074554050230214	Rap God	Rap God - wikipedia Rap God Jump to : navigation , search `` Rap God '' Single by Eminem from the album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 Released October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 , at Effigy Studios , Ferndale , Michigan Genre Hip hop Length 6 : 03 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Marshall Mathers Bigram Zayas Matthew Delgiorno Stephen Hacker Douglas Davis Richard Walters Dania Birks Juana Burns Juanita Lee Fatima Shaheed Kim Nazel Producer ( s ) DVLP Filthy ( co . ) Eminem singles chronology `` Survival '' ( 2013 ) `` Rap God '' ( 2013 ) `` The Monster '' ( 2013 ) `` Survival '' ( 2013 ) `` Rap God '' ( 2013 ) `` The Monster '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Rap God '' on YouTube `` Rap God '' is a song by American rapper Eminem . The song premiered via YouTube , on October 14 , 2013 , and was released in the US on October 15 , 2013 as the third single from Eminem 's eighth studio album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 ( 2013 ) . It contains references to previous conflicts in Eminem 's career , as well as to other rappers ' conduct . The song received very positive reviews , with critics praising Eminem 's lyrical ability and rapping speed . The song entered the Guinness World Records as the hit single which contains the most words ( which includes 1,560 words ) , , which it still holds , but it was then overtaken as song with the most words by MC Harry Shotta 's song `` Animal '' ( which includes 1771 words , but was not a hit single ) in the 2017 edition of Guinness . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance , but lost to Kendrick Lamar 's `` i '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Controversy 6 Awards and nominations 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Composition ( edit ) The song references a line from the first Marshall Mathers LP , on the song `` I 'm Back '' , where he talks about the Columbine High School massacre , rapping `` Seven kids from Columbine ; Put ' em all in a line , add an AK - 47 , a revolver , and a nine . '' The verse was censored when originally released , and is included in `` Rap God '' to test public reaction . Eminem references the Lewinsky scandal in order to demonstrate his longevity as a dominant force in the rap industry , thus establishing himself as an `` immortal god '' . Additional references include a conflict between Fabolous and Ray J , Heavy D & the Boyz , planking , The Walking Dead , J.J. Fad 's 1988 song `` Supersonic '' , Tupac Shakur , Run DMC , Pharaohe Monch , Rakim , N.W.A , Eazy - E , Dr. Dre , DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Busta Rhymes , Lakim Shabazz and the 2008 Hotstylz song `` Lookin Boy '' . `` Rap God '' Eminem raps 97 words in 15 seconds - an average of 6.5 words per second - which he describes as `` supersonic speed '' ( 7 - 22 ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In the verse that begins at 4 : 26 , Eminem raps 97 words in 15 seconds -- an average of 6.5 words per second -- which he describes as `` supersonic speed '' : Uh , sama lamaa duma lamaa you assuming I 'm a human What I got ta do to get it through to you I 'm superhuman Innovative and I 'm made of rubber So that anything you say is ricocheting off of me and it 'll glue to you I 'm devastating , more than ever demonstrating How to give a motherfuckin ' audience a feeling like it 's levitating Never fading , and I know the haters are forever waiting For the day that they can say I fell off , they 'd be celebrating ' Cause I know the way to get ' em motivated I make elevating music , you make elevator music ... -- Eminem , `` Rap God '' The song 's production was handled by American hip hop producer Bigram Zayas , professionally known as Develop or DVLP ; he has produced songs for rappers such as The Diplomats , Rick Ross and most notably Lil Wayne . The song was co-produced with Matthew `` Filthy '' Delgiorno . The song 's recording session took place at Effigy Studios in Michigan , with brothers Mike and Joe Strange working with Eminem on mixing and engineering the record . Joe Strange also contributed additional keyboarding and programming . On October 14 , 2013 , DVLP tweeted that the beat was two years old , made in November 2011 , and that Eminem recorded the song in 2012 . The song entered the 2015 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records in which Eminem is commended for the most words in a hit single , ' Rap God ' , totalling 1,560 words in 6 minutes , 4 seconds . Music video ( edit ) On November 21 , 2013 , Eminem tweeted the trailer for the music video , directed by Rich Lee , and announced it would be released on November 27 , 2013 . On November 27 , 2013 as scheduled , the music video was released on Vevo at 12 : 00pm ET . Eminem parodied Max Headroom in the music video . There are also references to The Matrix , The Walking Dead , Hellraiser and the video games Pong , Portal and Super Mario Bros. in the video . The video received three nominations at MTV Video Music Awards 2014 in the categories `` Best Art Direction '' , `` Best Editing '' , `` Best Visual Effects '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Rap God '' was met with acclaim from music critics . Critics praised the song 's lyrical content and rapping speed . Per Lijas of Time gave the song a positive review , stating that `` the world can expect an immortal recording '' based on `` Rap God '' and the album 's lead single , `` Berzerk '' . Jim Farber of the Daily News compared the song to The Marshall Mathers LP , stating that the song `` revives the super-sick humor of that era , which comes as a relief after all the internalizations and ruminating of Em 's more recent work '' . Kory Grow of Rolling Stone also gave the song a positive review , praising that instead of `` giving his chorus to an R&B crooner like Rihanna or the New Royales ' Liz Rodrigues '' , `` he instead delivers a straight rap refrain about feeling like a rap deity . His verses recall hip - hop history ... as much as his own history '' . Nick Hill of Contact Music praised the song 's rhyming and lyrical content . He exclaimed that the verse beginning at 4 : 20 best displays Eminem 's rapping abilities . Conversely , Consequence of Sound stated that , although the flow of the verses is impressive , the lyricism `` falls victim to dated references ( ... ) and the tired technique of using other rapper 's monikers to complete rhymes . '' They also noted that beat is `` pedestrian at best '' , and that altogether the song `` ( lacks ) the commercial appeal '' of `` Berzerk '' . Complex ranked the song number 14 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2013 . They commented saying , `` ' Rap God ' is another entry in the `` Oh My God , This Guy Raps Better Than Anyone On The Planet '' category . Eminem has been adding chapters in that book for over a decade now , so it 's easy to sit back with your arms crossed and look unimpressed . '' Rolling Stone positioned the song at number 15 on their list of the 100 best songs of 2013 . They elaborated saying , `` Eminem rolls out a six - minute argument for his immortal hip - hop genius , and it 's pretty convincing . ( ... ) For pure word - scrambling , syllable - stringing pyrotechnics , no one can touch him . '' Complex also named Eminem 's third verse the third best rap verse of 2013 . They said , `` Within the seemingly never - ending verbal waterfall , Em touches on just about anything he could , should or would : his underground origins , the criticisms of his lyrics , the positive power his words have had for so many , and pop culture references . It 's all done with impeccable technical tact , including a brief section of triple time mayhem . In other words , this verse captures exactly why the man 's become a Rap God . '' Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart and at number one on the UK R&B Chart , despite its late release . It replaced `` Berzerk '' , his first single from the album at that position . In the United States , it debuted at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . With the R&B component removed it debuted at number one on the Rap Songs chart . It also debuted at number one on the Digital Songs chart , with over 270,000 downloads sold . `` Rap God '' was Eminem 's seventh top 10 start on the Hot 100 , pushing him past Lil Wayne ( six ) for the most among men in the chart 's 55 - year history . Since its release , the song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA. and has sold 1,896,000 copies in United States as of September 2017 . Controversy ( edit ) In January 2015 , TMZ reported that Chicago - based hip hop trio Hotstylz were suing Eminem and Shady Records for the amount of $8 million , for using a 25 - second sample mid-track from their song `` Lookin ' Boy '' , without their permission . In September 2015 , a 15 - year - old boy in Fresno , California was arrested for making terrorist threats by sharing on Instagram the Columbine - related lyrics to `` I 'm Back '' . The police thought that he had taken the lyrics to `` Rap God '' and added his own material on the end , as the latter interpolates some lyrics of the former . Awards and nominations ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Eminem Year Ceremony Award Result 2014 World Music Awards World 's Best Song Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Best Editing Won Best Visual Effects Nominated 2015 Grammy Awards Best Rap Performance Nominated Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 65 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 39 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 53 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 65 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,896,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 15 , 2013 Digital download Shady , Aftermath , Interscope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Eminem - Rap God '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most words in a hit single '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shotta receives full Guinness World Record recognition '' . UFK . AEI Group Ltd . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 57th Grammy Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Emimem strikes again with ' Rap God ' single '' . The Detroit News . MediaNews Group . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Rap God ' Decoded : What He 's Really Saying On Venomous Track '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem 's ' Rap God ' Debuts As Latest Cut Off Of ' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Declares Himself a ' Rap God ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Oh Good , Eminem References Monica Lewinsky In His New Song ' Rap God ' '' . Uproxx . Uproxx Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chai , Barbara ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Drops ' Rap God ' Single '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rap God '' . Rap Genius . October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobenfeld , Claire ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem -- `` Rap God '' `` . Stereogum . Spin Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Listen to Eminem 's new song `` Rap God '' , which is anything but godly `` . Consequence of Sound . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's New Track Proves He 's ' A God , ' Too '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Nick ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Drops The Ferocious ' Rap God ' Showing Why He Is The Best ! '' . Contact Music . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kirsten ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's What Eminem is Saying During His ' Supersonic Speed ' Verse In New Song ' Rap God ' '' . Business Insider . Business Insider Inc . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Markman , Rob ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's Thanks ' Rap God ' Producer For One Of The ' Illest Beats ' He 's Heard '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem `` The Marshall Mathers LP 2 '' Album Credits Released `` . HipHopDX. 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / its_dvlp : # RapGod track is 2 YEARS old '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Metallica , One Direction , Eminem , Among New Adds to Guinness World Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dan . `` Eminem Teases `` Rap God '' Video `` . XXL Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory . `` Eminem Embraces Hip - Hop History in ' Rap God ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 MTV Video Music Awards Nominations : Get The Full List '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lijas , Per ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's New ' Rap God ' is Divine '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Rap God ' is throwback to rapper 's playful prime : music review '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Listen to Eminem 's new song `` Rap God '' , which is anything but godly `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Insanul Ahmed . `` Eminem `` Rap God '' - The 50 Best Songs of 2013 - Complex `` . Complex . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem , `` Rap God '' `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Fleischer . `` Eminem `` Rap God '' ( Verse 3 ) - The 13 Best Rap Verses of 2013 - Complex `` . Complex . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 26 Top 40 Official Singles Chart UK Archive '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 26 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lawson and OneRepublic take on Miley Cyrus for Number 1 '' . Officialcharts.com. 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 19 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Is Hot 100 's Ruler For Fourth Week '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Sued By Chicago Rappers Hot Stylz Over ' Rap God ' Lyrics '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Rappers Hotstylz To Sue Eminem For $8 Million Over Sample In ' Rap God ' '' . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mays , Mackenzie ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Boy , 15 , arrested in Instagram post that closed San Joaquin Memorial High '' . Fresno Bee . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 42 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Classifiche -- Top Digital -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 del 2013 '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( in Italian ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts -- R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations - 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Rap God in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Rap God - Single '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ( hide ) Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 singles discography Bad Meets Evil discography Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' SHADYXV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` The Hills '' ( Remix ) `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rap_God&oldid=809100660 '' Categories : 2013 singles Eminem songs Songs written by Eminem Aftermath Entertainment singles Shady Records singles Interscope Records singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Sampling controversies Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for ItalyFIMI Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 03 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many words are in rap god by eminem	[ "The song entered the Guinness World Records as the hit single which contains the most words (which includes 1,560 words),[2] , which it still holds, but it was then overtaken as song with the most words by MC Harry Shotta's song \"Animal\" (which includes 1771 words, but was not a hit single) in the 2017 edition of Guinness.[3] It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance, but lost to Kendrick Lamar's \"i\".[4]" ]	[ "1,560" ]
9023138322123634794	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines in preparation for the final season . Daenerys Targaryen arrives in Westeros with her army and three dragons and wages war against the Lannisters . Jon Snow forges an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army . Arya and Bran return to Winterfell and reunite with their sister Sansa . At the end of the season , the Army of the Dead breaches the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and finally enters the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines , citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvous with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , the Night King rides the undead dragon Viserion and collapses a section of the Wall with blue dragon fire , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Main cast Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production Crew Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Frontman of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . New York Mets baseball pitcher Noah Syndergaard made a background cameo as a javelin - throwing Lannister soldier in `` The Spoils of War . '' Episodes On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception Critical response On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 94 % approval rating from 46 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading , `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings See also : Game of Thrones § Viewer numbers The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Tate Araez Guzman Won 44th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Nominated Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated 2018 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Viserion is Killed by the Night King '' ( for Beyond the Wall ) Nominated 2018 British Academy Television Craft Awards Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Production Design Deborah Riley , Rob Cameron Won Special Award Game of Thrones Won Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Best Trailer Game of Thrones Won Best Digital Campaign Game of Thrones Won 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Show Game of Thrones Nominated Best Performance in a Show Maisie Williams Nominated Best Hero Emilia Clarke Nominated 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending Peter Dinklage Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Lena Headey Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Pending Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Michele Clapton , Alexander Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin , Kate O'Farrell , ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Pending Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Rosalia Culora ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Pending Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Paul Spateri , Emma Sheffield , Barrie Gower ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Tim Porter ( for Beyond the Wall ) Pending Crispin Green ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Pending Katie Weiland ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) Ramin Djawadi ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama series Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Bradley C. Katona , John Matter , Brett Voss , David Klotz , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan T. Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Ronan Hill ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Michelle Blok , Sam Conway , Ted Rae , David Ramos , Wayne Stables , Derek Spears ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Pending Release Broadcast The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Noah Syndergaard 's ' Game of Thrones ' Cameo Ends in Fiery Death '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Battles It Out With ' Black Mirror ' & ' Line Of Duty ' As BAFTA TV Nominations Are Unveiled '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards : ' Game Of Thrones ' , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Lady Gaga Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Stranger Things ' Lead Pack In Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Emmy Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire and Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=856347498 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 15 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	game of thrones season 7 episode 4 wikia	[]	[]
6978851888380685607	Christopher John Boyce	Christopher John Boyce - wikipedia Christopher John Boyce Jump to : navigation , search For the science fiction author , see Chris Boyce . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christopher John Boyce US Marshal Mugshot ( 1953 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Other names Anthony Edward Lester Employer TRW Known for Espionage Notable work American Sons : The Untold Story of The Falcon and The Snowman Spouse ( s ) Kathleen Mills Website thefalconandthesnowman.com Christopher John Boyce ( born February 16 , 1953 ) is a former American defense industry employee who was convicted for selling US spy satellite secrets to the Soviet Union in the 1970s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Espionage 2 Escape 3 Return to prison 4 Release and subsequent life 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Espionage ( edit ) Boyce is the son of Noreen Boyce ( née Hollenbeck ) and former McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Corporation , Director of Security , Charles Eugene Boyce . He , along with three brothers and five sisters , were raised in the affluent community of Rancho Palos Verdes located in Southern California . In 1974 Boyce was hired at TRW , a Southern California aerospace firm in Redondo Beach , California . Due to his father 's prestigious position at McDonnell Douglas , Boyce was able to obtain employment . Within months , Boyce was promoted to a highly sensitive position in TRW 's `` Black Vault '' ( classified communications center ) with a top secret security clearance , where he worked with National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) transmissions . Boyce claims that he began getting misrouted cables from the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) discussing the agency 's desire to depose the government of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in Australia . Boyce claimed the CIA wanted Whitlam removed from office because he wanted to close U.S. military bases in Australia , including the vital Pine Gap secure communications facility , and withdraw Australian troops from Vietnam . For these reasons some claim that U.S. government pressure was a major factor in the dismissal of Whitlam as Prime Minister by the Governor General , Sir John Kerr , who according to Boyce , was referred to as `` our man Kerr '' by CIA officers . Through the cable traffic Boyce saw that the CIA was involving itself in such a manner , not just with Australia but with other democratic , industrialized allies . Boyce considered going to the press , but believed the media 's earlier disclosure of CIA involvement in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état had not changed anything for the better . Instead , he gathered a quantity of classified documents concerning secure U.S. communications ciphers and spy satellite development and had his friend Andrew Daulton Lee , a cocaine and heroin dealer since his high school days ( hence his nickname , `` The Snowman '' ) deliver them to Soviet embassy officials in Mexico City , returning with large sums of cash for Boyce ( nicknamed `` The Falcon '' because of his longtime interest in falconry ) and himself . According to a book that Boyce and his wife co-authored , the information was not valuable to the Soviet Union . Boyce , then 23 , was finally exposed after Lee was arrested by Mexican police in front of the Soviet embassy on January 6 , 1977 , on suspicion of having killed a police officer . During his harsh interrogation Lee , who had top secret microfilm in his possession when arrested , confessed to being a Soviet spy and implicated Boyce . Boyce was arrested on January 16 , 1977 , when the FBI found him hiding out at the shack he was renting near Riverside , California . He was convicted May 14 , 1977 , of espionage and sentenced to 40 years in prison , initially at Terminal Island and then the Metropolitan Correctional Center in San Diego . On July 10 , 1979 , he was transferred to the federal penitentiary in Lompoc , California . Escape ( edit ) On January 21 , 1980 , Boyce escaped from Lompoc . While a fugitive , Boyce carried out 17 bank robberies in Idaho and Washington state . Boyce adopted the alias of `` Anthony Edward Lester '' . According to Boyce , he studied aviation , not to flee to the Soviet Union as some suspected , but to rescue Daulton Lee from Lompoc . On August 21 , 1981 , Boyce was arrested while eating in his car outside `` The Pit Stop , '' a drive - in restaurant in Port Angeles , Washington . Authorities had received a tip about Boyce 's whereabouts from his former bank robbery confederates . Return to prison ( edit ) Boyce was sentenced to three years for his escape and to 25 years for bank robbery , conspiracy , and breaking federal gun laws . He was transferred to United States Penitentiary , Leavenworth . In 1982 Boyce gave a television interview to Ray Martin for Australia 's 60 Minutes about the dismissal of Whitlam . After this he received a bashing from fellow inmates which he believed was orchestrated by prison guards . After the attack , he was transferred to USP Marion , where he was held in isolation . In April 1985 Boyce gave testimony on how to prevent insider spy threats to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations as part of its Government Personnel Security Program . In 1988 , with support from senators , he was transferred , out of solitary confinement , to Minnesota Correctional Facility -- Oak Park Heights . In 1998 he was transferred to ADX Florence in Colorado ; in his opinion , this was punishment for a newspaper article that he had written . In 2000 he was transferred to FCI Sheridan in Oregon . Release and subsequent life ( edit ) Boyce was released from prison on parole on 16 September 2002 after serving a little over 25 years , accounting for his time spent outside from the escape . Shortly thereafter he married Kathleen Mills , whom he had met when she was working as a paralegal spearheading efforts to obtain parole for Lee . After her success with Lee , she turned her attention to securing parole for Boyce as well , and the two developed a personal relationship . The couple moved to Oregon , and Boyce 's own parole ended in 2007 . In 2013 Boyce published a book titled American Sons : The Untold Story of the Falcon and the Snowman , which mainly discusses his time in prison and relationship with Kathleen . At that time , he was living a relatively quiet life with Kathllen in central Oregon , where he had resumed his participation in falconry as a frequent pastime . When interviewed at the time his book was released , Boyce expressed support for the actions of Edward Snowden in exposing information about the United States government 's surveillance programs . In popular culture ( edit ) The story of their case was told in Robert Lindsey 's best - selling 1979 book The Falcon and the Snowman . This book was turned into a film of the same title in 1985 by director John Schlesinger starring Timothy Hutton as Boyce and Sean Penn as Lee . Lindsey 's initial book was followed by The Flight of the Falcon : The True Story of the Escape and Manhunt for America 's Most Wanted Spy ( 1983 ) , an account of Christopher Boyce 's escape from Federal prison and subsequent bank robbing spree . American performance artist Johanna Went 's 1982 album Hyena features a song called `` Christopher Boyce . '' American band Luna 's song `` Moon Palace '' from the 1995 album Penthouse features the line `` You 've got no choice , Feel like Christopher Boyce . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pilger , John , A Secret Country , Vintage Books , London , 1992 , ISBN 9780099152316 , pp. 212 - 15 , 230 , 236 , 252 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ray ( May 23 , 1982 ) . `` A Spy 's Story : USA Traitor Gaoled For 40 Years After Selling Codes of Rylite and Argus Projects ( transcript ) '' . 60 Minutes . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . p. 240 . Jump up ^ US Marshals Service - Capture of Christopher Boyce Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . pp. 63 -- 65 , 80 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . pp. 132 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . pp. 145 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . pp. 158 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Christopher Boyce Testimony , NOIR for USA Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . p. 200 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . pp. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Christopher ; Boyce , Cait ; Font , Vince ( 2013 ) . The Falcon and the Snowman : American Sons . Vince Font LLC . pp. 267 -- 70 . Jump up ^ U.S. spy freed after 25 years in prison / Christopher Boyce sold secrets to Soviets . Chuck Squatriglia , San Francisco Chronicle , 15 March 2003 . Jump up ^ The Falcon and the Fallout , Richard A. Serrano , Los Angeles Times , June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Denson , Bryan ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Christopher Boyce , whose spy work inspired ' The Falcon and the Snowman ' , finds happiness in Oregon '' . The Oregonian . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Sheila G. ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` The ( ex ) spy among us '' . The Bulletin . Further reading ( edit ) Statement by Peter Staples , Member for Jagajaga in Australia , November 20 , 1986 Robert Lindsey , The Falcon and the Snowman : A True Story of Friendship and Espionage , Lyons Press , 1979 , ISBN 1 - 58574 - 502 - 2 Robert Lindsey , The Flight of the Falcon : The True Story of the Escape and Manhunt for America 's Most Wanted Spy , Simon & Schuster , 1983 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 45159 - 6 Christopher Boyce , Cait Boyce , Vince Font , American Sons : The Untold Story of the Falcon and the Snowman , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9915342 - 1 - 0 External links ( edit ) United States portal Biography portal Intelligence portal Criminal justice portal The Falcon and The Snowman : American Sons book and blog website https://twitter.com/CodenameFalcon Chris Boyce and Daulton Lee in the TruTV Crime Library Soviet and Russian spies In the US 1940s and before John Abt Joel Barr Elizabeth Bentley Boris Bukov Whittaker Chambers Lona Cohen Morris Cohen Judith Coplon Noel Field Klaus Fuchs Harold Glasser Harry Gold David Greenglass Theodore Hall John Herrmann Alger Hiss Donald Hiss George Koval William Malisoff Hede Massing Boris Morros Isaiah Oggins William Perl Victor Perlo J. Peters William Ward Pigman Lee Pressman Vincent Reno Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Alfred Sarant Saville Sax Morton Sobell Alexander Ulanovsky Julian Wadleigh Harold Ware Bill Weisband Nathaniel Weyl Harry Dexter White Maria Wicher Nathan Witt Flora Wovschin Anatoli Yatskov 1950s and 1960s Rudolf Abel Jack Dunlap Reino Häyhänen Robert Lee Johnson Jack Soble Myra Soble Robert Soblen 1970s and after Aldrich Ames David Sheldon Boone Christopher John Boyce Evgeny Buryakov Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh Anna Chapman James Hall III Robert Hanssen Edward Lee Howard Karl Koecher Andrew Daulton Lee Clayton J. Lonetree Richard Miller Harold James Nicholson Ronald Pelton Earl Edwin Pitts Illegals Program Robert Thompson George Trofimoff John Anthony Walker Jerry Whitworth In the UK Cambridge Five Anthony Blunt Guy Burgess John Cairncross Donald Maclean Kim Philby Portland Spy Ring Lona Cohen Morris Cohen Ethel Gee Harry Houghton Konon Molody Michael Bettaney George Blake David Crook Litzi Friedmann Klaus Fuchs Melita Norwood Alan Nunn May John Peet Geoffrey Prime Goronwy Rees Michael John Smith Dave Springhall John Alexander Symonds Edith Tudor - Hart John Vassall Arthur Wynn In Canada Sam Carr Jeffrey Delisle Igor Gouzenko Elena Miller Gerda Munsinger Stephen Joseph Ratkai Fred Rose In Japan Hirohide Ishida Yotoku Miyagi Sanzō Nosaka Hotsumi Ozaki Ryūzō Sejima Elsewhere Alexander Gregory Barmine Dieter Gerhardt Walter Krivitsky Kerttu Nuorteva Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov Fyodor Raskolnikov Ignace Reiss Vitaly Shlykov Herman Simm Richard Sorge TRW Inc . Subsidiaries Lucas Industries LucasVarity TRW Automotive Products Chandra X-ray Observatory Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Descent Propulsion System Functional flow block diagram High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 High Energy Astronomy Observatory 2 ( Einstein Observatory ) High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 N2 chart Pioneer 1 Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 TR - 201 TRW Low Maintenance Rifle People Simon Ramo Dean Wooldridge Related articles The Aerospace Corporation Goodrich Corporation Northrop Grumman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_John_Boyce&oldid=822746487 '' Categories : 1953 births American bank robbers American escapees American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union Escapees from United States federal government detention American spies Living people Persons convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2013 BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	are the falcon and the snowman still in prison	[]	[]
8698601401055250096	Dogon people	Dogon people - wikipedia Dogon people For the ethnic group of the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north of Ghana , see Dagomba people . Dogon people Dogon men in their ceremonial attire Total population 1,591,787 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Regions with significant populations Mali Languages Dogon languages , French Religion African Traditional Religion , Islam The Dogon are an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali , in West Africa , south of the Niger bend , near the city of Bandiagara , in the Mopti region . The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000 . They speak the Dogon languages , which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the Niger -- Congo language family . The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions , their mask dances , wooden sculpture and their architecture . The past century has seen significant changes in the social organisation , material culture and beliefs of the Dogon , partly because Dogon country is one of Mali 's major tourist attractions . A Dogon hunter with a flintlock rifle , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and history 2 Art 3 Culture and religion 3.1 Hogon 3.2 Agriculture 3.3 Circumcision 3.4 Funeral masquerade 3.5 Sects 4 Dogon villages 5 Languages 6 Dogon astronomical beliefs 7 Footnotes 8 References 8.1 People 8.2 Language 8.3 Art 9 External links Geography and history ( edit ) Dogon dwelling on the Bandiagara Escarpment . The principal Dogon area is bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment , a sandstone cliff of up to 500 m ( 1,640.42 ft ) high , stretching about 150 km ( 90 miles ) . To the southeast of the cliff , the sandy Séno - Gondo Plains are found , and northwest of the cliff are the Bandiagara Highlands . Historically , Dogon villages were established in the Bandiagara area in consequence of the Dogon people 's collective refusal to convert to Islam a thousand years ago . Dogon insecurity in the face of these historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment . The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location is water . The Niger River is nearby and in the sandstone rock , a rivulet runs at the foot of the cliff at the lowest point of the area during the wet season . Among the Dogon , several oral traditions have been recorded as to their origin . One relates to their coming from Mande , located to the southwest of the Bandiagara escarpment near Bamako . According to this oral tradition , the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani - Na . Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies in the Dogon region were especially revealing about the settlement and environmental history , and about social practices and technologies in this area over several thousands of years . Over time , the Dogon moved north along the escarpment , arriving in the Sanga region in the 15th century . Other oral histories place the origin of the Dogon to the west beyond the river Niger , or tell of the Dogon coming from the east . It is likely that the Dogon of today combine several groups of diverse origin who migrated to escape Islamization . It is often difficult to distinguish between pre-Muslim practices and later practices , though Islamic law classified them and many other ethnicities of the region , ( Mossi , Gurma , Bobo , Busa and the Yoruba ) as being within the non-canon dar al - harb and consequently fair game for slave raids organized by merchants . As the growth of cities increased , the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased . The historical pattern has included the murder of indigenous males by Islamic raiders and enslavement of women and children . Art ( edit ) Main article : African art § Dogon A Dogon wood sculpture , probably an ancestor figure , 17th -- 18th century . Dogon art is primarily sculpture . Dogon art revolves around religious values , ideals , and freedoms ( Laude , 19 ) . Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly , and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families , sanctuaries , or kept with the Hogon ( Laude , 20 ) . The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made . Themes found throughout Dogon sculpture consist of figures with raised arms , superimposed bearded figures , horsemen , stools with caryatids , women with children , figures covering their faces , women grinding pearl millet , women bearing vessels on their heads , donkeys bearing cups , musicians , dogs , quadruped - shaped troughs or benches , figures bending from the waist , mirror - images , aproned figures , and standing figures ( Laude , 46 -- 52 ) . Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art . The Dogon people were not the first inhabitants of the cliffs of Bandiagara . Influence from Tellem art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs ( Laude , 24 ) . Culture and religion ( edit ) The blind Dogon elder , Ogotemmêli , taught the main symbols of the Dogon religion to the French anthropologist Marcel Griaule in October 1946 . Griaule had lived amongst the Dogon people for fifteen years before this meeting with Ogotemmêli had taken place . Ogotemmêli taught Griaule the religious stories in the same way that Ogotemmêli had learned them from his father and grandfather ; instruction which he had learned over the course of more than twenty years . What makes the record so important from a historical perspective is that the Dogon people were still living in their oral culture at the time their religion was recorded . They were one of the last people in Africa to lose their independence and come under French rule . The Dogon people with whom the French anthropologists Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen worked with during the 1930s and 40s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands , including `` their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements , methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge , as well as a systematic pharmacopoeia . '' The religion embraced many aspects of nature , which some researchers associate with an African Traditional Religion . The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo / Nommo twins . According to Ogotemmêli 's description of them , the Nummo , whom he also referred to as the Serpent , were amphibians that were often compared to serpents , lizards , chameleons , and occasionally even sloths ( because of their being slow moving and having a shapeless neck ) . They were also described as fish capable of walking on land ; while they were on land , the Nummo stood upright on their tails . The Nummos ' skin was primarily green , but , like the chameleon , it sometimes changed colours . It was said to at times have all the colours of the rainbow . In other instances , the Nummo were referred to as `` Water Spirits . '' Although the Nummo were identified as being `` Dieu d'eau '' ( Gods of Water ) by Marcel Griaule , Ogotemmêli identified the Nummo as hermaphrodites and they appeared on the female side of the Dogon sanctuary . '' They were primarily symbolized by the sun , which was a female symbol in the religion . In the Dogon language , the sun 's name , ( nay ) , had the same root as `` mother , '' ( na ) , and `` cow , '' ( nā ) . They were symbolized by the colour red , a female symbol . It was the problem of `` twin births '' versus `` single births , '' or androgyny versus single - sexed beings , that contributed to a disorder at the beginning of time . This theme became a significant basis of the Dogon religion . `` The jackal was alone from birth , '' said Ogotemmêli , `` and because of this he did more things than can be told . '' Dogon males were primarily associated with the single - sexed male Jackal and the Sigui festival , which was associated with death on the Earth . It was held once every sixty years and celebrated the white dwarf star Sirius B . The colour white was a symbol of males . The ritual language , `` Sigi so , '' or `` language of the Sigui , '' which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks , ( `` awa '' ) , was considered a poor language , and only contained about a quarter of the vocabulary of `` Dogo so , '' the Dogon word language . The `` Sigi so '' was used to tell the story of creation of the universe , of human life , and the advent of death on the Earth , during funeral ceremonies and the rites of the `` end of mourning '' ( `` dama '' ) . It was because of the birth of the single - sexed male Jackal , who was born without a soul , that all humans eventually had to be turned into single - sexed beings . This was to prevent a being like the Jackal from ever being born on Earth again . `` The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to disappear , and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal , whose birth was single . For it was because of his solitary state that the first son of God acted as he did . '' The removal of the second sex and soul from humans is what the ritual of circumcision represents in the Dogon religion . `` The dual soul is a danger ; a man should be male , and a woman female . Circumcision and excision are once again the remedy . '' The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny . Griaule describes it in this passage : `` Most of the conversations with Ogotemmêli had indeed turned largely on twins and on the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives . The Eight original Ancestors were really eight pairs ... But after this generation , human beings were usually born single . Dogon religion and Dogon philosophy both expressed a haunting sense of the original loss of twin - ness . The heavenly Powers themselves were dual , and in their Earthly manifestations they constantly intervened in pairs ... '' The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule 's day because it recalled the `` fabulous past , when all beings came into existence in twos , symbols of the balance between humans and the divine . '' According to Griaule , the celebration of twin - births was a cult that extended all over Africa . Today , a significant minority of the Dogon practice Islam . Another minority practice Christianity . Today the Dogon record their ancestry through a patrilineal system . Each Dogon community , or enlarged family , is headed by one male elder . This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family . Polygynous marriages are allowed in the Dogon culture . Most men , however , have only one wife , and it is rare for a man to have more than two wives . Formally , wives join their husband 's household only after the birth of their first child . Women may leave their husbands early in their marriage , before the birth of their first child . After having children , divorce is a rare and serious matter , and it requires the participation of the whole village . An enlarged family can count up to a hundred persons and is called guinna . A Hogon . The Dogon are strongly oriented toward harmony , which is reflected in many of their rituals . For instance , in one of their most important rituals , the women praise the men , the men thank the women , the young express appreciation for the old , and the old recognize the contributions of the young . Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another . This custom is repeated over and over , throughout a Dogon village , all day . During a greeting ritual , the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family , from the person who was already there . The answer is sewa , which means that everything is fine . Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual , asking the resident how his or her whole family is . Because the word sewa is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village , neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the sewa people . Hogon ( edit ) The Hogon is the spiritual leader of the village . He is elected from among the oldest men of the extended families of the village . After his election , he has to follow a six - month initiation period , during which he is not allowed to shave or wash . He wears white clothes and nobody is allowed to touch him . A virgin who has not yet had her period takes care of him , cleans the house and prepares his meals . She returns to her home at night . A mud mosque and minaret . After his initiation , he wears a red fez . He has an armband with a sacred pearl that symbolises his function . The virgin is replaced by one of his wives , and she also returns to her home at night . The Hogon has to live alone in his house . The Dogon believe the sacred snake Lébé comes during the night to clean him and to transfer wisdom . Agriculture ( edit ) The Dogon maintain an agricultural mode of subsistence , and cultivate pearl millet , sorghum and rice , as well as onions , tobacco , peanuts , and some other vegetables . Marcel Griaule stimulated the construction of a dam near Sangha and incited the Dogon to cultivate onions . The economy of the Sangha region has doubled since then , and its onions are sold as far as the market of Bamako and even Ivory Coast . They also raise sheep , goats , and chickens . Grain is stored in granaries . Circumcision ( edit ) Cave paintings depicting circumcisions . In Dogon thought , male and females are born with both sexual components . The clitoris is considered male , while the foreskin is considered female . ( Originally , for the Dogon , man was endowed with a dual soul , and circumcision eliminates the superfluous one . ) Rites of circumcision thus allow each sex to assume its proper physical identity . Boys are circumcised in age groups of three years , counting for example all boys between 9 and 12 years old . This marks the end of their youth , and they are now initiated . The blacksmith performs the circumcision . Afterwards , they stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people , until the wound has healed . The circumcision is a reason for celebration and the initiated boys go around and receive presents . They make music on a special instrument that is made of a rod of wood and calabashes that makes the sound of a rattle . The newly circumcised men must walk around naked for a month after the procedure so that their achievement in age can be admired by the tribe . This practice has been passed down for generations and is always followed , even during winter . They are one of several African ethnic groups that practices female circumcision including a type I circumcision , meaning that the clitoris is removed . The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white rock paintings of animals and plants . Nearby is a cave where music instruments are stored . Funeral masquerade ( edit ) Due to the expense , their traditional funeral rituals or `` damas '' are becoming very rare . They may be performed years after the death . Damas that are still performed today are not usually performed for their original intent , but instead are done as a source of entertainment for tourists interested in the Dogon way of life . The Dogon use this entertainment to gain profit by charging the tourists money for what masks they want to see and the ritual itself ( Davis , 68 ) . The traditional dama consists of a masquerade that essentially leads the souls of the departed to their final resting places through a series of ritual dances and rites . Dogon damas include the use of many masks which they wore by securing them in their teeth , and statuettes . Each Dogon village may differ in the designs of the masks used in the dama ritual . Every village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals . The dama consists of an event , known as the Halic , immediately after the death of a person and lasts for one day ( Davis , 68 ) . According to Shawn R. Davis , this particular ritual incorporates the elements of the yingim and the danyim . During the yincomoli ceremony , a gourd is smashed over the deceased 's wooden bowl , hoe , and bundukamba , ( burial blanket ) , which announces the entrance of the masks used in this ceremony , while the deceased entrance to their home in the family compound is decorated with ritual elements ( Davis , 72 -- 73 ) . Masks used during the yincomoli ceremony include the Yana Gulay mask , the Satimbe mask , the Sirige mask , and the Kanaga mask . The Yana Gulay mask 's purpose is to impersonate a Fulani woman , and is made from cotton cloth and cowell shells . The Satimbe mask represents the women ancestors , who are said to have discovered the purpose of the masks by guiding the spirits of the deceased into the afterlife . ( Davis , 74 ) The Sirige mask is a tall mask that is used in funerals for only the men who were alive during the holding of the Sigui ceremony ( see below ) ( Davis , 68 ) . The Kanaga masqueraders , at one point , dance and sit next to the bundkamba , which represents the deceased . The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days . These events are held annually to honor the elders that have died since the last Dama . The yingim consists of the sacrifice of cows , or other valuable animals , and large mock battles performed in order to help chase the spirit , known as the nyama , from the deceased body and village , and towards the path to the afterlife ( Davis , 68 ) . The danyim then takes place a couple of months later . During the danyim , masqueraders perform dances every morning and evening for anytime up to six days depending on how that village performs this ritual . The masqueraders dance on the deceased 's rooftops , throughout the village , and the area of fields around the village ( Davis , 68 ) . Until the masqueraders have completed their dances , and every ritual has been performed , it is said that any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead ( Davis , 68 ) . Sects ( edit ) Crocodile Totem Dogon society is composed of several different sects : The sect of the creator god Amma . The celebration is once a year and consists of offering boiled millet on the conical altar of Amma , colouring it white . All other sects are directed to the god Amma . Sigui is the most important ceremony of the Dogon . It takes place every 60 years and can take several years . The last one started in 1967 and ended in 1973 ; the next one will start in 2027 . The Sigui ceremony symbolises the death of the first ancestor ( not to be confused with Lébé ) until the moment that humanity acquired the use of the spoken word . The Sigui is a long procession that starts and ends in the village of Youga Dogorou and goes from one village to another during several months or years . All men wear masks and dance in long processions . The Sigui has a secret language , Sigui So , that women are not allowed to learn . The secret Society of Sigui plays a central role in the ceremony . They prepare the ceremonies a long time in advance , and they live for three months hidden outside of the villages while nobody is allowed to see them . The men from the Society of Sigui are called the Olubaru . The villagers are afraid of them , and fear is cultivated by a prohibition to go out at night , when sounds warn that the Olubaru are out . The most important mask that plays a major role in the Sigui rituals is the Great Mask or the Mother of Masks . It is several meters long , held by hand , and not used to hide a face . This mask is newly created every 60 years . The Lébé sect worships the ancestor Lébé Serou , the first mortal human being , who , in Dogon myth , was transformed into a snake . The celebration takes place once a year and lasts for three days . The altar is a pointed conic structure on which the Hogon offers boiled millet while mentioning in his benediction eight grains plus one . Afterwards , the Hogon performs some rituals in his house that is the home of Lébé . The last day , all the village men visit all the Binou altars and dance three times around the Lébé altar . The Hogon invites everybody that assisted to drink the millet beer . The Binou sect uses totems : common ones for the entire village and individual ones for totem priests . A totem animal is worshiped on a Binou altar . Totems are , for example , the buffalo for Ogol - du - Haut and the panther for Ogol - du - Bas . Normally , no one is harmed by their totem animal , even if this is a crocodile , as it is for the village of Amani ( where there is a large pool of crocodiles that do not harm villagers ) . However , a totem animal might exceptionally harm if one has done something wrong . A worshiper is not allowed to eat his totem . For example , an individual with a buffalo as totem is not allowed to eat buffalo meat , allowed to use leather from its skin , nor even to see a buffalo die . If this happens by accident , he has to organise a purification sacrifice at the Binou altar . Boiled millet is offered , and goats and chickens are sacrificed on a Binou altar . This colours the altar white and red . Binou altars look like little houses with a door . They are bigger when the altar is for an entire village . A village altar has also the ' cloud hook ' , that will catch clouds and make it rain . The twin sect : The birth of twins is a sign of good luck . The enlarged Dogon families have common rituals , during which they evoke all their ancestors back to their origin -- the ancient pair of twins from the creation of the world . The Mono sect : The Mono altar is at the entry of every village . Unmarried young men celebrate the Mono sect once a year in January or February . They spend the night around the altar , singing and screaming and waving with fire torches . They hunt for mice that will be sacrificed on the altar at dawn . Dogon villages ( edit ) A typical Dogon village . A Toguna Dogon villages have different buildings : Male granary : storage place for pearl millet and other grains . Building with a pointed roof . This building is well protected from mice . The amount of filled male granaries is an indication for the size and the richness of a guinna . Female granary : storage place for a woman 's things , her husband has no access . Building with a pointed roof . It looks like a male granary but is less protected against mice . Here , she stores her personal belongings such as clothes , jewelry , money and some food . A woman has a degree of economic independence , and earnings and things related to her merchandise are stored in her personal granary . She can for example make cotton or pottery . The number of female granaries is an indication for the number of women living in the guinna . Tógu nà ( a kind of case à palabres ) : a building only for men . They rest here much of the day throughout the heat of the dry season , discuss affairs and take important decisions in the toguna . The roof of a toguna is made by 8 layers of millet stalks . It is a low building in which one can not stand upright . This helps with avoiding violence when discussions get heated . Punulu ( a house for menstruating women ) : this house is on the outside of the village . It is constructed by women and is of lower quality than the other village buildings . Women having their period are considered to be unclean and have to leave their family house to live during five days in this house . They use kitchen equipment only to be used here . They bring with them their youngest children . This house is a gathering place for women during the evening . This hut is also thought to have some sort of reproductive symbolism due to the fact that the hut can be easily seen by the men who are working the fields who know that only women who are on their period , and thus not pregnant , can be there . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Dogon languages Dogon has been frequently referred to as a single language . In reality , there are at least five distinct groups of dialects . The most ancient dialects being dyamsay and tombo , the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants . The Dogon language family is internally highly diverse , and many varieties are not mutually intelligible , actually amounting to some 12 dialects and 50 sub-dialects . There is also a secret ritual language sigi sǫ ( language of Sigi ) , which is taught to dignitaries ( olubarū ) of the Society of the Masks during their enthronement at the Sigui ceremony . Women have no right to learn Sigui So . It is generally accepted that the Dogon languages belong to the Niger -- Congo language family , though the evidence is weak . They have been linked to the Mande subfamily but also to Gur . In a recent overview of the Niger -- Congo family , Dogon is treated as an independent branch . The Dogon languages show few remnants of a noun class system ( one example is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix ) , leading linguists to conclude that Dogon is likely to have diverged from Niger -- Congo very early . Another indication of this is the subject -- object -- verb basic word order , which Dogon shares with such early Niger -- Congo branches as Ijoid and Mande . About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the Bangime language , which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed to be an ancient , pre-Dogon language isolate . Dogon astronomical beliefs ( edit ) Starting with the French anthropologist Marcel Griaule , several authors have claimed that Dogon traditional religion incorporates details about extrasolar astronomical bodies that could not have been discerned from naked - eye observation . This idea has entered the New Age and ancient astronaut literature as evidence that extraterrestrial aliens visited Mali in the distant past . Other authors have argued that previous 20th - century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information , as well as disputing whether Griaule 's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all . From 1931 to 1956 , Griaule studied the Dogon in field missions ranging from several days to two months in 1931 , 1935 , 1937 and 1938 and then annually from 1946 until 1956 . In late 1946 , Griaule spent a consecutive thirty - three days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman Ogotemmêli , the source of much of Griaule and Dieterlen 's future publications . They reported that the Dogon believe that the brightest star in the night sky , Sirius ( sigi tolo or `` star of the Sigui '' ) , has two companion stars , pō tolo ( the Digitaria star ) , and ęmmę ya tolo , ( the female Sorghum star ) , respectively the first and second companions of Sirius A. Sirius , in the Dogon system , formed one of the foci for the orbit of a tiny star , the companionate Digitaria star . When Digitaria is closest to Sirius , that star brightens : when it is farthest from Sirius , it gives off a twinkling effect that suggests to the observer several stars . The orbit cycle takes 50 years . They also claimed that the Dogon appeared to know of the rings of Saturn , and the moons of Jupiter . Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this Sudanese star system , and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer , `` The problem of knowing how , with no instruments at their disposal , men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled , nor even posed . '' In 1976 , Robert K.G. Temple wrote a book called The Sirius Mystery arguing that the Dogon 's system reveals precise knowledge of cosmological facts known only by the development of modern astronomy , since they appear to know , from Griaule and Dieterlen 's account , that Sirius is part of a binary star system , whose second star , Sirius B , a white dwarf , is however completely invisible to the human eye ( just as Digitaria has the smallest grain known to the Dogon ) and that it takes 50 years to complete its orbit . The existence of Sirius B had only been inferred to exist through mathematical calculations undertaken by Friedrich Bessel in 1844 . Temple then argued that the Dogon 's information , if traced back to ancient Egyptian sources and myth , indicates an extraterrestrial transmission of knowledge of the stars . Neither Griaule nor Dieterlen had ever made such bold claims about a putative esoteric source for the Dogon 's knowledge . More recently , doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlein 's work . In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology , anthropologist Walter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that , `` Though they do speak about sigu tolo ( which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius ) they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant ; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu ( festival ) , for another it is Venus that , through a different position , appears as sigu tolo . All agree , however , that they learned about the star from Griaule . '' Griaule 's daughter Geneviève Calame - Griaule responded in a later issue , arguing that Van Beek did not go `` through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge '' and suggesting that van Beek 's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been `` sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon 's Muslim orthodoxy . '' An independent assessment is given by Andrew Apter of the University of California . In a 1978 critique , skeptic Ian Ridpath concluded : `` There are any number of channels by which the Dogon could have received Western knowledge long before they were visited by Griaule and Dieterlen . '' In his book Sirius Matters , Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five - week expedition , led by Henri - Alexandre Deslandres , to study the solar eclipse of 16 April 1893 . Robert Todd Carroll also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary , terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes . James Oberg , however , citing these suspicions notes their completely speculative nature , writing that , `` The obviously advanced astronomical knowledge must have come from somewhere , but is it an ancient bequest or a modern graft ? Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity , the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial . '' Additionally , James Clifford notes that Griaule sought informants best qualified to speak of traditional lore , and deeply mistrusted converts to Christianity , Islam , or people with too much contact with whites . Oberg points out a number of errors contained in the Dogon beliefs , including the number of moons possessed by Jupiter , that Saturn was the furthest planet from the sun , and the only planet with rings . Intrigue of other seemingly falsifiable claims , namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius ( not hypothesized until the 1950s ) led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple , asserting that `` Temple offered another line of reasoning . ' We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test , regardless of our preconceptions . ' One example : ' If a Sirius - C is ever discovered and found to be a red dwarf , I will conclude that the Dogon information has been fully validated . ' This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system , Ęmmę Ya , or a star `` larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude . '' In 1995 , gravitational studies indeed showed the possible presence of a brown dwarf star orbiting around Sirius ( a Sirius - C ) with a six - year orbital period . A more recent study using advanced infrared imaging concluded that the probability of the existence of a triple star system for Sirius is `` now low '' but could not be ruled out because the region within 5 AU of Sirius A had not been covered . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General Facts on the Dogon '' . Necep.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson & Blench ( 2000 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1965 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dieterlen , G. , 1955 . Mythes et organisation sociale au Soudan franc _̧ ais . Journal de la Socie'te ' des Africanistes 25 ( 1 / 2 ) , 39 -- 76 . Jump up ^ A. Mayor ; et al. ( 31 March 2005 ) . `` Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country , Mali '' . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 24 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaa. 2004.08. 003 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mayor , A. 2011 . Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger : ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux . Africa Magna , Frankfurt a . M . Jump up ^ Ozainne , S. 2013 . Un néolithique ouest - africain : cadre chrono - culturel , économique et environnemental de l'Holocène récent en Pays dogon , Mali . Africa Magna , Frankfurt a . M . Jump up ^ Robion - Brunner , C. 2010 . Forgerons et sidérurgie en pays dogon : vers une histoire de la production du fer sur le plateau de Bandiagara ( Mali ) durant les empires précoloniaux . Africa Magna , Frankfurt a . M . Jump up ^ Griaule , M. 1938 Masques dogons . Paris . Jump up ^ Morton , Robert ( ed . ) & Hollyman , Stephenie ( photographs ) & Walter E.A. van Beek ( text ) ( 2001 ) Dogon : Africa 's people of the cliffs . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4373 - 5 Jump up ^ Timothy Insoll , The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa ( 2003 ) Cambridge University Press , p. 308 Jump up ^ Christopher Wise , Yambo Ouologuem : Postcolonial Writer , Islamic Militant , Published 1999 , Lynne Rienner Publishers ^ Jump up to : Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Griaule ( 1970 ) , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. xiv Jump up ^ Shannon Dorey , The Master of Speech , Elemental Expressions Ltd. , Elora , Canada , 2002 , reprint 2013 . p. 13 Jump up ^ Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. 97 Jump up ^ Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1986 ) , p. 508 ^ Jump up to : Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1986 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Griaule ( 1970 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. 198 Jump up ^ Griaule ( 1970 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ Womack , Mari ( 2009 ) . The Anthropology of Health and Healing . AltaMira Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0759110441 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Anne Doquet , Sory Camara , Les masques dogon : ethnologie savante et ethnologie autochtone , Karthala editions , 1999 p. 253 Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1965 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ A very detailed recent study can be found in Hochstetler et al. ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ciarcia , Gaetano `` Dogons et Dogon . Retours au ' pays du reel ' '' , L'Homme 157 ( janvier / mars ) : 217 -- 229 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Imperato , Pascal James , Historical Dictionary of Mali Scarecrow Press , 1977 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 1005 - 1 p. 53 Jump up ^ Imbo , Samuel Oluoch , An Introduction to African Philosophy Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( 28 June 1998 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 8841 - 8 p. 64 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Sirius is also called albararu . See Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1965 ) , p. 514 Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1965 ) , pp. 468 , 470 , 514 Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1976 ) , pp. 64 -- 65 , 68 Jump up ^ M Griaule , G Dieterlen , The Dogon of the French Sudan ( 1948 ) Jump up ^ Griaule & Dieterlen ( 1976 ) , p. 59 Jump up ^ Robert K.G. Temple , The Sirius Mystery , 1975 Jump up ^ Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano . `` The Dogon Revisited '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Philip Coppens . `` Dogon Shame '' . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ van Beek , WAE ; Bedaux ; Blier ; Bouju ; Crawford ; Douglas ; Lane ; Meillassoux ( 1991 ) . `` Dogon Restudied : A Field Evaluation of the Work of Marcel Griaule '' . Current Anthropology. 32 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 67 . doi : 10.1086 / 203932 . JSTOR 2743641 . Jump up ^ Geneviève Calame - Griaule : `` On the Dogon Restudied . '' Current Anthropology , Vol. 32 , No. 5 ( December 1991 ) , pp. 575 -- 577 Jump up ^ Andrew Apter , Cahiers d'Études africaines , XLV ( 1 ) , 177 , ( 2005 ) , pp. 95 -- 129 . `` Griaule 's Legacy : Rethinking `` la parole claire '' in Dogon Studies '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ridpath , Ian ( 1978 ) `` Investigating the Sirius Mystery '' Skeptical Inquirer , vol. 3 , no. 1 , pp. 56 -- 62 Jump up ^ Brosch , Noah ( 2008 ) , Sirius Matters , Springer , p. 66 , retrieved 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ Carroll , RT ( 2003 ) . The Skeptic 's Dictionary : A Collection of Strange Beliefs , Amusing Deceptions , and Dangerous Delusions . John Wiley & Sons . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 27242 - 6 . Jump up ^ Oberg , J. `` The Sirius Mystery '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ James Clifford , ' Power and Dialogue in Ethnography : Marcel Griaule 's initiation , ' in George W. Stocking ( ed . ) Observers observed : essays on ethnographic fieldwork , University of Wisconsin Press , 1983 pp. 121 -- 156 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Benest , D. , & Duvent , J.L. ( 1995 ) `` Is Sirius a triple star ? '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics 299 : 621 -- 628 Jump up ^ Bonnet - Bidaud , J.M. ; Pantin , E. ( October 2008 ) . `` ADONIS high contrast infrared imaging of Sirius - B '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 489 : 651 -- 655 . arXiv : 0809.4871 . Bibcode : 2008A&A ... 489 ... 651B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20078937 . References ( edit ) People ( edit ) Beaudoin , Gerard : Les Dogon du Mali ( 1997 ) Ed . BDT Développement . ISBN 2 - 9511030 - 0 - X Bedaux , R. & J. D. van der Waals ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) Dogon : mythe en werkelijkheid in Mali ( Dogon : myth and reality in Mali ) . Leiden : National Museum of Ethnology . Griaule , M. : Dieu d'eau . Entretiens avec Ogotemmêli. ( 1966 ) Ed Fayard . ISBN 2 - 213 - 59847 - 9 ( the original French work of Griaule ( that was published in 1948 ) on his discussions with Ogotemmêli ) Griaule , Marcel ( 1970 ) ( 1965 ) . Conversations With Ogotemmêli : an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas . ISBN 0 - 19 - 519821 - 2 . Griaule , Marcel ; Dieterlen , Germaine ( 1976 ) . `` A Sudanese Sirius System '' . In Robert Temple . The Sirius Mystery . London : Futura Books . pp. 58 -- 81 . -- a translation of Griaule , M. ; Dieterlen , G. ( 1950 ) . `` Un système soudanais de Sirius '' . Journal de la Société des Africainistes . XX ( 1 ) : 273 -- 294 . Griaule , Marcel ; Dieterlen , Germaine ( 1965 ) . Le mythe cosmologique . Le renard pâle. 1 . Paris : Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme . Griaule , Marcel ; Dieterlen , Germaine ( 1986 ) . The Pale Fox . Translated by Stephen C. Infantino . Chino Valley , AZ : Continuum Foundation . Morton , Robert ( ed . ) & Hollyman , Stephenie ( photographs ) & Walter E.A. van Beek ( text ) ( 2001 ) Dogon : Africa 's people of the cliffs . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4373 - 5 Sékou Ogobara Dolo : La mère des masques . Un Dogon raconte. ( 2002 ) Eds . Seuil ISBN 2 - 02 - 041133 - 4 Wanono , Nadine & Renaudeau , Michel ( 1996 ) Les Dogon ( photographs by Michel Renaudeau ; text by Nadine Wanono ) . Paris : Éditions du Chêne - Hachette . ISBN 2 - 85108 - 937 - 4 Eds . Petit Futé . Mali 2005 -- 2006 ISBN 2 - 7469 - 1185 - X Language ( edit ) Bertho , J. ( 1953 ) . `` La place des dialectes dogon de la falaise de Bandiagara parmi les autres groupes linguistiques de la zone soudanaise '' . Bulletin de l'IFAN. 15 : 405 -- 441 . Hantgan , Abbie ( 2007 ) Dogon Languages and Linguistics An ( sic ) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography Hochstetler , J. Lee , Durieux , J. A. & E. I. K. Durieux - Boon ( 2004 ) Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area . SIL International . online version Williamson , Kay ; Blench , Roger ( 2000 ) . `` Niger -- Congo '' . In Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse . African Languages -- an Introduction . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 11 -- 42 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Art ( edit ) Ezra , Kate ( 1988 ) . Art of the Dogon : selections from the Lester Wunderman collection . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870995073 . Laude , Jean ( 1973 ) . African Art of the Dogon : The Myths of the Cliff Dwellers . New York : The Viking Press . Davis , Shawn R. `` Dogon Funerals '' in African Art ; Summer 2002 , Vol. 35 Issue 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogon . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dogon Country . Official tourism website for Dogon Country African worlds : studies in the cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples Photos of Dogon Country Pictures of Dogon Country Dogon images from the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art Dogon images & traditions Pictures about Dogon dances hide Ethnic groups in Mali Arma Bambara Bozo Bwa Djimini Dogon Dyula Fula people Idaksahak Igdalen Iwellemmedan Jakhanke Khassonké Kunta Kurtey Mandinka Marka Senufo Songhai Soninke Susu Toucouleur Tuareg hide Ethnic groups in Niger Ait - Awari Arma Daza Diffa Arabs Dogon Fula Gouran Gurma Haddad Hausa Idaksahak Igdalen Iwellemmedan Kanuri Kurtey Maouri Toubou Tuareg Yerwa Kanuri Zarma BNF : cb11947256j ( data ) GND : 4012629 - 8 LCCN : sh85038787 NDL : 00561562 SUDOC : 027429210 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogon_people&oldid=841986946 '' Categories : Dogon Ethnic groups in Mali Ethnic groups in Niger Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 12 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the decisions in a family based community in west africa	[]	[]
1798425094307092467	List of That '70s Show characters	List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters It has been suggested that Eric Forman , Jackie Burkhart , Michael Kelso , Steven Hyde , Donna Pinciotti , Fez ( That ' 70s Show ) , Kitty Forman and Red Forman be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 Notable Guest Stars 5 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , annoying , and immature girl . She makes thoughtless and superficial comments , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , after her wealthy father is jailed and her mother ( first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode , and later , permanently , by Brooke Shields ) abandons Point Place , Jackie becomes less self - centered and is forced to take a job . She becomes more needy of genuine love and affection . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the original group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother ( played by Katey Sagal ) and living in squalor . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart and realistic , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha , who , unknown to Hyde was still wed to her first husband ( Sam McMurray ) when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman . Hyde gets an attractive , straight - laced step - sister from this newfound relationship . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Michael Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting , often oversolicitous mother , who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far . A nurse and former smoker , she drinks far too much . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric 's friends , especially Fez and Hyde . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Impatient , short - tempered , often mean - spirited and constantly threatening to stick his foot up his son ( Eric ) 's ass , he occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother , who , unlike Red , sees Laurie for what she really is . Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth , somewhat chastened . At one point , she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship , rather than merely a physical one , with Kelso , who is dumbfounded . She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting , and feels quasi-maternal pangs , which soon disappear . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , due to Kelly 's health issues , Laurie was portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , Randy is introduced in the final season . Tall and handsome , he is laid back , polite , and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy 's skill at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them . Donna eventually breaks up with him , and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . However , when Fez reveals that Kelso 's having a Baby with another Woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married , she is furious and wants nothing to do with them . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ; played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She shows little emotion after her husband 's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom . Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death , causing Kitty considerable stress . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ; played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her . Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and in a flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode `` Grandma 's Dead '' she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last appearance was in the Season 7 episode `` 2120 So . Michigan Ave . '' Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a prom night reference to the 1976 film , Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde , and is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that his biological parents got back together and ran off . After Hyde 's abandonment , Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor - ridden Hyde live with the Formans . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men , his lack of experience with women , his mannerisms and affect overtly imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in a contemptuous way . Neither Fenton nor Fez will specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric , despite his increasing curiosity . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud . However , very shortly thereafter , she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton 's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . After his arrest for bribery and embezzlement , he was sent to jail . Jackie ceased being a rich , privileged girl . Joanne Stupac ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared , mostly by Michael Kelso . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . She treats Eric with relentless contempt but was genuinely fond of Fez . She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) , and they remained together until her dumped her . Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim , beautiful , and sexy woman , which Rhonda claims came from being dumped by Eric which led her to lose weight thanks to Jane Fonda workout tapes and to become a fitness instructor herself . She thanks him for this . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is an incredibly annoying fellow high - school student of the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear , that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only child . Valerie Pinciotti was the older never - seen sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing a KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . Notable Guest Stars ( edit ) Paul Anka Curtis Armstrong Jim Beaver Charo Erika Christensen Alice Cooper Shae D'Lyn Roger Daltrey Ashley Drane Eliza Dushku Alexis Dziena Jamie Farr Adrienne Frantz Amy Adams Monty Hall Valerie Harper Jenilee Harrison Isaac Hayes Mitch Hedberg Carolyn Hennesy Howard Hesseman Josh Holloway Richard Karn Richard Kline Christopher Knight Don Knotts Lindsay Lohan Justin Long Gavin MacLeod Christopher Masterson Alex Nevil Keri Lynn Pratt Ethan Peck Jack Riley Connie Sawyer French Stewart Betty White Barry Williams Billy Dee Williams References ( edit ) hide That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=856104361 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Wisconsin Lists of American sitcom television characters That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from August 2018 All articles to be merged Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays hyde's dad on that 70s show	[ "Steven Hyde (portrayed by Danny Masterson): Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother (played by Katey Sagal) and living in squalor. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also smart and realistic, and the other group members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha, who, unknown to Hyde was still wed to her first husband (Sam McMurray) when she married him. As Donna points out in \"My Fairy King\", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy black businessman. Hyde gets an attractive, straight-laced step-sister from this newfound relationship. Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde first the manager, and later the owner, of the Point Place store." ]	[ "Tim Reid" ]
3549252798550230802	List of Saved by the Bell characters	List of Saved by the Bell characters - wikipedia List of Saved by the Bell characters The American television sitcom Saved by the Bell , that aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993 , follows a group of six high school students and their principal , Mr. Belding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Zack Morris 1.2 Kelly Kapowski 1.3 Samuel `` Screech '' Powers 1.4 A.C. Slater 1.5 Jessie Spano 1.6 Lisa Turtle 1.7 Mr. Belding 1.8 Tori Scott 2 Bayside faculty 2.1 Mrs. Culpepper 2.2 Mr. Dewey 2.3 Doctor Mertz 2.4 Mr. Dickerson 2.5 Mrs. Simpson 2.6 Coach Sonski 2.7 Mr. Tuttle 2.8 Ms. Wentworth 3 Bayside students 3.1 Violet Ann Bickerstaff 3.2 Ginger 3.3 Rhonda Robistelli 3.4 `` Big '' Pete Stonebreaker 3.5 Louise 3.6 Moose 3.7 Maxwell Nerdstrom 3.8 Ox 4 Belding family 4.1 Rod Belding 4.2 Mrs. ( Becky ) Belding 4.3 Penny Belding 4.4 Zack Belding 5 Morris family 5.1 Derek Morris 5.2 Melanie Morris 6 Kapowski family 6.1 Frank Kapowski 6.2 Billy Kapowski 6.3 Kyle Kapowski 6.4 Nicki Kapowski 6.5 Harry Bannister 7 Slater family 7.1 Maj . Martin Slater 7.2 J.B. Slater 8 Jessie Spano 's stepfamily 8.1 Leslie 8.2 Eric Tramer 9 Turtle Family 9.1 Mr. Turtle 9.2 Judy Turtle 10 Powers Family 10.1 Roberta Powers 10.2 Kimberly 11 Malibu Sands employees 11.1 Stacey Carosi 11.2 Leon Carosi 12 The Max 's employees 12.1 Max 12.2 Jeff Hunter 13 Miscellaneous characters 13.1 James the Actor 13.2 Frank and Laura Benton 13.3 Kevin the Robot 14 References Main characters ( edit ) Zack Morris ( edit ) Main article : Zack Morris Kelly Kapowski ( edit ) Kelly Kapowski ( portrayed by Tiffani Amber Thiessen ) is the most popular girl in school and is head cheerleader and captain of the volleyball , swim , and softball teams . Though a good student and role model , Kelly did find herself sentenced to detention on a couple of occasions . She is also a big fan of George Michael . She also is the love interest and later wife of Zack Morris . In contrast with her friends , she came from a more modest working class family and her father went through periods of unemployment . At the start of Kelly 's freshman year , Zack had been trying to go out with her for as long as she could remember . For a while , a feud began between Zack and fellow student A.C. Slater over who would be her boyfriend , which caused her great stress , but a lot of fun at the same time . Kelly blushed numerous times when both Zack and Slater would hit on her , especially when it was done in front of other students . During her sophomore year , Slater conceded defeat to Zack and she and Zack began dating , whereas Slater thereupon pursued his interest in Jessie Spano . The following school year marked the end of their relationship . Zack wanted to go steady with Kelly , but she is not sure at first . She thought it over but by the time she decided to accept Zack 's offer , he had become infatuated with a young school nurse . That turned out to be a dead - end , but when he tried to apologize to Kelly and get her back , she brushed him off . However , they were back together in the following episode ( `` Breaking Up is Hard to Undo '' ) . Kelly began working at The Max as a waitress and fell for her boss , Jeff Hunter ( Patrick Muldoon ) , much to Zack 's disappointment . This caused her and Zack to break up . Kelly dated Jeff for a while , until he is caught at an 18 - and - over club ( The Attic ) with another girl . Subsequently , Kelly and Zack became closer friends , though they dated other people . While vacationing in Palm Springs for Jessie Spano 's father 's wedding , Zack and Kelly flirted with the possibility of getting together again but ended up remaining friends . In her senior year , she is once again pursued by Zack to accompany him to the prom . She agrees , and they get back together . As graduation approached , Kelly stated she could not afford to go to an out - of - state university and instead would attend community college . She and her friends graduated from Bayside High in 1993 and went their separate ways . In Saved by the Bell : The College Years , Kelly is accepted into California University on a scholarship , joining Zack , Slater , and Screech as suitemates . She also became the new roommate of Leslie Burke and Alex Taber . While at Cal . U. , Kelly engaged in an affair with her anthropology professor , Jeremiah Lasky . Zack makes a final attempt to win her over when she decides to go on a `` Semester on the Sea '' program through the Mediterranean for three months . Zack proposed to Kelly , and she accepted . Without much support from their families , Zack and Kelly had planned to get married in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . The couple managed to bring Slater , Screech , and Lisa Turtle with them for the event . Just prior to the exchange of vows at the ceremony at a cheap wedding chapel , Zack 's parents showed up and stopped the wedding . They told Zack and Kelly that they would give them the wedding of their dreams . A few days later , Zack and Kelly had an elaborate outdoor wedding in the Las Vegas area . Lisa and Jessie stood as bridesmaids while Screech and Slater stood as groomsmen . The newlyweds then went on a honeymoon . When Zack and Slater made guest appearances on Saved by the Bell : The New Class a few years later , Slater asked Zack how `` the Mrs . '' ( meaning Kelly ) is doing , Zack replied , `` Good . '' Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ( edit ) Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ( portrayed by Dustin Diamond ) is one of only two characters to appear as a series regular from the beginning of the franchise to its end . He appeared in Good Morning , Miss Bliss ; Saved by the Bell ; Saved by the Bell : The College Years ; and Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Screech is seen as the geek of his peer group . While he is clearly intelligent and a high academic achiever , he lacks common sense and social skills . His friends , who are more conventionally attractive and `` cooler '' than he is , like him anyway and always include him in their plans . In Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Screech is much like he is in all of his other incarnations , only younger . He mentions he has a brother in one episode , but this was written out of all subsequent continuity . In Saved by the Bell , Screech is the only child of an unseen father and an Elvis - obsessed mother ( guest star Ruth Buzzi ) . In addition , he has a dog named Hound Dog , and a robot pal named Kevin , whom he built and programmed himself and who exhibits artificial intelligence . He often exhibits low self - esteem when it comes to girls , in contrast to his more popular friends . During his years at Bayside High , Screech frequently pursues classmate Lisa Turtle and is consistently turned down by her . However , she does agree to date him in one episode , only to spoil the date by talking through the movie . She also attends senior prom with him , because she is moved by both his honesty about how hurt he is that no one wants to go to the prom with him and impressed when Screech says he will stand by an earlier promise not to ask her to the prom . It is revealed in one episode that Screech is of Italian ancestry . Screech does eventually end up with a girlfriend , Violet Anne Bickerstaff ( played by the then unknown Tori Spelling ) , and dates her for several episodes , even managing to win back the support of her upper - class parents after losing it on a disastrous dinner date . Violet is then never seen again , without any explanation . Screech is frequently roped into scams by his best friend , Zack . As a running gag , he often unwittingly sabotages them . In spite of all his faults , Screech is well liked by his friends . Upon graduating , Screech and his friends Zack , Slater , and Kelly , attend California University in Saved by the Bell : The College Years . Screech remains there until his sophomore year , when he begins a work - study program at his alma mater , Bayside High , alongside Principal Richard Belding . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Screech attends Zack and Kelly 's wedding . He served as Zack 's best man in the wedding along with Slater . This is mentioned in an episode of Saved by the Bell : The New Class , which aired around the time of the movie 's release . From season two in Saved by the Bell : The New Class , Screech is initially in the role as Belding 's administrative assistant as part of a work - study program . Screech retains the same bumbling tendencies he did as a teenager , often irritating Belding and leading to his new what - did - I - do catachcall `` Zoinks ! '' ( an utterance originally made famous by Shaggy Rogers from Scooby - Doo ) . However , Screech remains at Bayside in this capacity until the end of the series . Mr. Belding leaves to pursue a new job at the University of Chattanooga at the end of the series . It 's implied that Screech will take over as Principal but the series ends without showing this happening . A.C. Slater ( edit ) Albert Clifford `` A.C. '' Slater ( portrayed by Mario Lopez ) is a popular jock who excelled in most sports ( particularly football and amateur wrestling ) . An Army brat , he is an outsider , having transferred to Bayside in the first filmed episode ( which aired later as a flashback ) . A.C. mentions that he has been to Bolivia , Italy , Iceland , and Berlin among other places . He becomes the school 's star athlete , excelling as a wrestler and the quarterback of the football team , but does not excel in the class room . His father , Martin ( a Major in the U.S. Army ) , appears in two episodes . His mother , Lorraine , however , is not in any episodes . He also has a younger sister named J.B. whom Zack briefly began dating , much to Slater 's chagrin . In the season four episode `` Love Machine , '' his ex-girlfriend from Berlin visits and calls him by his real name , `` Albert Clifford `` . Much like Voorhies , Lopez was able to captivate the show 's producers into casting him into a role that was originally written to be Caucasian . This issue of Slater 's ethnicity is addressed in `` Slater 's War '' from The College Years , where it is revealed that 25 years earlier A.C. 's father changed his last name from Sanchez to Slater so he could get into the military academy . Although the episode reveals that A.C. does not fluently understand Spanish , A.C. is seen speaking broken Spanish to the kitchen staff of the Malibu Sands Beach club . At the start of freshman year in Saved by the Bell , Slater arrives as a transfer student , immediately making an enemy of Zack Morris by attempting to make a move on Kelly Kapowski . Both boys end up in detention after schemes to be with Kelly backfire on both of them . While in detention , Slater reveals to Zack that he had transferred in and out of various schools throughout his life due to his father being a Major in the army . Their mutual understanding of a father putting something else before his son would serve as the ice breaker between the two ( Zack 's own father was too busy with his job and never paid attention to him or his academics ) . By the end of the first season , Zack and Slater find themselves bonding over similar social standing , popularity among women , and athletic ability . During Season 2 , the rivalry between the two is toned down , and they begin to become friends . Slater grew into the habit of calling Zack `` Preppie '' which he at first intended as an ongoing insult , but once they became friends , Slater used the term as an affectionate nickname for Zack . Slater goes on to date feminist Jessie Spano on and off for the remainder of High School . Throughout the course of the show , Slater and Zack compete for many other girls which often puts a strain on their friendship ( one instance culminated in a brawl between the two during their senior year ) . In the end though , their friendship is more important to them than any girl that would possibly come between them . In Saved by the Bell : The College Years , Slater is accepted into California University , along with Zack , Screech , and Kelly as suite mates and begins dating Alex Taber , one of Kelly 's roommates . While there , Slater continues his passion for wrestling and works in the University 's main restaurant . Along with Screech , Slater serves as Zack 's best man at his wedding to Kelly in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Slater makes two return guest appearances in Saved by the Bell : The New Class , firstly in `` Goodbye , Bayside '' Part 2 , along with Zack and Lisa when a millionaire alumnus J. Walter McMillan plans to buy the school and tear it down for the purpose of constructing a condo , and in `` Fire at the Max : Part 2 '' , where he reminisces on fond memories he had with his friends at the diner , after it was accidentally burned down by student Ryan Parker , who forgot to turn off the Christmas lights . Jessie Spano ( edit ) Jessica `` Jessie '' Myrtle Spano ( portrayed by Elizabeth Berkley ) is a lifelong friend of Zack , Screech , Lisa and Kelly . She and Zack live next door to each other , and Zack regularly visits Jessie by climbing through her window . Her parents are divorced . She lives with her mother , who remarried in the third season , providing Jessie with a stepbrother , Eric ( played by Joshua Hoffman ) from New York City , seen in only two episodes . Jessie 's father is the owner and manager of the Marriott Desert Sands resort . He also becomes remarried in the hour - long `` Palm Springs Weekend '' episode , to a much younger woman with whom Jessie did not initially get along and was against marrying . She eventually accepted Leslie for who she was and becomes friends with her ( Jessie 's father is played by George McDaniel , and her new stepmother , Leslie , is played by Barbra Brighton ) . Jessie is portrayed as a liberal ( she critiqued then - president George H.W. Bush ) , with strong feminist views . She is often the first to speak up when she feels something is unjust . Although seen as intelligent , Jessie has a somewhat neurotic streak . Jessie is the class president . In a close election , she initially lost to Zack . However , Zack used underhanded techniques to win the election in order to get a free trip to Washington , D.C. , but upon realizing that being class president would be a much better fit for his friend Jessie , Zack stepped down from office , naming Jessie the president . Jessie remains president for the remainder of her time at Bayside . From sophomore year until the end of the series , Jessie dates athlete A.C. Slater in an `` opposites attract '' relationship , which causes friction between the both of them . Slater 's pet name for Jessie is `` Mama . '' Jessie and Slater 's relationship is put to the test several times over the course of the series . Jessie also has a brief romantic encounter with Zack when the two are forced to endure a kissing scene in a school play . Additionally , she has a crush on one - time character Graham ( played by David Kreigel ) , with whom she spends cut day . ( This last encounter ultimately leads to her and Slater 's break up ) . Most notable is Jessie 's struggle with addiction to over-the - counter caffeine pills , in the episode entitled `` Jessie 's Song . '' Pressure from school and social obligations , and her desire to be accepted into Stanford University , drive Jessie to take caffeine pills in order to stay awake . Eventually she gets hooked on the pills and has a breakdown as Zack comes to her rescue . Another ongoing issue is Jessie 's height . She often considers herself too tall , and has therefore developed a bit of an insecurity complex , especially when it comes to shorter boys , and sometimes superficially judges men based on their height . Additionally , she is known as Jessie `` Legs '' Spano to some . Jessie would later stop judging men based on their height when she begins dating Slater . In an early episode , Jessie reveals that she attended dance camp as a child . As such , she is an experienced dancer . Jessie is also on the swim team . Jessie later joins Kelly and Lisa as cheerleaders ( because , according to Jessie , it looks good to colleges ) . Before graduation , Jessie has her hopes pinned on becoming valedictorian , but ultimately loses out to Screech . However , Screech realizes how important it is to her , and concedes the honor to Jessie . Jessie soon realizes just how much valedictorian meant to Screech and gives it back to him . After graduation , Jessie goes off to attend Columbia University . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Jessie , with Lisa , returns as one of Kelly 's bridesmaids at Zack and Kelly 's wedding in Las Vegas . This was her final appearance to date in the show . Lisa Turtle ( edit ) Lisa Marie Turtle ( portrayed by Lark Voorhies ) is the rich girl of the group , whose parents both worked as physicians . She is frequently seen wearing designer clothing . In her first appearance in Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Lisa plays a more secondary role than she later would in the later incarnations of the series . She attends John F. Kennedy Junior High with Zack Morris and Samuel `` Screech '' Powers . Throughout her high school years in Saved by the Bell , Lisa spends most of her time fighting off the affections of Screech , who is relentless in pursuing her ( and eventually wins at least one date with her ) and has been doing so since they were in Kindergarten . Despite her irritation with Screech , she values him as a friend , and eventually comes to admire Screech 's nobility when he abdicates his position as the class valedictorian in favor of Jessie Spano , who had a slightly lower grade point average than he did , but valued the position more . Lisa even went to the senior prom with Screech when she felt sorry that no one would go with him , when he promised to respect her comfort zone and not ask her , but she decided that she wants him to be her prom date . Most of Lisa 's time is spent in the company of schoolmates and fellow cheerleaders Kelly Kapowski and Jessie Spano . Unlike the rest of her friends , Lisa does not have a long - term relationship during high school ( despite having countless dates ) , although she has a short term romance with Zack Morris in the episode `` The Bayside Triangle , '' much to the chagrin of Screech . To keep his friendship with Screech , Zack must break up with Lisa . However , this is forgotten about in following episodes . `` Screech 's Spaghetti Sauce '' involves Screech on a date with a girl who is impressed by him , causing Lisa to be in a state of disbelief . Upon graduating , Lisa is accepted into the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City . Lisa only makes one guest appearance in Saved by the Bell : The College Years when she visits her former classmates Zack , Screech , Kelly , and A.C. Slater at California University in the episode `` Wedding Plans '' , after hearing of Zack and Kelly 's engagement . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Lisa and Jessie were Kelly 's bridesmaids for her wedding to Zack . Lisa returns to Bayside High along with Zack and Slater in `` Goodbye Bayside : Part 2 '' ( from Saved by the Bell : The New Class ) , where they are reunited with Screech ( now working at Bayside on a work - study program ) and their principal Mr. Belding when the school is under threat of being torn down by an alumnus . Mr. Belding ( edit ) Mr. Richard Belding ( portrayed by Dennis Haskins ) is the principal of Bayside High School . In his first appearance in the pilot of Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Mr. Belding 's first name was Gerald , and the character was played by Oliver Clark . Other than Miss Bliss , the character of Mr. Belding was the only one carried over when the show began production . The character also appeared in Saved by the Bell : The New Class and guest starred in `` A Thanksgiving Story '' ( from Saved by the Bell : The College Years ) . He is one of only two characters to remain from the beginning of the franchise until the end ( the other being Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ) . Mr. Belding 's name is a pun referencing the onomatopoeia `` ding '' that comes from a bell , ( a `` bell ding '' ) . His signature catchphrase is `` Hey , hey , hey , hey ! What is going on here ? '' , usually uttered after finding out about something ridiculous occurring at the school . Mr. Belding 's most frequent nemesis is Zack Morris ; however , throughout the series , it is abundantly clear the two like and respect each other , arguably because in `` Save the Max '' it is revealed that when Belding was a student himself he was a disc jockey and one who would rebel against school authority , prompting the comment that he was `` the Zack Morris of the 1960s '' . On at least one occasion , Belding has even called Zack Morris `` the son ( he ) never had '' . A small joke was also that Belding was open about his past failures with women prior to his marriage , such as when he was in the U.S. Army and in love with a North Vietnamese girl , where `` even she was with the enemy ! '' Belding 's family has appeared in the series on many occasions . The most frequent appearances were by his infant son , named in honor of Zack . When Belding 's wife ( Becky ) went into labor in an elevator , Zack Morris , along with classmate Tori Scott , helped deliver him . Much of Belding 's humor comes from his attempts to make jokes , sing or being generally tricked and scammed by Zack . Despite Zack 's ideas that he knew Belding inside and out , occasionally Belding would reveal that he had other ideas to deal with issues , thus outfoxing Zack . He also was against the Bayside - Valley High prank war and in spite of his best efforts to call a truce with Valley High 's principal , the war continued until then end of the cheerleading competition when one of the students from Valley was exposed . Belding also has a small rivalry with fellow teacher Mr. Tuttle , who was also in line for the position of Principal at Bayside . He also had a friendly rivalry with Brandon Tartikoff over courtship of Belding 's wife , but Tartikoff accepted that he got the short end of the straw and accepted the eventual presidency of NBC ( thus implicitly breaking the fourth wall , since Tartikoff actually was president of NBC at the time ) while Mr. Belding was `` happily married and got to be principal of a school of great kids . '' Belding remains the one constant between all the series and in the second season of The New Class , he is reunited with Bayside High alumnus Samuel `` Screech '' Powers , who is studying to become a teacher . Screech becomes Mr. Belding 's administrative assistant until the end of the series , when Belding decides to take a job as dean of a College in Tennessee . In 2012 , Dennis Haskins reprised his role as Mr. Belding on the hit Nickelodeon series Victorious in the episode `` April Fools Blank '' . Tori Scott ( edit ) Tori Scott ( portrayed by Leanna Creel ) arrives at Bayside during senior year , making an immediate enemy of Zack Morris by parking her motorcycle in his usual parking space on her first day . Eventually , things thaw between Tori and Zack and they later begin dating , but broke up in the episode `` The Will '' due to Zack 's sexist behavior . After the episode `` School Song , '' Tori is never seen or mentioned again . Bayside faculty ( edit ) Mrs. Culpepper ( edit ) Mrs. Culpepper is the school 's de facto art teacher ( although she is seen teaching history during Cut Day ) and made appearances in both junior year and senior year . She is always involved in comical situations in which she bumps into lockers and mistakes inanimate objects for living things due to her bad eyesight . At one point she even accidentally made Mr. Belding think she is in love with him ; when he talked to her about her `` crush '' she became completely flustered , and later punched him the face for continuing to `` reassure '' her that he had no romantic designs towards her . Mr. Dewey ( edit ) Mr. Dewey ( Patrick Thomas O'Brien ) is a math teacher who also oversaw detention . He represented the archetypal down - on - his - luck , more - bored - than - the - kids , depressed teacher but seemed to be respected by the kids on the grounds that nothing they did bothered or registered very much with him . He spoke in a monotonous voice , is sarcastic , always wore glasses , and once auditioned for American Gladiators . Mr. Dewey also appeared in the New Class . Doctor Mertz ( edit ) Dr. Mertz ( Avery Schreiber ) is a science teacher that seems to want the students to enjoy his class , giving out awards such as a molecule hat to Screech . His Science test stresses Kelly because she has concert tickets that she wo n't get to use if she fails . Zack hoping to get on Kelly 's good side arranges for Screech to tutor Kelly . The plan backfires when Kelly develops romantic feelings for Screech . Kelly manages to pass Dr. Mertz 's test but finds that without the need for a tutor , she and Screech really do not have much in common . Mr. Dickerson ( edit ) Played by Raf Mauro , Dickerson is a history teacher known for his unfriendly demeanor and an impossible midterm that no student had passed in three years , something he seems to be very proud of . In the episode `` The Fabulous Belding Boys , '' Dickerson has a nervous breakdown and is replaced by the very popular Rod Belding . Mrs. Simpson ( edit ) Mrs. Simpson ( Pamela Kosh ) is the nearly deaf , British - accented teacher who taught English class . She also appeared at the beginning of junior year and embarrassed Kelly and Zack by referring to them as `` Bayside 's Most Beloved Couple '' just a short while after they broke up . She said she did n't like Zack , and once wore a hearing aid that she discarded because the titular bell caused painful sound waves to assault her . She also made an appearance in the pilot episode of The New Class . Coach Sonski ( edit ) Coach Sonski ( played by comedian Monty Hoffman ) is the wrestling coach at Bayside High . He is overweight with a testosterone - laden personality , and has been shown to be a sexist ( mainly in `` Hold Me Tight '' ) . He depends on Slater as his star athlete . Coach Sonski is also shown as Bayside 's auto shop instructor in the episode where Jessie 's new stepbrother comes to California . He retains his sense of humor as well as his macho attitude throughout the episodes , though he once confessed to watching Oprah because he is `` sensitive to dames '' . Mr. Tuttle ( edit ) Tuttle ( portrayed by Jack Angeles ) is an enthusiastic , overweight teacher ( perhaps a foil for the thin , dour Mr. Dewey ) . He is well - liked by the students but had a mutually unfriendly relationship with Mr. Belding , stemming largely from Tuttle having been runner - up to Belding when Bayside had chosen a new principal . He also served as a leader in the local teacher 's union , a driver 's education teacher , and a music teacher . Ms. Wentworth ( edit ) Ms. Wentworth ( portrayed by Carol Lawrence ) is the Social Studies teacher during sophomore year who piqued Zack 's interest in his family heritage by assigning a family research project . She also taught the class about subliminal advertising , which led to a predictably hair - brained scheme from Zack . Ms. Wentworth is one of Bayside 's more enthusiastic and unorthodox teachers . Like Mr. Tuttle , she is one of the few teachers who genuinely seems to like Zack , and seems to be popular with her students , because she is serious about her job but treats them nicely and has a good sense of humor . Bayside students ( edit ) Violet ann Bickerstaff ( edit ) Violet ( Tori Spelling ) is a nerdy character ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 and 3 ) who was originally dating Maxwell Nerdstrom , but she dumped him in favor of Screech ( whom she commonly addresses by his real name `` Samuel '' ) , as Maxwell had treated her poorly . In her first appearance , she knocks over Screech 's mother 's statue of Elvis Presley . This leads to a moneymaking scheme by the gang to get $250 for a new statue . Violet comes from an upper class family who disapproves of her relationship with Screech , mainly due to the fact he is from a lower class , despite the fact he and Violet share many common interests . In another episode , Violet is shown to have a beautiful singing voice , but is too shy to sing solo for Bayside 's abysmal school choir until Screech supports her . She then quits the choir after Screech embarrasses her at a disastrous dinner with her folks , but when he comes out and sings her opposite , saving the day for her it convinces the Bickerstaffs that he is a good guy , and they say they no longer object to him dating their daughter . Ginger ( edit ) Ginger ( portrayed by Bridgette Wilson ) is a pretty but vacuous blonde ( appearing in five season 4 episodes ) who dates Zack a few times , but annoys him because she has little to say beyond asking him if she has lipstick on her teeth . Rhonda robistelli ( edit ) Rhonda ( portrayed by Kirsten Holmquist ) is Bayside 's resident tomboy . She is a tall , lanky girl with disheveled blond hair ( appearing in 3 first - season episodes ) . She and Zack have one date , during which she forcibly plants a kiss on his lips . Rhonda also tries to join the cheerleading squad in `` Save That Tiger '' and tries out for the team when one of the regulars is injured right before the big competition against Valley . Her audition is clumsy and the girls eventually talk Jessie into taking the spot . `` Big '' pete Stonebreaker ( edit ) Pete Stonebreaker ( Bryan Cooper ) is one of the tallest nerds at Bayside ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 3 and 4 ) who made his first appearance in an episode during the Malibu Sands storyline as a volleyball player when Screech was trying to recruit some members to replace Gary , an injured volleyball player . He seems to be a leader amongst the nerds , and has been able to fit in socially at times with more popular students . Louise ( edit ) Louise ( Lara Lyon ) is a nerdy Bayside student with blonde hair in pigtails and horn - rimmed glasses ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 and 4 ) who is sometimes shown as a friend of Screech 's . She enrolls in the Army JROTC program at Bayside after Zack convinces her that in the US Army men outnumber women . She is placed on Zack 's `` nerd team '' in a physical competition to compete against Slater 's better qualified team . Zack learns a lesson about leadership when he must encourage his team to realize their potential , which included telling Louise she could climb a rope . She returns in the episode `` 1 - 900 - Crushed '' , where she confides she has feelings for the jock `` Moose '' , whose feelings are mutual , but she worries about the mismatched relationship . She is the queen bee of the school 's nerd clique , and Zack goes out on a date with her during his campaign to earn the nod for writing the new school song , knowing she would convince Bayside 's geeks and dweebs to vote for him . Slater tells another high - ranking geek that Zack 's `` date '' with Louise could set a precedent where other popular guys begin dating geek girls , which inspired the geeks to cast their votes in the song contest for Screech 's entry . Moose ( edit ) Moose ( portrayed by Mark Clayman ) is a very dumb and childlike jock , much like his fellow football teammate Ox ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 2 and 4 ) . He is seen dating Louise in the episode `` 1 - 900 - Crushed '' , and also has a minor speaking role in the episode `` Student - Teacher Week . '' Maxwell Nerdstrom ( edit ) Nerdstrom ( portrayed by Jeffrey Asch ) is a rich nerd ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 2 and 4 ) who is Violet Bickerstaff 's boyfriend and treats her rather poorly , although he does buy her a gold - plated pocket protector . His poor treatment of her is one of the factors in her becoming Screech 's girlfriend . While most of the nerds comport themselves with a bumbling dignity at most , Nerdstrom goes above and beyond , behaving as a pompous , stuck - up geek . He defeats Zack in a game of poker , but gets his comeuppance in the end . Perhaps Maxwell 's most noted accomplishment at Bayside is mistakenly kissing Screech 's dog , `` Hound Dog '' believing him to be Jessie , to everybody 's delight . He is later humiliated when Screech pointed out that Maxwell kissed his dog and tells Maxwell to stay out of Violet 's life . Ox ( edit ) Ox ( Troy Fromin ) is a member of the Bayside football team and an archetypal `` dumb jock '' ( appearing in nine episodes in seasons 3 and 4 ) who pals around with Slater when Slater is without his friends . Despite being a jock , he dates a female nerd , and is often shown to be gentler and more sensitive than his size and oafish behavior would suggest . He is among the students who get drunk senior year at the toga party . A similar character named `` Moose '' also appeared on the show , however . Belding family ( edit ) Rod Belding ( edit ) Rod Belding ( portrayed by Ed Blatchford ) is Mr. Belding 's brother and steps in as a substitute teacher during junior year , after Mr. Dickerson has a mental breakdown . He initially makes a hip impression on the students because of his happy - go - lucky attitude , world - weary demeanor , and tales of defying authority and schoolwork . Rod arranges to take the students on the rafting trip for their annual class trip ( ruining Mr. Belding 's plans to visit Yosemite Park ) and attempts to teach them about it . Mr. Belding is overshadowed by his brother 's connection with the students , which is evident in a minor confrontation they have when Mr. Belding tells his brother he is not to be teaching the kids whitewater rafting on official class time . After Zack accuses him of being jealous of Rod , he soon finds out what he 's really like on the inside . During a confrontation with the brothers , Rod tries to skip out of the trip just to meet a stewardess named Inga . Mr. Belding is furious that Rod would abandon his commitment to the students and orders him never to come back to Bayside . Rod leaves as Zack ducks behind some lockers to avoid his sight . Not wanting to upset his students , Mr. Belding claims that Rod is ill . However , when he offers to chaperone the trip instead , the students happily and gratefully accept . Zack , who had secretly overheard the incident , tells his principal that `` we got the better Belding . '' Mrs. ( Becky ) Belding ( edit ) Becky Belding , Mr. Belding 's wife ( portrayed by Louan Gideon ) , is featured in the episode `` Earthquake ! '' , in which she , Zack and Tori get stuck in an elevator after a minor earthquake . During the time in the elevator she goes into labor and gives birth to the Beldings ' son with the help of Zack , who becomes the baby 's namesake . Penny Belding ( edit ) Richard Belding 's niece ( portrayed by Jodi Peterson ) is blonde and bubbly , but no one wants to date her as she is related to the Principal . During Zack 's sophomore year at Bayside , he earns himself a Saturday school detention . In order to be released from serving time and to be able to attend Kelly 's upcoming party , he signs a treaty with Mr. Belding agreeing to take Penny out on a date on Friday in lieu of serving his sentence . After making this agreement , Kelly informs Zack that her birthday party would also be that Friday , since the Max was booked on Saturday . In order to make Kelly 's party , Zack trains Screech to imitate him , so that he could take Penny out on the date instead ; this works out well because Penny is attracted to Screech , but she angers Kelly when she says that she is hot for `` Zack , '' thinking that was who Screech was . Zack Belding ( edit ) Richard and Becky Belding 's son , born when Zack , Mrs. Belding , and Tori get stuck in an elevator . He also appears in two episodes of Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Morris family ( edit ) Derek Morris ( edit ) Derek Morris ( portrayed by John Sanderford ) is the father of Zack . He is a businessman who spends little time with his son . He is very strict and opposed at first for Zack to marry Kelly in the TV Movie Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas Until a phone call from Slater changed his mind . Melanie Morris ( edit ) Melanie Rhonda Morris ( portrayed by Melody Rogers ) is the mother of Zack . She 's more fresh and less strict than her husband Derek . She adores Zack but still she knows some of her son 's tricks . She supported Zack 's marriage but could n't do much to aid him in order to respect her husband , in the TV movie Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Kapowski family ( edit ) Frank Kapowski ( edit ) Frank Kapowski ( portrayed by John Mansfield ) is the father of Kelly and her six other siblings . Kind and loving , he worked at a defense plant , but is laid off in the season two premiere `` The Prom '' . He is also seen at Zack and Kelly 's wedding in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas giving Kelly away , and at the reception with his wife and two of Kelly 's younger brothers . Billy Kapowski ( edit ) Billy Kapowski is Kelly 's baby brother , whom she places in the care of her friends in the episode `` The Babysitters '' so that she could have her cheerleading picture taken for the school yearbook . Zack is often left alone with Billy as the others make excuses or have other commitments to attend to . Because of this , Billy and Zack bond quickly to the point where Zack distrusts anyone else to care for the baby . He is forced , however , to allow Jessie and Lisa to look after him in their Home Economics / Parenthood class . They lose track of Billy when Screech goes to fetch Billy for Zack but mistakes a doll for the baby . The gang eventually find him in Mr. Belding 's office , and at the end of the episode he speaks his first word : `` Zack . '' Kyle Kapowski ( edit ) Another brother of Kelly 's , he disrupts the end of one of Kelly and Zack 's dates . Kyle later dumps water on Zack from the second floor of their house after Kelly decided against going steady . Nicki Kapowski ( edit ) Nicki Kapowski ( portrayed by Laura Mooney ) is Kelly 's tomboyish little sister who develops a crush on Zack . She becomes convinced that Zack feels the same way after he mixes up her phone call with Kelly 's ( while running the `` Teen Line '' ) . Although she is only thirteen and in the seventh grade , she nonetheless shows up at Bayside High to visit Zack , sporting a more feminine look and demanding a kiss . After trying various ploys to turn her off ( including dressing up like a geek and trying to gross her out with a pet spider ) , Zack finally has to tell her the truth : he is n't interested in her ; he is in love with Kelly . More angry than hurt , she insults Zack for trying to scare her away instead of having the courage to tell a thirteen - year - old girl how he really feels . Harry Bannister ( edit ) Harry Bannister ( portrayed by Dean Jones is Kelly 's grandfather from the movie Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style . He invites Kelly and her friends to stay at `` The Hawaiian Hideaway '' , a rustic hotel in Hawaii . However , someone else is out to buy his land and build a hotel / resort complex , and the gang has to save it . Slater family ( edit ) Maj . Martin Slater ( edit ) Major Martin Slater ( Gerald Castillo ) is A.C. 's strict but loving father , who is frequently transferred due to Army obligations . Although he wants his son to attend West Point and enter the military as he himself had done , he eventually changes his views when he sees that Slater wants to attend college on a wrestling scholarship and figure things out from there . He is more frequent in the first season than any of the others . It is later revealed in `` Saved by the Bell : The College Years '' that Martin 's last name was actually `` Sanchez , '' causing an embarrassed A.C. Slater to realize his father concealed his Latino heritage ( presumably simple due to his decidedly non-Latino appearance ) to avoid rampant bigotry as he entered the military . J.B. Slater ( edit ) J.B. is Slater 's younger sister . She shows up suddenly to visit A.C. and Zack develops a crush on her . This makes A.C. angry as he knows how big a womanizer Zack is , and forbids them from seeing each other . Once J.B. learns of this , she confronts Slater angrily and tells him to butt out of her love life . He eventually accepts that she will be dating his best friend and thus would n't be so bad . He still warns Zack to `` treat her right '' . She does not appear in any other episodes besides `` Slater 's Sister . '' Jessie Spano 's stepfamily ( edit ) Leslie ( edit ) Leslie ( Barbra Brighton ) is the aerobics instructor ( in the two - part season 3 episode `` Palm Springs Weekend '' ) as well as Jessie 's future step - mom . Although Zack makes a pass at her in the beginning of the episode , the gang later finds out Leslie is marrying Jessie 's dad . Jessie refers to her future step - mom as an `` aerobics bimbo '' , insults and lies to her , and asks her dad flat - out to not marry her . Her father firmly says he loves Leslie and is marrying her , period . Jessie then refuses to attend the wedding . At the end of the episode , however , Zack convinces Jessie to do the right thing and they arrive ( though slightly late ) to the wedding on a golf cart , where Jessie apologizes and Leslie forgives her . Eric Tramer ( edit ) Eric Tramer ( Josh Hoffman ) is Jessie 's stepbrother from New York ( in the two - part season 3 episode `` The Wicked Stepbrother '' ) . At first excited to have a new stepbrother , Jessie quickly grows to dislike his rough , confrontational and offensive personality . Eric causes trouble and conflict at Bayside , particularly with Zack who feels threatened by the new prankster bad - boy , even going so far as to offer up Mr. Belding 's car for auto shop class dissection to get Zack into trouble . However , after a punch and a speech from Jessie ( after he said she was `` just a chick '' ) , he reforms his ways , entirely reassembles Belding 's car , and apologizes to all . He was planning to return to New York City , but the gang , particularly Lisa , who had developed feelings for him , convinces him to remain at Bayside . Turtle family ( edit ) Mr. Turtle ( edit ) Mr. Turtle ( Henry Brown ) appears in the episode `` The Lisa Card '' . He was Lisa 's father , who gave Lisa her first credit card for ' emergencies only , ' however , she spends nearly $400 on clothes with the credit card . At the end of the episode , she confesses that she spent the emergency credit card balance on clothes , and Mr. Turtle forces her to pay the credit card off herself . Judy Turtle ( edit ) Lisa 's mother Judy Turtle ( Susan Beaubian ) appeared in two episodes of the series , `` Operation Zack '' and `` Drinking and Driving '' . In `` Operation Zack '' , she is Zack 's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room . In `` Drinking and Driving '' , Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party , and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions , including telling Judy what she did to her car . Powers family ( edit ) Roberta Powers ( edit ) Roberta Powers ( Ruth Buzzi ) appeared in the episode `` House Party '' . She is Screech 's mom , who is a huge Elvis fan . In the episode , she trusts Screech to be home alone for a weekend and gives him a long list of rules to abide by . Her favorite Elvis statue gets broken by Screech 's girlfriend , Violet , and the gang has to throw a party to raise money for the statue replacement . Kimberly ( edit ) Kimberly ( who was uncredited ) is Screech 's cousin who appeared in the episode `` The Aftermath '' . She was one of Zack 's blind dates , which was intended to cheer Zack up after his rough breakup with Kelly . Slater , Jessie , and Lisa start wondering how Screech is related to her , due to the strong dissimilarities in their appearances , until Screech tells them she is adopted . Malibu Sands employees ( edit ) Stacey Carosi ( edit ) Stacey Carosi ( portrayed by Leah Remini , appearing in six episodes of season 3 ) . She works for her father , Leon Carosi , at the Malibu Sands beach resort as a staff manager , in charge of all of the other members . Zack Morris is quickly smitten with her , and is disappointingly shocked to learn that she is the daughter of his boss . Throughout the summer , she and Zack progress from flirtation to hostility to eventual romance , marked by their kiss under the fireworks during the Fourth of July celebration . Leon Carosi ( edit ) Leon Carosi ( portrayed by Ernie Sabella ) is Stacey 's father , who takes a strong dislike to Zack due to his constant snarky remarks and attempted courting of his daughter . He is also the gang 's greedy boss for the summer . He also is very narcissistic , pompous and sometimes bumbling and thinks highly of himself and his daughter . However , despite his dislike of Zack , he eventually warms up to him towards the end of Zack 's summer employment and says he approves of Zack and Stacey dating . He is similar to Mr. Belding who is always trying to get rid of Zack . The Max 's employees ( edit ) Max ( edit ) Max is the owner of The Max ( played by Ed Alonzo , in 20 episodes during the first two seasons ) . He often advises the students of Bayside on their choices and dilemmas , and re-inforces his points with magic tricks . He is also the gang 's friend . Jeff Hunter ( edit ) Jeff Hunter ( played by Patrick Muldoon ) has a brief tenure ( in three episodes of season 3 ) as the Max 's manager who likes Kelly Kapowski . As a result , Zack and Kelly break up , allowing Jeff and Kelly to begin a relationship . Unfortunately , very soon afterwards Jeff 's infidelity was revealed when he is seen dancing with and kissing a girl at an over-18 club known as The Attic . Kelly breaks up with him as a result . Miscellaneous characters ( edit ) James the actor ( edit ) James ( portrayed by Mark Blankfield ) is an out - of - work actor who takes a job as a waiter at the Max ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 2 and 3 ) . He claims that he was a student at acting school . Most of the work he seems to get as an actor on the show is in the employ of Zack . In the season 3 episode `` S.A.T. 's , '' Zack hires James to do a double role as Stanley Alan Taylor ( S.A.T. ) , who orders Mr. Belding to lighten up Zack 's workload after his grades have dropped , then to play an admissions officer for Harvard who acts snooty and elitist to everyone . In the season 2 episode `` Rent - a-Pop , '' Zack hired James to impersonate his father after Belding demanded he meet with him as a condition to go on a ski trip in order to report on Zack 's failing grades ; to which Zack was convinced his real father would not let him go if he knew the truth . Zack then has to hire James again to play Mr. Belding after his real father accepts a letter to meet Belding once more , where James falsifies Zack 's grades as spectacular . James the Actor also made two appearances on Saved By the Bell : The New Class . Frank and Laura Benton ( edit ) Frank and Laura Benton ( Stephen Mendel and Jennifer McComb ) are a homeless father and daughter , respectively ( in the two - part season 3 episode `` Home for Christmas '' ) , who catches the eye of Zack and the gang around Christmas time . Laura , who works in a department store with Kelly , seems to be a tentative love interest for Zack ; she is very shy around Zack about her homelessness . Zack , Slater and Screech get Frank to a hospital when he passes out at the mall from hunger , and then they find out he is Laura 's father . Laura 's boss accuses her of stealing a suit jacket that Kelly set aside to buy , so Frank would have an outfit that he could wear to job interviews . Later , Laura 's boss apologizes and gives Laura the jacket for free . Eventually , the Morris family takes in the Bentons until they could `` get back on their feet . '' Kevin the robot ( edit ) Kevin the Robot ( operated and voiced by Mike Lavelle ) was a creation of Screech 's with artificial intelligence ( appearing in three episodes during seasons 1 and 2 ) , who lives in Screech 's room and usually dishes out advice and witty remarks . His appearances include him as Screech 's assistant when Screech is doing a magic show ; and as assistant hall monitor when Screech is nominated for the post by his classmates , to make up for forgetting Screech 's birthday . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dennis Haskins : Timing to blame for ' Saved by the Bell ' reunion delay '' . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0761438/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0737083/ This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Saved by the Bell Episodes Characters Zack Morris Films Hawaiian Style Wedding in Las Vegas Related series Good Morning , Miss Bliss The College Years The New Class episodes Miscellaneous The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saved_by_the_Bell_characters&oldid=849757522 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Saved by the Bell Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lisa turtle mom on saved by the bell	[ "Lisa's mother Judy Turtle (Susan Beaubian) appeared in two episodes of the series, \"Operation Zack\" and \"Drinking and Driving\". In \"Operation Zack\", she is Zack's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room. In \"Drinking and Driving\", Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party, and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions, including telling Judy what she did to her car.\n" ]	[ "Susan Beaubian" ]
3419095849820138509	Information Age	Information Age - wikipedia Information Age Jump to : navigation , search `` Digital Age '' and `` Internet Age '' redirect here . For the four - piece American band , see The Digital Age . For the documentary TV series , see The Internet Age . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of technology By technological eras ( show ) Neolithic Revolution Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient Greek and Roman technology Medieval technology Renaissance technology Industrial Revolution ( Second ) Atomic Age Jet Age Space Age Digital Revolution Information Age By historical regions ( show ) Ancient Egypt Ancient Africa Ancient India Ancient China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Maya civilization Byzantine Empire Medieval Europe Medieval Islamic world By type of technology ( show ) History of agriculture History of biotechnology History of communication History of computer hardware History of electrical engineering History of manufacturing History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Technology timelines ( show ) Timeline of historic inventions Complete list by category article indices ( show ) Outline of technology Outline of prehistoric technology The Information Age ( also known as the Computer Age , Digital Age , or New Media Age ) is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization , to an economy based on information computerization . The onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital Revolution , just as the Industrial Revolution marked the onset of the Industrial Age . The definition of what digital means ( or what information means ) continues to change over time as new technologies , user devices , methods of interaction with other humans and devices enter the domain of research , development and market launch . During the Information Age , the phenomenon is that the digital industry creates a knowledge - based society surrounded by a high - tech global economy that spans over its influence on how the manufacturing throughout and the service sector operate in an efficient and convenient way . In a commercialized society , the information industry is able to allow individuals to explore their personalized needs , therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs for both the producers and buyers . This is accepted overwhelmingly by participants throughout the entire economic activities for efficacy purposes , and new economic incentives would then be indigenously encouraged , such as the knowledge economy . The Information Age formed by capitalizing on computer microminiaturization advances . This evolution of technology in daily life and social organization has led to the fact that the modernization of information and communication processes has become the driving force of social evolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Progression 1.1 Library expansion 1.2 Information storage 1.3 Information transmission 1.4 Computation 2 Relation to economics 2.1 Impact on jobs and income distribution 2.2 Automation , productivity and job gain 2.3 Rise of information - intensive industry 3 Innovations 3.1 Computers 3.2 Data 3.3 Optics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Progression ( edit ) Rings of time showing some important dates in Information Age ( Digital Revolution ) from 1968 to 2017 Library expansion ( edit ) Library expansion was calculated in 1945 by Fremont Rider to double in capacity every 16 years , if sufficient space were made available . He advocated replacing bulky , decaying printed works with miniaturized microform analog photographs , which could be duplicated on - demand for library patrons or other institutions . He did not foresee the digital technology that would follow decades later to replace analog microform with digital imaging , storage , and transmission media . Automated , potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in the rapidity of information growth . Moore 's law , which was formulated around 1965 , calculated that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years . The proliferation of the smaller and less expensive personal computers and improvements in computing power by the early 1980s resulted in a sudden access to and ability to share and store information for increasing numbers of workers . Connectivity between computers within companies led to the ability of workers at different levels to access greater amounts of information . Information storage ( edit ) The world 's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 ( optimally compressed ) exabytes in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993 , over 54.5 in 2000 , and to 295 ( optimally compressed ) exabytes in 2007 . This is the informational equivalent to less than one 730 - MB CD - ROM per person in 1986 ( 539 MB per person ) , roughly 4 CD - ROM per person of 1993 , 12 CD - ROM per person in the year 2000 , and almost 61 CD - ROM per person in 2007 . It is estimated that the world 's capacity to store information has reached 5 zettabytes in 2014 . This is the informational equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the earth to the sun . Information transmission ( edit ) The world 's technological capacity to receive information through one - way broadcast networks was 432 exabytes of ( optimally compressed ) information in 1986 , 715 ( optimally compressed ) exabytes in 1993 , 1.2 ( optimally compressed ) zettabytes in 2000 , and 1.9 zettabytes in 2007 ( this is the information equivalent of 174 newspapers per person per day ) . The world 's effective capacity to exchange information through two - way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of ( optimally compressed ) information in 1986 , 471 petabytes in 1993 , 2.2 ( optimally compressed ) exabytes in 2000 , and 65 ( optimally compressed ) exabytes in 2007 ( this is the information equivalent of 6 newspapers per person per day ) . In the 1990s , the spread of the Internet caused a sudden leap in access to and ability to share information in businesses and homes globally . Technology was developing so quickly that a computer costing $3000 in 1997 would cost $2000 two years later and $1000 the following year . Computation ( edit ) The world 's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general - purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10 MIPS in 1986 , to 4.4 × 10 MIPS in 1993 , 2.9 × 10 MIPS in 2000 to 6.4 × 10 MIPS in 2007 . An article in the recognized Journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution reports that by now digital technology `` has vastly exceeded the cognitive capacity of any single human being and has done so a decade earlier than predicted . In terms of capacity , there are two measures of importance : the number of operations a system can perform and the amount of information that can be stored . The number of synaptic operations per second in a human brain has been estimated to lie between 10 ^ 15 and 10 ^ 17 . While this number is impressive , even in 2007 humanity 's general - purpose computers were capable of performing well over 10 ^ 18 instructions per second . Estimates suggest that the storage capacity of an individual human brain is about 10 ^ 12 bytes . On a per capita basis , this is matched by current digital storage ( 5x10 ^ 21 bytes per 7.2 x10 ^ 9 people ) '' . Relation to Economics ( edit ) Eventually , Information and Communication Technology -- computers , computerized machinery , fiber optics , communication satellites , Internet , and other ICT tools -- became a significant part of the economy . Microcomputers were developed and many businesses and industries were greatly changed by ICT . Nicholas Negroponte captured the essence of these changes in his 1995 book , Being Digital . His book discusses similarities and differences between products made of atoms and products made of bits . In essence , a copy of a product made of bits can be made cheaply and quickly , and shipped across the country or internationally quickly and at very low cost . Impact on jobs and income distribution ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Information Age has affected the workforce in several ways . It has created a situation in which workers who perform easily automated tasks are forced to find work that is not easily automated . Workers are also being forced to compete in a global job market . Lastly , workers are being replaced by computers that can do their jobs faster and more effectively . This poses problems for workers in industrial societies , which are still to be solved . However , solutions that involve lowering the working time are usually highly resisted . Jobs traditionally associated with the middle class ( assembly line workers , data processors , foremen and supervisors ) are beginning to disappear , either through outsourcing or automation . Individuals who lose their jobs must either move up , joining a group of `` mind workers '' ( engineers , doctors , attorneys , teachers , scientists , professors , executives , journalists , consultants ) , or settle for low - skill , low - wage service jobs . The `` mind workers '' are able to compete successfully in the world market and receive high wages . Conversely , production workers and service workers in industrialized nations are unable to compete with workers in developing countries and either lose their jobs through outsourcing or are forced to accept wage cuts . In addition , the internet makes it possible for workers in developing countries to provide in - person services and compete directly with their counterparts in other nations . This has had several major consequences , including increased opportunity in developing countries and the globalization of the workforce . Workers in developing countries have a competitive advantage that translates into increased opportunities and higher wages . The full impact on the workforce in developing countries is complex and has downsides . ( see discussion in section on Globalization ) . In the past , the economic fate of workers was tied to the fate of national economies . For example , workers in the United States were once well paid in comparison to the workers in other countries . With the advent of the Information Age and improvements in communication , this is no longer the case . Because workers are forced to compete in a global job market , wages are less dependent on the success or failure of individual economies . Automation , productivity and job gain ( edit ) The Information Age has affected the workforce in that automation and computerization have resulted in higher productivity coupled with net job loss in manufacture . In the United States for example , from January 1972 to August 2010 , the number of people employed in manufacturing jobs fell from 17,500,000 to 11,500,000 while manufacturing value rose 270 % . Although it initially appeared that job loss in the industrial sector might be partially offset by the rapid growth of jobs in the IT sector , the recession of March 2001 foreshadowed a sharp drop in the number of jobs in the IT sector . This pattern of decrease in jobs continued until 2003 . Data has shown that overall , technology creates more jobs than it destroys even in the short run . Rise of information - intensive industry ( edit ) Industry is becoming more information - intensive and less labor and capital - intensive ( see Information industry ) . This trend has important implications for the workforce ; workers are becoming increasingly productive as the value of their labor decreases . However , there are also important implications for capitalism itself ; not only is the value of labor decreased , the value of capital is also diminished . In the classical model , investments in human capital and financial capital are important predictors of the performance of a new venture . However , as demonstrated by Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook , it now seems possible for a group of relatively inexperienced people with limited capital to succeed on a large scale . Innovations ( edit ) The Information Age was enabled by technology developed in the Digital Revolution , which was itself enabled by building on the developments in the Technological Revolution . Computers ( edit ) Main article : History of computers Before the advent of electronics , mechanical computers , like the Analytical Engine in 1837 , were designed to provide routine mathematical calculation and simple decision - making capabilities . Military needs during World War II drove development of the first electronic computers , based on vacuum tubes , including the Z3 , the Atanasoff -- Berry Computer , Colossus computer , and ENIAC . The invention of the transistor in 1947 enabled the era of mainframe computers ( 1950s -- 1970s ) , typified by the IBM 360 . These large , room - sized computers provided data calculation and manipulation that was much faster than humanly possible , but were expensive to buy and maintain , so were initially limited to a few scientific institutions , large corporations , and government agencies . As transistor technology rapidly improved , the ratio of computing power to size increased dramatically , giving direct access to computers to ever smaller groups of people . Along with electronic arcade machines and home video game consoles in the 1970s , the development of personal computers like the Commodore PET and Apple II ( both in 1977 ) gave individuals access to the computer . But data sharing between individual computers was either non-existent or largely manual , at first using punched cards and magnetic tape , and later floppy disks . Data ( edit ) Main article : History of telecommunications The first developments for storing data were initially based on photographs , starting with microphotography in 1851 and then microform in the 1920s , with the ability to store documents on film , making them much more compact . In the 1970s , electronic paper allowed digital information appear as paper documents . Early information theory and Hamming codes were developed about 1950 , but awaited technical innovations in data transmission and storage to be put to full use . While cables transmitting digital data connected computer terminals and peripherals to mainframes were common , and special message - sharing systems leading to email were first developed in the 1960s , independent computer - to - computer networking began with ARPANET in 1969 . This expanded to become the Internet ( coined in 1974 ) , and then the World Wide Web in 1989 . Public digital data transmission first utilized existing phone lines using dial - up , starting in the 1950s , and this was the mainstay of the Internet until broadband in the 2000s . The introduction of wireless networking in the 1990s combined with the proliferation of communications satellites in the 2000s allowed for public digital transmission without the need for cables . This technology led to digital television , GPS , and satellite radio through the 1990s and 2000s . Computers continued to become smaller and more powerful , to the point where they could be carried . In the 1980s and 1990s , laptops were developed as a form of portable computers , and PDAs could be used while standing or walking . Pagers existing since the 1950s , were largely replaced by mobile phones beginning in the late 1990s , providing mobile networking features to some computers . Now commonplace , this technology is extended to digital cameras and other wearable devices . Starting in the late 1990s , tablets and then smartphones combined and extended these abilities of computing , mobility , and information sharing . Optics ( edit ) Main article : Optical communication Optical communication has played an important role in communication networks . Optical communication provided the hardware basis for internet technology , laying the foundations for the Digital Revolution and Information Age . While working at Tohoku University , Japanese engineer Jun - ichi Nishizawa proposed fiber - optic communication , the use of optical fibers for optical communication , in 1963 . Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications , such as the graded - index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers . He patented the graded - index optical fiber in 1964 . The solid - state optical fiber was invented by Nishizawa in 1964 . The three essential elements of optical communication were invented by Jun - ichi Nishizawa : the semiconductor laser ( 1957 ) being the light source , the graded - index optical fiber ( 1964 ) as the transmission line , and the PIN photodiode ( 1950 ) as the optical receiver . Izuo Hayashi 's invention of the continuous wave semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to the light sources in fiber - optic communication , laser printers , barcode readers , and optical disc drives , commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs , and opening up the field of optical communications . See also ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : The Information Age Attention economy Big data Cognitive - cultural economy Computer crime Cyberterrorism Cyberwarfare Datamation - First print magazine dedicated solely to covering information technology . Digital dark age Digital detox Digital divide Digital transformation Human timeline Imagination age -- hypothesized successor of the information age : a period in which creativity and imagination become the primary creators of economic value Indigo Era Information explosion Information revolution Information society Internet governance Netocracy Social Age Technological determinism The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Castells , M. ( 1999 ) . The Information Age , Volumes 1 - 3 : Economy , Society and Culture . Cambridge ( Mass . ) ; Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . ^ Jump up to : Hilbert , M. ( 2015 ) . Digital Technology and Social Change ( Open Online Course at the University of California ) ( freely available ) . Retrieved from https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415 Jump up ^ `` Technology and Workforce : Comparison between the Information Revolution and the Industrial Revolution '' by Mathias Humbert , University of California , Berkeley Jump up ^ Kluver , Randy . `` Globalization , Informatization , and Intercultural Communication '' . United Nations Public Administration Network . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Rider ( 1944 ) . The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library . New York City : Hadham Press . Jump up ^ `` Moore 's Law to roll on for another decade '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . Moore also affirmed he never said transistor count would double every 18 months , as is commonly said . Initially , he said transistors on a chip would double every year . He then recalibrated it to every two years in 1975 . David House , an Intel executive at the time , noted that the changes would cause computer performance to double every 18 months . ^ Jump up to : Hilbert , Martin ; López , Priscila ( 2011 ) . `` The World 's Technological Capacity to Store , Communicate , and Compute Information '' . Science . 332 ( 6025 ) : 60 -- 65 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 332 ... 60H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1200970 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 21310967 . ^ Jump up to : Gillings , Michael R. ; Hilbert , Martin ; Kemp , Darrell J. ( 2016 ) . `` Information in the Biosphere : Biological and Digital Worlds '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 31 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 189 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2015.12. 013 . Jump up ^ `` Negroponte 's articles '' . Archives.obs-us.com. 1996 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Porter , Michael . `` How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage '' . Harvard Business Review . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McGowan , Robert ( 1991 ) . `` The work of nations : Preparing ourselves for the 21st century capitalism , by Robert Reich . New York : Knopf Publishing , 1991 '' . Human Resource Management . 30 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 538 . doi : 10.1002 / hrm. 3930300407 . ISSN 1099 - 050X . Jump up ^ Bhagwati , Jagdish N. ( 2005 ) . In defense of Globalization . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Manufacturing : Output vs. Jobs , January 1972 to August 2010 `` . BLS and Fed Reserve graphic , reproduced in Smith , Fran . `` Job Losses and Productivity Gains '' , OpenMarket.org , Oct 05 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Sandra D. `` Information Technology Workers in the Digital Economy '' , in Digital Economy 2003 . 2003 : Economics and Statistics Administration , Department of Commerce . Jump up ^ Yongsung , Chang ; Hong ( July 2013 ) . `` Jay H '' . SERI Quarterly . 6 ( 3 ) : 44 -- 53 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Arnold C. ; Gimeno - Gascon , F. Javier ; Woo , Carolyn Y. ( 1994 ) . `` Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance '' . Journal of Business Venturing. 9 ( 5 ) : 371 -- 395 . doi : 10.1016 / 0883 - 9026 ( 94 ) 90013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Film Version of Zuckerberg Divides the Generations '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : S. Millman ( 1983 ) , A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System , page 10 , AT&T Bell Laboratories ^ Jump up to : The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai , Soh - VEHE International Patent Office , Japan Patent Attorneys Association Jump up ^ Nishizawa , Jun - ichi & Suto , Ken ( 2004 ) . `` Terahertz wave generation and light amplification using Raman effect '' . In Bhat , K.N. & DasGupta , Amitava . Physics of semiconductor devices . New Delhi , India : Narosa Publishing House . p. 27 . ISBN 81 - 7319 - 567 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Optical Fiber '' . Sendai New . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Medal Honors Japanese Microelectrics Industry Leader '' . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Jump up ^ Semiconductor Technologies , page 338 , Ohmsha , 1982 Jump up ^ Johnstone , Bob ( 2000 ) . We were burning : Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age . New York : BasicBooks . p. 252 . ISBN 9780465091188 . Jump up ^ `` Newspapers News and News Archive Resources : Computer and Technology Sources '' . Temple University . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Oliver Stengel et al. ( 2017 ) . Digitalzeitalter - Digitalgesellschaft , Springer ISBN 978 - 3658117580 Mendelson , Edward ( June 2016 ) . In the Depths of the Digital Age , The New York Review of Books Bollacker , Kurt D. ( 2010 ) Avoiding a Digital Dark Age , American Scientist , March -- April 2010 , Volume 98 , Number 2 , p. 106ff Castells , Manuel . ( 1996 - 98 ) . The Information Age : Economy , Society and Culture , 3 vols . Oxford : Blackwell . Gelbstein , E. ( 2006 ) Crossing the Executive Digital Divide . ISBN 99932 - 53 - 17 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Information Age Wikimedia Commons has media related to Information Age . Articles on the impact of the Information Age on business -- at Information Age magazine Beyond the Information Age by Dave Ulmer Information Age Anthology Vol I by Alberts and Papp ( CCRP , 1997 ) Information Age Anthology Vol II by Alberts and Papp ( CCRP , 2000 ) Information Age Anthology Vol III by Alberts and Papp ( CCRP , 2001 ) Understanding Information Age Warfare by Alberts et al. ( CCRP , 2001 ) Information Age Transformation by Alberts ( CCRP , 2002 ) The Unintended Consequences of Information Age Technologies by Alberts ( CCRP , 1996 ) History & Discussion of the Information Age Science Museum - Information Age Information technology portal Internet portal Technology portal ( hide ) Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . Hardware Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very - large - scale integration Energy consumption Electronic design automation Computer systems organization Computer architecture Embedded system Real - time computing Dependability Networks Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service Software organization Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality Software notations and tools Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain - specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository Software development Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software maintenance Programming team Open - source model Theory of computation Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics Algorithms Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Randomized algorithm Computational geometry Mathematics of computing Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Information systems Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval Security Cryptography Formal methods Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security Human -- computer interaction Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility Concurrency Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing Artificial intelligence Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence Machine learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation Graphics Animation Rendering Image manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling Applied computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video game Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management Book Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_Age&oldid=811746953 '' Categories : Digital media Modern history 20th century 21st century Historical eras Postmodernism Cultural trends Information Age Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles needing additional references from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the following information is available for detox company for the current year	[]	[]
7896646878919858721	Small business	Small business - wikipedia Small business hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Small businesses on Dalrymple Street in Greenock , Scotland Small businesses are privately owned corporations , partnerships , or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and / or less annual revenue than a regular - sized business or corporation . Businesses are defined as `` small '' in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry . Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009 , fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union , and fewer than five thousand employees , to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs . While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods , such as annual revenues , shipments , sales , assets , or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits , the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures . Small businesses in many countries include service or retail operations such as convenience stores , small grocery stores , bakeries or delicatessens , hairdressers or tradespeople ( e.g. , carpenters , electricians ) , restaurants , guest houses , photographers , very small - scale manufacturing , and Internet - related businesses such as web design and computer programming . Some professionals operate as small businesses , such as lawyers , accountants , dentists and medical doctors ( although these professionals can also work for large organizations or companies ) . Small businesses vary a great deal in terms of size , revenues and regulatory authorization , both within a country and from country to country . Some small businesses , such as a home accounting business , may only require a business license . On the other hand , other small businesses , such as day cares , retirement homes and restaurants serving liquor are more heavily regulated , and may require inspection and certification from various government authorities . Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Relationship with entrepreneurship 1.2 Size definitions 1.3 Demographics 1.4 Franchise businesses 1.5 Retailers ' cooperative 2 Advantages 3 Challenges 3.1 Bankruptcy 3.2 Social responsibility 3.3 Job quality 3.4 Cyber crime 4 Marketing 5 Contribution to the economy 6 Sources of funding 7 Business networks and advocacy groups 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Small businesses in the Central Zone of São Paulo . Researchers and analysts of small or owner - managed businesses generally behave as if nominal organizational forms ( e.g. , partnership , sole - trader , or corporation ) , and the consequent legal and accounting boundaries of owner - managed firms are consistently meaningful . However , owner - managers often do not delineate their behavior to accord with the implied separation between their personal and business interests . Lenders also often contract around organizational ( corporate ) boundaries by seeking personal guarantees or accepting privately held assets as collateral . Because of this behavior , researchers and analysts may wish to be cautious in the way they assess the organizational types and implied boundaries in contexts relating to owner - managed firms . These include analyses that use traditional accounting disclosures , and studies that view the firm as defined by some formal organizational structure . Relationship with entrepreneurship ( edit ) Portici di Sottoripa , Genova , Italy Galleries tend to form clusters of small business owners over time . The term `` entrepreneur '' is often conflated with the term `` small business '' or used interchangeably with this term . While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business , not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term . Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner , or they have a small number of employees , and many of these small businesses offer an existing product , process or service , and they do not aim at growth . In contrast , entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product , process or service , and the entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees , seeking international sales , and so on , a process which is financed by venture capital and angel investments . Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning , to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weakness . Spectacular success stories stem from small businesses that expanded in growth . Examples would be Microsoft , Genentech , and Federal Express which all embody the sense of new venture creation on small business . Size definitions ( edit ) The legal definition of `` small business '' varies by country and by industry . In addition to number of employees , methods used to classify small companies include annual sales ( turnover ) , value of assets and net profit ( balance sheet ) , alone or as a combination of factors . In the United States , the Small Business Administration establishes small business size standards on an industry - by - industry basis , but generally specifies a small business as having fewer than five hundred employees for manufacturing businesses and less than $7.5 million in annual receipts for most non manufacturing businesses . The definition can vary by circumstance -- for example , a small business having fewer than twenty - five full - time equivalent employees with average annual wages below $50,000 qualifies for a tax credit under the health care reform bill Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than five hundred employees in the US . The European Union generally defines a small business as one that has fewer than fifty employees and either turnover or balance sheet less than € 10 m. but the European Commission is undertaking a review of this definition . By comparison , a medium - sized business has fewer than 250 employees and either turnover less than € 50 m. or balance sheet less than € 43 m . In Australia , a small business is defined by the Fair Work Act 2009 as one with fewer than fifteen employees . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than two hundred employees . In South Africa , the National Small Business Amendment Act ( Act 26 of 2003 ) defines businesses in a variety of ways using five categories previously established by the National Small Business Act ( Act 102 of 1996 ) , namely , standard industrial sector and subsector classification , size of class , equivalent of paid employees , turnover and asset value excluding fixed property . Small businesses are usually not dominant in their field of operation . The table below serves as a useful guide to business size nomenclature . Business size definitions ( by number of employees ) AUS US CAN EU Minute / Micro 1 - 2 1 - 6 1 - 4 < 10 Small < 15 < 250 1 - 99 < 50 Medium < 200 < 500 100 - 499 < 250 Large < 500 < 1000 > 500 < 1000 Enterprise > 500 > 1000 N / A > 1000 Most cells reflect sizes not defined in legislation Some definitions are multi-parameter , e.g. , by industry , revenue or market share Demographics ( edit ) In 2016 a study that examined the demographic of small business owners was published . The study showed that the median American small business owners were above the age of 50 . The ages were distributed as : 51 % over 50 years old , 33 % between the ages 35 -- 49 , and 16 % being under the age of 35 . As for sex : 55 % were owned by males , 36 % by females , and 9 % being equal ownership of both males and females . As for race : 72 % were white / Caucasian , 13.5 % were Latinos , 6.3 % were African American , 6.2 % were Asian , and 2 % as other . As for educational background : 39 % had obtained a bachelor 's degree or higher , 33 % had some college background , and 28 % received at least a high school diploma . The United States census data for the years 2014 and 2015 shows the women 's ownership share of small businesses by firm size . The data explains percentages owned by women along with the number of employees including the owner . Generally , the smaller the business , the more likely to be owned by a woman . The data shows that about 22 % of small businesses with 100 - 500 employees were owned by women , a percentage that rises the smaller the business . 41 % of businesses with just 2 - 4 employees were run by women , and in businesses with just one person , that person was a woman 51 % of the time . Franchise businesses ( edit ) Franchising is a way for small business owners to benefit from the economies of scale of the big corporation ( franchiser ) . McDonald 's and Subway are examples of a franchise . The small business owner can leverage a strong brand name and purchasing power of the larger company while keeping their own investment affordable . However , some franchisees conclude that they suffer the `` worst of both worlds '' feeling they are too restricted by corporate mandates and lack true independence . It is an assumption that small business are just franchisees , but the truth is many franchisers are also small businesses , Although considered to be a successful way of doing business , literature has proved that there is a high failure rate in franchising as well , especially in UK , where research indicates that out of 1658 franchising companies operating in 1984 , only 601 remained in 1998 , a mere 36 % . Retailers ' cooperative ( edit ) A retailers ' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members . Retailers ' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses . They are often recognized as `` local groups '' because they own their own stores within the community . It is common for locally owned grocery stores , hardware stores , and pharmacies to participate in retailers ' cooperatives . Ace Hardware , True Value , and NAPA are examples of a retailers ' cooperative . Retail cooperatives also allow consumers to supply their own earnings and gain bargaining power outside of the business sector . Retail cooperatives mainly reside within small communities where local businesses are often shut down . Advantages ( edit ) Small business in Bursa , Turkey . One of the claimed advantages of small business owners is the ability to serve market niches not served by mass production industries . Consider how few major corporations would be willing to deal the risks and uncertainty that small antique store deals with : buying and selling non-standardized items and making quick assessments of the value of rare items . Many small businesses can be started at a low cost and on a part - time basis , while a person continues a regular job with an employer or provides care for family members in the home . In developing countries , many small businesses are sole - proprietor operations such as selling produce at a market stall or preparing hot food to sell on the street , that provide a small income . In the 2000s , a small business is also well suited to Internet marketing ; because , it can easily serve specialized niches , something that would have been more difficult prior to the Internet revolution which began in the late 1990s . Internet marketing gives small businesses the ability to market with smaller budgets . Adapting to change is crucial in business and particularly small business ; not being tied to the bureaucratic inertia associated with large corporations , small businesses can respond to changing marketplace demand more quickly . Small business proprietors tend to be in closer personal contact with their customers and clients than large corporations , as small business owners see their customers in person each week . One study showed that small , local businesses are better for a local economy than the introduction of new chain stores . By opening up new national level chain stores , the profits of locally owned businesses greatly decrease and many businesses end up failing and having to close . This creates an exponential effect . When one store closes , people lose their jobs , other businesses lose business from the failed business , and so on . In many cases , large firms displace just as many jobs as they create . Independence is another advantage of owning a small business . A small business owner does not have to report to a supervisor or manager . In addition , many people desire to make their own decisions , take their own risks , and reap the rewards of their efforts . Small business owners possess the flexibility and freedom to making their own decisions within the constraints imposed by economic and other environmental factors . However , entrepreneurs have to work for very long hours and understand that ultimately their customers are their bosses . Several organizations in the United States also provide help for the small business sector , such as the Internal Revenue Service 's Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource . Small businesses ( often carried out by family members ) adjust quicker to the changing conditions ; however , they are closed to the absorption of new knowledge and employing new labor from outside . Challenges ( edit ) Small businesses often face a variety of problems , some of which are related to their size . A frequent cause of bankruptcy is under capitalization . This is often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions . It is a common `` rule of thumb '' that the entrepreneur should have access to a sum of money at least equal to the projected revenue for the first year of business in addition to his or her anticipated expenses . For example , if the prospective owner thinks that he or she will generate $100,000 in revenues in the first year with $150,000 in start - up expenses , then he or she should have not less than $250,000 available . Start - up expenses are often grossly underestimated adding to the burden of the business . Failure to provide this level of funding for the company could leave the owner liable for all of the company 's debt should he or she end up in bankruptcy court , under the theory of under capitalization . In addition to ensuring that the business has enough capital , the small business owner must also be mindful of contribution margin ( sales minus variable costs ) . To break even , the business must be able to reach a level of sales where the contribution margin equals fixed costs . When they first start out , many small business owners under price their products to a point where even at their maximum capacity , it would be impossible to break even . Cost controls or price increases often resolve this problem . In the United States , some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs ( such as liability and health ) , rising energy costs , taxes , and tax compliance . In the United Kingdom and Australia , small business owners tend to be more concerned with excessive governmental red tape . Contracting fraud has been an ongoing problem for small businesses in the United States . Small businesses are legally obligated to receive a fair portion ( 23 percent ) of the total value of all the government 's prime contracts as mandated by the Small Business Act of 1953 . Since 2002 , a series of federal investigations have found fraud , abuse , loopholes , and a lack of oversight in federal small business contracting , which has led to the diversion of billions of dollars in small business contracts to large corporations . Another problem for many small businesses is termed the ' Entrepreneurial Myth ' or E-Myth . The mythic assumption is that an expert in a given technical field will also be expert at running that kind of business . Additional business management skills are needed to keep a business running smoothly . Some of this misunderstanding arises from the failure to distinguish between small business managers as entrepreneurs or capitalists . While nearly all owner - managers of small firms are obliged to assume the role of capitalist , only a minority will act as entrepreneur . The line between an owner - manager and an entrepreneur can be defined by whether or not their business is growth oriented . In general , small business owners are primarily focused on surviving rather than growing ; therefore , not experiencing the five stages of the corporate life cycle ( birth , growth , maturity , revival , and decline ) like an entrepreneur would . Another problem for many small businesses is the capacity of much larger businesses to influence or sometimes determine their chances for success . Business networking and social media has been used as a major tool by small businesses in the UK , but most of them just use a `` scatter - gun '' approach in a desperate attempt to exploit the market which is not that successful . Over half of small firms lack a business plan , a tool that is considered one of the most important factors for a venture 's success . Business planning is associated with improved growth prospects . Funders and investors usually require a business plan . A plan also serves as a strategic planning document for owners and CEOs , which can be used as a `` bible '' for decision - making An international trade survey indicated that the British share of businesses which are exporting rose from 32 % in 2012 to 39 % in 2013 . Although this may seem positive , in reality the growth is slow , as small business owners shy away from exporting due to actual and perceived barriers . Learning the basics of a foreign language could be the solution to open doors to new trade markets , it is a reality that not all foreign business partners speak English . China is stated to grow by 7.6 % in 2013 and still sadly 95 % of business owners who want to export to China have no desire and no knowledge to learn their local language . Bankruptcy ( edit ) When small business fails , the owner may file for bankruptcy . In most cases , this can be handled through a personal bankruptcy filing . Corporations can file bankruptcy , but if it is out of business and valuable corporate assets are likely to be repossessed by secured creditors , there is little advantage to going to the expense of a corporate bankruptcy . Many states offer exemptions for small business assets so they can continue to operate during and after personal bankruptcy . However , corporate assets are normally not exempt ; hence , it may be more difficult to continue operating an incorporated business if the owner files bankruptcy . Researchers have examined small business failures in some depth , with attempts to model the predictability of failure . Social responsibility ( edit ) Small businesses can encounter several problems related to engaging in corporate social responsibility , due to characteristics inherent in their size . Owners of small businesses often participate heavily in the day - to - day operations of their companies . This results in a lack of time for the owner to coordinate socially responsible efforts , such as supporting local charities or not - for - profit activities . Additionally , a small business owner 's expertise often falls outside the realm of socially responsible practices , which contributing to a lack of participation . Small businesses also face a form of peer pressure from larger forces in their respective industries , making it difficult to oppose and work against industry expectations . Furthermore , small businesses undergo stress from shareholder expectations . Because small businesses have more personal relationships with their patrons and local shareholders , they must also be prepared to withstand closer scrutiny if they want to share in the benefits of committing to socially responsible practices or not . Job quality ( edit ) While small businesses employ over half the workforce in the US and have been established as a main driving force behind job creation , the quality of the jobs these businesses create has been called into question . Small businesses generally employ individuals from the Secondary labour market . As a result , in the U.S. , wages are 49 % higher for employees of large firms . Additionally , many small businesses struggle or are unable to provide employees with benefits they would be given at larger firms . Research from the U.S. Small Business Administration indicates that employees of large firms are 17 % more likely to receive benefits including salary , paid leave , paid holidays , bonuses , insurance , and retirement plans . Both lower wages and fewer benefits combine to create a job turnover rate among U.S. small businesses that is three times higher than large firms . Employees of small businesses also must adapt to the higher failure rate of small firms , which means that they are more likely to lose their job due to the firm going under . In the U.S. 69 % of small businesses last at least two years , but this percentage drops to 51 % for firms reaching five years in operation . The U.S. Small Business Administration counts companies with as much as $35.5 million in sales and 1,500 employees as `` small businesses '' , depending on the industry . Outside government , companies with less than $7 million in sales and fewer than five hundred employees are widely considered small businesses . Cyber crime ( edit ) Main article : Cyber crime Cyber crime in the business world can be broken down into 4 main categories . They include loss of reputation and consumer confidence , cost of fixing the issue , loss of capital and assets , and legal difficulties that can come from these problems . Loss of reputation and consumer confidence can be impacted greatly after one attack . Many small businesses will struggle to gain confidence and trust in their customers after being known for having problems prior . Cost of fixing the cyber attack would require experts outside of their field to further the investigation and find the problem . Being down for a business means losing money at the same time . This could halt the online operations and mean the business could potentially be down for a long period of time . Loss of capital and assets ties well in with the cost of fixing the issue . During a cyber attack , a business may lose their funds for that business . Worst - case scenario , a business may actually lose all their working capital and funds . The legal difficulties involved with cyber crime can become pricy and hurt the business itself for not having standard security measures and standards . Security not only for the business but more importantly the customer should be number one priority when dealing with security protocol . The monetary dollar damage caused by cyber crime in 2016 equalled out to be over 1.33 billion dollars in the United States alone . In 2016 , California alone had over 255 million dollars reported to the IC3 . The average company this year in the United States amounted to 17.36 million dollars in cyber crime attacks . Certain cyber attacks can vary on how long it takes to solve a problem . It can take upwards to 69 days for an average everyday attack on a business . The types of attacks include viruses and malware issues . Employee activities within the workspace can also render a cyber attack . Employees using mobile devices or remote work access off the job makes it easier for a cyber attack to occur . Marketing ( edit ) Although small businesses have close relationships with their existing customers , finding new customers and reaching new markets is a major challenge for small business owners . Small businesses typically find themselves strapped for time to do marketing , as they have to run the day - to - day aspects of the business . To create a continual stream of new business and find new clients and customers , they must work on marketing their business continuously . Low sales ( result of poor marketing ) is one of the major reasons of small business failure . Common marketing techniques for small business include business networking ( e.g. , attending Chamber of Commerce events or trade fairs ) , `` word of mouth '' promotion by existing customers , customer referrals , Yellow pages directories , television , radio , and outdoor ads ( e.g. , roadside billboards ) , print ads , and Internet marketing . TV ads can be quite expensive , so they are normally intended to create awareness of a product or service . Another means by which small businesses can advertise is through the use of `` deal of the day '' websites such as Groupon and Living Social . These Internet deals encourage customers to patronize small businesses . Example of keyword analysis based on market competition . Many small business owners find internet marketing more affordable . Google AdWords and Yahoo ! Search Marketing are two popular options of getting small business products or services in front of motivated web searchers . Social media has also become an affordable route of marketing for small business . It is a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing and small businesses are able to do it themselves or find small social marketing agencies that they can hire out for a small fee . Statistically , social media marketing has a higher lead - to - close rate than traditional media . Successful online small business marketers are also adept at utilizing the most relevant keywords in their website content . Advertising on niche websites that are frequented by potential customers can also be effective , but with the long tail of the Internet , it can be time intensive to advertise on enough websites to garner an effective reach . Creating a business website has become increasingly affordable with many do - it - yourself programs now available for beginners . A website can provide significant marketing exposure for small businesses when marketed through the Internet and other channels . Some popular services are WordPress , Joomla Squarespace , Wix and EXAI . Social media has proven to be very useful in gaining additional exposure for many small businesses . Many small business owners use Facebook and Twitter as a way to reach out to their loyal customers to give them news about specials of the day or special coupons , generate repeat business and reach out to new potential clients . The relational nature of social media , along with its immediacy and twenty - four - hour presence lend intimacy to the relationships small businesses can have with their customers , while making it more efficient for them to communicate with greater numbers . Facebook ads are also a very cost - effective way for small businesses owners to reach a targeted audience with a very specific message . In addition to the social networking sites , blogs have become a highly effective way for small businesses to position themselves as experts on issues that are important to their customers . This can be done with a proprietary blog and / or by using a back - link strategy wherein the marketer comments on other blogs and leaves a link to the small business ' own website . Posting to a blog about the company 's business or service area regularly can increase web traffic to a company website . Marketing plan Market research -- To produce a marketing plan for small businesses , research needs to be done on similar businesses , which should include desk research ( done online or with directories ) and field research . This gives an insight in the target group 's behavior and shopping patterns . Analyzing the competitor 's marketing strategies makes it easier for small business to gain market share . Marketing mix -- Marketing mix is a crucial factor for any business to be successful . Especially for a small business , examining a competitor 's marketing mix can be very helpful . An appropriate market mix , which uses different types of marketing , can help to boost sales . Product life cycle -- After the launch of the business , crucial points of focus should be the growth phase ( adding customers , adding products or services , and / or expanding to new markets ) and working towards the maturity phase . Once the business reaches maturity stage , an extension strategy should be in place . Re-launching is also an option at this stage . Pricing strategy should be flexible and based on the different stages of the product life cycle . Promotion techniques -- It is preferable to keep promotion expenses as low as possible . ' Word of mouth ' , ' email marketing ' , ' print - ads ' in local newspapers etc. can be effective . Channels of distribution -- Selecting an effective channel of distribution may reduce the promotional expenses as well as overall expenses for a small business . Contribution to the economy ( edit ) In the US , small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) account for more than half the non-farm , private GDP and around half the private sector employment . Regarding small business , the top job provider is those with fewer than ten employees , and those with ten or more but fewer than twenty employees comes in as the second , and those with twenty or more but fewer than one hundred employees comes in as the third ( interpolation of data from the following references ) . The most recent data shows firms with fewer than twenty employees account for slightly more than 18 % of the employment . According to `` The Family Business Review , '' `` There are approximately seventeen million sole - proprietorship in the US . It can be argued that a sole - proprietorship ( an unincorporated business owned by a single person ) is a type of family business '' and `` there are twenty - two million small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) in the US and approximately 14,000 big businesses . '' Also , it has been found that small businesses created the newest jobs in communities , `` In 1979 , David Birch published the first empirical evidence that small firms ( fewer than 100 employees ) created the most new jobs '' , and Edmiston claimed that `` perhaps the greatest generator of interest in entrepreneurship and small business is the widely held belief that small businesses in the United States create most new jobs . The evidence suggests that small businesses indeed create a substantial majority of net new jobs in an average year . '' The U.S. Small Business Administration has found small businesses have created two - thirds of net new private sector jobs in the US since 2007 . Local businesses provide competition to each other and also challenge corporate giants . Of the 5,369,068 employer firms in 1995 , 78.8 percent had fewer than ten employees , and 99.7 percent had fewer than five hundred employees . Sources of funding ( edit ) Small businesses in Biloela , Central Queensland , Australia , 1949 Small businesses use various sources available for start - up capital : Self - financing by the owner through cash savings , equity loan on his or her home , and or other assets Loans or financial gifts from friends or relatives Grants from private foundations , government or other sources Private stock issue Forming partnerships Angel investors Loans from banks , credit unions , or other financial institutions SME finance , including collateral - based lending and venture capital , given sufficiently sound business venture plans Some small businesses are further financed through credit card debt -- usually a poor choice , given that the interest rate on credit cards is often several times the rate that would be paid on a line of credit at a bank or a bank loan . Recent research suggests that the use of credit scores in small business lending by community banks is surprisingly widespread . Moreover , the scores employed tend to be the consumer credit scores of the small business owners rather than the more encompassing small business credit scores that include data on the firms as well as on the owners . Many owners seek a bank loan in the name of their business ; however , banks will usually insist on a personal guarantee by the business owner . In the United States , the Small Business Administration ( SBA ) runs several loan programs that may help a small business secure loans . In these programs , the SBA guarantees a portion of the loan to the issuing bank , and thus , relieves the bank of some of the risk of extending the loan to a small business . The SBA also requires business owners to pledge personal assets and sign as a personal guarantee for the loan . The 8 ( a ) Business Development Program assists in the development of small businesses owned and operated by African Americans , Hispanics , and Asians . Canadian small businesses can take advantage of federally funded programs and services . See Federal financing for small businesses in Canada ( grants and loans ) . On October 2010 , Alejandro Cremades and Tanya Prive founded the first equity crowdfunding platform for small businesses in history as an alternative source of financing . The platform operates under the name of Rock The Post . Business networks and Advocacy groups ( edit ) Small businesses often join or come together to form organizations to advocate for their causes or to achieve economies of scale that larger businesses benefit from , such as the opportunity to buy cheaper health insurance in bulk . These organizations include local or regional groups such as Chambers of Commerce and independent business alliances , as well as national or international industry - specific organizations . Such groups often serve a dual purpose , as business networks to provide marketing and connect members to potential sales leads and suppliers , and also as advocacy groups , bringing together many small businesses to provide a stronger voice in regional or national politics . In the case of independent business alliances , promoting the value of locally owned , independent business ( not necessarily small ) through public education campaigns is integral to their work . The largest regional small business group in the United States is the Council of Smaller Enterprises , located in Greater Cleveland . United Kingdom trade and Investment ( www.ukti.gov.in ) gives out research in different markets around the world , also research in program planning and promotional activities to exporters . The BEXA ( British Exporters Association ) role is to connect new exporters to expert services , it can provide details about regional export contacts , who could be made informally to discuss issues . Trade associations and all major banks could often provide links to international groups in foreign markets , some could also help set up joint venture , trade fairs etc . A number of youth organizations , including 4 - H , Junior Achievement , and Scouting have special interactive programs and training to help young people run their own small business under adult supervision . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal American Independent Business Alliance Big business Distributism Federation of Small Businesses Home business Independent telephone company Localism ( politics ) versus Transnational corporations Market capitalization National Federation of Independent Business S corporation Small Business Administration Small Business Commissioner Small Business Innovation Research ( SBIR ) Small business software Small Business Technology Transfer ( STTR ) Small is Profitable Small office / home office Small - scale Project Management Small start units References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Shailer , Gregory E.P. ( 1 September 1993 ) . `` The irrelevance of organisational boundaries of owner - managed firms '' . Small Bus Econ. 5 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 237 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01531920 -- via link.springer.com . Jump up ^ Driessen , Martyn P. ; Zwart , Peter S. ( 2010 ) . `` The role of the entrepreneur in small business success : the Entrepreneurship Scan '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The economics of small business finance : The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle '' . Journal of Banking & Finance . 22 ( 6 - 8 ) : 613 -- 673 . 1998 - 08 - 01 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 4266 ( 98 ) 00038 - 7 . ISSN 0378 - 4266 . Jump up ^ Small Business Administration . Summary of Size Jump up ^ Dilger , Robert Jay ( April 17 , 2018 ) . Small Business Size Standards : A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Small Business Health Care Tax Credit for Small Employers . IRS . ^ Jump up to : European Commission , What is an SME ? accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ European Commission , Directorate - General for Internal Market , Industry , Entrepreneurship and SMEs Revision of the EU SME Definition : Inception Impact Assessment , accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ Banking Association South Africa , Small Business Definition , accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ Small Businesses joined by Facebook . Steve Kaplan. 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Surprising Demographics of Small Business Owners '' . Small Business Labs . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ * Healeas , S. Purdy , D. Stanworth , C. Watson , A. 2004 . Franchising as small business growth strategy : A resource based view organisational development : International small business journal , 22 ( 6 ) , pp 539 - 599 ^ Jump up to : Network , University of Nebraska - Lincoln Web Developer . `` Types of Cooperatives Nebraska Cooperative Development Center '' . ncdc.unl.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fox , W.F. ; Murray , M.N. ( 2004 ) . `` Do Economic Effects Justify the Use of Fiscal Incentives ? '' . Southern Economic Journal . 71 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135311 . Jump up ^ Longenecker , Justin G. ; Carlos W. Moore ; J. William Petty ; Leslie E. Palich ( 2008 ) . Small business management : launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures ( 14th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 56972 - 6 . OCLC 191487420 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource '' . Irs.gov. 2010 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walczak , D. ; Voss , G. `` New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK '' . Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences . 4 ( 9 ) : 759 . Jump up ^ `` Surveying Businesses on Tax Compliance Costs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business : The Art Of The Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shailer , G. Capitalists and Entrepreneurs in Owner - managed Firms . International Small Business Journal 12 ( 3 ) April - June 1994 : 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/3121621781/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=&cit:auth=Armstrong,%20Craig%20E&cit:title=Competence%20or%20flexibility?%20Survival%20and%20growth%20implications%20of%20...&cit:pub=Journal%20of%20Strategy%20and%20Management&cit:vol=6&cit:iss=4&cit:pg=377&cit:date=2013&ic=true&cit:prod=ABI/INFORM%20Complete&_a=ChgyMDE&_s=isTHBF+8fhiXE4YF6oLH5yZLbn0=#statusbar=1&zoom=110 Jump up ^ Coleman , A. , 2013 . Targeting networking and social media ; how to win new business effectively . The Guardian , ( online ) 27 November . Available at https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2013/nov/27/targeted-networking-social-media-business ( accessed 15 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Richbell , S.M. ; Wardle , P. ; Watts , H.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Owner - managers and Business Planning in the Small Firm '' . International Small Business Journal . 24 ( 5 ) : 496 -- 514 . doi : 10.1177 / 0266242606067275 . Jump up ^ `` Profitable Tactics Using Internet Marketing For Small Business '' . Jump up ^ e.g. , Shailer , G. 1989 , The Predictability of Small Enterprise Failures : Evidence and Issues , International Small Business Journal , Vol. 7 , No. 4 , July - September , pp. 54 - 58 . Jump up ^ A list of examples is available at ICSB . ^ Jump up to : Lepoutre , Jan , and Hoyehnusy Ezekiel `` Investigating the Impact of Firm Size on Small Business Social Responsibility : A Critical Review . '' Journal of Business Ethics 67.3 ( 2006 ) : 257 - 273 . JSTOR . Web . 3 Jan. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States . Small Business Administration . `` Frequently Asked Questions . '' Frequently Asked Question About Small Business . SBA Office of Advocacy , Jan. 2011 . Web . 21 Mar. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Edmiston , Kelley . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development . '' Economic Review 92.2 ( 2007 ) : 73 - 97 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 18 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Hope , John B. ; Mackin , Patrick C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Relationship Between Employee Turnover and Employee Compensation in Small Business '' . Small Business Research Summary. 308 : 1 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Ways Cyber Crime Can Hurt Your Small Business '' . Business Know - How . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : U.S. companies and cyber crime '' . www.statista.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Why Small Businesses Fail : Top 10 Reasons and Best 50 Solutions '' . millforbusiness.com. 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham , Dave ( 1996 ) . Business for Higher Awards . Heinemann . Jump up ^ Kotler , Philip ( 2007 ) . Principles of Marketing . Pearson . Jump up ^ The Small Business Economy - A Report to the President : 2001 pg. 84 - Table A. 3 ( the last time data was granular enough for the figures for fewer than 10 employees was 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy : The Small Business Economy 2008 , A Report to the President '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business Facts : Small Business Job Creation Deconstructed '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Advocacy - U.S. SBA - Characteristics of Small Business Employees and Owners '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Use of Credit Scoring in Small Business Lending by Community Banks and the Attendant Effects on Credit Availability and Risk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 8 ( a ) Business Development '' . SBA.gov . Jump up ^ `` Equity Crowdfunding '' . Equity Crowdfunding . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crowdfunding comes to small businesses '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ STEVE LOHR Special to The New York Times ( 1980 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Steve Lohr , `` Small - Business Forces Unite ; Meeting Drafts Proposals For Carter Memories of Earlier Gatherings Small - Business Forces Unite '' , The New York Times , Special , Jan. 15 , 1980 , Business & Finance , Page D1 `` . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Senior , Norah . `` Small businesses need to see exporting as a viable option and ' think global ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide , 22 Jun 2015 . Works cited Birch , D. ( 1979 ) . The job generation process . Unpublished Report , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , prepared for the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce , Washington D.C. Birch , David ( 1987 ) , Job Creation in America , How our smallest companies put the most people to work , The Free Press , New York Edmiston , Kelly ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development '' . Economic Review . 1 : 1 -- 93 . Shanker , Melissa Carey , and Joseph H. Astrachan . `` Family Business Review . '' Sage Publication 9.2 ( 1996 ) : 1 - 123 . Print . External links ( edit ) Business.usa.gov , official website for business - related activities in the USA Federation of Small Business , UK - based resource for small business owners . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_business&oldid=853937190 '' Categories : Small business Business terms Business models Business occupations Entrepreneurship Management occupations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2015 Western culture - centric Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 22 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many employees are in a small business	[ "Small businesses are privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as \"small\" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry. Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union, and fewer than five thousand employees, to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods, such as annual revenues, shipments, sales, assets, or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits, the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures.\n" ]	[ "fewer than five thousand" ]
8053849395820163941	Casualties of the Iraq War	Casualties of the Iraq War - wikipedia Casualties of the Iraq War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about casualties of the Iraq War from 2003 to 2010 . For casualties of ongoing insurgency , see Casualties of Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- present ) . Iraq War Timeline 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Invasion ( 2003 ) Umm Qasr Al Faw 1st Basra Nasiriyah Raid on Karbala Battle of Haditha Dam 1st Najaf Operation Airborne Dragon Northern Delay Viking Hammer Samawah 1st Karbala Al Kut Hillah Green Line Karbala Gap Baghdad Debecka Pass Kani Domlan Ridge Post-invasion insurgency ( 2003 -- 06 ) Al Anbar 1st Ramadan Red Dawn Spring 2004 Al Kut 1st Fallujah Sadr City 1st Ramadi Husaybah Danny Boy 2nd Najaf CIMIC - House Samarra 2nd Fallujah Mosul Lake Tharthar Al Qaim Hit Haditha Steel Curtain Tal Afar 2nd Ramadi Together Forward Diwaniya Sectarian violence ( 2006 - 08 ) 2nd Ramadan Sinbad Amarah Turki Diyala Haifa Street Karbala Raid 3rd Najaf Imposing Law U.K. bases Black Eagle Baghdad belts Baqubah Donkey Island Shurta Nasir Phantom Strike 2nd Karbala Phantom Phoenix Insurgency ( 2008 -- 11 ) 2008 Day of Ashura Ninawa Spring 2008 2nd Basra 2008 Al - Qaeda Offensive Augurs of Prosperity Abu Kamal Camp Ashraf Palm Grove US withdrawal violence Insurgent attacks of the Iraq War ‡ indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths § indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War This list only includes major attacks . 2003 1st Baghdad 2nd Baghdad Najaf 3rd Baghdad 1st Nasiriyah 1st Karbala ‡ 1st Erbil ‡ Ashoura 1st Basra Mosul ( 2004 ) 4th Baghdad 5th Baghdad Karbala - Najaf 1st Baqubah Kufa FOB Marez 2005 Suwaira bombing ‡ 1st Al Hillah 2nd Erbil ‡ Musayyib 6th Baghdad ‡ 7th Baghdad 1st Balad Khanaqin 2006 ‡ Karbala - Ramadi 1st Samarra 8th Baghdad 9th Baghdad ‡ 10th Baghdad 2007 11th Baghdad 12th Baghdad ‡ 13th Baghdad 14th Baghdad 15th Baghdad 2nd Al Hillah ‡ 1st Tal Afar 16th Baghdad 17th Baghdad 2nd & 3rd Karbala Mosul ( 2007 ) ‡ 18th Baghdad Makhmour Abu Sayda 2nd Samarra 19th Baghdad ‡ Amirli 1st Kirkuk 20th Baghdad 21st Baghdad § Qahtaniya Amarah 2008 22nd Baghdad 2nd Balad 23rd Baghdad 4th Karbala 24th Baghdad Karmah 2nd Baqubah Dujail Balad Ruz 2009 25th Baghdad 26th Baghdad Baghdad - Muqdadiyah Taza 27th Baghdad 2nd Kirkuk 2nd Tal Afar ‡ 28th Baghdad ‡ 29th Baghdad ‡ 30th Baghdad 31st Baghdad 32nd Baghdad 3rd Baqubah 33rd Baghdad 34th Baghdad 35th Baghdad ‡ 1st Pan-Iraq 36th Baghdad 37th Baghdad 2nd Pan-Iraq 38th Baghdad 39th Baghdad ‡ 40th Baghdad 2011 41st Baghdad ‡ 3rd Pan-Iraq Karbala - Baghdad 42nd Baghdad Tikrit 3rd Al Hillah 3rd Samarra Al Diwaniyah Taji 4th Pan-Iraq 43rd Baghdad 4th Karbala 44th Baghdad 2nd Basra 45th Baghdad White and red flags , representing Iraqi and American deaths , respectively , sit in the grass quadrangle of The Valley Library on the Corvallis , Oregon , campus of Oregon State University . As part of the traveling Iraq Body Count exhibit from 2008 to 2009 ( not related to Iraq Body Count project ) , the flags aim to `` raise awareness of the human cost of the Iraq War . '' ( May 2008 ) Estimates of the casualties from the conflict in Iraq since 2003 ( beginning with the 2003 US invasion of Iraq , and the ensuing occupation and insurgency ) have come in many forms , and the accuracy of the information available on different types of Iraq War casualties varies greatly . Various scientific surveys of Iraqi deaths resulting from the first four years of the Iraq War estimated between 150,000 and one million Iraqis died as a result of conflict during this time . A later study , published in 2011 , estimated that approximately 460,000 people had died as a result of the conflict since the invasion including 132,000 from directly war - related violence . Counts of deaths collated by projects like the Iraq Body Count project found 174,000 Iraqis reported killed between 2003 and 2013 , with between 112,000 - 123,000 of those killed being civilian noncombatants . Updated estimates from the Iraq Body Count Project report an estimated 173,766 -- 194,058 civilian deaths from 2003 - 2017 . For troops in the U.S. - led multinational coalition , the death toll is carefully tracked and updated daily , and the names and photographs of those killed in action as well as in accidents have been published widely . A total of 4,491 U.S. service members were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2014 . Regarding the Iraqis ( see Tables section below ) , however , information on both military and civilian casualties is both less precise and less consistent . Estimates of casualty levels are available from reporters on the scene , from officials of involved organizations , and from groups that summarize information on incidents reported in the news media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tables 2 Additional statistics for the Iraq War 3 Iraqi invasion casualties 4 Iraqi civilian casualties 4.1 Iraq Body Count project 4.2 People 's Kifah 5 Orphans 6 Iraqi refugees crisis 7 Non-Iraqi civilian casualties 8 Coalition military casualties 8.1 Troops fallen ill , injured , or wounded 8.2 Accidents and negligence 8.3 Nightline controversy 8.4 Amputees 8.5 Traumatic brain injuries 8.6 Mental illness and suicide 8.7 Rape , sexual assault , sexual harassment 9 Iraqi insurgent casualties 10 Contractor casualties 11 Iraqi healthcare deterioration 12 Iraqi children suffering from psychological symptoms 13 Total Iraqi casualties 13.1 Various estimates 13.2 Iraq Body Count 13.3 Iraq Living Conditions Survey 13.4 Iraqiyun estimate 13.5 The Associated Press and Health Ministry . More information 13.6 Iraq Family Health Survey 13.7 Opinion Research Business survey of Iraqi war deaths in August 2007 13.8 D3 Systems poll in early 2007 13.9 Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006 13.10 2006 Excess Mortality Study 13.11 2004 Excess Mortality Study 14 Undercounting 14.1 Systematic underreporting by U.S. 14.2 Casualties caused by criminal and political violence 15 See also 16 References 17 External links and references Tables ( edit ) The tables below summarize reports on Iraqi casualty figures . Scientific surveys : Source Estimated violent deaths Time period Iraq Family Health Survey 151,000 violent deaths March 2003 to June 2006 Lancet survey 601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths March 2003 to June 2006 Opinion Research Business survey 1,033,000 deaths as a result of the conflict March 2003 to August 2007 PLOS Medicine Survey 460,000 deaths in Iraq as direct or indirect result of the war including 132,000 deaths directly caused by war - related violence . March 2003 to June , 2011 Body counts : Source Documented deaths from violence Time period Associated Press 110,600 violent deaths March 2003 to April 2009 Iraq Body Count project 112,667 -- 123,284 civilian deaths from violence . 174,000 civilian and combatant deaths March 2003 to March 2013 Classified Iraq War Logs 109,032 deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths . January 2004 to December 2009 Overview : Iraqi death estimates by source Summary of casualties of the Iraq War . Possible estimates on the number of people killed in the invasion and occupation of Iraq vary widely , and are highly disputed . Estimates of casualties below include both the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Post-invasion Iraq , 2003 -- present . Iraq war logs Classified US military documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010 , record Iraqi and Coalition military deaths between January 2004 and December 2009 . The documents record 109,032 deaths broken down into `` Civilian '' ( 66,081 deaths ) , `` Host Nation '' ( 15,196 deaths ) , `` Enemy '' ( 23,984 deaths ) , and `` Friendly '' ( 3,771 deaths ) . Iraqi Health Ministry The Health Ministry of the Iraqi government recorded 87,215 Iraqi violent deaths between January 1 , 2005 , and February 28 , 2009 . The data was in the form of a list of yearly totals for death certificates issued for violent deaths by hospitals and morgues . The official who provided the data told the Associated Press said the ministry does not have figures for the first two years of the war , and estimated the actual number of deaths at 10 to 20 percent higher because of thousands who are still missing and civilians who were buried in the chaos of war without official records . The Associated Press Associated Press stated that more than 110,600 Iraqis had been killed since the start of the war to April 2009 . This number is per the Health Ministry tally of 87,215 covering January 1 , 2005 , to February 28 , 2009 combined with counts of casualties for 2003 -- 2004 , and after February 29 , 2009 , from hospital sources and media reports . For more info see farther down at The Associated Press and Health Ministry . More information . Iraq Body Count The Iraq Body Count project ( IBC ) figure of Documented civilian deaths from violence is 173,686 -- 193,965 as of April 2017 . This includes reported civilian deaths due to Coalition and insurgent military action , sectarian violence and increased criminal violence . The IBC site states : `` it should be noted that many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media . '' The IBC website currently states that , `` Further analysis of the WikiLeaks ' Iraq War Logs may add 12,000 civilian deaths . '' Iraq Family Health Survey Iraq Family Health Survey for the World Health Organization . On January 9 , 2008 , the World Health Organization reported the results of the `` Iraq Family Health Survey '' published in The New England Journal of Medicine . The study surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence ( 95 % uncertainty range , 104,000 to 223,000 ) from March 2003 through June 2006 . Employees of the Iraqi Health Ministry carried out the survey . See also farther down : Iraq Family Health Survey . Opinion Research Business Opinion Research Business ( ORB ) poll conducted August 12 -- 19 , 2007 , estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War . The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths . A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household ( living under their roof ) were killed due to the Iraq War . 22 % of the respondents had lost one or more household members . ORB reported that `` 48 % died from a gunshot wound , 20 % from the impact of a car bomb , 9 % from aerial bombardment , 6 % as a result of an accident and 6 % from another blast / ordnance . '' United Nations The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent deaths occurred in 2006 , based on data from morgues , hospitals , and municipal authorities across Iraq . Lancet studies The Lancet study 's figure of 654,965 excess deaths through the end of June 2006 is based on household survey data . The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths . That also includes those due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poorer healthcare , etc. 601,027 deaths ( range of 426,369 to 793,663 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were estimated to be due to violence . 31 % of those were attributed to the Coalition , 24 % to others , 46 % unknown . The causes of violent deaths were gunshot ( 56 % ) , car bomb ( 13 % ) , other explosion / ordnance ( 14 % ) , airstrike ( 13 % ) , accident ( 2 % ) , unknown ( 2 % ) . A copy of a death certificate was available for a high proportion of the reported deaths ( 92 % of those households asked to produce one ) . PLOS Medicine Study The PLOS Medicine study 's figure of approximately 460,000 excess deaths through the end of June 2011 is based on household survey data including at least 132,000 deaths that were caused directly by war - related violence . The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths . That also includes those due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poorer healthcare , etc. 405,000 deaths ( range of 48,000 to 751,000 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were estimated as excess deaths attributable to the conflict . They estimated at least 55,000 additional deaths occurred that the survey missed , as the families had migrated out of Iraq . The survey found that more than 60 % of excess deaths were caused by violence , with the rest caused indirectly by the war , through degradation of infrastructure and similar causes . The survey notes that although car bombs received more significant press internationally , gunshot wounds were responsible for the majority ( 63 % ) of violent deaths . The study also estimated that 35 % of violent deaths were attributed to the Coalition , and 32 % to militias . Cardiovascular conditions accounted for about half ( 47 % ) of nonviolent deaths , chronic illnesses 11 % , infant or childhood deaths other than injuries 12.4 % , non-war injuries 11 % , and cancer 8 % . Ali al - Shemari ( previous Iraqi Health Minister ) Concerning war - related deaths ( civilian and non-civilian ) , and deaths from criminal gangs , Iraq 's Health Minister Ali al - Shemari said that since the March 2003 invasion between 100,000 and 150,000 Iraqis had been killed . `` Al - Shemari said on Thursday ( November 9 , 2006 ) that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals -- though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total . '' For more info see farther down at Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006 . Costs of War Project 176,000 -- 189,000 people were killed in violence in the Iraq war , including 134,000 civilians ( using Iraq Body Count 's figures ) , according to the findings of the Costs of War Project , a team of 30 economists , anthropologists , political scientists , legal experts , and physicians assembled by Brown University and the Watson Institute to study the effects of wars involving the United States since 2001 . The project also examined the economic costs of the Iraq war , as well as the human and economic cost of war in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Overview : Death estimates by group Iraqi Security Forces ( aligned with Coalition ) From June 2003 , through December 31 , 2010 , there have been 16,623 Iraqi military and police killed based on several estimates . The Iraq Index of the Brookings Institution keeps a running total of ISF casualties . There is also a breakdown of ISF casualties at the iCasualties.org website . Iraqi insurgents From June 2003 , through September 30 , 2011 , there have been 26,320 - 27,000 + Iraqi insurgents killed based on several estimates . Media and aid workers 136 journalists and 51 media support workers were killed on duty according to the numbers listed on source pages on February 24 , 2009 . ( See Category : Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War . ) 94 aid workers have been killed according to a November 21 , 2007 , Reuters article . U.S. armed forces Graph of monthly deaths of U.S. military personnel in Iraq from beginning of war to June 24 , 2008 . As of June 29 , 2016 , according to the U.S. Department of Defense casualty website , there were 4,424 total deaths ( including both killed in action and non-hostile ) and 31,952 wounded in action ( WIA ) as a result of Operation Iraqi Freedom . As a part of Operation New Dawn , which was initiated on September 1 , 2010 , there were 73 total deaths ( including KIA and non-hostile ) and 295 WIA . See the references for a breakdown of the wounded , injured , ill , those returned to duty ( RTD ) , those requiring medical air transport , non-hostile - related medical air transports , non-hostile injuries , diseases , or other medical reasons . Coalition deaths by hostile fire As of 23 October 2011 , hostile - fire deaths accounted for 3,777 of the 4,799 total coalition military deaths . Armed forces of other coalition countries See Multinational force in Iraq . As of 24 February 2009 , there were 318 deaths from the armed forces of other Coalition nations . 179 UK deaths and 139 deaths from other nations . Breakdown : Australia -- 2 Azerbaijan -- 1 Bulgaria -- 13 Czech Republic -- 1 Denmark -- 7 El Salvador -- 5 Estonia -- 2 Fiji -- 1 Georgia -- 5 Hungary -- 1 Italy -- 33 Kazakhstan -- 1 Latvia -- 3 Netherlands -- 2 Poland -- 30 Portugal -- 1 Romania -- 4 Slovakia -- 4 South Korea -- 1 Spain -- 11 Thailand -- 2 Ukraine -- 18 United Kingdom -- 179 Contractors Contractors . At least 1,487 deaths between March 2003 and June 2011 according to the list of private contractor deaths in Iraq . 245 of those are from the U.S. Contractors are `` Americans , Iraqis and workers from more than three dozen other countries . '' 10,569 wounded or injured . Contractors `` cook meals , do laundry , repair infrastructure , translate documents , analyze intelligence , guard prisoners , protect military convoys , deliver water in the heavily fortified Green Zone and stand sentry at buildings -- often highly dangerous duties almost identical to those performed by many U.S. troops . '' A July 4 , 2007 , Los Angeles Times article reported 182,000 employees of U.S. - government - funded contractors and subcontractors ( 118,000 Iraqi , 43,000 other , 21,000 U.S. ) . Overview : Iraqi injury estimates by source Iraqi Human Rights Ministry The Human Rights Ministry of the Iraqi government recorded 250,000 Iraqi injuries between 2003 and 2012 . The ministry had earlier reported that 147,195 injuries were recorded for the period 2004 -- 2008 . Iraqi Government Iraqi Government spokesman Ali al - Dabbagh reported that 239,133 Iraqi injuries were recorded by the government between 2004 and 2011 . Iraq war logs Classified US military documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010 , recorded 176,382 injuries , including 99,163 civilian injuries between January 2004 and December 2009 . Iraq Body Count The Iraq Body Count project reported that there were at least 20,000 civilian injuries in the earliest months of the war between March and July 2003 . A follow up report noted that at least 42,500 civilians were reported wounded in the first two years of the war between March 2003 and March 2005 . UN Assistance Mission for Iraq The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq ( UNAMI ) reported that there were 36,685 Iraqi injuries during the year 2006 . Iraqi Health Ministry The Health Ministry of the Iraqi government reported that 38,609 Iraqi injuries had occurred during the year 2007 , based on statistics derived from official Iraqi health departments ' records . Baghdad had the highest number of injuries ( 18,335 ) , followed by Nineveh ( 6,217 ) , Basra ( 1,387 ) and Kirkuk ( 655 ) . Additional statistics for the Iraq War ( edit ) Overview of casualties by type ( see the rest of the article below for more info ) Dead Iraqis : Deadliest single insurgent bombings : August 14 , 2007 . Truck bombs -- 2007 Yazidi communities bombings ( in northwestern Iraq ) : 796 killed . Other deadly days : November 23 , 2006 , ( 281 killed ) and April 18 , 2007 , ( 233 killed ) : `` 4 bombings in Baghdad kill at least 183 ... Nationwide , the number of people killed or found dead on Wednesday ( , April 18 , 2007 , ) was 233 , which was the second deadliest day in Iraq since Associated Press began keeping records in May 2005 . Five car bombings , mortar rounds and other attacks killed 281 people across Iraq on November 23 , 2006 , according to the AP count . '' Graph of monthly wounded in action of U.S. military personnel in Iraq . Wounded in action As of January 12 , 2007 , 500 U.S. troops have undergone amputations due to the Iraq War . Toes and fingers are not counted . As of September 30 , 2006 , 725 American troops have had limbs amputated from wounds received in Iraq and Afghanistan . A 2006 study by the Walter Reed Medical Center , which serves more critically injured soldiers than most VA hospitals , concluded that 62 percent of patients there had suffered a brain injury . In March 2003 , U.S. military personnel were wounded in action at a rate averaging about 350 per month . As of September 2007 , this rate has increased to about 675 per month . Injured / fallen ill U.S. military : number unknown . An October 18 , 2005 , USA Today article reports : `` More than one in four U.S. troops have come home from the Iraq war with health problems that require medical or mental health treatment , according to The Pentagon 's first detailed screening of service members leaving a war zone . '' Iraqi combatants : number unknown Refugees As of November 4 , 2006 , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries , and 1.6 million were displaced internally , with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month . Iraqi invasion casualties ( edit ) In March 2002 -- before the Iraq War -- at a news conference at Bagram Air Base , Afghanistan , U.S. General Tommy Franks had said , `` we do n't do body counts . '' Franks reportedly estimated soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi casualties as of April 9 , 2003 . That number comes from the transcript of an October 2003 interview of U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld with journalist Bob Woodward . They were discussing a number reported by The Washington Post . But neither could remember the number clearly , nor whether it was just for deaths , or both deaths and wounded . A May 28 , 2003 , Guardian article reported `` Extrapolating from the death - rates of between 3 % and 10 % found in the units around Baghdad , one reaches a toll of between 13,500 and 45,000 dead among troops and paramilitaries . An October 20 , 2003 , study by the Project on Defense Alternatives at Commonwealth Institute in Cambridge , Massachusetts , stated that for March 19 , 2003 , to April 30 , 2003 , `` Based on the analysis that follows we estimate that the 2003 Iraq war produced between 7,600 and 10,800 Iraqi combatant fatalities . '' The study also stated : `` Our analysis of the evidence leads to the conclusion that between 10,800 and 15,100 Iraqis were killed in the war . Of these , between 3,200 and 4,300 were noncombatants -- that is : civilians who did not take up arms . '' The study explained that to arrive at these numbers , they had adjusted the underlying incident reports from the field by reducing each count by anywhere from 20 % to 60 % , based on their own reliability assessments , in order to `` control for casualty inflation -- a prevalent form of bias . '' The study author Carl Conetta reported : `` All told , more than 40,000 Iraqis were killed or injured , '' The Iraq Body Count project ( IBC ) documented a higher number of civilian deaths up to the end of the major combat phase ( May 1 , 2003 ) . In a 2005 report , using updated information , the IBC reported that 7,299 civilians are documented to have been killed , primarily by U.S. air and ground forces . There were 17,338 civilian injuries inflicted up to May 1 , 2003 . The IBC says its figures are probably underestimates because : `` many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media . '' Iraqi civilian casualties ( edit ) A soldier carries a wounded Iraqi child into the Charlie Medical Centre at Camp Ramadi , Iraq ( March 20 , 2007 ) . Estimates of Iraqi civilian casualties are highly disputed , and few sources have attempted to measure civilian casualties in Iraq . Various estimates are discussed below , and elsewhere in this article . See also the section on total Iraqi casualties . Iraq Body Count project ( edit ) An independent UK / US group , the IBC project compiles reported Iraqi civilian deaths resulting from the invasion and occupation , including those caused directly by coalition military action , the Iraqi insurgency , and those resulting from excess crime . The IBC maintains that the occupying authority has a responsibility to prevent these deaths under international law . The IBC project attributed the majority of civilians death from 2003 to 2011 to unknown actors . The Iraq Body Count project ( IBC project ) , incorporating subsequent reports , has reported that by the end of the major combat phase up to April 30 , 2003 , 7,419 civilians had been killed , primarily by U.S. air - and - ground forces . It shows a total range of at least 155,923 -- 174,355 documented civilian deaths from violence in Iraq as of March 20 , 2016 . This total represents civilian deaths due to war - related violence that have been reported by media organizations , non-governmental - organization - based reports , and official records . The IBC project has been criticized by some who believe it counts only a small percentage of the number of actual deaths because of its reliance on media sources . The IBC project 's director , John Sloboda , has stated , `` We 've always said our work is an undercount , you ca n't possibly expect that a media - based analysis will get all the deaths . '' However , the IBC project rejects many of these criticisms as exaggerated or misinformed . A disabled 28 - year - old Iraqi woman lost both of her legs during combat operations ( May 7 , 2006 ) Following are the yearly IBC Project civilian death totals , broken down by month from the beginning of 2003 until the US pullout in December 2011 . Total ( 2003 -- 2011 ) : 116,277 Iraqi casualties Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2003 3977 3435 545 598 646 825 566 516 487 525 12,125 610 663 1004 1303 655 909 834 878 1042 1029 1663 1120 11,710 2005 1203 1292 904 1145 1396 1347 1536 2290 1428 1301 1467 1133 16,442 2006 1546 1577 1957 1804 2277 2584 3298 2865 2565 2996 3084 2898 29,451 2007 3017 2678 2726 2565 2844 2199 2694 2481 1387 1324 1124 996 26,036 2008 858 1092 1667 1315 914 750 639 704 612 594 540 586 10,271 2009 372 407 438 589 428 563 431 653 343 441 226 478 5,369 267 305 336 385 387 385 488 520 254 315 307 218 4,167 2011 389 254 311 289 381 386 308 401 397 366 279 -- -- Concerning the yearly totals , IBC project states : `` All figures are taken from the `` maximum '' confirmed deaths in the IBC database . However , IBC 's rates and counts will rise over the coming months , as data is still being added to the IBC database for 2006 and other periods covered here . '' The IBC project released a report detailing the deaths it recorded between March 2003 and March 2005 in which it recorded 24,865 civilian deaths . The report says the U.S. and its allies were responsible for the largest share ( 37 % ) of the 24,865 deaths . The remaining deaths were attributed to anti-occupations forces ( 9 % ) , crime ( 36 % ) and unknown agents ( 11 % ) . It also lists the primary sources used by the media -- mortuaries , medics , Iraqi officials , eyewitnesses , police , relatives , U.S. - coalition , journalists , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , friends / associates and other . People 's Kifah ( edit ) An Iraqi political party called the People 's Kifah , or Struggle Against Hegemony ( PK ) , reported the findings of what the spokesperson described as a survey conducted between March and June 2003 throughout the non-Kurdish areas of Iraq . The group reportedly tallied 36,533 civilians killed in those areas by June 2003 . These figures were first published in August 2003 on the website of Jude Wanniski , a retired reporter for The Wall Street Journal . While detailed town - by - town totals are given by the PK spokesperson , details of methodology are very thin and raw data is not in the public domain . A still-less - detailed report on this study appeared some months later on Al Jazeera 's website . The Al Jazeera report claims the study covered up to October 2003 , but this can not be accurate , as exactly the same figures were already published on the Wanniski website in August 2003 . No further information on this alleged survey has materialized since . The spokesperson in August 2003 said that there was no way to communicate the figures from Baghdad , so a party cadre took what was apparently the only copy of the data to Kurdistan , where he was kidnapped , leaving no trace of the raw data thereafter . Orphans ( edit ) In December 2007 , a member of Iraq 's Anti-Corruption board is reported to have said there were five million orphans in Iraq -- almost half of the country 's children . In March 2012 , the Baghdad Provincial Council estimated , `` the overall number of orphans across Iraq to be no more than 400,000 , '' while a UN report from 2008 estimated the number to be around 870,000 . A large - scale survey of Iraqi households by UNICEF , published in 2012 , estimated that between 800,000 and a million Iraqi children under 18 -- or about five percent of Iraqi children -- have lost one or both of their parents . Iraqi refugees Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Refugees of Iraq As of November 4 , 2006 , the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries , and 1.6 million were displaced internally , with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month . As of 2007 more Iraqis had lost their homes and become refugees than the population of any other country . Over 3.9 million people , close to 16 percent of the Iraqi population , have become uprooted . Of these , around 2 million have fled Iraq and flooded other countries , and 1.9 million are estimated to be refugees inside Iraq . Roughly 40 percent of Iraq 's middle class is believed to have fled , the U.N. said . Most are fleeing systematic persecution and have no desire to return . All kinds of people , from university professors to bakers , have been targeted by militias , Iraqi insurgents and criminals . An estimated 331 school teachers were slain in the first four months of 2006 , according to Human Rights Watch , and at least 2,000 Iraqi doctors have been killed and 250 kidnapped since the 2003 U.S. invasion . Project Censored cites the large number of Iraqi refugees as additional support of their argument that the number of Iraqi casualties is much larger than generally addressed in the mainstream media . A May 25 , 2007 , article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer noted that in the past seven months only 69 people from Iraq had been granted refugee status in the U.S. As a result of growing international pressure , on June 1 , 2007 , the Bush administration said it was ready to admit 7,000 Iraqi refugees who had helped the coalition since the invasion . According to Washington , D.C. - based Refugees International , the U.S. has admitted fewer than 800 Iraqi refugees since the invasion , Sweden had accepted 18,000 , and Australia had resettled almost 6,000 . Non-iraqi civilian casualties ( edit ) Many non-combatants from both coalition and non-coalition countries have also been killed or wounded , including journalists and international aid personnel and foreign civilians . See the main overview chart at the top for numbers and more information . Coalition military casualties ( edit ) Coalition deaths by country USA : 4,491 UK : 179 Italy : 33 Poland : 23 Ukraine : 18 Bulgaria : 13 Spain : 11 Denmark : 7 El Salvador : 5 Georgia : 5 Slovakia : 4 Latvia : 3 Romania : 3 Australia : 2 Estonia : 2 Netherlands : 2 Thailand : 2 Azerbaijan : 1 Czech Republic : 1 Fiji : 1 Hungary : 1 Kazakhstan : 1 South Korea : 1 TOTAL : 4,809 Most U.S. casualties , like these in a C - 17 military transport aircraft , return to Dover Air Force Base in Dover , Delaware . ( unknown date ) For the latest casualty numbers see the overview chart at the top of the page . See also the icasualties.org site : Since the official handover of power to the Iraqi Interim Government on June 28 , 2004 , coalition soldiers have continued to come under attack in towns across Iraq . National Public Radio , iCasualties.org , and GlobalSecurity.org have month - by - month charts of American troop deaths in the Iraq War . The British Casualty Monitor has a fortnightly updated graphical analysis of British casualties . A U.S. Marine killed in April 2003 is carried away after receiving his Last Rites . The combined total of coalition and contractor casualties in the conflict is now over ten times that of the 1990 -- 1991 Gulf War . In the Gulf War , coalition forces suffered around 378 deaths , and among the Iraqi military , tens of thousands were killed , along with thousands of civilians . Troops Fallen ill , injured , or wounded ( edit ) See the overview chart at the top of the page for recent numbers . On August 29 , 2006 , The Christian Science Monitor reported : `` Because of new body armor and advances in military medicine , for example , the ratio of combat - zone deaths to those wounded has dropped from 24 percent in Vietnam to 13 percent in Iraq and Afghanistan . In other words , the numbers of those killed as a percentage of overall casualties is lower . '' Wounded U.S. personnel flown from Iraq to Ramstein Air Base , Germany , for medical treatment . ( February 2007 ) Many U.S. veterans of the Iraq War have reported a range of serious health issues , including tumors , daily blood in urine and stool , sexual dysfunction , migraines , frequent muscle spasms , and other symptoms similar to the debilitating symptoms of `` Gulf War syndrome '' reported by many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War , which some believe is related to the U.S. 's use of radioactive depleted uranium . A study of U.S. veterans published in July 2004 in The New England Journal of Medicine on posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and other mental disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans found that 5 percent to 9.4 percent ( depending on the strictness of the PTSD definition used ) suffered from PTSD before deployment . After deployment , 6.2 percent to 19.9 percent suffered from PTSD . For the broad definition of PTSD that represents an increase of 10.5 percent ( 19.9 percent -- 9.4 percent = 10.5 percent ) . That is 10,500 additional cases of PTSD for every 100,000 U.S. troops after they have served in Iraq . ePluribus Media , an independent citizen journalism collective , is tracking and cataloging press - reported possible , probable , or confirmed incidents of post-deployment or combat - zone cases in its PTSD Timeline . Information on injuries suffered by troops of other coalition countries is less readily available , but a statement in Hansard indicated that 2,703 U.K. soldiers had been medically evacuated from Iraq for wounds or injuries as of October 4 , 2004 , and that 155 U.K. troops were wounded in combat in the initial invasion . Leishmaniasis has been reported by U.S. troops stationed in Iraq , including visceral leishmaniasis . Accidents and negligence ( edit ) As of August 2008 , sixteen American troops have died from accidental electrocutions in Iraq according to the Defense Department . One soldier had been electrocuted in a shower , while another had been electrocuted in a swimming pool . KBR , the contractor responsible , had been warned by employees of unsafe practices , and was criticised following the revelations . Nightline controversy ( edit ) Ted Koppel , host of ABC 's Nightline , devoted his entire show on April 30 , 2004 , to reading the names of 721 of the 737 U.S. troops who had died thus far . He did not mention deaths in Afghanistan . ( The show had not been able to confirm the remaining sixteen names . ) Claiming that this would constitute a political statement , the Sinclair Broadcast Group took the action of barring the seven ABC network - affiliated stations it controls from airing the show . The decision to censor the broadcast drew criticism from both sides , including members of the armed forces , opponents of the war , MoveOn.org , and most notably Republican U.S. Senator John McCain , who denounced the move as `` unpatriotic '' and `` a gross disservice to the public '' . Amputees ( edit ) Amputee U.S. soldier ( February 2007 ) As of January 18 , 2007 , there were at least 500 American amputees due to the Iraq War . According to a January 18 , 2007 , Time magazine article , the 500th victim was a 24 - year - old corporal , who lost both legs in a roadside bomb explosion on January 12 , 2007 . He was cared for at the military hospital in Landstuhl , Germany , and then was transferred to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center , located in Washington , D.C. The article reports : `` The 500 major amputations -- toes and fingers are n't counted -- represent 2.2 % of the 22,700 U.S. troops wounded in action . But the number rises to 5 % in the category of soldiers whose wounds prevent them returning to duty . '' However , in a presentation given by Dean Kamen at a TED conference in March 2008 , Dean reports that a senior Department of Defense official disclosed that `` 1,600 of the kids we 've sent out have come back missing at least one full arm . Whole arm . Shoulder disartic ... '' Traumatic brain injuries ( edit ) A March 4 , 2009 , article in USA Today reported that according to a Pentagon estimate , as many as 360,000 U.S. veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts may have suffered traumatic brain injuries ( TBI ) , including 45,000 to 90,000 veterans with persistent symptoms requiring specialized care . ( A separate estimate for the Iraq conflict alone was not specified . ) A February 2007 article in Discover , `` Dead Men Walking -- What Sort of Future Do Brain - Injured Iraq Veterans Face ? '' , reports : `` One expert from the VA estimates the number of undiagnosed TBIs at over 7,500 . Nearly 2,000 brain - injured soldiers have already received some level of care , ... '' USA Today reported in November 2007 : At least 20,000 U.S. troops who were not classified as wounded during combat in Iraq and Afghanistan have been found with signs of brain injuries , according to military and veterans records compiled by USA TODAY . The data , provided by the Army , Navy and Department of Veterans Affairs , show that about five times as many troops sustained brain trauma as the 4,471 officially listed by The Pentagon through September 30 . These cases also are not reflected in the Pentagon 's official tally of wounded , which stands at 30,327 . Mental illness and suicide ( edit ) A top U.S. Army psychiatrist , Colonel Charles Hoge , told the U.S. Congress in March 2008 that nearly 30 percent of troops on their third deployment suffer from serious mental - health problems , and that one year was not enough time between combat tours . A March 12 , 2007 , Time article reported on a study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine . About one third of the 103,788 veterans returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars seen at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs facilities between September 30 , 2001 , and September 30 , 2005 , were diagnosed with mental illness or a psycho - social disorder , such as homelessness and marital problems , including domestic violence . More than half of those diagnosed , 56 percent , were suffering from more than one disorder . The most common combination was post-traumatic stress disorder and depression . In January 2008 , the U.S. Army reported that the rate of suicide among soldiers in 2007 was the highest since the Army started counting in 1980 . There were 121 suicides in 2007 , a 20 - percent jump over the prior year . Also , there were around 2100 attempted suicides and self - injuries in 2007 . Other sources reveal higher estimates . Time magazine reported on June 5 , 2008 : Data contained in the Army 's fifth Mental Health Advisory Team report indicate that , according to an anonymous survey of U.S. troops taken last fall , about 12 % of combat troops in Iraq and 17 % of those in Afghanistan are taking prescription antidepressants or sleeping pills to help them cope ... About a third of soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq say they ca n't see a mental - health professional when they need to . When the number of troops in Iraq surged by 30,000 last year , the number of Army mental - health workers remained the same -- about 200 -- making counseling and care even tougher to get . In the same article Time also reported on some of the reasons for the prescription drug use : That imbalance between seeing the price of war up close and yet not feeling able to do much about it , the survey suggests , contributes to feelings of `` intense fear , helplessness or horror '' that plant the seeds of mental distress . `` A friend was liquefied in the driver 's position on a tank , and I saw everything '' , was a typical comment . Another : `` A huge f______ bomb blew my friend 's head off like 50 meters from me . '' Such indelible scenes -- and wondering when and where the next one will happen -- are driving thousands of soldiers to take antidepressants , military psychiatrists say . It 's not hard to imagine why . Concern has been expressed by mental health professionals about the effects on the emotional health and development of returning veterans ' infants and children , due to the increased rates of interpersonal violence , posttraumatic stress , depression , and substance abuse that have been reported among these veterans . Moreover , the stressful effects of physical casualties and loss pose enormous stress for the primary caregiver that can adversely affect her or his parenting , as well as the couple 's children directly . The mental health needs of military families in the aftermath of combat exposure and other war - related trauma have been thought likely to be inadequately addressed by the military health system that separates mental health care of the returning soldier from his or her family 's care , the latter of whom is generally covered under a contracted , civilian managed - care system . Rape , sexual assault , sexual harassment ( edit ) BBC News reported April 17 , 2009 , `` According to several studies of the US military funded by the Department of Veteran Affairs , 30 % of military women are raped while serving ( 14 % of them gang raped ) , 71 % are sexually assaulted , and 90 % are sexually harassed . '' According to data reported by BPW / USA , despite representing 15 % of the US troops in Iraq , female soldiers only account for 2 % of the war casualties , with half of them being reported as suicides caused by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder . Because of the given figures and as BPW / denounces , military women were 15 times more likely to be raped by their fellows than die in the war . Iraqi insurgent casualties ( edit ) In 2003 , 597 insurgents were killed , according to the U.S. military . From January 2004 through December 2009 ( not including May 2004 and March 2009 ) , 23,984 insurgents were estimated to have been killed based on reports from Coalition soldiers on the frontlines . In the two missing months from the estimate , 652 were killed in May 2004 , and 45 were killed in March 2009 . In 2010 , another 676 insurgents were killed . In January and March through October 2011 , 451 insurgents were killed . Based on all of these estimates some 26,405 insurgents / militia were killed from 2003 , up until late 2011 . However , this number could be an overestimate and may include some civilian fatalities , since there have been contradictions between the figures released by the U.S. military and those released by the Iraqi government . For example , the U.S. military 's number of insurgents killed in 2005 , is 3,247 , which is in contrast to the Iraqi government 's figure of 1,734 . In 2007 , 4,544 militants were killed according to the Iraqi ministries , while the U.S. military claimed 6,747 died . Also , in 2008 , 2,028 insurgents were reported killed and in 2009 , with the exception of the month of June , 488 were killed according to the Iraqi Defence Ministry . These numbers are also not in line with the U.S. military estimate of some 3,984 killed in 2008 and 2009 . U.S. military - and Iraqi Defence Ministry - provided numbers , including suicide bombers 2011 -- 451 ( not including February & August ) 2010 -- 676 2009 -- 488 ( not including June ) 2008 -- 2,028 2007 -- 6,747 ( U.S. military ) , 4,544 ( Iraqi Defence Ministry ) 2006 -- 3,902 2005 -- 3,247 ( U.S. military ) , 1,734 ( Iraqi Defence Ministry ) 2004 -- 6,801 2003 -- 603 In addition as of August 22 , 2009 , approximately 1,719 suicide - bombers had also been reported killed . Main article : List of terrorist incidents in Iraq since 2003 2009 -- 73 2008 -- 257 2007 -- 442 2006 -- 297 2005 -- 478 2004 -- 140 2003 ( from August to December ) -- 32 Grand total -- 21,221 -- 26,405 insurgents dead On September 28 , 2006 , an Al Qaeda leader claimed that 4,000 foreign insurgents had been killed in the war . On June 6 , 2008 , an Iraqi Army official revealed that about 6,000 Al Qaeda fighters were among the insurgents killed since the start of the war up until April 2008 . Insurgent deaths , like civilian deaths , are hard to count or estimate . See : See also the examples of undercounting shown in one of the sections below . The Lancet surveys did not ask respondents if the dead they were reporting were combatants or not . Contractor casualties ( edit ) Their status as civilian is controversial . They are employees of U.S. government contractors and subcontractors , private military contractors , U.S. Department of Defense , etc . The contractors come from many nations including Iraq and the U.S. A July 4 , 2007 , Los Angeles Times article reports : `` More than 180,000 civilians -- including Americans , foreigners and Iraqis -- are working in Iraq under U.S. contracts , according to State and Defense department figures obtained by the Los Angeles Times ... `` The numbers include at least 21,000 Americans , 43,000 foreign contractors and about 118,000 Iraqis -- all employed in Iraq by U.S. tax dollars , according to the most recent government data . '' A July 3 , 2007 , Reuters article reports : `` The department said it had recorded 990 deaths -- 917 in Iraq and 73 in Afghanistan -- by the end of March . Since then , according to incident logs tallied by Reuters in Baghdad and Kabul , at least 16 contractors have died in Iraq and two in Afghanistan ... `` The Labor Department 's statistics put the number of wounded in Iraq between March 1 , 2003 and March 31 , 2007 as 10,569 . The corresponding figure for Afghanistan , from September 2001 to March 2007 , is 2,428 ... `` Joseph McDermott , the Assistant Inspector General for Iraq , quoted Labor Department statistics as saying that of 900 - plus contractors killed by the end of April , 224 were U.S. citizens . '' From a New York Times article published May 19 , 2007 : `` At least 146 contract workers were killed in Iraq in the first three months of the year , by far the highest number for any quarter since the war began in March 2003 , according to the Labor Department , which processes death and injury claims for those working as United States government contractors in Iraq . The April 30 , 2007 , quarterly report to Congress of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction states : `` Since Iraq reconstruction began , 916 death claims for civilian contractors working on U.S. - funded projects in Iraq have been filed . In the quarter ending March 31 , 2007 , the Department of Labor reported 146 new death claims . DoS reports that 16 U.S. civilians died in Iraq this quarter . Since the beginning of the U.S. reconstruction effort , 224 U.S. civilians have died in Iraq . '' A February 23 , 2007 , Associated Press article reports that there are 120,000 contractors . It states that through the end of 2006 there have been 769 deaths and `` 3,367 injuries serious enough to require four or more days off the job . '' A January 28 , 2007 , Houston Chronicle article reports that the Pentagon estimates around 100,000 contractors are currently in Iraq , and that the Pentagon does not track contractor deaths . The article reports : `` Halliburton 's KBR is the largest military contractor operating in Iraq , with more than 50,000 employees and subcontractors working there , as well as in Kuwait and Afghanistan . '' The article reports from Labor Department information that more than 770 civilian contractors of U.S. - based companies in Iraq died between March 2003 and December 31 , 2006 . 7,761 have been injured in Iraq . `` How many of these civilian - contractor casualties were American citizens is unknown . Labor officials say they can not provide a breakdown by nationality . '' The article also reports : The Labor Department has these numbers because it tracks workers ' compensation claims by injured workers or families of slain contractors under the federal Defense Base Act . `` Using employee time lost is a kind of a weird way to track casualties '' , Singer noted . `` But it 's part of the bizarre nature of this industry and the way it 's been used in Iraq . '' Still , the Labor Department figures do n't tell the full story . An October 10 , 2006 , Reuters article reports , `` Their number in Iraq is estimated at up to 100,000 , from highly - trained former special forces soldiers to drivers , cooks , mechanics , plumbers , translators , electricians and laundry workers and other support personnel . '' An April 2 , 2004 , Boston Globe article reports : `` Just how much the growing security burden in Iraq is costing US taxpayers is hard to gauge because few reconstruction contracts are made public and there is no official estimate of how many security specialists are active there . Analysts estimate that corporations have some 30,000 to 40,000 workers in Iraq '' Concerning the number of security - related contractors an April 19 , 2004 , New York Times article states : `` But more and more , they give the appearance of private , for - profit militias -- by several estimates , a force of roughly 20,000 on top of an American military presence of 130,000 . That article also reports : `` Sorting out lines of authority and communication can be complex . Many security guards are hired as ' independent contractors ' by companies that , in turn , are sub-contractors of larger security companies , which are themselves subcontractors of a prime contractor , which may have been hired by a United States agency . '' An April 13 , 2004 , Robert Fisk article reports : `` At least 18 000 mercenaries , many of them tasked to protect US troops and personnel , are now believed to be in Iraq . '' The article reported : `` At least 80 foreign mercenaries -- security guards recruited from the United States , Europe and South Africa and working for American companies -- have been killed in the past eight days in Iraq . '' The article noted that this was more than the roughly 70 coalition troops who were killed in the same period . Iraqi healthcare deterioration ( edit ) A November 11 , 2006 , Los Angeles Times article reports : The ( Iraq ) nation 's health has deteriorated to a level not seen since the 1950s , said Joseph Chamie , former director of the U.N. Population Division and an Iraq specialist . `` They were at the forefront '' , he said , referring to healthcare just before the 1991 Persian Gulf War . `` Now they 're looking more and more like a country in sub-Saharan Africa . '' A November 9 , 2006 , International Herald Tribune article reported what Iraq 's Health Minister , Ali al - Shemari , said about the issue : Al - Shemari said Iraq needed at least 10 years to rebuild its infrastructure , and that the medical situation in the country was `` gloomy . '' There was a shortage of medical supplies , which sometimes took months to reach the country from abroad , while roadblocks prevented people from getting to hospitals , he said . No hospital has been built in Iraq since 1983 , and the country 's 15,000 available hospital beds were well short of the 80,000 beds needed . The minister also noted that many doctors had left the country . `` We need help from anybody '' , Al - Shemari said . Iraqi children suffering from psychological symptoms ( edit ) Seventy percent of children are suffering from trauma - related symptoms according to a study of 10,000 primary school students in the Sha'ab section of north Baghdad , conducted by the Iraqi Society of Psychiatrists and the World Health Organization . `` We 're now finding an elevation of mental health disorders in children -- emotional , conduct , peer , attention deficit '' , according to Iraqi psychiatrist Hashimi . `` A number are even resulting in suicide . '' Total Iraqi casualties ( edit ) Estimates of the total number of Iraqi war - related deaths are highly disputed . National Public Radio has a bar chart with various estimates . Project Censored has named the `` corporate media blackout '' of the number of Iraqi deaths caused by the Iraq war ( which it estimates at over one million ) as the number - one censored story for 2009 . The estimated number of orphans across Iraq has ranged from 400,000 ( according to the Baghdad Provincial Council ) , to five million ( according to Iraq 's anti-corruption board ) . A UN report from 2008 placed the number of orphans at about 870,000 . Various estimates ( edit ) In December 2005 President Bush said there were 30,000 Iraqi dead . White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said it was `` not an official government estimate '' , and was based on media reports . The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent civilian deaths occurred in 2006 , based on data from morgues , hospitals , and municipal authorities across Iraq . For 2006 , a January 2 , 2007 , Associated Press article reports : `` The tabulation by the Iraqi ministries of Health , Defence and Interior , showed that 14,298 civilians , 1,348 police and 627 soldiers had been killed in the violence that raged across the country last year . The Associated Press figure , gleaned from daily news reports from Baghdad , arrived at a total of 13,738 deaths . '' The Australian reports in a January 2 , 2007 , article : `` A figure of 3700 civilian deaths in October ' ( 2006 ) ' , the latest tally given by the UN based on data from the Health Ministry and the Baghdad morgue , was branded exaggerated by the Iraqi Government . '' Iraqi government estimates include `` people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as ' criminal ' . '' Also , they `` include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds . Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown . '' A June 25 , 2006 , Los Angeles Times article , `` War 's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000 '' , reported that their estimate of violent deaths consisted `` mostly of civilians '' but probably also included security forces and insurgents . It added that , `` Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths in the chaotic first year after the invasion , when there was no functioning Iraqi government , and continued spotty reporting nationwide since . '' Here is how the Times got its number : `` The Baghdad morgue received 30,204 bodies from 2003 through mid-2006 , while the Health Ministry said it had documented 18,933 deaths from ' military clashes ' and ' terrorist attacks ' from April 5 , 2004 , to June 1 , 2006 . Together , the toll reaches 49,137 . However , samples obtained from local health departments in other provinces show an undercount that brings the total well beyond 50,000 . The figure also does not include deaths outside Baghdad in the first year of the invasion . '' Iraq Body Count ( edit ) The Iraq Body Count ( IBC ) project has recorded the numbers of civilians killed in violence since the 2003 invasion of Iraq based on a `` comprehensive survey of commercial media and NGO - based reports , along with official records that have been released into the public sphere . Reports range from specific , incident based accounts to figures from hospitals , morgues , and other documentary data - gathering agencies . '' Current IBC figures , to December 2010 , place the number of civilians killed at 99,151 -- 108,234 . The IBC was also given access to the WikiLeaks disclosures of the Iraq War Logs and has estimated that these documents show the total number of Iraqi deaths since the 2003 invasion to be over 150,000 , with about 80 % being civilian . Iraq living conditions survey ( edit ) A study commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , called the Iraq Living Conditions Survey ( ILCS ) , sampled almost 22,000 households across all Iraqi provinces . It estimated 24,000 war - related violent deaths by May 2004 ( with a 95 percent confidence interval from 18,000 to 29,000 ) . This study did not attempt to measure what portion of its estimate was made up of civilians or combatants . It would include Iraqi military killed during the invasion , as well as `` insurgents '' or other fighters thereafter . This study has been criticized for various reasons . For more info see the section in Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties that compares the Lancet and UNDP ILCS studies . Iraqiyun estimate ( edit ) In the introduction of the report for the 2006 Lancet survey are listed some previous death estimates . One was the Iraqiyun estimate : `` An Iraqi non-governmental organisation , Iraqiyun , estimated 128,000 deaths from the time of the invasion until July , 2005 , by use of various sources , including household interviews . '' The reference listed in the Lancet report : `` NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq . Iraq emergency situation , final report . Baghdad : NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq , 2006 . '' A July 2005 United Press International ( UPI ) article said the number came from the chairman of the Iraqiyun humanitarian organization in Baghdad , Dr. Hatim al - ' Alwani . He said 55 percent of those killed were women , and children aged 12 and under . The UPI article reported : `` Iraqiyun obtained data from relatives and families of the deceased , as well as from Iraqi hospitals in all the country 's provinces . The 128,000 figure only includes those whose relatives have been informed of their deaths and does not include those were abducted , assassinated or simply disappeared . '' A 2010 book by Nicolas Davies reported the Iraqiyun estimate , and that Iraqiyun was affiliated with the political party of Interim President Ghazi Al - Yawer . Davies wrote : `` The report specified that it included only confirmed deaths reported to relatives , omitting significant numbers of people who had simply disappeared without trace amid the violence and chaos . '' A peer reviewed article by Professor Michael Spagat notes that `` a single UPI article is the sole basis for the claim that a survey was done , '' and that no official report on this survey has ever surfaced . The paper also notes that the UPI article is repeating claims made in a report by Mafkarat al - Islam , or Islam Memo , a source that has been referred to by Middle East historian Juan Cole as `` the radical Sunni Arab newspaper '' , and which a US State Department report has described as `` perhaps the most unreliable source of ' news ' on the internet '' , describing how it repeatedly reported that large numbers of US toops had been killed when few or none had been killed . The Associated Press and Health Ministry . More information ( edit ) The Associated Press reported that the Health Ministry of the Iraqi government had recorded 87,215 violent deaths of Iraqi citizens since the beginning of 2005 . The data was in the form of a list of yearly totals for death certificates issued for violent deaths by hospitals and morgues between January 1 , 2005 , and February 28 , 2009 . The number excludes thousands of people who are missing and civilians who were buried in the chaos of war without official notice . If included , those would raise the number of dead for that period by 10 to 20 percent according to the government official who provided the data to The Associated Press . The Associated Press used this data to estimate that more than 110,600 Iraqis had been killed since the start of the war to April 2009 . This number is derived by combining the Health Ministry tally of 87,215 with counts of casualties for 2003 -- 2004 , and after March 1 , 2009 , from hospital sources and media reports , citing Iraq Body Count as its main source for this data . The AP article stated that it had `` reviewed the Iraq Body Count analysis and confirmed its conclusions by sifting the data and consulting experts . The AP also interviewed experts involved with previous studies , prominent Iraq analysts and provincial and medical officials to determine that the new tally was credible . '' The AP also reported : `` Experts said the count constitutes an important baseline , albeit an incomplete one . Richard Brennan , who has done mortality research in Congo and Kosovo , said it is likely a ' gross underestimate ' because many deaths go unrecorded in war zones . The Iraqi Body Count numbers are likely even more incomplete , given that many killings occurred in incidents journalists were unaware of or in inaccessible areas . Mass graves have been turning up as improved security allows patrols in formerly off - limits areas , but how many remain will never be known . '' Iraq Family Health survey ( edit ) The Iraq Family Health Survey published in the New England Journal of Medicine surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and was carried out in 2006 and 2007 . It estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence ( 95 % uncertainty range , 104,000 to 223,000 ) from March 2003 through June 2006 . The study was done by the `` Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group '' , a collaborative effort of six organizations : the Federal Ministry of Health , Baghdad ; Kurdistan Ministry of Planning , Erbil ; Kurdistan Ministry of Health , Erbil ; Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology , Baghdad ; World Health Organization Iraq office , Amman , Jordan ; World Health Organization , Geneva . Opinion Research Business survey of Iraqi War deaths in August 2007 ( edit ) A September 14 , 2007 , estimate by Opinion Research Business ( ORB ) , an independent British polling agency , suggests that the total Iraqi violent death toll due to the Iraq War since the U.S. - led invasion is in excess of 1.2 million ( 1,220,580 ) . Although higher than the 2006 Lancet estimate through June 2006 , these results , which were based on a survey of 1,499 adults in Iraq from August 12 -- 19 , 2007 , are more or less consistent with the figures that were published in the Lancet study . On January 28 , 2008 , ORB published an update based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq . Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000 with a given range of 946,000 to 1,120,000 . Participants of the ORB survey were asked the following question : `` How many members of your household , if any , have died as a result of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 ( ie as a result of violence rather than a natural death such as old age ) ? Please note that I mean those who were actually living under your roof . '' The revised results were Number of deaths in household Percent of responders None 72 % One 14 % Two 3 % Three 1 % Four or more `` more than zero but less than 0.5 % '' Do n't know 2 % No answer 8 % This ORB estimate has been strongly criticised as exaggerated and ill - founded in peer reviewed literature D3 Systems poll in early 2007 ( edit ) From February 25 to March 5 , 2007 , D3 Systems ( 19 ) conducted a poll for the BBC , ABC News , ARD and USA Today . ABC News reported : `` One in six says someone in their own household has been harmed ... 53 percent of Iraqis say a close friend or immediate family member has been hurt in the current violence . That ranges from three in 10 in the Kurdish provinces to , in Baghdad , nearly eight in 10 . '' The methodology was described thus : `` This poll for ABC News , USA Today , the BBC and ARD was conducted February 25 -- March 5 , 2007 , through in - person interviews with a random national sample of 2,212 Iraqi adults , including oversamples in Anbar province , Basra city , Kirkuk and the Sadr City section of Baghdad . The results have a 2.5 - point error margin . Field work by D3 Systems of Vienna , Virginia , and KA Research Ltd. of Istanbul . '' There was a field staff of 150 Iraqis in all . That included 103 interviewers , interviewing selected respondents at 458 locales across the country . `` This poll asked about nine kinds of violence ( car bombs , snipers or crossfire , kidnappings , fighting among opposing groups or abuse of civilians by various armed forces ) . '' Question 35 asked : `` Have you or an immediate family member -- by which I mean someone living in this household -- been physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time ? '' Here are the results in percentages : Groups Yes No No opinion All 17 83 0 Sunni 21 79 0 Shiite 17 83 0 Kurdish 7 93 0 17 % of respondents reported that at least one member of the household had been `` physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time . '' The survey did not ask whether multiple household members had been harmed . Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006 ( edit ) In early November 2006 Iraq 's Health Minister Ali al - Shemari said that he estimated between 100,000 and 150,000 people had been killed since the March 2003 U.S. - led invasion . The Taipei Times reported on his methodology : `` Al - Shemari said on Thursday ( , November 9 , 2006 , ) that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals -- though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total . '' The Washington Post reported : `` As al - Shemari issued the startling new estimate , the head of the Baghdad central morgue said Thursday he was receiving as many as 60 violent death victims each day at his facility alone . Dr. Abdul - Razzaq al - Obaidi said those deaths did not include victims of violence whose bodies were taken to the city 's many hospital morgues or those who were removed from attack scenes by relatives and quickly buried according to Muslim custom . '' From a November 9 , 2006 , International Herald Tribune article : `` Each day we lost 100 persons , that means per month 3,000 , per year it 's 36,000 , plus or minus 10 percent '' , al - Shemari said . `` So by three years , 120,000 , half year 20,000 , that means 140,000 , plus or minus 10 percent '' , he said , explaining how he came to the figures . `` This includes all Iraqis killed -- police , ordinary people , children '' , he said , adding that people who were kidnapped and later found dead were also included in his estimate . He said the figures were compiled by counting bodies brought to `` forensic institutes '' or hospitals . From a November 11 , 2006 , Taipei Times article : An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday ( November 10 , 2006 ) , but later said that the estimated deaths ranged between 100,000 and 150,000 . `` The minister was misquoted . He said between 100,000 -- 150,000 people were killed in three - and - a-half years '' , the official said . 2006 excess mortality study ( edit ) Main article : Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties The October 2006 Lancet study estimated total excess deaths up to July 2006 . Total deaths ( civilian and non-civilian ) include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poorer healthcare , etc ... The survey estimated 654,965 excess deaths related to the war . The 2006 study involved surveys between May 20 and July 10 , 2006 . More households were surveyed than during the 2004 study , allowing for a 95 % confidence interval of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths . The result was disputed by President Bush , epidemiologists , demographers , the Iraq Body Count , and many others , based both on the number of deaths and the alleged methodology . Although the British Government disputed the accuracy of the Lancet survey , the U.K. Ministry of Defence 's chief scientific adviser wrote in an email on the day of publication that the survey 's methods were `` close to best practice '' and the study design was `` robust '' . An October 12 , 2006 , San Francisco Chronicle article reported : `` Asked at the news conference what he thinks the number is now , Bush said : ' I stand by the figure a lot of innocent people have lost their life . ' At a separate Pentagon briefing , Gen. George Casey , the top U.S. commander in Iraq , said that the ( Lancet ) figure ' seems way , way beyond any number that I have seen . I 've not seen a number higher than 50,000 . And so I do n't give it that much credibility at all ' . '' John Tirman , who commissioned and directed the funding for the 2nd Lancet study , and has reviewed various data and methodologies has estimated `` the number of war - related dead to be at least 600,000 and possibly as much as one million '' . Tirman has praised as `` most accurate '' the review published in Conflict and Health March 7 , 2008 , `` Iraq War mortality estimates : A systematic review '' . 2004 excess mortality study ( edit ) Main article : Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties The October 2004 Lancet study done by public health experts from Johns Hopkins University and published on October 29 , 2004 , in The Lancet medical journal , estimated that 100,000 `` excess '' Iraqi deaths from all causes had occurred since the U.S. invasion began . The study did not attempt to measure how many of these were civilian , but the study 's authors have said they believe that the `` vast majority '' were non-combatants , based on 7 % of the casualties being women and 46 % being children under the age of 15 ( including Falluja data ) . To arrive at these excess death figures , a survey was taken from 988 Iraqi households in 33 clusters throughout Iraq , in which the residents were asked how many people lived there and how many births and deaths there had been since the war began . They then compared the death rate with the average from the 15 months before the war . Iraqis were found to be 1.5 times more likely to die from all causes after the invasion ( rising from 0.5 % to 0.79 % per year ) than in the 15 months preceding the war , producing an estimate of 98,000 excess deaths . This figure excluded data from one cluster in Falluja , which was deemed too much of an outlier for inclusion in the national estimate . If it included data from Falluja , which showed a higher rate of violent deaths than the other 32 clusters combined , the increased death rate would be raised from 1.5 to 2.5 fold , violent deaths would be 58 times more likely with most of them due to air - strikes by coalition forces , and an additional 200,000 fatalities would be estimated . The study contains the following Summary : Background : In March 2003 , military forces , mainly from the USA and the UK , invaded Iraq . We did a survey to compare mortality during the period of 14.6 months before the invasion with the 17.8 months after it . Methods : A cluster sample survey was undertaken throughout Iraq during September 2004 . 33 clusters of 30 households each were interviewed about household composition , births , and deaths since January 2002 . In those households reporting deaths , the date , cause , and circumstances of violent deaths were recorded . We assessed the relative risk of death associated with the 2003 invasion and occupation by comparing mortality in the 17.8 months after the invasion with the 14.6 - month period preceding it . Findings : The risk of death was estimated to be 2.5-fold ( 95 % CI 1.6 -- 4.2 ) higher after the invasion when compared with the preinvasion period . Two - thirds of all violent deaths were reported in one cluster in the city of Falluja . If we exclude the Falluja data , the risk of death is 1.5-fold ( 1.1 -- 2.3 ) higher after the invasion . We estimate that 98,000 more deaths than expected ( 8000 - 194,000 ) happened after the invasion outside of Falluja and far more if the outlier Falluja cluster is included . The major causes of death before the invasion were myocardial infarction , cerebrovascular accidents , and other chronic disorders whereas after the invasion violence was the primary cause of death . Violent deaths were widespread , reported in 15 of 33 clusters , and were mainly attributed to coalition forces . Most individuals reportedly killed by coalition forces were men . The risk of death from violence in the period after the invasion was 58 times higher ( 95 % CI 8.1 -- 419 ) than in the period before the war . Interpretation : Making conservative assumptions , we think that about 100,000 excess deaths , or more have happened since the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Violence accounted for most of the excess deaths and air strikes from coalition forces accounted for most violent deaths . We have shown that collection of public - health information is possible even during periods of extreme violence . Our results need further verification and should lead to changes to reduce noncombatant deaths from air strikes . See Lancet study for more details of the methodology and subsequent controversy about the study . Undercounting ( edit ) Some studies estimating the casualties due to the war in Iraq say there are various reasons why the estimates and counts may be low . On February 24 , 2009 , Morning Edition discussed what a Baghdad central morgue statistics office worker reported to them : the number of deaths the morgue registers never corresponds with numbers from the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Interior . `` They do it on purpose '' , he says . `` I would go home and look at the news . The ministry would say 10 people got killed all over Iraq , while I had received in that day more than 50 dead bodies just in Baghdad . It 's always been like that -- they would say one thing but the reality was much worse . '' A January 31 , 2008 Perspective in the New England Journal of Medicine contains the following discussion of undercounting Iraqi civilian casualties in household surveys : `` ... sometimes it was problematic or too dangerous to enter a cluster of households , which might well result in an undercount ; data from the Iraq Body Count on the distribution of deaths among provinces were used to calculate estimates in these instances . If the clustering of violent deaths was n't accurately captured , that could also increase uncertainty . The sampling frame was based on a 2004 count , but the population has been changing rapidly and dramatically because of sectarian violence , the flight of refugees , and overall population migration . Another source of bias in household surveys is underreporting due to the dissolution of some households after a death , so that no one remains to tell the former inhabitants ' story . `` A January 10 , 2008 , Washington Post article reported : `` Previous research has shown that household surveys typically miss 30 to 50 percent of deaths . One reason is that some families that have suffered violent deaths leave the survey area ... Some people are kidnapped and disappear , and others turn up months or years later in mass graves . Some are buried or otherwise disposed of without being recorded . In particularly violent areas , local governments have effectively ceased to function , and there are ineffective channels for collecting and passing information between hospitals , morgues and the central government . '' On November 10 , 2006 , The Washington Post reported : `` Accurate figures on the number of people who have died in the Iraq conflict have long been the subject of debate . Police and hospitals often give widely conflicting figures of those killed in major bombings . In addition , death figures are reported through multiple channels by government agencies that function with varying efficiency . '' The October 2006 Lancet study states : `` Aside from Bosnia , we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance ( used by the IBC ) recorded more than 20 % of the deaths measured by population - based methods ( used in the Lancet studies ) . In several outbreaks , disease and death recorded by facility - based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population - based estimates . Between 1960 and 1990 , newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50 % of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5 % in years of highest violence . '' The report describes no other specific examples except for this study of Guatemala . The Lancet reference used is to Patrick Ball , Paul Kobrak , and Herbert F. Spirer and their 1999 book , State Violence in Guatemala , 1960 -- 1996 : A Quantitative Reflection . From the introduction : `` The CIIDH database consists of cases culled from direct testimonies and documentary and press sources . '' They report in chapter seven : `` Figure 7.1 shows that in the CIIDH database , most of the information for human rights violations prior to 1977 comes from press sources ... Approximately 10,890 cases were coded from the newspapers . Sixty - three percent of the press cases were taken from Prensa Libre , 10 percent from El Gráfico , 8 percent from La Hora and El Impacto respectively , and 6 percent from El Imparcial . The remaining 5 percent is made up by eight other newspapers . '' But they reported that in later , more violent years : `` When the level of violence increased dramatically in the late 1970s and early 1980s , numbers of reported violations in the press stayed very low . In 1981 , one of the worst years of state violence , the numbers fall towards zero . The press reported almost none of the rural violence . '' There is a list of figures , tables , and charts in the book that can be used to calculate what percentage of the deaths were reported by the 13 Guatemalan newspapers for each year when compared to testimonies of witnesses compiled by popular organizations . Juan Cole wrote in an October 11 , 2006 , article : `` There is heavy fighting almost every day at Ramadi in al - Anbar province , among guerrillas , townspeople , tribes , Marines and Iraqi police and army . We almost never get a report of these skirmishes and we almost never are told about Iraqi casualties in Ramadi . '' A July 28 , 2004 , opinion piece by Robert Fisk published by The Independent reports that `` some families bury their dead without notifying the authorities . '' Stephen Soldz , who runs the website `` Iraq Occupation and Resistance Report '' , wrote in a February 5 , 2006 , article : `` Of course , in conditions of active rebellion , the safer areas accessible to Western reporters are likely to be those under US / Coalition control , where deaths are , in turn , likely to be due to insurgent attacks . Areas of insurgent control , which are likely to be subject to US and Iraqi government attack , for example most of Anbar province , are simply off - limits to these reporters . Thus , the realities of reporting imply that reporters will be witness to a larger fraction of deaths due to insurgents and a lesser proportion of deaths due to US and Iraqi government forces . '' A June 25 , 2006 , Los Angeles Times article reports : `` Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths ... The ( Los Angeles ) Times attempted to reach a comprehensive figure by obtaining statistics from the Baghdad morgue and the Health Ministry and checking those numbers against a sampling of local health departments for possible undercounts . '' An October 19 , 2006 , Washington Post article reports : `` The deaths reported by officials and published in the news media represent only a fraction of the thousands of mutilated bodies winding up in Baghdad 's overcrowded morgue each month ... Bodies are increasingly being dumped in and around Baghdad in fields staked out by individual Shiite militias and Sunni insurgent groups . Iraqi security forces often refuse to go to the dumping grounds , leaving the precise number of bodies in those sites unknown . Civilian deaths , unlike those of American troops , often go unrecorded . '' On October 11 , 2006 , Middle East Professor Juan Cole wrote : `` But last May ( 2006 ) , the government authorities in Basra came out and admitted that security had collapsed in the city and that for the previous month , one person had been assassinated every hour . Now , that is 24 dead a day , just from political assassination . Apparently these persons were being killed in faction fighting among Shiite militias and Marsh Arab tribes . We never saw any of those 24 deaths a day reported in the Western press . And we never see any deaths from Basra reported in the wire services on a daily basis even now . Has security improved since May ? No one seems even to be reporting on it , yes or no . '' The Australian reports in a January 2 , 2007 , article that Iraqi government casualty estimates include `` people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as ' criminal ' . '' Also , they `` include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds . Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown . '' In a November 7 , 2004 , press release concerning the October 2004 Lancet study the Iraq Body Count project ( IBC ) states : `` We have always been quite explicit that our own total is certain to be an underestimate of the true position , because of gaps in reporting or recording '' . One of the sources used by the media are morgues . Only the central Baghdad area morgue has released figures consistently . While that is the largest morgue in Iraq and in the most consistently violent area , the absence of comprehensive morgue figures elsewhere leads to undercounting . IBC makes it clear that , due to these issues , its count will almost certainly be below the full toll in its ' Quick FAQ ' on its homepage . Quote from an IBC note : `` The Iraq Body Count ( IBC ) estimate for x350 , like that for x334 , was made possible by examination of the detailed data supplied to the Associated Press ( AP ) by the morgues surveyed in AP 's 23 May 2004 survey of Iraqi morgues . '' That May 23 , 2004 , Associated Press article points out the lack of morgue data from many areas of Iraq . Also , it states : `` The ( Baghdad ) figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings , Hassan said . The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue , but given directly to victims ' families . Also , the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al - Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues . '' Systematic underreporting by U.S. ( edit ) An April 2005 article by The Independent reports : `` A week before she was killed by a suicide bomber , humanitarian worker Marla Ruzicka forced military commanders to admit they did keep records of Iraqi civilians killed by US forces ... in an essay Ms Ruzicka wrote a week before her death on Saturday and published yesterday , the 28 - year - old revealed that a Brigadier General told her it was ' standard operating procedure ' for US troops to file a report when they shoot a non-combatant . She obtained figures for the number of civilians killed in Baghdad between February 28 and April 5 ( 2005 ) , and discovered that 29 had been killed in firefights involving US forces and insurgents . This was four times the number of Iraqi police killed . '' The December 2006 report of the Iraq Study Group ( ISG ) found that the United States has filtered out reports of violence in order to disguise its perceived policy failings in Iraq . A December 7 , 2006 , McClatchy Newspapers article reports that the ISG found that U.S. officials reported 93 attacks or significant acts of violence on one day in July 2006 , yet `` a careful review of the reports for that single day brought to light more than 1,100 acts of violence . '' The article further reports : `` The finding confirmed a September 8 McClatchy Newspapers report that U.S. officials excluded scores of people killed in car bombings and mortar attacks from tabulations measuring the results of a drive to reduce violence in Baghdad . By excluding that data , U.S. officials were able to boast that deaths from sectarian violence in the Iraqi capital had declined by more than 52 percent between July and August , McClatchy newspapers reported . '' From the ISG report itself : `` A murder of an Iraqi is not necessarily counted as an attack . If we can not determine the source of a sectarian attack , that assault does not make it into the database . A roadside bomb or a rocket or mortar attack that does n't hurt U.S. personnel does n't count . '' According to Project Censored , the undercounting and underreporting of Iraqi casualties has led to a widespread belief among the U.S. public that very few Iraqis have been killed , with an average `` estimate '' of under 10,000 reported by an Associated Press poll in February 2007 . Casualties caused by criminal and political violence ( edit ) In May 2004 , Associated Press completed a survey of the morgues in Baghdad and surrounding provinces . The survey tallied violent deaths from May 1 , 2003 , when President Bush declared an end to major combat operations , through April 30 , 2004 . From the AP article : In Baghdad , a city of about 5.6 million , 4,279 people were recorded killed in the 12 months through April 30 , ( 2004 ) , according to figures provided by Kais Hassan , director of statistics at Baghdad 's Medicolegal Institute , which administers the city 's morgues . `` Before the war , there was a strong government , strong security . There were a lot of police on the streets and there were no illegal weapons '' , he said during an AP reporter 's visit to the morgue . `` Now there are few controls . There is crime , revenge killings , so much violence . '' The figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings , Hassan said . The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue , but given directly to victims ' families . Also , the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al - Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues . Accidental trauma deaths from car accidents , falls , etc. are not included in the numbers . The article reports that the numbers translate to 76 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad , compared to 39 in Bogotá , Colombia , 7.5 in New York City , and 2.4 in neighboring Jordan . The article states that there were 3.0 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad in 2002 ( the year before the war ) . Morgues surveyed in other parts of Iraq also reported large increases in the number of homicides . Karbala , south of Baghdad , increased from an average of one homicide per month in 2002 to an average of 55 per month in the year following the invasion ; in Tikrit , north of Baghdad , where there were no homicides in 2002 , the rate had grown to an average of 17 per month ; in the northern province of Kirkuk , the rate had increased from 3 per month in 2002 to 34 per month in the survey period . See also ( edit ) Iraq portal Military of the United States portal War portal Aviation accidents and incidents in Iraq War Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq Iraq Body Count project Iraqi Health Ministry casualty survey Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties ORB survey of Iraq War casualties Post-traumatic stress disorder Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003 Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq United States casualties of war Civilian casualty ratio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Tables section below ^ Jump up to : Hagopian , Amy ; Flaxman , Abraham D. ; Takaro , Tim K. ; Esa Al Shatari , Sahar A. ; Rajaratnam , Julie ; Becker , Stan ; Levin - Rector , Alison ; Galway , Lindsay ; Hadi Al - Yasseri , Berq J. ; Weiss , William M. ; Murray , Christopher J. ; Burnham , Gilbert ; Mills , Edward J. ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003 -- 2011 War and Occupation : Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study '' . PLoS Medicine . 10 ( 10 ) : e1001533 . PMC 3797136 . PMID 24143140 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1001533 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Iraqi Freedom Iraq '' ( PDF ) . iCasualties . May 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Iraq War Logs : What the Numbers Reveal '' . Iraq Body Count . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Civilian deaths from violence in 2003 -- 2011 '' . Iraq Body Count . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Civilian deaths from violence in 2012 '' . Iraq Body Count . January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The War in Iraq : 10 years and counting : : Iraq Body Count '' . iraqbodycount.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Simon ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wikileaks Iraq : Data Journalism Maps Every Death -- Data Journalism Allows Us To Really Interrogate the Wikileaks Iraq War Logs Release . Here Is the Statistical Breakdown -- and Data for You To Download '' . Data Blog -- Facts Are Sacred ( blog on The Guardian ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iraq : The War Logs '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Carlstrom , Gregg ( October 22 , 2010 ; last modified October 24 , 2010 ( at November 21 , 2010 ) ) . `` WikiLeaks Releases Secret Iraq File -- Al Jazeera Accesses 400,000 Secret US Military Documents , Which Reveal the Inside Story of the Iraq War '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The WikiLeaks Iraq War Logs : Greatest Data Leak in US Military History '' . Der Spiegel . October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , David ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Iraq War Logs Reveal 15,000 Previously Unlisted Civilian Deaths -- Leaked Pentagon Files Contain Records of More than 100,000 Fatalities Including 66,000 Civilians '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Editors -- Katz , Jeffrey ; Doug Roberts , Doug ; Sutherland , J.J. ( undated ) . `` The Toll of War -- U.S. Troop Fatalities in Iraq since March 2003 -- A Month - by - Month Count of U.S. Troops Killed in the Conflict '' ( bar chart of various death toll estimates ) . NPR . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over One Million Iraqi Deaths Caused by US Occupation '' Archived September 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Project Censored . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( October 24 , 2010 ) . `` Secret Iraq Files -- US Turned Blind Eye To Torture '' Archived November 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Al Jazeera . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( undated ) . `` Iraq War Logs -- Related Articles , Background Features and Opinions about this Topic '' ( gateway / portal page of site ) . Der Spiegel . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` WikiLeaks Iraq FAQs -- What the Logs Really Say '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gamel , Kim ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` AP Impact : Secret Tally Has 87,215 Iraqis Dead '' . Associated Press ( via Boston Herald ) . Full article ^ Jump up to : `` Iraq Body Count database '' . Iraqbodycount.org . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Iraq Body Count project . Source of IBC quote on undercounting by media is here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` WHO Country Office in Iraq . Iraq Family Health Survey '' Archived June 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Jump up ^ Press release ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` New Study Estimates 151,000 Violent Iraqi Deaths Since 2003 Invasion ''. World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alkhuzai AH , Ahmad IJ , Hweel MJ , Ismail TW , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Violence - Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006 '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 2 ) : 484 -- 93 . PMID 18184950 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsa0707782 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` New Study Says 151,000 Iraqi Dead -- One of the Biggest Surveys So Far of Iraqis Who Have Died Violently Since the US - Led Invasion of 2003 Has Put the Figure at About 151,000 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Boseley , Sarah ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` 151,000 Civilians Killed Since Iraq Invasion -- Figures Up to June 2006 from Household Survey -- Government Accepts New estimate on Death Toll . The Guardian . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Davia ; Partlow , Joshua ( January 10 , 2008 ). `` New Estimate of Violent Deaths Among Iraqis Is Lower '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on Iraqi Casualty Data '' Archived February 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . by Opinion Research Business . January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` More than 1,000,000 Iraqis Murdered '' Archived October 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... September 2007 . Opinion Research Business . PDF report : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Susman , Tina ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Poll : Civilian Death Toll in Iraq May Top 1 Million '' . Los Angeles Times ( via commondreams.org ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , Peter ; Walters , Joanna ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` Greenspan Admits Iraq Was About Oil , As Deaths Put at 1.2 Million '' . The Observer ( via commondreams.org ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Media Ignore Credible Poll Revealing 1.2 Million Violent Deaths In Iraq '' Archived November 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Media Lens . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( registration required ) Tavernise , Sabrina ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Iraqi Death Toll Exceeded 34,000 in ' 06 , U.N. Says '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : 2006 Lancet study . `` '' Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq : a cross-sectional cluster sample survey `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 7 , 2015 . ( 242 KB ) . By Gilbert Burnham , Riyadh Lafta , Shannon Doocy , and Les Roberts . The Lancet , October 11 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Supplement to 2006 Lancet study : `` '' The Human Cost of the War in Iraq : A Mortality Study , 2002 -- 2006 `` '' ( PDF ) . ( 603 KB ) . By Gilbert Burnham , Shannon Doosy , Elizabeth Dzeng , Riyadh Lafta , and Les Roberts . Jump up ^ Opinion essay ( numerous signatories ) ( October 21 , 2006 ) . `` The Iraq Deaths Study Was Valid and Correct '' . The Age . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Iraqi Health Minister Estimates as Many as 150,000 Iraqis Killed by Insurgents '' . International Herald Tribune . November 9 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( November 11 , 2006 ) . `` Iraqi Death Toll Estimates Go as High as 150,000 '' . Agence France - Presse / Associated Press ( via Taipei Times ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home Costs of War '' . costsofwar.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated cost of Iraq War is 190,000 lives and $2.2 trillion - News from Brown '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq war 10 years later : Was it worth it ? - CSMonitor.com '' . csmonitor.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ 260 killed in 2003 , ( 2 ) 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 ( with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009 ) , ( 3 ) 67 killed in March 2009 , ( 4 ) and 1,100 killed in 2010 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . thus giving a total of 16,623 dead Jump up ^ Database ( undated ; updated `` every two weeks '' ) . `` Iraq Index -- Tracking Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq '' Archived May 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Brookings Institution . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ( For the latest total of Iraqi police and military killed download the PDF file of the most recent Iraq Index , and look in the table of contents . ) Jump up ^ Database ( undated ) . `` Operation Iraqi Freedom '' `` Iraqi Deaths '' Archived March 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... iCasualties.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ( An iCasualties.org breakdown of deaths in Iraq . See the ISF ( Iraqi Security Forces ) column . ) Jump up ^ 597 killed in 2003 , ( 5 ) , 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 ( with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009 ) , ( 6 ) 652 killed in May 2004 , ( 7 ) 45 killed in March 2009 , ( 8 ) 676 killed in 2010 , ( 9 ) 366 killed in 2011 ( with the exception of February ) , ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . thus giving a total of 26,320 dead Jump up ^ iCasualties : Iraq Coalition Casualty Count -- Journalists Killed . Jump up ^ Committee to Protect Journalists ( CPJ ) . IRAQ : Journalists in Danger . Jump up ^ Committee to Protect Journalists ( CPJ ) . Media Workers Killed in Iraq Since March 2003 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Missy ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` War - Weary Aid Groups Weigh Risk , Need in Iraq '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ NGOs Coordination Committee in Iraq . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` globalsecurity.org '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM ( OIF ) U.S. CASUALTY STATUS * FATALITIES AS OF : June 29 , 2016 , 10 a.m. EDT ^ Jump up to : iCasualties.org ( was lunaville.org ) . Benicia , California . Patricia Kneisler , et al ... , `` Iraq Coalition Casualty Count '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Forces : U.S. & Coalition Casualties '' Archived June 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... CNN , From March 2003 onwards . Jump up ^ Many official U.S. tables at `` Military Casualty Information '' Archived March 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` latest injury , disease , and other - medical totals '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Defense '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Global War on Terrorism -- Operation Iraqi Freedom , By Month '' Archived June 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Department of Defense . `` Prepared by : Defense Manpower Data Center . Statistical Information Analysis Division . '' Jump up ^ Iraq Coalition Casualties : Military Fatalities Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ iCasualties OIF : Fatalities By Country Archived April 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Debusmann , Bernd ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` In Outsourced U.S. Wars , Contractor Deaths Top 1,000 '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . 10,569 wounded and 933 deaths in Iraq . 224 are U.S. citizens . ^ Jump up to : iCasualties OIF : Contractor Deaths Archived March 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Incomplete list . ^ Jump up to : `` Reconstruction Report : 916 Death Claims for Civilian Contractors in Iraq '' . USA Today . April 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction : April 2007 Report '' Archived February 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. `` '' April 30 , 2007 Quarterly Report to Congress ( Highlights , All Sections and Appendices ) `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2010 . ( 10.8 MB ) ^ Jump up to : Broder , John M. ; Risen , James ( May 19 , 2007 ) . `` Death Toll for Contractors Reaches New High in Iraq '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . `` workers from more than three dozen other countries '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michelle ( February 24 , 2007 ) . `` Contractor Deaths Add Up in Iraq '' . Associated Press ( via the Deseret Morning News ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . `` ... often highly dangerous duties almost identical to those performed by many U.S. troops . '' ^ Jump up to : Miller , T. Christian ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Private Contractors Outnumber U.S. Troops in Iraq '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . 182,000 contractors : `` 21,000 Americans , 43,000 foreign contractors and about 118,000 Iraqis '' . Jump up ^ `` 70,000 people killed in Iraq since 2003 , says Human Rights Ministry '' Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... AKnews March 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Breakdown of Iraqis killed in war from 2004 -- 2008 '' . Associated Press October 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` More than 69,000 Iraqis killed between `` 2004 -- 2011 '' -- al - Dabbagh `` . Aswat al - Iraq February 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The War in Numbers '' by James Ball , October 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Adding Indifference to Injury '' . Iraq Body Count August 7 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` A Dossier of Civilian Casualties in Iraq 2003 -- 2005 '' . Iraq Body Count July 19 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Report 1 November -- 31 December 2006 '' . UN Assistance Mission for Iraq Jump up ^ `` MoH reveals figures of 2007 violence victims '' Archived May 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... National Iraqi News Agency June 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Chronology -- The Deadliest Bomb Attacks in Iraq '' . Reuters ( via AlertNet ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ; Frayer , Lauren . `` 4 Bombings in Baghdad Kill at Least 183 '' Archived April 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press ( via ' Yahoo ! News ) . ^ Jump up to : Weisskopf , Michael ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` A Grim Milestone : 500 Amputees '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Eilene ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` Getting Amputees Back on Their Feet -- Navy 's One - Stop , State - of - the - Art Rehabilitation Center in California Helps War Injured Realize Goals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brain trauma a ' silent epidemic ' among Iraq veterans Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... By Moni Basu . November 19 , 2006 . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Jump up ^ Zoroya , Gregg ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` 1 in 4 Iraq Vets Ailing on Return '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Alexander G. ( November 3 , 2006 ) . `` U.N. : 100,000 Iraq Refugees Flee Monthly '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Franks -- Wikiquote '' . `` we do n't do body counts . '' March 2002 in Afghanistan . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward ( March 23 , 2002 ) . `` Success in Afghan War Hard To Gauge -- U.S. Reluctance To Produce Body Counts Makes Proving Enemy 's Destruction Difficult '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( via GlobalSecurity.org ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Defense Interview with Bob Woodward -- 23 Oct , 2003 '' . United States Department of Defense : News Transcript. April 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Steele , Jonathan ( May 28 , 2003 ) . `` Body Counts -- The Western Media Focused on the Number of Civilians Killed in Iraq , But the Country 's Ill - Prepared Armed Forces Suffered Far Greater Losses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Press release ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` New Study Finds : 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War ; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants ; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts , Damages US Image Abroad '' Archived October 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Project on Defense Alternatives ( via Common Dreams NewsCenter ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conetta , Carl ( October 23 , 2003 ) . `` The Wages of War : Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict -- Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph # 8 '' . Project on Defense Alternatives ( via Commonwealth Institute ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' A Dossier of Civilian Casualties 2003 -- 2005 `` '' ( PDF ) . ( 650 KB ) . Iraq Body Count project . Report covers from March 20 , 2003 , to March 19 , 2005 , based on data available by June 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Karagiozakis , Maria ( June 22 , 2009 ) . Counting Excess Civilian Casualties of the Iraq War : Science or Politics ? Archived November 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ( Also -- Abstract ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Counting Excess Civilian Casualties of the Iraq War : Science or Politics ? '' . Human Security Report Project . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ) ^ Jump up to : Cole , Juan ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` 655,000 Dead in Iraq since Bush Invasion '' . Informed Comment ( blog at juancole.com ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Body Count '' . IraqBodyCount.org . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' ( IBC Recent Events ) ' ' '' . Iraqbodycount.org . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Iraq Body Count -- Media Lens Responds '' . Newsnight . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fuller , David . ( April 28 , 2006 ) `` Virtual War Follows Iraq Conflict '' . BBC News ( via Newsnight ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speculation is no substitute : a defence of Iraq Body Count '' Jump up ^ `` Year Four : Simply the Worst '' . Press Release 15 , Iraq Body Count . Jump up ^ Wanniski , Jude ( August 21 , 2003 ) . `` Civilian War Deaths in Iraq '' . wanniski.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Janabi , Ahmed ( July 31 , 2004 ) . `` Iraqi Group : Civilian Toll over 37,000 '' . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Uruknet ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` US Labor Against the War : 5 million Iraqi orphans , anti-corruption board reveals Voices of Iraq '' . Uslaboragainstwar.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Five Million Orphans in Iraq -- Alive in Baghdad : Most Orphanages a Disgrace , This Is a Story of One That Works '' . The Real News . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Draft law seeks to provide Iraqi orphans with comprehensive support '' by Khalid al - Tale , 27 March 2012 `` . Mawtani . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Final Report , 2011 '' September 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Iraq conflict : Crisis of an orphaned generation '' by Caroline Hawley , BBC News , Baghdad , 27 November 2012 `` . BBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnove , Anthony ( essay , March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Billboarding the Iraq Disaster '' . Asia Times Online . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lochhead , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` Conflict in Iraq -- Iraq Refugee Crisis Exploding -- 40 % of Middle Class Believed To Have Fled Crumbling Nation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFeatters , Ann ( essay , May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Iraq Refugees Find No Refuge in America '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , Tim ( June 2 , 2007 ) . `` US in Iraq for ' Another 50 Years ' '' . The Australian . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ iCasualties : OIF US Fatalities by month . At iCasualties.org Jump up ^ U.S. Casualties in Iraq . At GlobalSecurity.org Jump up ^ `` British Casualty Monitor : Tracking the War in Iraq '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knickerbocker , Brad ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` In Iraq , Fewer Killed , More Are Wounded -- New Data Show Better Technology and Tactics Are Keeping Fatalities Down , But Injuries Remain High '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Deborah ( August 12 , 2006 ) . `` Is An Armament Sickening U.S. Soldiers ? '' . Associated Press ( via Common Dreams NewsCenter . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Hoge , M.D. , Charles W. ; Castro , PhD , Carl A. ; Messer , PhD , Stephen C. ; McGurk , PhD , Dennis ; Cotting , PhD , Dave I. ; and Koffman , M.D. , M.P.H. , Robert L. ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan , Mental Health Problems , and Barriers to Care '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . Jump up ^ ePluribus Media . PTSD Timeline Archived February 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Database of reported OEF / OIF cases . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 4 October 2004 '' . The United Kingdom Parliament . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Korzeniewski , K ; Olszański , R. `` Leishmaniasis among soldiers of stabilization forces in Iraq . Review article '' . Int Marit Health . 55 : 155 -- 63 . PMID 15881551 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Pentagon : 16 Soldiers Died from Electric Shock '' . Associated Press ( via USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Risen , James ( May 4 , 2008 ) . `` Despite Alert , Flawed Wiring Still Kills G.I. 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Luke , a new prosthetic arm for soldiers '' . Jump up ^ Zoroya , Gregg ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` 360,000 Veterans May Have Brain Injuries '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mason , Michael ( February 23 , 2007 ) . `` Dead Men Walking -- What Sort of Future Do Brain - Injured Iraq Veterans Face ? '' . Discover . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zoroya , Gregg ( November 22 , 2007 ) . `` 20,000 Vets ' Brain Injuries Not Listed in Pentagon Tally '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Mark ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Medicated Army '' . Time . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallis , Claudia ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Casualty of War : Mental Health '' . Time . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` Army Report Reveals 121 Suspected Suicides Among Soldiers in 2007 , 20 Percent Increase Over 2006 '' . Associated Press ( via Fox News ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 18 veterans commit suicide each day . April 26 , 2010 . Army Times . ^ Jump up to : Schechter , D.S. ; Davis , B.E. ( 2007 ) . `` Parenting in Times of Crisis '' . Pediatric Annals . 36 ( 4 ) : 216 -- 222 . doi : 10.3928 / 0090 - 4481 - 20070401 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Psychiatric Annals Jump up ^ Sayers , S.L. ; Farrow , V.A. ; Ross , J. ; Oslin , D.W. ( 2009 ) . `` Family Problems Among Recently Returned Military Veterans Referred for a Mental Health Evaluation '' . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 70 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.4088 / jcp. 07m03863 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , A.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Military Deployment : The Impact on Children and Family Adjustment and the Need for Care '' . Current Opinions in Psychiatry . 22 ( 4 ) : 369 -- 373 . doi : 10.1097 / yco. 0b013e32832c9064 . Jump up ^ Women at war face sexual violence . April 17 , 2009 . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 ... August , 2008 BusinessWoman Magazine . Jump up ^ Michaels , Jim ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` 19,000 Insurgents Killed in Iraq Since ' 03 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Leigh , David ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Iraq war logs reveal 15,000 previously unlisted civilian deaths '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Iraq War Logs : What the numbers reveal '' . Iraq Body Count . October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` March violence claims 252 Iraqi lives ReliefWeb '' . Reliefweb.int. April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Viola Gienger ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` Iraq Civilian Deaths Drop for Third Year as Toll Eases After U.S. Drawdown '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Iraq death toll highest in four months '' . The Age . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Two U.S. troops killed in Iraq '' . UPI . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq monthly death toll falls in April '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq death toll in May lowest in 2011 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage - Daily News Egypt '' . Jump up ^ `` Iraq death toll for July second highest in 2011 '' . MSN . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 239 people killed in Iraq in August and killed by the U.S. military Archived January 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Death toll in Iraq falls in September Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iraq death toll up sharply in October Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 4 , 2006 ) . `` Nearly 6,000 Killed in Iraq Violence in 2005 '' . People 's Daily . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Civilian casualties drop dramatically in Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Iraq Hails Lowest Monthly Death Toll in Nearly Three Years -- Government Figures Reveal 6,226 Iraqis Killed in Iraq in 2008 , Down from 6,772 in 2007 '' . Middle East Online . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rantburg article '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 25,287 killed from 2003 through 2009 , of which 19,429 were killed up to September 22 , 2007 , ( 16 ) with and additional 1,865 killed until the end of 2007 , leaving 3,984 to have died in 2008 and 2009 ^ Jump up to : Calderwood , James ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Suicide Bombings in Iraq on the Rise '' . Associated Press ( via Fox News ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jervis , Rick ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Car Bombings Down in Iraq , Military Says '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Jervis , Rick ( January 22 , 2006 ) . `` Attacks in Iraq Jumped in 2005 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.e-prism.org/images/memo78.pdf page 80 , Figure 5 Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda Leader : Over 4,000 Foreign Insurgents Killed in Iraq '' Archived November 11 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press ( via WFAN ) . September 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) Staff writer ( June 6 , 2008 ) . `` Six Thousand Al Qaida Fighters Killed in Iraq Says Top Official '' . iraqupdates.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` 50,000 Iraqi Insurgents Dead , Caught '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( September 8 , 2004 ) . `` Civilian , Insurgent Deaths Hard To Tally -- Neither U.S. Nor Iraq Regime Keeps Count '' . Scripps Howard News Service ( via Seattle Post-Intelligencer ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michelle ( February 23 , 2007 ) . `` Iraq Contractor Deaths Go Little Noticed '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ivanovich , David ; Clanton , Brett ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` Contractor Deaths in Iraq Nearing 800 -- Toll Has Surged in Past Months , But Civilians Still Line Up for the Jobs '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Debusmann , Bernd ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` In Iraq , Contractor Deaths Near 650 , Legal Fog Thickens '' Archived October 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Reuters . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ; Glain , Stephen ( April 2 , 2004 ) . `` As Insurgent Attacks Increase , So Do Contractors ' Costs '' . Boston Globe . Abstract ) only ( full article ( subscription required ) ) . Abstract . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barstow , David ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Security Companies : Shadow Soldiers in Iraq '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ; Cockburn , Patrick ( April 13 , 2004 ) . `` Deaths of Scores of Mercenaries Hidden from View '' . The Star . Jump up ^ Roug , Louise ( November 11 , 2006 ) . `` Decrepit Healthcare Adds to Toll in Iraq '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Palmer , James ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Protestors Plead for Peace -- Civilian Toll : Iraqis Exhibit More Mental Health Problems '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush , `` President Discusses War on Terror and Upcoming Iraqi Elections '' . White House transcript . December 12 , 2005 . Says 30,000 Iraqi dead . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` Bush : Iraqi Democracy Making Progress -- President Compares Iraq 's Struggle to America 's Founding '' . CNN . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . `` I would say 30,000 , more or less , have died as a result of the initial incursion and the ongoing violence against Iraqis '' , Bush said . CNN writes : `` White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said Bush was basing his statement on media reports , ' not an official government estimate . ' '' Jump up ^ Staff writer ( January 3 , 2007 ) . `` Bruised and Battered : Iraqi Toll Crosses 16000 in ' 06 '' . Associated Press ( via The Indian Express ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Alastair ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Iraq Civilian Deaths Hit New Record '' . The Australian . ^ Jump up to : Roug , Louise ; Smith , Doug ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` War 's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000 -- Higher Than the U.S. Estimate But Thought To Be Undercounted , the Tally Is Equivalent to 570,000 Americans Killed in Three Years '' Archived March 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Los Angeles Times ( via Common Dreams NewsCenter ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods '' . Iraq Body Count . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Living Conditions Survey 2004 '' . United Nations Development Programme . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Iraqi civilian casualties . United Press International . July 12 , 2005 . Archived here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . too . Jump up ^ Blood on Our Hands : The American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq . Book by Nicolas J.S. Davies . Published June 2010 . ISBN 1 - 934840 - 98 - X , ISBN 978 - 1 - 934840 - 98 - 6 . Iraqiyun info is from page 139 . Jump up ^ `` Unreported Iraqi war deaths revealed by Wikileaks are only the tip of an iceberg . '' By Nicolas Davies . October 24 , 2010 . Article is here ( 17 ) , too . Jump up ^ `` www.informaworld.com '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revised Casualty Analysis . New Analysis ' Confirms ' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties '' Archived February 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... January 28 , 2008 . Opinion Research Business . Word Viewer for. doc files . Jump up ^ `` Conflict Deaths in Iraq : A Methodological Critique of the ORB Survey Estimate '' Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . By Michael Spagat and Josh Dougherty Jump up ^ Staff writer ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Iraq Poll 2007 : In Graphics '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Langer , Gary ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Voices From Iraq 2007 : Ebbing Hope in a Landscape of Loss -- National Survey of Iraq '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Polling Unit : Archives 2007 '' . ABC News . See links in March 2007 section titled `` March 2007 National Survey of Iraq '' . ^ Jump up to : ABC News / USA Today / BBC / ARD Poll . March 19 , 2007 . Detailed results with tables , charts , and graphs . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Poll 2007 '' . D3 Systems poll ( February 25 to March 5 , 2007 ) for BBC , ABC News , ARD and USA Today . Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Democracy 's Support Sinks '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . PDF report . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Iraq Poll : Note on Methodology -- National Survey of Iraq '' . March 19 , 2007 . ABC News . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Todd , Robb S. ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Official : 150,000 Iraqis Killed Since 2003 -- Iraqi Health Minister Says Three Injured for Every Person Killed Since U.S. - Led Invasion '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hurst , Steven R. ( November 10 , 2006 ) . `` Iraqi Official : 150,000 Civilians Dead '' . Associated Press ( via The Washington Post ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Knickmeyer , Ellen ( October 19 , 2006 ) . `` One - Day Toll in Iraq Combat Is Highest for U.S. in Months -- At Least 12 Killed in Fresh Attacks on Iraqi Police Facilities '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bennett - Jones , Owen ( March 26 , 2007 ) . `` Iraqi Deaths Survey ' Was Robust ' '' . BBC World Service ( via BBC News ' ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badkhen , Anna ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Critics Say 600,000 Iraqi Dead Does n't Tally -- But Pollsters Defend Methods Used in Johns Hopkins Study '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Right - Wingers Ca n't Cover Up Iraq 's Death Toll Catastrophe '' . By John Tirman . January 21 , 2008 . AlterNet . Jump up ^ PR Watch / By Diane Farsetta ( March 1 , 2008 ) . `` How Many Iraqis Have Really Died ? '' . Alternet . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ AlterNet / By John Tirman ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` 1 Million Dead in Iraq ? 6 Reasons the Media Hide the True Human Toll of War -- And Why We Let Them '' . Alternet . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Cost of the War in Iraq '' . Mit.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Tirman : Was There a War in Iraq ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Full text Iraq War mortality estimates : a systematic review '' . Conflict and Health . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Les ; Lafta , Riyadh ; Garfield , Richard ; Khudhairi , Jamal ; Burnham , Gilbert ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq : a cross-sectional cluster sample survey '' . The Lancet . 368 : 1421 -- 8 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.88. 4036 . PMID 17055943 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 69491 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Study Puts Iraqi Toll at 100,000 '' . CNN . October 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Navarro , Lourdes ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Though Numbers Unclear , Iraqi Deaths Touch Many '' . Morning Edition ( National Public Radio ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perspective from The New England Journal of Medicine -- Estimating Excess Mortality in Post-Invasion Iraq . '' . NEJM January 31 , 2008 . Catherine A. Brownstein , M.P.H. , and John S. Brownstein , PhD Jump up ^ Ball , Patrick ; Kobrak , Paul ; and Spirer , Herbert F. ( 1999 ) . State Violence in Guatemala , 1960 -- 1996 : A Quantitative Reflection . American Association for the Advancement of Science ( Washington , D.C. ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . OCLC 654670530 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 : Reporting the Violence '' . From 1999 book . By Patrick Ball , Paul Kobrak , and Herbert F. Spirer . Jump up ^ `` List of Figures '' . From 1999 book . By Patrick Ball , Paul Kobrak , and Herbert F. Spirer . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ( July 28 , 2004 ) . `` Baghdad Is a City That Reeks with the Stench of the Dead '' ( opinion piece ) . The Independent . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Soldz , Stephen ( February 5 , 2006 ) . `` When Promoting Truth Obscures the Truth : More on Iraqi Body Count and Iraqi Deaths '' Archived May 4 , 2006 , at the Library of Congress . ZNet . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Press release ( November 7 , 2004 ) . `` IBC Response to the Lancet Study Estimating ' 100,000 ' Iraqi Deaths '' . Iraq Body Count project . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Body Count '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooney , Daniel ( May 23 , 2004 ) . `` 5,500 Iraqis Killed , Morgue Records Show '' Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press ( via The United Jerusalem Foundation ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ( Article is here ( 18 ) also ( via the China Daily ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ) Jump up ^ Buncombe , Andrew ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Aid Worker Uncovered America 's Secret Tally of Iraqi Civilian Deaths '' Archived January 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Independent ( via Common Dreams NewsCenter ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Landay , Jonathan S. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Study Says Violence in Iraq Has Been Underreported '' Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... McClatchy Newspapers ( via Common Dreams NewsCenter ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . External links and references ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Additional links not found in the two reference sections higher up . ) U.S. military casualties only `` Faces of the Fallen '' , The Washington Post database of all U.S. service - member casualties from Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) and Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) `` A Look At Those Who Died in Iraq '' , The New York Times interactive U.S. Military Casualties , United States Department of Defense `` Honor the Fallen '' , database of U.S. troops killed in Iraq and Afghanistan wars . `` U.S. Military Deaths in Bush 's Iraq Quagmire '' , chart U.S. deaths in Vietnam and Iraq , comparative graph of casualties from beginning of conflicts , www.lies.com U.S. Casualties in Iraq , globalsecurity.org U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq & Afghanistan : A Running Log . `` U.S. Casualties of War as Announced by the Department of Defense 2003 -- 2007 '' . A list of U.S. military casualties by date order beginning 2003 and updated daily . American Widow Project -- Resources . `` Purple hearts '' -- documentary interviews U.S. military casualties . In English with very short section in Dutch that is missing English subtitles . The Prozac , Paxil , Zoloft , Wellbutrin , Celexa , Effexor , Valium , Klonopin , Ativan , Restoril , Xanax , Adderall , Ritalin , Haldol , Risperdal , Seroquel , Ambien , Lunesta , Elavil , Trazodone War . Feb 6 , 2011 . By Jennifer Senior . New York magazine . Coalition ( including U.S. and contractors ) casualties only CNN list of U.S. & Coalition Casualties in Iraq since 2003 `` Iraq War Coalition Fatalities '' , Flash graphic of Iraq map showing Coalition casualties over time with location , obleek.com Casualty Monitor -- Tracking the War in Iraq USAID : We do n't know how many contractors we have working for us in Iraq . `` ePluribus Media has repeatedly filed FOIA requests on a range of topics related to contractors in Iraq . '' Iraqi casualties only Les Roberts seminar at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , on April 13 , 2005 ; uploaded in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5vD_Ub2K_c on October 25 , 2006 . Conetta , Carl ( February 18 , 2004 ) . `` Disappearing the Dead : Iraq , Afghanistan , and the Idea of a `` New Warfare '' Project on Defense Alternatives . Schwartz , Michael ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` War on Iraq : Is the United States Killing 10,000 Iraqis Every Month ? Or Is It More ? '' . AlterNet . `` Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion '' . Johns Hopkins School of Public Health . October 28 , 2004 . Korb , Lawrence J. ; Biddle , Stephen ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Violence by the Numbers in Iraq : Sound Data or Shaky Statistics ? '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Iraqi Casualty Monitor -- Tracking the cost of war Estimating Mortality in Civil Conflicts : Lessons from Iraq . A June 2007 working paper by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters Iraqimemorial.org -- Online database of Artist 's proposals and projects as memorials to the civilian casualties from the Iraq war Casualty photos Kamiya , Gary ( August 23 , 2005 ) . `` Iraq : The Unseen War '' . Salon.com . The photos . `` The Reach of War . A Deadly Search for Missing Soldiers '' . Slideshow narrated by the photographer Michael Kamber . May 23 , 2007 . The New York Times . Article : `` As Comrades Search , Fatal Bomb Wreaks Havoc '' . By Damien Cave . Photo Gallery : Death and Destruction in Baghdad on Nov. 23 , 2006 . Der Spiegel . General and miscellaneous `` Wage Peace Movie '' , 2 - minute web movie about casualties in Iraq from the American Friends Service Committee `` Eyes Wide Open '' , a traveling exhibition on the human cost of war `` Iraq : Journalists in Danger -- A statistical profile of journalists killed on duty since March 2003 in Iraq '' , Committee to Protect Journalists `` Likely Humanitarian Scenarios '' , UN internal memo predicting 100,000 direct and 400,000 indirect casualties as a result of the invasion , December 10 , 2002 `` iraqimemorial.org '' , online database and traveling exhibition of proposals and projects to memorialize the civilian casualties in Iraq Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Background Lead - up Disarmament crisis Yellowcake uranium WMD claims Rationale US popular opinion Hussein interview Biological weapons Invasion Failed Iraqi peace initiatives Preparations Multi-National Force Timeline Battle of Nasiriyah Invasion of Baghdad Debecka Pass Firdos Square statue Mission Accomplished speech WMD investigation Coalition Provisional Authority Key events Invasion ( 2003 ) Execution of Saddam Hussein ( 2006 ) Anbar Province ( 2003 -- 11 ) Insurgency ( 2003 -- 11 ) Post-invasion insurgency ( 2003 -- 06 ) Sectarian violence ( 2006 -- 08 ) U.S. withdrawal ( 2007 -- 11 ) Aftermath Post-withdrawal insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Military intervention against ISIL ( 2014 -- present ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Reactions Views on the invasion Legitimacy of the invasion Opposition Protests Criticism United Nations Governmental positions Controversies Baghdad Museum looting ( 2003 ) Fallujah genocide ( 2003 ) Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse ( 2004 ) Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre ( 2004 ) Haditha massacre ( 2005 ) Mahmudiyah rape and killings ( 2006 ) Ishaqi incident ( 2006 ) Baghdad airstrike ( 2007 ) Nisour Square massacre ( 2007 ) Iraq War documents leak ( 2010 ) Impact Refugees Duelfer Report Damage to Baghdad Iraq Interim Governing Council Aid and Investment Economic reform Financial cost Casualties Chilcot Inquiry Human rights Memorials London Lists Coalition military operations Bombings Aviation shootdowns and accidents Associated people Timeline 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wikinews Multimedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War&oldid=802070746 '' Categories : Iraq War Iraq War casualties George W. Bush administration controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Pages with login required references or sources Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template other archives Use mdy dates from February 2013 Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2009 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2010 Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2013 Wikipedia spam cleanup from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 20 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	number of civilian casualties in iraq and afghanistan	[]	[]
-7604211437159857715	Silk in the Indian subcontinent	Silk in the Indian subcontinent - wikipedia Silk in the Indian subcontinent hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colours of India -- Silk yarn waiting to be made into saris , Kanchipuram . Silk in the Indian subcontinent is a luxury good . In India , about 97 % of the raw mulberry silk is produced in the five Indian states of Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir . Mysore and North Bangalore , the upcoming site of a US $20 million `` Silk City '' , contribute to a majority of silk production . Another emerging silk producer is Tamil Nadu where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in Salem , Erode and Dharmapuri districts . Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh and Gobichettipalayam , Tamil Nadu were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units . yoyo quantity : : : Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Silk Route 1.2 Silk goes to India 2 Types of silk cloth 2.1 Silk brocades 2.1. 1 Kinkhwab ( Brocade ) 2.1. 2 Pot - thans 2.1. 3 Mashru 2.1. 4 Himru or Amru 2.2 Kinkhwabs 2.2. 1 Gyasar 2.2. 2 Gyanta 2.3 Jamawar 2.3. 1 Origin 2.3. 2 Weaving of Jamawar in Pakistan 3 Significant regions of silk 3.1 Assam silk 3.2 Mysore 3.3 Kanchipuram 3.4 Banarasi 3.4. 1 Origin 3.4. 2 Distinguishing characteristics 3.4. 2.1 Katan 3.4. 2.2 Tanchoi 3.5 Karachi 3.5. 1 Contemporary designs and motifs 4 References History ( edit ) The silk route ( edit ) Silk merchants in the 19th century Weaving silk in Khotan , on the ' Southern Silk Road ' 2011 Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhu - daro suggest that sericulture , employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species , existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC , while evidence for silk production in China back to around 2570 BC and earlier . The Indus silks were obtained from more than one species Antheraea and Philosamia ( Eri silk ) . Antheraea assamensis and A. mylitta were widely used . These findings were published in the journal Archaeometry by archaeologists from Harvard University who examined the silk fibre excavated from two Indus valley cities of Harappa and Chanhudaro . The fibers were dated to around 2450 -- 2000 BCE and were processed using similar techniques of degumming and reeling as that of the Chinese . Scanning electron micrograph of the fibre revealed that some fibers were spun after the silk moth was allowed to escape from the cocoon , similar to the Ahimsa silk promoted by Mahatma Gandhi . Silk goes to India ( edit ) Tradition silk handlooms , in Varanasi India , where it usually takes two months to weave a Banarasi sari . The brocade weaving centers of India developed in and around the capitals of kingdoms or holy cities because of the demand for expensive fabrics by the royal families and temples . Rich merchants of the trading ports or centers also contributed to the development of these fabrics . Besides trading in the finished product , they advanced money to the weavers to buy the costly raw materials that is silk and zari . The ancient centers were situated mainly in Gujarat , Malwa and South India . In the North , Delhi , Lahore , Agra , Fatehpur Sikri , Varanasi , Mau , Azamgarh and Murshidabad were the main centers for brocade weaving . Northern weavers were greatly influenced by the brocade weaving regions of eastern and southern Persia , Turkey , Central Asia and Afghanistan . Gujrati builders and weavers were brought by Akbar to the royal workshops in 1572 AD . Akbar took an active role in overseeing the royal textile workshops , established at Lahore , Agra and Fatehpur Sikri where skilled weavers from different backgrounds worked . Expert weavers from those distant lands worked with the local weavers and imparted their skills to the locals . This intermingling of creative techniques brought about a great transformation in the textile weaving industry . The exquisite latifa ( beautiful ) buti was the outcome of the fusion of Persian and Indian designs . Brocades produced at the royal workshops of other well - known Muslim centers in Syria , Egypt , Turkey and Persia were also exported to India . Under the Mughals , sericulture and silk - weaving received special encouragement and silk cloth produced in the Punjab came to be prized throughout the world . Lahore and Multan developed into major centers of silk industry . The tradition continues . See also : Assam silk , Tussar Silk Types of silk cloth ( edit ) Silk brocades ( edit ) Silk brocades , texturally , are divided mainly into two groups : Kinkhwab Pot - thans Kinkhwab ( brocade ) ( edit ) Kinkhwab was originally an elegant , heavy silk fabric with a floral or figured pattern known most for its butis and jals woven with silk as the warp and tilla as the weft , produced in China and Japan . Tilla in the earlier times was known as kasab . It was a combination of silver and tamba ( copper ) which was coated with a veneer of gold and silver . Kinkhwabs have also been known as ' Kimkhabs ' , ' Kamkhwabs ' , ' Kincobs ' , ' Zar - baft ' ( Gold Woven ) , zartari , zarkashi , mushaiar . Kam means little or scarcely . Khwab means a dream and it 's said that even with such a name ' Its beauty , splendor and elegance can be hardly dreamt of ' . Kinkhwabs are heavy fabrics or several layers of warp threads with an elaborate all - over pattern of extra weft , which may be of silk , gold and / or silver threads or combinations . There may be three to seven layers of warp threads . ( Tipara means three layers and Chaupara means four layers to Satpara meaning seven layers ) . Kin means golden in Chinese . Its specialty is in profusely using the gold and silver thread in a manner that sometimes leaves the silk background hardly visible . When the figure work is in silver threads with a background of gold threads it is called ' Tashi Kinkhwab ' . This is a variety of ' Kinkhwab ' which has a ground worked with an extra warp of gold ( badla ( flat wire ) zari ) and the pattern created with an extra weft of silver badla zari or vice versa . A satin weave is very often used , resulting in a smooth ground for the fabric . The heavy fabric appears to be in layers , as the warp ends are crammed drawing three , four and up to seven ends per dent for the Tipara , Chaupara up to Satpara respectively . Zari is generally of two types Badla and Kala batto . Badla Zari was made of flattened gold or silver wire with the ancient method of making zari from pure metal without any core thread . This accounted for its peculiar stiffness . Sometimes cracks would develop in the metal during the process of weaving which resulted in the loss of its natural luster and smoothness . Therefore , weaving with Badla Zari was difficult and required great skill . Often a touch of Badla was given to floral motives to enhance the beauty . This type of zari has mostly gone out of favor amongst the contemporary weavers and they mostly depend on polyester or pure silk as a substitute . Silk brocade of Banaras , Ahmedabad and Surat were well known in the seventeenth century . While Banaras continues to be a center of production of Silk Brocades , Ahmedabad and Surat have practically nothing to show today . On the other hand , Silk Brocade weaving has gained ground in the South of India . Pot - thans ( edit ) These are called katan ( a thread prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments ) brocades . Pot - thans are lighter in textures ( lower thread count ) than Kinkhwabs but closely woven in silk and all or certain portions of the pattern are in gold or silver zaris . These fabrics are mostly used for making expensive garments and saris . Very often the satin ground weave is particularly used for garments fabrics . These fabrics are characterized by their jals which are normally made out of silk and tilla . Mashru ( edit ) The cloth was distinguished by its butis woven in circular shapes that gave an impression of ashrafis ( gold coins ) . The ashrafis were usually woven in gold zari . This is a mixed fabric with a woven stripe or zigzag pattern . The warp and weft used were of two different materials ( silk and cotton , cotton and linen , silk and wool or wool and cotton ) in different colors . It was used mostly for lower garments such as trousers , the lining of the heavy brocade garments or as furnishing . Gul Badan ( the literal meaning of which is ' flower like body ' ) was a known variety of mushru ( cotton and silk ) popular in the late 19th century . Sangi , Ganta , Ilaycha were types of mashru too . These were popular since ancient times and were known to be woven at all leading silk centers . One reason for their popularity was Islam . Since Islam does not allow men to wear pure silk , mashru ( literally meaning permitted ) became very popular amongst Muslims . Himru or amru ( edit ) A type of Indian brocade is the Himru , a specialty of Hyderabad and Aurangabad , which is woven from silk and zari on silk to produce variegated designs , woven on the principle of extra weft . Himru can be very pretty with a pseudo-rich effect in general . It continued to be in popular demand on the account of its low price as compared to the pure silk brocades . Another point in its favor is that it can be woven very fine so as to give it a soft feel , thus making it more suitable as a fabric for personal wear than the true brocade . The cloth is distinguished by its intricate char - khana ( four squares ) jal . These are woven like kinkhwabs , but without the use of kala battu ( zari ) instead badla zari is used . Kinkhwabs ( edit ) Kinkhwabs fabrics of India have earned a great reputation for their craftsmanship and grandeur . By and large , still continue to do so , even in the face of fierce competition from other types of woven and printed fabrics . Kinkhwabs today are typically ornate , jacquard - woven fabrics . The pattern is usually emphasized by contrasting surfaces and colours and appears on the face of the fabric , which is distinguished easily from the back . Uses include apparel , draperies , upholstery and other decorative purposes . Gyasar ( edit ) Gyasar is a silk fabric of a Kinkhwab structure with ground , in which the gold thread is profusely used with Tibetan designs . The fabric is especially popular with Tibetans and used extensively in their dresses as well as in decorative hangings , prayer mats , etc . Gyanta ( edit ) Gyanta is a silk fabric of Kinkhwab structure of a satin body with or without the use of gold thread . These sometimes have a tantric design ( which is also known as Tchingo ) of human heads with three eyes woven in gold and silver threads on a black satin ground . Jamawar ( edit ) `` Jama '' means robe and `` war '' is yard . The base of the Jamawar is mostly resham , with perhaps an addition of a little polyester . The brocaded parts are woven in similar threads of silk and polyester . Most of the designs seen today are floral , with the kairy ( i.e. the paisley ) as the predominant motif . Today , the best Jamawar is woven in Pakistan . This fabric is widely used in that country for bridal and special occasion outfits . The texture and weave of patterns is such that the fabric often gets caught when rubbed against rough surfaces ( metallic embroidery , jewellery etc . ) it must therefore be handled delicately when worn . Origin ( edit ) Traders introduced this Chinese silk cloth to India , mainly from Samarkand and Bukhara and it gained immense popularity among the royalty and the aristocracy . King and nobles bought the woven fabric by the yard , wearing it as a gown or using it as a wrap or shawl . Jamawar weaving centres in India developed in the holy cities and the trade centres . The most well known Jamawar weaving centres were in Assam , Gujrat , Malwa and South India . Due to its rich and fine raw materials , the rich and powerful merchants used Jamawar and noblemen of the time , who could not only afford it but could even commission the weavers to make the fabric for them , as in the case of the Mughals . Emperor Akbar was one of its greatest patrons . He brought many weavers from East Turkestan to Kashmir . One of the main reasons for the diversity in the designs of the Jamawar cloth was the migratory nature of its weavers . Ideas from almost all parts of the world influenced these designs . The Indian motifs were greatly influenced by nature like the sun , moon , stars , rivers , trees , flowers , birds etc . The figural and geometrical motifs such as trees , lotus flower , bulls , horses , lions , elephants , peacocks , swans , eagles , the sun , stars , diagonal or zigzag lines , squares , round shapes , etc. can be traced through the entire history of Jamawar and are still being used but in a rather different form in terms of intricacy and compositions , thus creating new patterns . Indian weaver predominantly used a wide variety of classical motifs such as the swan ( hamsa ) , the Lotus ( kamala ) , The Tree Of Life ( kulpa , vriksha ) , the Vase of Plenty ( purna , kumbha ) , the Elephant ( hathi ) , the Lion ( simha ) , flowing floral creepers ( lata patra ) , Peacocks ( mayur ) and many more . Mythical creatures such as winged lions , centaurs , griffins , decorative of ferocious animals , animals formally in profile or with turned heads , animals with human figures in combat or represented in roundels were also commonly used motifs . These motifs have remained in existence for more than two thousand years . However , new patterns have consistently been introduced ; sometimes some of these are even an amalgamation of the existing patterns . Such attempts at evolving new designs were particularly noticeable from the 10th century onwards , when patterns were altered to meet the specific demands of the Muslim rulers . The bull or the swan , arranged between vertical and diagonal stripes can still be found iasitn the silk Jamawar saris of India . Patterns with small flowers and two - coloured squares ( chess board design ) are seen , used both as a garment and as furnishing material -- bed spreads with same kind of pattern are still woven in some parts of Gujarat . Jamawar dating back to the Mughal era however contained big , bold and realistic patterns , which were rather simple with ample space between the motifs . The designs stood out prominently against the background of the cloth . Complex patterns were developed only when additional decorative elements were included in the basic pattern . During later periods , the gap between the motives was also filled with smaller motives or geometrical forms . The iris and narcissus flowers became the most celebrated motifs of this era and were combined with tulips , poppies , primulas , roses and lilies . A lot of figurative motives were also used in the Mughal era such as deers , horses , butterflies , peacocks and insects . The Mughal kings played a vital role in the enhancement of Jamawar by putting their inspirations into the cloth 's designing and visiting the weavers on a regular basis to supervise its making . Shining , decorative pallus were jals were the main designs of this time . The borders were usually woven with silk and zari . After the Mughal period , the figurative motifs were discouraged by the Muslims and more floral and paisleys were introduced . However , inspiration was taken from these figurative motives and put into designs as in the case of using only the peacock feathers instead of the complete figure . Another big change was brought about in 1985 , where the source of inspiration was the Chinese Shanghai cloth . The patterns of the Chinese Shanghai were amended in accordance to the weave construction of the Jamawar cloth and introduced in the cloth . This proved to be a very successful change and is still appreciated by many . In recent years , the Indian government has attempted a modest revival of this art by setting up a shawl - weaving centre at Kanihama in Kashmir . Efforts to revive this art have also been made by bringing in innovations like the creation of Jamawar saris by craftsmen in Varanasi . Each sari is a shimmering tapestry of intricate design , in colours that range from the traditionally deep , rich shades to delicate pastels . A minimum of four months of patient effort goes into the creation of each Jamawar sari . Many of the Jamawar saris now have matching silk shawls attached to them , creating elegant ensembles fit for royalty . Weaving of Jamawar in Pakistan ( edit ) Pakistan makes its own yarn from the imported cocoons that come from China . The yarn is cultivated in areas like Orangi and Shershah in Karachi which is then sold to the weavers . The pure silk yarn , before it can be used , has to undergo treatment such as bleaching or washing ( in soap ) and then dyeing . In its raw state , the silk is hard due to the sericlan ; therefore it has to be removed . A single filament of the silk yarn is not strong enough to be woven on its own ; therefore , it needs to be twisted in order to give it strength and hold . A specific person who is called a naqsha - bandh first draws the patterns or designs on paper which are then transferred on a graph paper on a comparatively much bigger scale . Every square in the graph signifies a specific number of threads on the loom . The unfinished , rough ideas and sketches are provided to these naqsha - bandhs by the wholesalers and are thus plotted on the graph . The use of various threads in the pattern such as zari , resham , polyester , etc. are separated on the graph with the help of colours indicated on a key chart . The wholesalers later decide the main colours and this information are forwarded to the weavers . The naqsha - bandhs do not have say in the designing of the motifs and patterns . They do what they are told to do . In this way , the pattern or motif is drawn on the graph paper to provide the weaver with the exact picture of each thread making up the design in the process of weaving . The designs and patterns are then transferred from the graph paper on a wooden frame and are referred to as the naqsha . The naqsha that is made with cotton threads is a smaller sample of the actual design , which is to be woven on the loom . The warp is then taken for the weaving process , which is carried out , on various looms such as the pit loom , jacquard loom and power loom . There is a vast difference between the outputs of the three types of looms . The power looms can not match the intricacy that can be achieved using the pit or jacquard loom . This is the reason for the far superior workmanship that can be found in the earlier designs dating back to the Mughal era . Significant regions of silk ( edit ) Assam silk ( edit ) Main article : Assam silk Assam silk denotes the three major types of indigenous wild silks produced in Assam -- golden Muga , white Pat and warm Eri silk . The Assam silk industry , now centered in Sualkuchi , is a labor - intensive industry . It 's registered trademark is SUALKUCHI 'S . In 2015 , Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju 's research team at Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad , India discovered the complete sequence and the protein structure of Muga Silk Fibroin and published it in Nature ( journal ) Scientific Reports Mysore ( edit ) Karnataka produces 9,000 metric tons of mulberry silk of a total of 14,000 metric tons produced in the country , thus contributing to nearly 70 % of the country 's total mulberry silk . In Karnataka , silk is mainly grown in the Mysore district . In the second half of the 20th century , it revived and the Mysore State became the top multivoltine silk producer in India . Kanchipuram ( edit ) Weaving silk in Kanchipuram , Tamil Nadu , India in 2010 Kanchipuram is located very close to Chennai , the capital of Tamil Nadu . From the past Kanchipuram silk sarees stand out from others due to its intricate weaving patterns and the quality of the silk itself . Kanchipuram silk sarees are large and heavy owing to the zari work on the saree . Kanchipuram attracts large number of people , both from India and abroad , who come specifically to buy the silk sarees . Most of the sarees are still hand woven by workers in the weaving unit . More than 5000 families still indulge in silk weaving . In 2008 the noted film director Priyadarshan made a Tamil film ' Kanchivaram ' about the silk weavers of the town during the pre-independence period . The film won the Best Film Award at the annual National Film Awards . Banarasi ( edit ) Main article : Banarasi A Banarasi sari is a sari made in Varanasi , a city which is also called Benares or Banaras . The saris are among the finest saris in India and are known for their gold and silver brocade or zari , fine silk and opulent embroidery . The saris are made of finely woven silk and are decorated with intricate design , and , because of these engravings , are relatively heavy . Their special characteristics are Mughal inspired designs such as intricate intertwining floral and foliate motifs , kalga and bel , a string of upright leaves called jhallar at the outer , edge of border is a characteristic of these saris . Other features are gold work , compact weaving , figures with small details , metallic visual effects , pallus , jal ( a net like pattern ) , and mina work. ( 1 ) The saris are often part of an Indian bride 's trousseau. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Depending on the intricacy of its designs and patterns , a sari can take from 15 days to a month and sometimes up to six months to complete . Banarasi saris are mostly worn by Indian women on important occasions such as when attending a wedding and are expected to be complemented by the woman 's best jewelry . it is from Banarasi sari . Origin ( edit ) ' Sari ' from Varanasi ( Banaras ) , silk and gold - wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade Banaras ( Varanasi ) is situated on the Calcutta / Delhi rail route 760 km ( 470 mi ) from Calcutta . It has always been a big textile center of silk weaving . European travelers like Marco Polo ( 1271 -- 1295 ) and Tavernier ( 1665 ) do not mention the manufacture of Brocades in Banaras . Ralph Fitch ( 1583 -- 91 ) describes Banaras as a thriving sector of the cotton textile industry . The earliest mention of the brocade and Zari textiles of Banaras is found in the 19th century . With the migration of silk weavers from Gujarat during the famine of 1603 , it is likely that silk brocade weaving started in Banaras in the seventeenth century and developed in excellence during the 18th and 19th century . Distinguishing characteristics ( edit ) The following are considered to be the main characteristics of the brocade fabrics of Banaras . heavy gold work compact weaving figures have small details metallic visual effects pallus jal ( a net like pattern ) mina work Banarasi brocade produced two sub-variants from its original structure namely : Katan Tanchoi Katan ( edit ) Katan , a thread , prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments according to requirement gives a firm structure to the background fabric . Katan is a plain woven fabric with pure silk threads . It consists of two threads twisted together and is mostly used for the warp of light fabrics . Katan can be further classified into the following : Katan Butidar : Fabric with Katan warp and weft with butis ( designs and patterns ) in gold or resham ( untwisted silk ) . Katan Butidar Mina : Katan Butidar with Mina work ( design made out of zari thread ) in butis . Katan Butidar Paga Saree : Saree with Katan warp , resham weft , small butis all over body , closely spaced ( about 10 cm ( 4 `` ) apart ) , about 5 cm ( 2 '' ) wide border and 30 -- 55 cm ( 12 - 22 `` ) wide pallu . Katan Brocade : This is a fabric with Katan Warp and Katan weft with figures in gold thread with or without mina , with the traditional styles being ' katrawan ' , ' kardhwan ' and ' Fekva ' . Katrawan : A technique or design in which the floating portions of the extra weft ( laid from selvege to selvege ) at the back of the fabric is cut . Kardhwan : Fekva Jangla : Plain fabric of Katan warp and Katan weft , with all - over floral designs in an extra weft of either silk or zari . Katan Katrawan Mina : A fabric in Katrawan style with Mina . These days the currently used designs and motifs involving Katan are : Katan Jal Set : Over the years with minor innovations and influences from other materials , Jangla is now known as ' Katan Jal Set ' . Katan Buti Zari Resham : Katan Butidar has evolved over time to become Katan Buti Zari Resham . Katan Stripe and Katan Check are also popular variants found in the markets . Tanchoi ( edit ) Plain woven body with one color extra weft , one color weft and one color warp . Relative to the Jamawar , it is lighter and softer . Tanchoi could be further classified into the following : Satan Tanchoi is the satin weave ( four ends and eight picks or five ends and five picks satin ) with the warp in one color and the weft in one or more colors . The extra weft in the design may also be used as body weft . Satan Jari Tanchoi : Satan Tanchoi with weft in the order of one silk and one gold thread ( Jari ) , or two silk ( double ) and one gold thread . Satan Jari Katrawan Tanchoi : Satan Jari tanchoi in which the floating , extra weft , gold thread at the back is cut and removed . Atlas : Atlas is a pure satin body . Relative to other fabrics , Atlas is thicker , heavier and is shinier than other fabrics because of the extra use of zari . It is also known as gilt , because it is even shinier than the katan . Mushabbar : The cloth is distinguished by its jal woven as bushes and branches of trees . The normal association with the design was that of a jungle . Karachi ( edit ) Contemporary designs and motifs ( edit ) The Jamawar weaving technique is often defined as ' embroidery weaving ' or ' loom embroidery ' . This technique can also be applied on other fibres but Jamawar is generally restricted to rich silk threads . Currently , any of the major textile fibres may be used in a wide range of quality and price . Currently , two kinds of Kinkhwab ( Jamawar ) are available in the markets . Mughal Jamawar and Self Jamawar . Mughal Jamawar has a distinct characteristic of the use of gold and silver zari with silk , the use of gold zari with silver zari and the use of zari with polyester . Self Jamawar does not involve zari and basically is either silk on silk or silk with polyester . Silk Sari Weaving at Kanchipuram , Tamil Nadu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Silk city to come up near B'lore '' . deccanherald.com. 17 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu 's first automatic silk reeling unit opened '' . 24 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via www.thehindu.com . ^ Jump up to : Good , I.L. ; Kenoyer , J.M. ; Meadow , R.H. ( 2009 ) . `` New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization '' . Archaeometry. 50 ( 3 ) : 457 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.2008. 00454. x . Jump up ^ Ball , Philip ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Rethinking silk 's origins '' . Nature : 945 -- 945 . doi : 10.1038 / 457945a . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . More than one of website = and journal = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Silk Brocade 473 Fabric NY Designer Fabrics '' . www.nydesignerfabrics.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ York , Neil ( 2016 ) . Silk Fabrics from the Orient ( First ed . ) . USA : Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 365 - 31798 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` From 2016 , Sualkuchi textile products has a trademark SUALKUCHI 'S in proprietorship of SUALKUCHI TAT SILPA UNNAYAN SAMITY '' . Intellectual Property India . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Adarsh Gupta . K. `` Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth , Antheraea assama '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ R.k. datta ( 2007 ) . Global Silk Industry : A Complete Source Book . APH Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 8131300870 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . hide Textile arts Fundamentals Applique Beadwork Crochet Dyeing Embroidery Fabric Felting Fiber Knitting Lace Macramé Nålebinding Needlework Patchwork Passementerie Plying Quilting Rope Rug making Sewing Stitch Textile printing Weaving Yarn History of ... Byzantine silk Clothing and textiles Silk Quilting Silk in the Indian subcontinent Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods Textiles in the Industrial Revolution Modern Industrial Textile Production Timeline of textile technology Regional and ethnic African Andean Australian Aboriginal Hmong Indigenous peoples of the Americas Korean Māori Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Related Blocking Fiber art Mathematics and fiber arts Manufacturing Preservation Recycling Textile industry Textile museums Units of measurement Wearable fiber art Glossaries Dyeing terms Sewing terms Textile terms hide Silk General History of silk Magnanery Sericulture Silk Road Silk waste Types Ahimsa silk Assam silk Atlas silk Byzantine silk Eri silk Japanese silk Lao silk Mysore silk Rajshahi silk Thai silk Tussar silk Wild silk Industries Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk industry in China Silk industry of Cheshire Products Saree Tenun Pahang Diraja Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&oldid=844810456 '' Categories : Silk Commodity markets in India Textile arts of India Textile arts of Pakistan Silk in India Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2009 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 09 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	information about the kind of silk varieties produced in india	[]	[]
-6734699677455414030	History of mobile phones	History of mobile phones - wikipedia History of mobile phones A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box , which stands empty . Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid 1980s that they became widely available . By 2011 , it was estimated in the United Kingdom that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices . The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network . While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history , the first devices that were wireless , mobile , and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent . The first such devices were barely portable compared to today 's compact hand - held devices , and their use was clumsy . Along with the process of developing a more portable technology , and a better interconnections system , drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use , with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband . Contents 1 Predecessors 2 Early services 2.1 MTS 2.2 IMTS 2.3 Radio Common Carrier 2.4 Other services 2.5 European mobile radio networks 3 The cellular concept 4 Emergence of automated services 5 Handheld mobile phone 6 The early generations 6.1 1G -- Analog cellular 6.2 2G -- Digital cellular 6.3 3G -- Mobile broadband 7 4G -- Native IP networks 8 Mobile device charger standards 8.1 In China 8.2 OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution 8.3 EU smartphone power supply standard 9 Satellite mobile 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Predecessors ( edit ) Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones , there were some precursors . In 1908 , a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone . They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped , but they do not seem to have proceeded with production . Beginning in 1918 , the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen . In 1924 , public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg . In 1925 , the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to supply train telephony equipment and , in 1926 , telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first - class travelers . Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones . In 1906 , the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled `` Forecasts for 1907 '' in which he showed a man and a woman in London 's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment . Then , in 1926 , the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street , in the picture `` wireless telephony '' , published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus . The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links . Hand - held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s . Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s . Early devices were bulky , consumed large amounts of power , and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations . Modern cellular network tworks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications . In the United States , engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles , leading to the inauguration of mobile service on June 17th 1946 in St. Louis , Missouri . Shortly after , AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service . A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas . The introduction of cellular technology , which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters , made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible . In the USSR , Leonid Kupriyanovich , an engineer from Moscow , in 1957 - 1961 developed and presented a number of experimental pocket - sized communications radio . The weight of one model , presented in 1961 , was only 70 g and could fit on a palm . However , in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile `` Altai '' phone was made . In 1965 , the Bulgarian company `` Radioelektronika '' presented a mobile automatic phone combined with a base station at the Inforga - 65 international exhibition in Moscow . Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to 15 customers . The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early `` 0G '' services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service , to first - generation ( 1G ) analog cellular network , second - generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks , third - generation ( 3G ) broadband data services to the state - of - the - art , fourth - generation ( 4G ) native - IP networks . Early services ( edit ) MTS ( edit ) In 1949 , AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service . From its start in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1946 , AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948 . Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week . Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen . The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology . Because only three radio channels were available , only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time . Mobile Telephone Service was expensive , costing 15 USD per month , plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call , equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD . In the UK , there was also a vehicle - based system called `` Post Office Radiophone Service , '' which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959 , and although it required callers to speak to an operator , it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain . The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972 . IMTS ( edit ) AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965 , giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service . IMTS used additional radio channels , allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area , introduced customer dialing , eliminating manual call setup by an operator , and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment . Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS , demand outstripped capacity . In agreement with state regulatory agencies , AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide . In New York City , for example , 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call . Radio common Carrier ( edit ) A mobile radio telephone Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T 's IMTS . RCC systems used paired UHF 454 / 459 MHz and VHF 152 / 158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS . RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete . Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities , but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern `` roaming '' because technical standards were not uniform . For example , the phone of an Omaha , Nebraska -- based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix , Arizona . Roaming was not encouraged , in part , because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs . Signaling formats were not standardized . For example , some systems used two - tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call . Other systems used DTMF . Some used Secode 2805 , which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone ( similar to IMTS signaling ) to alert mobiles of an offered call . Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half - duplex , push - to - talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand - helds or RCA 700 - series conventional two - way radios . Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads , and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone . A few users had full - duplex briefcase telephones ( radically advanced for their day ) At the end of RCC 's existence , industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming , and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats ( 600 / 1500 , 2805 , and Reach ) . Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers . Other services ( edit ) In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) New York - Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving . The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites . In the UK , Channel Islands and elsewhere the `` Rabbit '' phone system was briefly used , being a hybrid of `` cell '' base stations and handsets . One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet ( closer with buildings ) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device . With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple 's new 4G `` smart watch '' so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell . European mobile radio networks ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Europe , several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed . In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled . Finland 's ARP , launched in 1971 , was also manual as was the Swedish MTD . All were replaced by the automatic NMT , ( Nordic Mobile Telephone ) system in the early 1980s . In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system . This system was available to the public for a subscription of £ 16 month . A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns . West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country 's first public commercial mobile phone network . In 1972 this was displaced by B - Netz which connected calls automatically . The cellular concept ( edit ) See also : Cellular network A multi-directional , cellular network antenna array ( `` cell tower '' ) In December 1947 , Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young , Bell Labs engineers , proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles . At this stage , the technology to implement these ideas did not exist , nor had the frequencies been allocated . Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel , Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan . It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now - familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse ( see picture at right ) Porter also invented the dial - then - send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time . In all these early examples , a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call , i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas . The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff , as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology , were described in the late 1960s , in papers by Frenkiel and Porter . In 1970 Amos E. Joel , Jr. , a Bell Labs engineer , invented a `` three - sided trunk circuit '' to aid in the `` call handoff '' process from one cell to another . His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept , but as switching systems became faster , such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system . A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973 , and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al . Emergence of automated services ( edit ) The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956 . Named MTA ( Mobiltelefonisystem A ) , it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial . The car phone could also be paged . Calls from the car were direct dial , whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car . It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator . Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget ( SRA ) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment . MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays , and weighed 40 kilograms ( 88 lb ) . In 1962 , an upgraded version called Mobile System B ( MTB ) was introduced . This was a push - button telephone , and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability . In 1971 the MTD version was launched , opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success . The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed . In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR . The `` Altay '' national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT - 1327 standard . The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ( VNIIS ) and the State Specialized Project Institute ( GSPI ) . In 1963 the service started in Moscow , and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR . Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia . In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster , Kansas , USA , the S&T Telephone Company , ( still in business today ) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility , offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas . This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard , and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines , trucks , and automobiles . For some as yet unknown reason , the system , after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period , was shut down . The management of the company was immediately changed , and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960 , not to be seen again . In 1966 , Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT - 0 , 5 combined with a base station RATZ - 10 ( RATC - 10 ) on Interorgtechnika - 66 international exhibition . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to six customers ( `` Radio '' magazine , 2 , 1967 ; `` Novosti dnya '' newsreel , 37 , 1966 ) . One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland , launched in 1971 . Posthumously , ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation ( 0G ) cellular network , being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks . Handheld mobile phone ( edit ) Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms ( 2.4 lb ) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres ( 9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in ) . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge . John F. Mitchell , Motorola 's chief of portable communication products and Cooper 's boss in 1973 , played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment . Mitchell failed to push Motorola into developing wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone . The early generations ( edit ) Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations . The `` generation '' terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched , but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems . 1G -- analog cellular ( edit ) Main article : 1G First automatic analog cellular systems deployed were NTT 's system first used in Tokyo in 1979 , later spreading to the whole of Japan , and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981 . The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) . It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983 , Israel in 1986 , and Australia in 1987 . AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology , but it had several serious issues by modern standards . It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner ; it was susceptible to cell phone `` cloning '' and it used a Frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support . On 6 March 1983 , the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech . It cost $100 m to develop , and took over a decade to reach the market . The phone had a talk time of just thirty - five minutes and took ten hours to charge . Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life , weight , and low talk time , and waiting lists were in the thousands . Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS ( D - AMPS ) in 1990 , and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008 . In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia . Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February . 2G -- digital cellular ( edit ) Main articles : 2G , 2.5 G , and 2.75 G Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters In the 1990s , the ' second generation ' mobile phone systems emerged . Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market : the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard . These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission , and also fast out - of - band phone - to - network signaling . The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones . In 1991 the first GSM network ( Radiolinja ) launched in Finland . In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America , though with some overlap . For example , the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe , so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems . In America the IS - 54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels . In 1993 , IBM Simon was introduced . This was possibly the world 's first smartphone . It was a mobile phone , pager , fax machine , and PDA all rolled into one . It included a calendar , address book , clock , calculator , notepad , email , and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard . The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with . It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped . It had applications , or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone . Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger `` brick '' phones toward tiny 100 -- 200 grams ( 3.5 -- 7.1 oz ) hand - held devices . This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy - efficient electronics , but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage . The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened , leading to increased battery life while on the move . Personal Handy - phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997 -- 2003 The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging . It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks . The first machine - generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person - to - person SMS sent in Finland . The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young , a trend which spread across all ages . 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones . In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone , launched by Finland 's Radiolinja ( now Elisa ) . Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000 , sponsored by advertising . Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca - Cola vending machine and car parking . Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway . The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart . The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999 . 3G -- mobile broadband ( edit ) Main article : 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives , it became clear that demand for data ( such as access to browse the internet ) was growing . Further , experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever - increasing demand for greater data speeds . The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job , so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G . The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission . In addition , the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology ( 2 Mbit / s maximum data rate indoors , 384 kbit / s outdoors , for example ) . Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies , and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality . The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV - DO , which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility : Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot Introduction of QoS flags All these were put in place to allow for low latency , low bit rate communications such as VoIP . The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001 . NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001 , using the WCDMA technology . In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV - DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea , and Monet in the US . Monet has since gone bankrupt . By the end of 2002 , the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK ( now Softbank ) . European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three / Hutchison group , on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G , six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV - DO standard . During the development of 3G systems , 2.5 G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks . These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services . CDMA2000 - 1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit / s . Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system , but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short . The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry : for the first time , media streaming of radio ( and even television ) content to 3G handsets became possible , with companies such as RealNetworks and Disney among the early pioneers in this type of offering . In the mid-2000s ( decade ) , an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented , namely High - Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA ) . It is an enhanced 3G ( third generation ) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High - Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ) family , also coined 3.5 G , 3G+ or turbo 3G , which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity . Current HSDPA deployments support down - link speeds of 1.8 , 3.6 , 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / s . By the end of 2007 , there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide , which reflected 9 % of the total worldwide subscriber base . About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV - DO standard . The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones . In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation . Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet , it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s ( decade ) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web . The first such devices , known as `` dongles '' , plugged directly into a computer through the USB port . Another new class of device appeared subsequently , the so - called `` compact wireless router '' such as the Novatel MiFi , which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi - Fi , rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug - in . Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow . Consequently , some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was n't needed . Instead , the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services . Such 3G - capable laptops became commonly known as `` netbooks '' . Other types of data - aware devices followed in the netbook 's footsteps . By the beginning of 2010 , E-readers , such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble , had already become available with embedded wireless Internet , and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year . 4G -- native IP networks ( edit ) Main article : 4G By 2009 , it had become clear that , at some point , 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth - intensive applications like streaming media . Consequently , the industry began looking to data - optimized 4th - generation technologies , with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies . The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard ( offered in the U.S. by Sprint ) and the LTE standard , first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera . One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching , instead employing an all - IP network . Thus , 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media , utilizing packet switching over Internet , LAN or WAN networks via VoIP . Mobile device charger standards ( edit ) USB power standards for mobile charger Port Current Voltage Power ( max ) Micro-USB 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W 1 A 5 V 5 W 2 A 5 V 10 W Type - C 100 mA to 3 A 5 V 15 W 1.7 A to 3 A 9 V 27 W 1.8 A to 3 A 15 V 45 W 2.25 A to 5 A 20 V 100 W Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery . In China ( edit ) The Micro-USB interface is commonly found on chargers for mobile phones . As of 14 June 2007 , all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging . This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D − . OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group ( a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia , Samsung , Motorola , Sony Ericsson , and LG ) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices . The GSM Association ( GSMA ) followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy - efficient one - charger - fits - all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4 - star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy - efficient than an unrated charger . '' EU smartphone power supply standard ( edit ) Main article : Common external power supply In June 2009 , many of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC - sponsored Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) , agreeing to make most data - enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply ( common EPS ) . The EU 's common EPS specification ( EN 62684 : 2010 ) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA / OMTP and Chinese charging solutions . In January 2011 , the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) released its version of the ( EU 's ) common EPS standard as IEC 62684 : 2011 . Satellite mobile ( edit ) Main article : Satellite phone As well as the now - common cellular phone , there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth - orbiting satellite . Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic . The Inmarsat system is the oldest , originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea , and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe . Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service . An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth . This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services . See also ( edit ) The Mobile Revolution Autopatch History of the prepaid mobile phone History of the telephone List of best - selling mobile phones Personal Communications Service PCS Pager Babylonokia Subscriber identity module Smartphone § History References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 18 Jun 2011 ) . `` Mobilecomputer calls overtake landline calls for first time '' . The Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed '' . San Francisco Call . 104 ( 37 ) . 1908 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 '' . deutsches-telefon-museum.eu. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk ( IZMF ) . izmf.de : `` The development of digital mobile communications in Germany '' , retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Punch Jump up ^ simplicissimus.info : Bild `` Drahtlose Telephonie '' in Simplicissimus , 1926 ( Jg. 31 ) Heft 38 , S. 498. , ( PDF - file ) , retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Рыбчинский , Юрий ( 1961 ) . РАДИОФОН . Орловская Правда ( in Russian ) ( 12 -- 1961 ) . М. : Орловская Правда . Jump up ^ Мартин Купер был не первым . Олег Измеров ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1957 and 10 , 1958 ; `` Technika - molodezhi '' magazine , 2 , 1959 ; `` Za rulem '' magazine , 12 , 1957 , `` Yuny technik '' magazine , 7 , 1957 , 2 , 1958 and 9 , 1996 ; `` Orlovskaya pravda '' newspaper , 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1965 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' . corp.att.com . AT&T Intellectual Property . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon A. Gow , Richard K. Smith Mobile and wireless communications : an introduction , McGraw - Hill International , 2006 ISBN 0 - 335 - 21761 - 3 page 23 Jump up ^ http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html Jump up ^ `` The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America '' . 1986 . Jump up ^ Rabbit ( telecommunications ) Jump up ^ Wirless World July 1971 Jump up ^ 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ article by Tom Farley `` Cellular Telephone Basics '' . Privateline.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762 . Jump up ^ `` Switching hipatitas for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System '' : , Z . Fluhr and E. Nussbaum , IEEE Transactions on Communications volume 21 , # 11 p. 1281 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Hachenburg , V. ; Holm , B.D. ; Smith , J.I. ( 1977 ) . `` Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system '' . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology . 26 : 82 -- 88 . doi : 10.1109 / T - VT. 1977.23660 . Jump up ^ Shi , Mingtao ( 2007 ) . Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China . Univerlagtuberlin . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7983 - 2057 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Facts about the Mobile . A Journey through Time . mobilen50ar.se Jump up ^ The first Russian mobile phone . Englishrussia.com ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shiels , Maggie ( 21 April 2003 ) . `` BBC interview with Martin Cooper '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Martin Cooper , et al. , `` Radio Telephone System '' , US Patent number 3,906,166 ; Filing date : 17 October 1973 ; Issue date : September 1975 ; Assignee Motorola Jump up ^ `` Motorola Demonstrates Portable Telephone '' ( PDF ) . Motorola Communications Division press release . April 3 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Cooper - The Inventor of the Cell Phone '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ John F. Mitchell Biography . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Top Giants in Telephony Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Historyofthecellphone.com ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Who invented the cell phone ? . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution , Oversaw Ill - fated Iridium Project '' . The Wall Street Journal , 20 -- 21 June 2009 , Jump up ^ `` John F. Mitchell , 1928 -- 2009 : Was president of Motorola from 1980 to ' 95 '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ AT&T article . Corp.att.com ( 1946 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Cell Phone a True ' Brick ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Kling , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Cell Phones. 27500 Drake Road , Farmington Hills MI 48331 : Lucent Books . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Generations 1G , 2G , 3G and now 4G -- Tech Forums '' . Forums.techeblog.com. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphone '' . Businessweek. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 3G and Cellular radio Information . Privateline.com ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Thawatt ( 11 -- 15 March 2007 ) . `` EVDO Rev. A Control Channel Bandwidth Analysis for Paging '' . IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference . IEEE . pp. 3262 -- 7 . doi : 10.1109 / WCNC. 2007.601 . ISBN 1 - 4244 - 0658 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 20 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonsalves , Antone ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones '' . Informationweek.com . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney will offer mobile content '' . Media Week . 20 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Fahd Ahmad Saeed . `` Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks '' . Purdue School of Engineering . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VoIP Support in Nokia Devices '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Power Rules '' , Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0 , version 1.1 , USB Implementers Forum , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 Jump up ^ Cai Yan ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` China to enforce universal cell phone charger '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Chinese FCC 's technical standard : `` YD / T 1591 - 2006 , Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment '' ( PDF ) ( in Chinese ) . Dian yuan . Jump up ^ Lam , Crystal ; Liu , Harry ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` How to conform to China 's new mobile phone interface standards '' . Wireless Net DesignLine . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard '' . News . 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light '' ( Press release ) . OTMP. 17 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger '' ( Press release ) . GSM World . Jump up ^ `` Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity '' . Open Mobile Terminal Platform. 11 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Charging Solution ~ GSM World '' . GSM world . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones '' . Planet Analog . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day '' ( Press release ) . CTIA. 2009 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ITU '' ( Press release ) . 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` chargers '' . EU : EC . 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010 '' . Wired. 2009 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One size - fits - all mobile phone charger : IEC publishes first globally relevant standard '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Agar , Jon ( 2004 ) . Constant Touch : a Global History of the Mobile Phone . Cambridge : Icon . ISBN 978 - 1840465419 . Farley , Tom ( 2007 ) . `` The Cell - Phone Revolution '' . American Heritage of Invention & Technology . 22 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 19 . ISSN 8756 - 7296 . OCLC 108126426 . BL Shelfmark 0817.734000 . Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web List Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&oldid=866001391 '' Categories : History of mobile phones Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español Қазақша Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 16 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first cell phone tower built	[]	[]
6977475861019050894	Production planning	Production planning - wikipedia Production planning Jump to : navigation , search Role of Production Planning in the Production Cycle . Production planning is the planning of production and manufacturing modules in a company or industry . It utilizes the resource allocation of activities of employees , materials and production capacity , in order to serve different customers . Different types of production methods , such as single item manufacturing , batch production , mass production , continuous production etc. have their own type of production planning . Production planning can be combined with production control into production planning and control , or it can be combined and or integrated into enterprise resource planning . Production planning is used in companies in several different industries , including agriculture , industry , amusement industry , etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Topics 3.1 Types of planning 3.2 Production control 4 See also 5 References Overview ( edit ) Production planning is a plan for the future production , in which the facilities needed are determined and arranged . A production plan is made periodically for a specific time period , called the planning horizon . It can comprise the following activities : Determination of the required product mix and factory load to satisfy customers needs . Matching the required level of production to the existing resources . Scheduling and choosing the actual work to be started in the manufacturing facility '' Setting up and delivering production orders to production facilities . In order to develop production plans , the production planner or production planning department needs to work closely together with the marketing department and sales department . They can provide sales forecasts , or a listing of customer orders . '' The `` work is usually selected from a variety of product types which may require different resources and serve different customers . Therefore , the selection must optimize customer - independent performance measures such as cycle time and customer - dependent performance measures such as on - time delivery . '' A critical factor in production planning is `` the accurate estimation of the productive capacity of available resources , yet this is one of the most difficult tasks to perform well '' . Production planning should always take `` into account material availability , resource availability and knowledge of future demand '' . History ( edit ) Planning department bulletin board , 1911 . Modern production planning methods and tools have been developed since late 19th century . Under Scientific Management , the work for each man or each machine is mapped out in advance ( see image ) . The origin of production planning back goes another century . Kaplan ( 1986 ) summarized that `` the demand for information for internal planning and control apparently arose in the first half of the 19th century when firms , such as textile mills and railroads , had to devise internal administrative procedures to coordinate the multiple processes involved in the performance of the basic activity ( the conversion of raw materials into finished goods by textile mills , the transportation of passengers and freight by the railroads . '' Herrmann ( 1996 ) further describes the circumstances in which new methods for internal planning and control evolved : `` The first factories were quite simple and relatively small . They produced a small number of products in large batches . Productivity gains came from using interchangeable parts to eliminate time - consuming fitting operations . Through the late 1800s , manufacturing firms were concerned with maximizing the productivity of the expensive equipment in the factory . Keeping utilization high was an important objective . Foremen ruled their shops , coordinating all of the activities needed for the limited number of products for which they were responsible . They hired operators , purchased materials , managed production , and delivered the product . They were experts with superior technical skills , and they ( not a separate staff of clerks ) planned production . Even as factories grew , they were just bigger , not more complex . About production planning Herrmann ( 1996 ) recounts that `` production scheduling started simply also . Schedules , when used at all , listed only when work on an order should begin or when the order is due . They did n't provide any information about how long the total order should take or about the time required for individual operations ... '' In 1923 Industrial Management cited a Mr. Owens who had observed : `` Production planning is rapidly becoming one of the most vital necessities of management . It is true that every establishment , no matter how large or how small has production planning in some form ; but a large percentage of these do not have planning that makes for an even flow of material , and a minimum amount of money tied up in inventories . '' Topics ( edit ) Types of planning ( edit ) Different types of production planning can be applied : Advanced planning and scheduling Capacity planning Master production schedule Material requirements planning MRP II Scheduling Workflow Related kind of planning in organizations Employee scheduling Enterprise resource planning Inventory control Product planning Project planning Process planning , redirects to Computer - aided process planning Sales and operations planning Strategy Production control ( edit ) Production control is the activity of controlling the workflow in the production . It is partly complementary to production planning . See also ( edit ) Industrial engineering Manufacturing process management Materials management Operations management Production engineering References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fargher , Hugh E. , and Richard A. Smith . `` Method and system for production planning . '' U.S. Patent No . 5,586,021. 17 Dec. 1996 . Jump up ^ Telsang , Martand . Industrial engineering and production management . S. Chand , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hung , Yi - Feng , and Robert C. Leachman . `` A production planning methodology for semiconductor manufacturing based on iterative simulation and linear programming calculations . '' Semiconductor Manufacturing , IEEE Transactions on 9.2 ( 1996 ) : 257 - 269 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Thomas O . `` The choice of cost parameters in machining cost models . '' The Engineering Economist 32.3 ( 1987 ) : 217 - 230 . ^ Jump up to : Bertrand , J.W.M. , and W.G.M.M. Rutten . `` Evaluation of three production planning procedures for the use of recipe flexibility . '' European journal of operational research 115.1 ( 1999 ) : 179 - 194 . Jump up ^ August - Wilhelm Scheer ( 1984 ) Scheer , A-W . `` Production control and information systems . '' Methods and Tools for Computer Integrated Manufacturing . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1984 . 138 - 178 . Jump up ^ Solberg , James J. `` Capacity planning with a stochastic workflow model . '' AIIE Transactions 13.2 ( 1981 ) : 116 - 122 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Robert S . `` The evolution of management accounting , '' The Accounting Review , Vol 14 , No 3 . July 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Jeffrey W. `` A history of production scheduling . '' Handbook of Production Scheduling . Springer US , 2006 . 1 - 22 . Jump up ^ John Robertson Dunlap , Arthur Van Vlissingen , John Michael Carmody . eds . Industrial Management , Vol. 65 - 66 , p. 182 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Production_planning&oldid=766682042 '' Categories : Planning Production and manufacturing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2017 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	use of computer in production planning and control	[]	[]
6313603704179992778	Broca's area	Broca 's area - wikipedia Broca 's area Jump to : navigation , search Broca 's area Broca 's area is made up of Brodmann areas 44 ( pars opercularis ) and 45 ( pars triangularis ) Broca 's area ( shown in red ) Details Part of Frontal lobe Artery Middle cerebral Vein Superior sagittal sinus Identifiers MeSH D065711 NeuroNames 2062 NeuroLex ID 242176 FMAID : 242176 FMA 242176 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Broca 's area or the Broca area / broʊˈkɑː / or / ˈbroʊkə / is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere , usually the left , of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production . Language processing has been linked to Broca 's area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients . They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain . Since then , the approximate region he identified has become known as Broca 's area , and the deficit in language production as Broca 's aphasia , also called expressive aphasia . Broca 's area is now typically defined in terms of the pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus , represented in Brodmann 's cytoarchitectonic map as areas 44 and 45 of the dominant hemisphere . Studies of chronic aphasia have implicated an essential role of Broca 's area in various speech and language functions . Further , fMRI studies have also identified activation patterns in Broca 's area associated with various language tasks . However , slow destruction of the Broca 's area by brain tumors can leave speech relatively intact , suggesting its functions can shift to nearby areas in the brain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Functions 2.1 Language comprehension 2.2 Action recognition and production 2.3 Speech - associated gestures 2.4 Speaking without Broca 's area 2.5 Mirror neurons 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Stuttering 3.2 Aphasia 3.3 Expressive aphasia vs. other aphasias 3.4 Newer implications related to lesions in Broca 's area 3.4. 1 Broca 's area : A key center in the linking phonemic sequences 4 History 4.1 Broca 's patients 4.1. 1 Louis Victor Leborgne ( Tan ) 4.1. 2 Lelong 4.2 MRI findings 5 Evolution of language 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 External links 9 References Structure ( edit ) Broca 's area is often identified by visual inspection of the topography of the brain either by macrostructural landmarks such as sulci or by the specification of coordinates in a particular reference space . The currently used Talairach and Tournoux atlas projects Brodmann 's cytoarchitectonic map onto a template brain . Because Brodmann 's parcelation was based on subjective visual inspection of cytoarchitectonic borders and also Brodmann analyzed only one hemisphere of one brain , the result is imprecise . Further , because of considerable variability across brains in terms of shape , size , and position relative to sulcal and gyral structure , a resulting localization precision is limited . Nevertheless , Broca 's area in the left hemisphere and its homologue in the right hemisphere are designations usually used to refer to pars triangularis ( PTr ) and pars opercularis ( POp ) of the inferior frontal gyrus . The PTr and POp are defined by structural landmarks that only probabilistically divide the inferior frontal gyrus into anterior and posterior cytoarchitectonic areas of 45 and 44 , respectively , by Brodmann 's classification scheme . Area 45 receives more afferent connections from prefrontal cortex , the superior temporal gyrus , and the superior temporal sulcus , compared to area 44 , which tends to receive more afferent connections from motor , somatosensory , and inferior parietal regions . The differences between area 45 and 44 in cytoarchitecture and in connectivity suggest that these areas might perform different functions . Indeed , recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the PTr and Pop , corresponding to areas 45 and 44 , respectively , play different functional roles in the human with respect to language comprehension and action recognition / understanding . Functions ( edit ) Language comprehension ( edit ) For a long time , it was assumed that the role of Broca 's area was more devoted to language production than language comprehension . However , there is evidence to demonstrate that Broca 's area also plays a significant role in language comprehension . Patients with lesions in Broca 's area who exhibit agrammatical speech production also show inability to use syntactic information to determine the meaning of sentences . Also , a number of neuroimaging studies have implicated an involvement of Broca 's area , particularly of the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus , during the processing of complex sentences . Further , it has recently been found in functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) experiments involving highly ambiguous sentences result in a more activated inferior frontal gyrus . Therefore , the activity level in the inferior frontal gyrus and the level of lexical ambiguity are directly proportional to each other , because of the increased retrieval demands associated with highly ambiguous content . There is also specialisation for particular aspects of comprehension within Broca 's area . Work by Devlin et al. ( 2003 ) showed in a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) study that there was an increase in reaction times when performing a semantic task under rTMS aimed at the pars triangularis ( situated in the anterior part of Broca 's area ) . The increase in reaction times is indicative that that particular area is responsible for processing that cognitive function . Disrupting these areas via TMS disrupts computations performed in the areas leading to an increase in time needed to perform the computations ( reflected in reaction times ) . Later work by Nixon et al. ( 2004 ) showed that when the pars opercularis ( situated in the posterior part of Broca 's area ) was stimulated under rTMS there was an increase in reaction times in a phonological task . Gough et al. ( 2005 ) performed an experiment combining elements of these previous works in which both phonological and semantic tasks were performed with rTMS stimulation directed at either the anterior or the posterior part of Broca 's area . The results from this experiment conclusively distinguished anatomical specialisation within Broca 's area for different components of language comprehension . Here the results showed that under rTMS stimulation : Semantic tasks only showed a decrease in reaction times when stimulation was aimed at the anterior part of Broca 's area ( where a decrease of 10 % ( 50ms ) was seen compared to a no - TMS control group ) Phonological tasks showed a decrease in reaction times when stimulation was aimed at the posterior part of Broca 's area ( where a decrease of 6 % ( 30ms ) was seen compared to control ) To summarise , the work above shows anatomical specialisation in Broca 's area for language comprehension , with the anterior part of Broca 's area responsible for understanding the meaning of words ( semantics ) and the posterior part of Broca 's area responsible for understanding how words sound ( phonology ) . Action recognition and production ( edit ) Recent experiments have indicated that Broca 's area is involved in various cognitive and perceptual tasks . One important contribution of Brodmann 's area 44 is also found in the motor - related processes . Observation of meaningful hand shadows resembling moving animals activates frontal language area , demonstrating that Broca 's area indeed plays a role in interpreting action of others . An activation of BA 44 was also reported during execution of grasping and manipulation . Speech - associated gestures ( edit ) It has been speculated that because speech - associated gestures could possibly reduce lexical or sentential ambiguity , comprehension should improve in the presence of speech - associated gestures . As a result of improved comprehension , the involvement of Broca 's area should be reduced . Many neuroimaging studies have also shown activation of Broca 's area when representing meaningful arm gestures . A recent study has shown evidence that word and gesture are related at the level of translation of particular gesture aspects such as its motor goal and intention . This finding helps explain why , when this area is defective , those who use sign language also suffer from language deficits . This finding that aspects of gestures are translated in words within Broca 's area also explains language development in terms of evolution . Indeed , many authors have proposed that speech evolved from a primitive communication that arose from gestures . ( See below . ) Speaking without Broca 's area ( edit ) Damage to Broca 's area is commonly associated with telegraphic speech made up of content vocabulary . For example , a person with Broca 's aphasia may say something like , `` Drive , store . Mom . '' meaning to say , `` My mom drove me to the store today . '' Therefore , the content of the information is correct , but the grammar and fluidity of the sentence is missing . The essential role of the Broca 's area in speech production has been questioned since it can be destroyed while leaving language nearly intact . In one case of a computer engineer , a slow - growing glioma tumor was removed . The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus , the head of the caudate nucleus , the anterior limb of the internal capsule , and the anterior insula . However , there were minimal language problems three months after removal and the individual returned to his professional work . These minor problems include the inability to create syntactically complex sentences including more than two subjects , multiple causal conjunctions , or reported speech . These were explained by researchers as due to working memory problems . They also attributed his lack of problems to extensive compensatory mechanisms enabled by neural plasticity in the nearby cerebral cortex and a shift of some functions to the homologous area in the right hemisphere . Mirror neurons ( edit ) Communication , both verbal and nonverbal , requires that the interacting individuals stay `` tuned '' to one another . Mirror neurons were discovered in the 1990s in frontal area F5 of the monkey cortex . These neurons are active during execution of object - related hand actions , but they are also active , importantly , when the monkey is just observing similar acts . For example , the mirror neurons are activated when the monkey takes a raisin from a tray and also when he views another monkey or the human experimenter doing the same . No information is yet available about possible hemispheric lateralization of the monkey mirror neurons . Mirror neurons have visuomotor properties , being sensitive to goal - related motor acts , but they can also be activated by sounds that imply actions . Importantly , the mirror neurons do not only react to visual input and then project , via some transformational step , to motor - output - related neurons but are also part of a system that forms a neuronal representation of the observed motor acts . Similar to F5 , the rostral part of the inferior parietal cortex contains neurons that are active during action observation and execution ; this region receives input from the STS , which is known to contain neurons responding to biological motion Clinical significance ( edit ) Stuttering ( edit ) A speech disorder known as stuttering is seen to be associated with underactivity in Broca 's area . Aphasia ( edit ) Aphasia is an acquired language disorder affecting all modalities such as writing , reading , speaking , and listening and results from brain damage . It is often a chronic condition that creates changes in all areas of one 's life . Expressive aphasia vs. other aphasias ( edit ) Patients with expressive aphasia , also known as Broca 's aphasia , are individuals who know `` what they want to say , they just can not get it out '' . They are typically able to comprehend words , and sentences with a simple syntactic structure ( see above ) , but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech . Other symptoms that may be present include problems with fluency , articulation , word - finding , word repetition , and producing and comprehending complex grammatical sentences , both orally and in writing . This specific group of symptoms distinguishes those who have expressive aphasia from individuals with other types of aphasia . There are several distinct `` types '' of aphasia , and each type is characterized by a different set of language deficits . Although those who have expressive aphasia tend to retain good spoken language comprehension , other types of aphasia can render patients completely unable to understand any language at all , unable to understand any spoken language ( auditory verbal agnosia ) , whereas still other types preserve language comprehension , but with deficits . People with expressive aphasia may struggle less with reading and writing ( see alexia ) than those with other types of aphasia . Although individuals with expressive aphasia tend to have a good ability to self - monitor their language output ( they `` hear what they say '' and make corrections ) , other types of aphasics can seem entirely unaware of their language deficits . In the classical sense , expressive aphasia is the result of injury to Broca 's area ; it is often the case that lesions in specific brain areas cause specific , dissociable symptoms , although case studies show there is not always a one - to - one mapping between lesion location and aphasic symptoms . The correlation between damage to certain specific brain areas ( usually in the left hemisphere ) and the development of specific types of aphasia makes it possible to deduce ( albeit very roughly ) the location of a suspected brain lesion based only on the presence ( and severity ) of a certain type of aphasia , though this is complicated by the possibility that a patient may have damage to a number of brain areas and may exhibit symptoms of more than one type of aphasia . The examination of lesion data in order to deduce which brain areas are essential in the normal functioning of certain aspects of cognition is called the deficit - lesion method ; this method is especially important in the branch of neuroscience known as aphasiology . Cognitive science - to be specific , cognitive neuropsychology - are branches of neuroscience that also make extensive use of the deficit - lesion method . Major characteristics of different types of acute aphasia Type of aphasia Speech repetition Naming Auditory comprehension Fluency Expressive aphasia Moderate -- severe Moderate -- severe Mild difficulty Non-fluent , effortful , slow Receptive aphasia Mild -- severe Mild -- severe Defective Fluent paraphasic Conduction aphasia Poor Poor Relatively good Fluent Mixed transcortical aphasia Moderate Poor Poor Non-fluent Transcortical motor aphasia Good Mild -- severe Mild Non-fluent Transcortical sensory aphasia Good Moderate -- severe Poor Fluent Global aphasia Poor Poor Poor Non-fluent Anomic aphasia Mild Moderate -- severe Mild Fluent Newer implications related to lesions in Broca 's area ( edit ) Since studies carried out in the late 1970 's it has been understood that the relationship between Broca 's area and Broca 's aphasia is not as consistent as once thought . Lesions to Broca 's area alone do n't result in a Broca 's aphasia , nor do Broca 's aphasic patients necessarily have lesions in Broca 's area . Lesions to Broca 's area alone are known to produce just a transient mutism that resolves inside 3 -- 6 weeks . This discovery suggests that Broca 's area may be included in some aspect of verbalization or articulation ; however , it does not address its part in sentence comprehension . Still , Broca 's area frequently emerges in functional imaging studies of sentence processing . However , it also becomes activated in word - level tasks . This suggests that Broca 's area is not dedicated to sentence processing but supports a function common to both . In fact , Broca 's area can show activation in such non-linguistic tasks as imagery of motion . Considering the hypothesis that Broca 's area may be most involved in articulation , its activation in all of these tasks may be due to subjects ' covert articulation while formulating a response . Despite this caveat , a consensus seems to be forming that whatever role Broca 's area may play , it may relate to known working memory functions of the frontal areas . ( There is a wide distribution of Talairach coordinates reported in the functional imaging literature that are referred to as part of Broca 's area . ) The processing of a passive voice sentence , for example , may require working memory to assist in the temporary retention of information while other relevant parts of the sentence are being manipulated ( i.e. to resolve the assignment of thematic roles to arguments ) . Miyake , Carpenter , and Just have proposed that sentence processing relies on such general verbal working memory mechanisms while Caplan and Waters consider Broca 's area to be involved in working memory specifically for syntactic processing . Friederici ( 2002 ) breaks Broca 's area into its component regions and suggests that Brodmann 's area 44 is involved in working memory for both phonological and syntactic structure . This area becomes active first for phonology and later for syntax as the time course for the comprehension process unfolds . Brodmann 's area 45 together with Brodmann 's area 47 is viewed as being specifically involved in working memory for semantic features and thematic structure where processes of syntactic reanalysis and repair are required . These areas come online after Brodmann 's area 44 has finished its processing role and where comprehension of complex sentences must rely on general memory resources . All of these theories indicate a move towards a view that syntactic comprehension problems arise from a computational rather than a conceptual deficit . Newer theories are taking a more dynamic view of how the brain integrates different linguistic and cognitive components and are examining the time course of these operations . Neurocognitive studies have already implicated frontal areas adjacent to Broca 's area as important for working memory in non-linguistic as well as linguistic tasks . Cabeza and Nyberg 's analysis of imaging studies of working memory supports the view that BA45 / 47 is recruited for selecting or comparing information , while BA9 / 46 might be more involved in the manipulation of information in working memory . Since large lesions are typically required to produce a Broca 's aphasia , it is likely that these regions may also become compromised in some patients and may contribute to their comprehension deficits for complex morphosyntactic structures . Broca 's area : a key Center in the linking phonemic sequences ( edit ) Broca 's area has been previously associated with a variety of processes , including phonological segmentation , syntactic processing , and unification , all of which involve segmenting and linking different types of linguistic information . Although repeating and reading single words do not engage semantic and syntactic processing , they do require an operation linking phonemic sequences with motor gestures . Findings indicate that this linkage is coordinated by Broca 's area through reciprocal interactions with temporal and frontal cortices responsible for phonemic and articulatory representations , respectively , including interactions with motor cortex before the actual act of speech . Based on these unique findings , it has been proposed that Broca 's area is not the seat of articulation per se , but rather is a key node in manipulating and forwarding neural information across large - scale cortical networks responsible for key components of speech production . History ( edit ) In a study published in 2007 , the preserved brains of both Leborgne and Lelong ( patients of Broca ) were reinspected using high - resolution volumetric MRI . The purpose of this study was to scan the brains in three dimensions and to identify the extent of both cortical and subcortical lesions in more detail . The study also sought to locate the exact site of the lesion in the frontal lobe in relation to what is now called Broca 's area with the extent of subcortical involvement . Broca 's patients ( edit ) Louis victor Leborgne ( tan ) ( edit ) Leborgne was a patient of Broca 's . At 30 years old , he was almost completely unable to produce any words or phrases . He was able to repetitively produce only the word tan . After his death , a neurosyphilitic lesion was discovered on the surface of his left frontal lobe . Lelong ( edit ) Lelong was another patient of Broca 's . He also exhibited reduced productive speech . He could only say five words , ' yes ' , ' no ' , ' three ' , ' always ' , and ' lelo ' ( a mispronunciation of his own name ) . A lesion within the lateral frontal lobe was discovered during Lelong 's autopsy . Broca 's previous patient , Leborgne , had this lesion in the same area of his frontal lobe . These two cases led Broca to believe that speech was localized to this particular area . MRI findings ( edit ) Examination of the brains of Broca 's two historic patients with high - resolution MRI has produced several interesting findings . First , the MRI findings suggest that other areas besides Broca 's area may also have contributed to the patients ' reduced productive speech . This finding is significant because it has been found that , though lesions to Broca 's area alone can possibly cause temporary speech disruption , they do not result in severe speech arrest . Therefore , there is a possibility that the aphasia denoted by Broca as an absence of productive speech also could have been influenced by the lesions in the other region . Another finding is that the region , which was once considered to be critical for speech by Broca , is not precisely the same region as what is now known as Broca 's area . This study provides further evidence to support the claim that language and cognition are far more complicated than once thought and involve various networks of brain regions . Evolution of language ( edit ) The pursuit of a satisfying theory that addresses the origin of language in humans has led to the consideration of a number of evolutionary `` models '' . These models attempt to show how modern language might have evolved , and a common feature of many of these theories is the idea that vocal communication was initially used to complement a far more dominant mode of communication through gesture . Human language might have evolved as the `` evolutionary refinement of an implicit communication system already present in lower primates , based on a set of hand / mouth goal - directed action representations . '' `` Hand / mouth goal - directed action representations '' is another way of saying `` gestural communication '' , `` gestural language '' , or `` communication through body language '' . The recent finding that Broca 's area is active when people are observing others engaged in meaningful action is evidence in support of this idea . It was hypothesized that a precursor to the modern Broca 's area was involved in translating gestures into abstract ideas by interpreting the movements of others as meaningful action with an intelligent purpose . It is argued that over time the ability to predict the intended outcome and purpose of a set of movements eventually gave this area the capability to deal with truly abstract ideas , and therefore ( eventually ) became capable of associating sounds ( words ) with abstract meanings . The observation that frontal language areas are activated when people observe Hand Shadows is further evidence that human language may have evolved from existing neural substrates that evolved for the purpose of gesture recognition . The study , therefore , claims that Broca 's area is the `` motor center for speech '' , which assembles and decodes speech sounds in the same way it interprets body language and gestures . Consistent with this idea is that the neural substrate that regulated motor control in the common ancestor of apes and humans was most likely modified to enhance cognitive and linguistic ability . Studies of speakers of American Sign Language and English suggest that the human brain recruited systems that had evolved to perform more basic functions much earlier ; these various brain circuits , according to the authors , were tapped to work together in creating language . Another recent finding has showed significant areas of activation in subcortical and neocortical areas during the production of communicative manual gestures and vocal signals in chimpanzees . Further , the data indicating that chimpanzees intentionally produce manual gestures as well as vocal signals to communicate with humans suggests that the precursors to human language are present at both the behavioral and neuronanatomical levels . More recently , the neocortical distribution of activity - dependent gene expression in marmosets provided direct evidence that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex , which comprises Broca 's area in humans and has been associated with auditory processing of species - specific vocalizations and orofacial control in macaques , is engaged during vocal output in a New World monkey . These findings putatively set the origin of vocalization - related neocortical circuits to at least 35 million years ago , when the Old and New World monkey lineages split . Additional images ( edit ) Broca 's area ( shown in red ) . Animation . Approximate location of Broca 's area highlighted in gray . Arcuate fasciculus connects Broca 's area and Wernicke 's area . Play media Human brain dissection video ( 24 sec ) . Demonstrating the location of Broca 's area in inferior frontal gyrus . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broca 's area . Broca 's region Lobes of the brain Progressive nonfluent aphasia Wernicke 's area External links ( edit ) `` Paul Broca 's discovery of the area of the brain governing articulated language '' , analysis of Broca 's 1861 article , on BibNum ( click ' à télécharger ' for English version ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cantalupo , Claudio ; Hopkins , William D. ( 29 November 2001 ) . `` Nature Asymmetric Broca 's area in great apes '' . Nature . 414 ( 6863 ) : 505 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 414 ... 505C . doi : 10.1038 / 35107134 . PMC 2043144 . PMID 11734839 . Jump up ^ Kennison , Shelia ( 2013 ) . Introduction to language development . Los Angeles : Sage . ^ Jump up to : N.F. Dronkers ; O. Plaisant ; M.T. Iba - Zizen & E.A. Cabanis ( 2007 ) . `` Paul Broca 's Historic Cases : High Resolution MR Imaging of the Brains of Leborgne and Lelong '' . Brain . 130 ( Pt 5 ) : 1432 -- 1441 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awm042 . PMID 17405763 . ^ Jump up to : Plaza M , Gatignol P , Leroy M , Duffau H ( August 2009 ) . `` Speaking without Broca 's area after tumor resection '' . Neurocase. 15 ( 4 ) : 294 -- 310 . doi : 10.1080 / 13554790902729473 . PMID 19274574 . Jump up ^ Yosef Grodzinsky & Andrea Santi ( 2008 ) . `` The Battle for Broca 's Region '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 12 ( 12 ) : 474 -- 480 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2008.09. 001 . PMID 18930695 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy I. Skipper ; Susan Goldin - Meadow ; Howard C. Nusbaum & Steven L. Small ( 2007 ) . `` Speech - associated gestures , Broca 's area , and the human mirror system '' . Brain and Language . 101 ( 3 ) : 260 -- 277 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bandl. 2007.02. 008 . PMC 2703472 . PMID 17533001 . Jump up ^ David Caplan ( 2006 ) . `` Why is Broca 's Area Involved in Syntax ? '' . Cortex. 42 ( 4 ) : 469 -- 471 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 9452 ( 08 ) 70379 - 4 . PMID 16881251 . Jump up ^ Tanja Crewe ; Ina Bornkessel ; Stefan Zysset ; Richard Wiese ; D. Yves von Cramon & Matthias Schlesewksy ( 2005 ) . `` The Emergence of the Unmarked : A New Perspective on the Language - Specific Function of Broca 's Area '' . Human Brain Mapping. 26 ( 3 ) : 178 -- 190 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 20154 . PMID 15929098 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Rodd ; Matthew Davis & Ingrid Johnsrude ( 2005 ) . `` The Neural Mechanisms of Speech Comprehension : fMRI studies of Semantic Ambiguity '' . Cerebral Cortex. 15 : 1261 -- 1269 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhi009 . PMID 15635062 . Jump up ^ Devlin , Joseph T. ; Matthews , Paul M. ; Rushworth , Matthew F.S. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Semantic processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex : a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 15 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 84 . doi : 10.1162 / 089892903321107837 . ISSN 0898 - 929X . PMID 12590844 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Philip ; Lazarova , Jenia ; Hodinott - Hill , Iona ; Gough , Patricia ; Passingham , Richard ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The inferior frontal gyrus and phonological processing : an investigation using rTMS '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 16 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 300 . doi : 10.1162 / 089892904322984571 . ISSN 0898 - 929X . PMID 15068598 . Jump up ^ Gough , Patricia M. ; Nobre , Anna C. ; Devlin , Joseph T. ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Dissociating linguistic processes in the left inferior frontal cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 ( 35 ) : 8010 -- 8016 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 2307 - 05.2005 . ISSN 1529 - 2401 . PMC 1403818 . PMID 16135758 . ^ Jump up to : Luciano Fadiga ; Laila Craighero ; Maddalena Fabbri Destro ; Livio Finos ; Nathalie Cotilon - Williams ; Andrew T. Smith & Umberto Castiello ( 2006 ) . `` Language in Shadow '' . Social Neuroscience. 1 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 89 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910600976430 . PMID 18633777 . Jump up ^ Luciano Fadiga & Laila Craighero ( 2006 ) . `` Hand Actions and Speech Representation In Broca 's Area '' . Cortex. 42 ( 4 ) : 486 -- 490 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 9452 ( 08 ) 70383 - 6 . PMID 16881255 . Jump up ^ Maurizio Gentilucci ; Paolo Bernardis ; Girolamo Crisi & Riccardo Dalla Volta ( 2006 ) . `` Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Broca 's Area Affects Verbal Responses to Gesture Observation '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 18 ( 7 ) : 1059 -- 1074 . doi : 10.1162 / jocn. 2006.18. 7.1059 . PMID 16839281 . Jump up ^ ( Carlson , N. ( 2013 ) . Human Communication . In Physiology of behavior ( 11th ed. , pp. 494 - 497 ) . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ) ^ Jump up to : Philip Lieberman ( 2002 ) . `` On the Nature and Evolution of the Neural Bases of Human Language '' . Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 45 : 36 -- 62 . PMID 12653308 . Jump up ^ http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663§ion=Signs_and_Symptoms Jump up ^ Nobuyuki Nishitani ; Martin Schürmann ; Katrin Amunts ; Riitta Hari ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` Broca 's Region : From Action to Language '' . Physiology. 20 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 69 . doi : 10.1152 / physiol. 00043.2004 . Jump up ^ Maguire et al. 1994 , Maguire etal , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Aphasia '' . Atlanta Aphasia Association . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Metz - Lutz MN , Dahl E ( September 1984 ) . `` Analysis of word comprehension in a case of pure word deafness '' . Brain Lang . 23 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / 0093 - 934X ( 84 ) 90002 - 6 . PMID 6478188 . ^ Jump up to : Slevc LR , Martin RC , Hamilton AC , Joanisse MF ( January 2011 ) . `` Speech perception , rapid temporal processing , and the left hemisphere : a case study of unilateral pure word deafness '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.11. 009 . PMC 3031136 . PMID 21093464 . Jump up ^ Poeppel , David ( 1 September 2001 ) . `` Pure word deafness and the bilateral processing of the speech code '' . Cognitive Science . 25 ( 5 ) : 679 -- 693 . doi : 10.1207 / s15516709cog2505_3 . Jump up ^ ( Carlson , N. ( 2013 ) . Human Communication . In Physiology of behavior ( 11th ed. , pp. 480 - 500 ) . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ) Jump up ^ `` The National Aphasia Foundation '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Friedenberg , Jay ; Silverman , Gordon ( 2005 - 09 - 12 ) . Cognitive science : an introduction to the study of mind . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 2568 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mohr , J.P. , Pessin , M.S. , Finkelstein , S. , Funkenstein , H.H. , Duncan , G.W. , and Davis , K.R. ( 1978 ) . Broca aphasia : Pathological and clinical . Neurology , 28 , 311 - 324 . Jump up ^ Kaan , E. , & Swaab , T.Y. ( 2002 ) . The brain circuitry of syntactic comprehension . Trends in Cognitive Science , 6 ( 8 ) , 350 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Dronkers , N.F. , Shapiro , J.K. , Redfern , B. , & Knight , R.T. ( 1992 ) . The role of Broca 's area in Broca 's aphasia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 14 , 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Just , M.A. , Carpenter , P.A. , Keller , T.A. , Eddy , W.F. , & Thulborn , K.R. ( 1996 ) . Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension . Science , 274 , 114 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Friedman , L. , Kenny , J.T. , Wise , A.L. , Wu , D. , Stuve , T.A. , Miller , D.A. , Jesberger , J.A. , & Lewin , J.S. ( 1998 ) . Brain activation during silent word generation evaluated with functional MRI . Brain and Language , 64 ( 2 ) , 231 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Binkofski , F. , Amunts , K. , Stephan , K.M. , Posse , S. , Schormann , T. , Freund , H.J. , Zilles , K. , & Seitz , R.J. ( 2000 ) . Broca 's region subserves imagery of motion : a combined cytoarchitectonic and fMRI study . Human Brain Mapping , 11 ( 4 ) , 273 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Talairach , J. , & Tournoux , P. ( 1988 ) . Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain . New York : Thieme Medical ) Jump up ^ Dronkers , N.F. , Wilkins , D.P. , Van Valin , R. , Jr. , Redfern , B. , & Jaeger , J. ( 1996 ) . Cortical areas underlying the comprehension of grammar . Working Papers from the Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders , 1 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ D'Esposito , M. , Postle , B.R. , Ballard , D. , & Lease , J. ( 1999 ) . Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory : an event - related fMRI study . Brain and Cognition , 41 , 66 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Friederici AD ( 2002 ) Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing . Trends Cogn Sci 6 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Burton MW , Small SL , Blumstein SE ( 2000 ) The role of segmentation in phonological processing : An fMRI investigation . J Cogn Neurosci 12 ( 4 ) : 679 -- 690 . Jump up ^ Flinker A , Chang EF , Barbaro NM , Berger MS , Knight RT ( 2011 ) Sub-centimeter language organization in the human temporal lobe . Brain Lang 117 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Konnikova , Maria . `` The man who couldn t speak and how he revolutionized psychology '' . Scientific American Blog Network . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dronkers , N.F. ; Plaisant , O. ; Iba - Zizen , M.T. ; Cabanis , E.A. ( 2007 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Paul Broca 's historic cases : high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong '' . Brain . 130 ( 5 ) : 1432 -- 1441 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awm042 . ISSN 0006 - 8950 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of Speech & Language UCSF Memory and Aging Center '' . memory.ucsf.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fadiga L , Craighero L , Destro MF , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Language in shadow '' . Soc Neurosci. 1 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 89 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910600976430 . PMID 18633777 . Jump up ^ Corballis MC ( April 2003 ) . `` From mouth to hand : gesture , speech , and the evolution of right - handedness '' . Behav Brain Sci. 26 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 208 ; discussion 208 -- 60 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X03000062 . PMID 14621511 . Jump up ^ Newman , Aaron J. ; Supalla , Ted ; Hauser , Peter ; Newport , Elissa L. ; Bavelier , Daphne ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Dissociating neural subsystems for grammar by contrasting word order and inflection '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 ( 16 ) : 7539 -- 44 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.7539 N . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1003174107 . JSTOR 25665388 . PMC 2867749 . PMID 20368422 . Lay summary -- ScienceDaily ( April 30 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Jared P. Taglialatela ; Jamie L. Russell ; Jennifer A. Schaeffer & William D. Hopkins ( 2008 ) . `` Communicative Signaling Activates ' Broca 's ' Homolog in Chimpanzees '' . Current Biology . 18 ( 5 ) : 343 -- 348 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2008.01. 049 . PMC 2665181 . PMID 18308569 . Jump up ^ Simões CS , Vianney PV , de Moura MM , Freire MA , Mello LE , Sameshima K , Araújo JF , Nicolelis MA , Mello CV , Ribeiro S ( 2010 ) . `` Activation of frontal neocortical areas by vocal production in marmosets '' . Front Integr Neurosci. 4 : 123 . doi : 10.3389 / fnint. 2010.00123 . PMC 2955454 . PMID 20953246 . PII123 . Jump up ^ Miller CT , Dimauro A , Pistorio A , Hendry S , Wang X ( 2010 ) . `` Vocalization Induced CFos Expression in Marmoset Cortex '' . Front Integr Neurosci. 4 : 128 . doi : 10.3389 / fnint. 2010.00128 . PMC 3004388 . PMID 21179582 . PII 128 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broca%27s_area&oldid=826359388 '' Categories : Cerebrum Neurolinguistics Frontal lobe Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Infobox brain using braininfo parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the speech area of the brain	[]	[]
-5089584530112828753	Long and short scales	Long and short scales - wikipedia Long and short scales Jump to : navigation , search For the use of `` long scale '' and `` short scale '' in connection with musical instruments , see Scale length ( string instruments ) . The long and short scales are two of several large - number naming systems for integer powers of ten that use the same words with different meanings . The long scale is based on powers of one million , whereas the short scale is based on powers of one thousand . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Long scale 1.2 Short scale 2 Use 3 Comparison 4 History 5 Current usage 5.1 Short scale users 5.1. 1 English - speaking 5.1. 2 Arabic - speaking 5.1. 3 Other short scale 5.2 Long scale users 5.2. 1 Spanish - speaking 5.2. 2 French - speaking 5.2. 3 Portuguese - speaking 5.2. 4 Dutch - speaking 5.2. 5 Other long scale 5.3 Using both 5.4 Using neither 5.5 Notes on current usage 5.5. 1 Short scale 5.5. 2 Long scale 5.5. 3 Both long and short scale 5.5. 4 Neither long nor short scale 6 Alternative approaches 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) For whole numbers less than a thousand million ( < 10 ) the two scales are identical . From a thousand million up ( ≥ 10 ) the two scales diverge , using the same words for different numbers ; this can cause misunderstanding . Long scale ( edit ) Every new term greater than million is one million times larger than the previous term . Thus , billion means a million millions ( 10 ) , trillion means a million billions ( 10 ) , and so on . Thus , an n - illion equals 10 . Short scale ( edit ) Every new term greater than million is one thousand times larger than the previous term . Thus , billion means a thousand millions ( 10 ) , trillion means a thousand billions ( 10 ) , and so on . Thus , an n - illion equals 10 . Use ( edit ) Countries where the long scale is currently used include most countries in continental Europe and most French - speaking , Spanish - speaking , and Portuguese - speaking countries , except Brazil . The short scale is now used in most English - speaking and Arabic - speaking countries , in Brazil , in the former Soviet Union and several other countries . Number names are rendered in the language of the country , but are similar everywhere due to shared etymology . Some languages , particularly in East Asia and South Asia , have large number naming systems that are different from both the long and short scales , for example the Indian numbering system . For most of the 19th and 20th centuries , the United Kingdom largely used the long scale , whereas the United States used the short scale , so that the two systems were often referred to as British and American in the English language . After several decades of increasing informal British usage of the short scale , in 1974 the government of the UK adopted it , and it is used for all official purposes . With very few exceptions , the British usage and American usage are now identical . The first recorded use of the terms short scale ( French : échelle courte ) and long scale ( French : échelle longue ) was by the French mathematician Geneviève Guitel in 1975 . To avoid confusion which result of coexistence of short and long term in any language , the SI recommend to use the Metric prefix which keep the same meaning regardless of the country and the language . Long and short scales remains used de facto for counting money . Comparison ( edit ) The relationship between the numeric values and the corresponding names in the two scales can be described as : Value in scientific notation Metric prefix Value in positional notation Short scale Long scale Prefix Symbol Name Logic Name Alternative name Logic 10 1 One One 10 Deca D or da 10 Ten Ten 10 Hecto h 100 Hundred Hundred 10 Kilo k 1,000 Thousand Thousand 10 Mega M 1,000,000 Million 1,000 × 1,000 Million 1,000,000 10 Giga G 1,000,000,000 Billion 1,000 × 1,000 Thousand Million Milliard 1,000 × 1,000,000 10 Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 Trillion 1,000 × 1,000 Billion 1,000,000 10 Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 Quadrillion 1,000 × 1,000 Thousand Billion Billiard 1,000 × 1,000,000 10 Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Quintillion 1,000 × 1,000 Trillion 1,000,000 10 Zetta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Sextillion 1,000 × 1,000 Thousand Trillion Trilliard 1,000 × 1,000,000 10 Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Septillion 1,000 × 1,000 Quadrillion 1,000,000 etc . To next named order of magnitude : multiply by 1,000 To next named order of magnitude : multiply by 1,000,000 The relationship between the names and the corresponding numeric values in the two scales can be described as : Name Short scale Long scale Value in scientific notation Metric prefix Logic Value in scientific notation Metric prefix Logic Prefix Symbol Prefix Symbol Million 10 Mega 1,000 × 1,000 10 Mega 1,000,000 Billion 10 Giga 1,000 × 1,000 10 Tera 1,000,000 Trillion 10 Tera 1,000 × 1,000 10 Exa 1,000,000 Quadrillion 10 Peta 1,000 × 1,000 10 Yotta Y 1,000,000 etc . To next named order of magnitude : multiply by 1,000 To next named order of magnitude : multiply by 1,000,000 The root mil in million does not refer to the numeral , 1 . The word , million , derives from the Old French , milion , from the earlier Old Italian , milione , an intensification of the Latin word , mille , a thousand . That is , a million is a big thousand , much as a great gross is a dozen gross or 12 × 144 = 1728 . The word , milliard , or its translation , is found in many European languages and is used in those languages for 10 . However , it is unknown in American English , which uses billion , and not used in British English , which preferred to use thousand million before the current usage of billion . The financial term , yard , which derives from milliard , is used on financial markets , as , unlike the term , billion , it is internationally unambiguous and phonetically distinct from million . Likewise , many long scale countries use the word billiard ( or similar ) for one thousand long scale billions ( i.e. , 10 ) , and the word trilliard ( or similar ) for one thousand long scale trillions ( i.e. , 10 ) , etc . History ( edit ) The existence of the different scales means that care must be taken when comparing large numbers between languages or countries , or when interpreting old documents in countries where the dominant scale has changed over time . For example , British English , French , and Italian historical documents can refer to either the short or long scale , depending on the date of the document , since each of the three countries has used both systems at various times in its history . Today , the United Kingdom officially uses the short scale , but France and Italy use the long scale . The pre-1974 former British English word billion , post-1961 current French word billion , post-1994 current Italian word bilione , German Billion ; Dutch biljoen ; Swedish biljon ; Finnish biljoona ; Danish billion ; Polish bilion , Spanish billón ; Slovenian bilijon and the European Portuguese word bilião ( with a different spelling to the Brazilian Portuguese variant , but in Brazil referring to short scale ) all refer to 10 , being long - scale terms . Therefore , each of these words translates to the American English or post-1974 British English word : trillion ( 10 in the short scale ) , and not billion ( 10 in the short scale ) . On the other hand , the pre-1961 former French word billion , pre-1994 former Italian word bilione , Brazilian Portuguese word bilhão and the Welsh word biliwn all refer to 10 , being short scale terms . Each of these words translates to the American English or post-1974 British English word billion ( 10 in the short scale ) . The terms billion and milliard both originally meant 10 when introduced . In long scale countries , milliard was redefined down to its current value of 10 , leaving billion at its original 10 value and so on for the larger numbers . Some of these countries , but not all , introduced new words billiard , trilliard , etc. as intermediate terms . In some short scale countries , milliard was redefined down to 10 and billion dropped altogether , with trillion redefined down to 10 and so on for the larger numbers . In many short scale countries , milliard was dropped altogether and billion was redefined down to 10 , adjusting downwards the value of trillion and all the larger numbers . Timeline Date Event 13th century The word million was not used in any language before the 13th century . Maximus Planudes ( c. 1260 -- 1305 ) was among the first recorded users . Late 14th century Piers Plowman , a 17th - century copy of the original 14th - century allegorical narrative poem by William Langland The word million entered the English language . One of the earliest references is William Langland 's Piers Plowman ( written c. 1360 - 1387 in Middle English ) , with Coueyte not his goodes For millions of moneye Translation : Covet not his goods for millions of money 1475 French mathematician Jehan Adam , writing in Middle French , recorded the words bymillion and trimillion as meaning 10 and 10 respectively in a manuscript Traicté en arismetique pour la practique par gectouers , now held in the Bibliothèque Sainte - Geneviève in Paris . ... item noctes que le premier greton dembas vault ung , le second vault ... dix , le trois vault ... ( sic ) cent , le quart vult mille , le Ve vault dix M , le VIe vault cent M , le VIIe vault Milion , Le VIIIe vault dix Million , Le IXe vault cent Millions , Le Xe vault Mil Millions , Le XIe vault dix mil Millions , Le XIIe vault Cent mil Millions , Le XIIIe vault bymillion , Le XIIIIe vault dix bymillions , Le XVe vault cent mil ( sic ) bymillions , Le XVIe vault mil bymillions , Le XVIIe vault dix Mil bymillions , Le XVIIIe vault cent mil bymillions , Le XIXe vault trimillion , Le XXe vault dix trimillions ... Translation : ... Item note that the first counter from the bottom is worth one , the 2nd is worth ( ... ten , the 3rd is worth ... ) one hundred , the 4th is worth one thousand , the 5th is worth ten thousand , the 6th is worth one hundred thousand , the 7th is worth a million , the 8th is worth ten millions , the 9th is worth one hundred millions , the 10th is worth one thousand millions , the 11th is worth ten thousand millions , the 12th is worth one hundred thousand million , the 13th is worth a bymillion , the 14th is worth ten bymillions , the 15th is worth one ( hundred ) bymillions , the 16th is worth one thousand bymillions , the 17th is worth ten thousand bymillions , the 18th is worth hundred thousand bymillions , the 19th is worth a trimillion , the 20th is worth ten trimillions ... 1484 Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres par Maistre Nicolas Chuquet Parisien an extract from Chuquet 's original 1484 manuscript French mathematician Nicolas Chuquet , in his article Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres par Maistre Nicolas Chuquet Parisien , used the words byllion , tryllion , quadrillion , quyllion , sixlion , septyllion , ottyllion , and nonyllion to refer to 10 , 10 , ... 10 . Most of the work was copied without attribution by Estienne de La Roche and published in his 1520 book , L'arismetique . Chuquet 's original article was rediscovered in the 1870s and then published for the first time in 1880 . ... Item lon doit savoir que ung million vault mille milliers de unitez , et ung byllion vault mille milliers de millions , et ( ung ) tryllion vault mille milliers de byllions , et ung quadrillion vault mille milliers de tryllions et ainsi des aultres : Et de ce en est pose ung exemple nombre divise et punctoye ainsi que devant est dit , tout lequel nombre monte 745324 tryllions 804300 byllions 700023 millions 654321 . Exemple : 745324'8043000'700023'654321 ... ( sic ) Translation : ... Item : one should know that a million is worth a thousand thousand units , and a byllion is worth a thousand thousand millions , and tryllion is worth a thousand thousand byllions , and a quadrillion is worth a thousand thousand tryllions , and so on for the others . And an example of this follows , a number divided up and punctuated as previously described , the whole number being 745324 tryllions , 804300 byllions 700023 millions 654321 . Example : 745324'8043000'700023'654321 ... ( sic ) The extract from Chuquet 's manuscript , the transcription and translation provided here all contain an original mistake : one too many zeros in the 804300 portion of the fully written out example : 745324'8043000 ' 700023'654321 ... 1516 Guilielmus Budaeus or Guillaume Budé ( 1467 -- 1540 ) French mathematician Budaeus ( Guillaume Budé ) , writing in Latin , used the term milliart to mean `` ten myriad myriad '' or 10 in his book De Asse et partibus eius Libri quinque . ... hoc est decem myriadum myriadas : quod vno verbo nostrates abaci studiosi Milliartum appellant : quasi millionum millionem Translation : ... this is ten myriad myriads , which in one word our students of numbers call Milliart , as if a million millions 1549 The influential French mathematician Jacques Pelletier du Mans used the name milliard ( or milliart ) to mean 10 , attributing the term to the earlier usage by Guillaume Budé 17th century With the increased usage of large numbers , the traditional punctuation of large numbers into six - digit groups evolved into three - digit group punctuation . In some places , the large number names were then applied to the smaller numbers , following the new punctuation scheme . Thus , in France and Italy , some scientists then began using billion to mean 10 , trillion to mean 10 , etc . This usage formed the origins of the later short scale . The majority of scientists either continued to say thousand million or changed the meaning of the Pelletier term , milliard , from `` million of millions '' down to `` thousand million '' . This meaning of milliard has been occasionally used in England , but was widely adopted in France , Germany , Italy and the rest of Europe , for those keeping the original long scale billion from Adam , Chuquet and Pelletier . 1676 The first published use of milliard as 10 occurred in the Netherlands . ... milliart / ofte duysent millioenen ... Translation : ... milliart / also thousand millions ... 18th century The short - scale meaning of the term billion was brought to the British American colonies . As early as 1762 ( and through at least the early 20th century ) , the dictionary of the Académie française defined billion as a term of arithmetic meaning a thousand millions . 1729 The first American appearance of the short scale value of billion as 10 was published in the Greenwood Book of 1729 , written anonymously by Prof. Isaac Greenwood of Harvard College Early 19th century France widely converted to the short scale , and was followed by the U.S. , which began teaching it in schools . Many French encyclopedias of the 19th century either omitted the long scale system or called it `` désormais obsolète '' , a now obsolete system . Nevertheless , by the mid 20th century France would officially convert back to the long scale . 1923 10 Milliarden Mark ( 10 mark ) stamp 1000 Mark German banknote , over-stamped in red with `` Eine Milliarde Mark '' ( 10 mark ) Using German banknotes as wallpaper following the 1923 hyperinflation German hyperinflation in the 1920s Weimar Republic caused ' Eintausend Mark ' ( 1000 Mark = 10 Mark ) German banknotes to be over-stamped as ' Eine Milliarde Mark ' ( 10 Mark ) . This introduced large - number names to the German populace . The Mark or Papiermark was replaced at the end of 1923 by the Rentenmark at an exchange rate of 1 Rentenmark = 1 billion ( long scale ) Papiermark = 10 Papiermark = 1 trillion ( short scale ) Papiermark 1926 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by H.W. Fowler H.W. Fowler 's A Dictionary of Modern English Usage noted It should be remembered that `` billion '' does not mean in American use ( which follows the French ) what it means in British . For to us it means the second power of a million , i.e. a million millions ( 1,000,000,000,000 ) ; for Americans it means a thousand multiplied by itself twice , or a thousand millions ( 1,000,000,000 ) , what we call a milliard . Since billion in our sense is useless except to astronomers , it is a pity that we do not conform . Although American English usage did not change , within the next 50 years French usage changed from short scale to long and British English usage changed from long scale to short . 1946 10 Hungarian pengő banknote issued in 1946 Sweeping up pengő banknotes in the street , following the 1946 introduction of the forint Hyperinflation in Hungary in 1946 led to the introduction of the 10 pengő banknote . 100 million b - pengő ( long scale ) = 100 trillion ( long scale ) pengő = 10 pengő = 100 quintillion ( short scale ) pengő . On 1 August 1946 , the forint was introduced at a rate of 1 forint = 400 quadrilliard ( long scale ) pengő = 4 x 10 pengő = 400 octillion ( short scale ) pengő . 1948 The 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures received requests to establish an International System of Units . One such request was accompanied by a draft French Government discussion paper , which included a suggestion of universal use of the long scale , inviting the short - scale countries to return or convert . This paper was widely distributed as the basis for further discussion . The matter of the International System of Units was eventually resolved at the 11th General Conference in 1960 . The question of long scale versus short scale was not resolved and does not appear in the list of any conference resolutions . 1960 The 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the International System of Units ( SI ) , with its own set of numeric prefixes . SI is therefore independent of the number scale being used . SI also notes the language - dependence of some larger - number names and advises against using ambiguous terms such as billion , trillion , etc . The National Institute of Standards and Technology within the US also considers that it is best that they be avoided entirely . 1961 The French Government confirmed their official usage of the long scale in the Journal officiel ( the official French Government gazette ) . British prime minister Harold Wilson ( 1916 -- 1995 ) British prime minister Harold Wilson explained in a written answer to the House of Commons that UK government statistics would from then on use the short scale . Hansard , for the 20 December 1974 , reported it Mr. Maxwell - Hyslop asked the Prime Minister whether he will make it the practice of his administration that when Ministers employ the word ' billion ' in any official speeches , documents , or answers to Parliamentary Questions , they will , to avoid confusion , only do so in its British meaning of 1 million million and not in the sense in which it is used in the United States of America , which uses the term ' billion ' to mean 1,000 million . The Prime Minister : No . The word ' billion ' is now used internationally to mean 1,000 million and it would be confusing if British Ministers were to use it in any other sense . I accept that it could still be interpreted in this country as 1 million million and I shall ask my colleagues to ensure that , if they do use it , there should be no ambiguity as to its meaning . The BBC and other UK mass media quickly followed the government 's lead within the UK . During the last quarter of the 20th century , most other English - speaking countries ( the Republic of Ireland , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Zimbabwe , etc . ) either also followed this lead or independently switched to the short scale use . However , in most of these countries , some limited long scale use persists and the official status of the short scale use is not clear . French mathematician Geneviève Guitel introduced the terms long scale ( French : échelle longue ) and short scale ( French : échelle courte ) to refer to the two numbering systems . 5 x 10 Yugoslav dinar banknotes from 1993 Hyperinflation in Yugoslavia led to the introduction of 5 x 10 dinar banknotes . 500 thousand million ( long scale ) dinars = 5 x 10 dinar banknotes = 500 billion ( short scale ) dinars . The later introduction of the new dinar came at an exchange rate of 1 novi dinar = 1 × 10 dinars = ~ 1.3 × 10 pre 1990 dinars . The Italian Government confirmed their official usage of the long scale . 2009 10 Zimbabwean dollars banknote from 2009 Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe led to banknotes of 10 Zimbabwean dollars , marked `` One Hundred Trillion Dollars '' ( short scale ) , being issued in 2009 , shortly ahead of the currency being abandoned . As of 2013 , a new currency has yet to be announced -- so foreign currencies are being used instead . 100 trillion ( short scale ) Zimbabwean dollars = 10 Zimbabwean dollars = 100 billion ( long scale ) Zimbabwean dollars = 10 pre-2006 Zimbabwean dollars . 2013 As of 24 October 2013 , the combined total public debt of the United States stood at $ 17.078 trillion . 17 trillion ( short scale ) US Dollars = 1.7 x 10 US Dollars = 17 billion ( long scale ) US Dollars Current usage ( edit ) Short and long scale usage throughout the world Long scale Short scale Short scale ( and milliard ) Both scales Other naming system No data Short scale users ( edit ) English - speaking ( edit ) 10 , one million ; 10 , one billion ; 10 , one trillion ; etc . Most English - language countries and regions use the short scale with 10 being billion . For example : American Samoa Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize ( English - speaking ) Bermuda Botswana ( English - speaking ) British Virgin Islands Cameroon ( English - speaking ) Cayman Islands Cook Islands Dominica Eritrea Ethiopia Falkland Islands Fiji Gambia Ghana ( English - speaking ) Gibraltar Grenada Guam Guernsey Guyana ( English - speaking ) Hong Kong ( English - speaking ) Ireland ( English - speaking , Irish : billiún , trilliún ) Isle of Man Jamaica Jersey Kenya ( English - speaking ) Kiribati Lesotho Liberia Malawi ( English - speaking ) Malaysia ( English - speaking ; Malay : bilion billion , trilion trillion ) Malta ( English - speaking ; Maltese : biljun , triljun ) Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Montserrat Nauru New Zealand ( English - speaking ) Nigeria ( English - speaking ) Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea ( English - speaking ) Philippines ( English - speaking ) Pitcairn Islands Rwanda Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sierra Leone Singapore ( English - speaking ) Solomon Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Sudan ( English - speaking ) Swaziland Tanzania ( English - speaking ) Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda ( English - speaking ) United Kingdom ( see Wales below ) United States United States Virgin Islands Zambia ( English - speaking ) Zimbabwe ( English - speaking ) Arabic - speaking ( edit ) 10 , مَلْيُوْن malyoon : 10 , مِلْيَار milyar ; 10 , تِرِلْيُوْن trilyoon ; etc . Most Arabic - language countries and regions use the short scale with 10 being مليار milyar . For example : Algeria Bahrain Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Western Sahara Yemen Other short scale ( edit ) 10 , one million ; 10 , one milliard or one billion ; 10 , one trillion ; etc . Other countries also use a word similar to trillion to mean 10 , etc . Whilst a few of these countries like English use a word similar to billion to mean 10 , most like Arabic have kept a traditional long scale word similar to milliard for 10 . Some examples of short scale use , and the words used for 10 and 10 , are Afghanistan ( Dari : میلیارد milyard or بیلیون billion , تریلیون trillion , Pashto : میلیارد milyard , بیلیون billion , تریلیون trillion ) Albania ( miliard , trilion ) Armenia ( միլիարդ miliard , տրիլիոն trilion ) Azerbaijan ( milyard , trilyon ) Belarus ( мільярд milyard , трыльён trilyon ) Brazil ( Brazilian Portuguese : bilhão , trilhão ) Brunei ( Malay : bilion , trilion ) Bulgaria ( милиард miliard , трилион trilion ) Myanmar ( Burmese : ဘီလျံ , IPA : ( bìljàɴ ) ; ထရီလျံ , ( thəɹìljàɴ ) ) Cyprus ( Greek : δισεκατομμύριο disekatommyrio , τρισεκατομμύριο trisekatommyrio , Turkish : milyar , trilyon ) Estonia ( miljard or biljon , triljon ) Georgia ( მილიარდი miliardi , ტრილიონი trilioni ) Indonesia ( miliar , triliun ) Israel ( Hebrew : מיליארד milyard , טריליון trilyon ) Kazakhstan ( Kazakh : миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz : миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Latvia ( miljards , triljons ) Lithuania ( milijardas , trilijonas ) Moldova ( Romanian : miliard , trilion ; Russian : миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Russia ( миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Tajikistan ( Tajik : миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Turkey ( milyar , trilyon ) Turkmenistan ( Turkmen : ; Russian : миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Ukraine ( мільярд mil'yard , трильйон tryl'yon ) Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : ; Russian : миллиард milliard , триллион trillion ) Wales ( biliwn , triliwn ) In some contexts a paraphrase is needed to resolve ambiguity , as the lenitive of both miliwn and biliwn is the same : filiwn . Long scale users ( edit ) The traditional long scale is used by most Continental European countries and by most other countries whose languages derive from Continental Europe ( with the notable exceptions of Albania , Greece , Romania , and Brazil ) . These countries use a word similar to billion to mean 10 . Some use a word similar to milliard to mean 10 , while others use a word or phrase equivalent to thousand millions . Spanish - speaking ( edit ) 10 , millón ; 10 , mil millones or millardo ; 10 , billón ; etc . Most Spanish - language countries and regions use the long scale with 10 = mil millones , for example : Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Guatemala ( millardo ) Honduras ( millardo ) Mexico ( mil millones or millardo ) Nicaragua ( mil millones or millardo ) Panama ( mil millones or millardo ) Paraguay Peru ( mil millones ) Spain ( millardo or typ . mil millones ) Uruguay Venezuela French - speaking ( edit ) 10 , million ; 10 , milliard ; 10 , billion ; etc . Most French - language countries and regions use the long scale , for example : Benin Burkina Faso Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo France French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Guadeloupe Guinea Haiti Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Mali Monaco New Caledonia Niger Saint Barthélemy Senegal Togo Wallis and Futuna Portuguese - speaking ( edit ) 10 , milhão ; 10 , mil milhões or milhar de milhões ; 10 , bilião ; With the notable exception of Brazil , a short scale country , most Portuguese - language countries and regions use the long scale , for example : Angola Cape Verde East Timor Guinea - Bissau Macau Mozambique Portugal São Tomé and Príncipe Dutch - speaking ( edit ) 10 , miljoen ; 10 , miljard ; 10 , biljoen ; Most Dutch - language countries and regions use the long scale , for example : Aruba Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten Suriname Other long scale ( edit ) 10 , one million ; 10 , one milliard or one thousand million ; 10 , one billion ; etc . Some examples of long scale use , and the words used for 10 and 10 , are Andorra ( Catalan : miliard or typ . mil milions , bilió ) Austria ( Austrian German : Milliarde , Billion ) Belgium ( Belgian French : milliard , billion ; Flemish : miljard , biljoen ; German : Milliarde , Billion ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Bosnian : milijarda , bilion ; Croatian : milijarda , bilijun , Serbian : милијарда milijarda , билион bilion ) Croatia ( milijarda , bilijun ) Czech Republic ( miliarda , bilion ) Denmark ( milliard , billion ) Esperanto ( miliardo , duiliono ) Faroe Islands ( Danish : milliard , billion ) Finland ( Finnish : miljardi , biljoona ; Swedish : miljard , biljon ) Germany ( Milliarde , Billion ) Hungary ( milliárd , billió or ezer milliárd ) Iceland ( milljarður , billjón ) Iran ( Persian : میلیارد milyard , بیلیون billion , تریلیون trillion ) Italy ( miliardo , bilione ) Liechtenstein ( German : Milliarde , Billion ) Luxembourg ( French : milliard , billion ; German : Milliarde , Billion ; Luxembourgish : milliard , billioun ) Macedonia ( милијарда milijarda , билион bilion ) Madagascar ( French : milliard , billion ; Malagasy : ) Montenegro ( Montenegrin : milijarda , bilion ) Norway ( Bokmål : milliard , billion ; Nynorsk : milliard , billion ) Poland ( miliard , bilion ) Romania ( miliard , bilion ) . See also for ambiguities above 10 ) . San Marino ( Italian : miliardo , bilione ) Serbia ( милијарда milijarda , билион bilion ) Slovakia ( miliarda , bilión ) Slovenia ( milijarda , bilijon ) Sweden ( miljard , biljon ) Switzerland ( French : milliard , billion ; German : Milliarde , Billion ; Italian : miliardo , bilione , Romansh : milliarda , billiun ) Vatican City ( Italian : miliardo , bilione ) Using both ( edit ) Some countries use either the short or long scales , depending on the internal language being used or the context . 10 = one million , 10 = EITHER one billion ( short scale ) OR one milliard / thousand million ( long scale ) , 10 = EITHER one trillion ( short scale ) OR one billion ( long scale ) , etc . Country or territory Short scale usage Long scale usage Canada Canadian English ( 10 = billion , 10 = trillion ) Canadian French ( 10 = milliard , 10 = billion ( 1 ) ) or mille milliards . Mauritius Seychelles Vanuatu English ( 10 = billion , 10 = trillion ) French ( 10 = milliard , 10 = billion ) Namibia South Africa South African English ( 10 = billion , 10 = trillion ) Afrikaans ( 10 = miljard , 10 = biljoen ) Puerto Rico Economic & technical ( 10 = billón , 10 = trillón ) Latin American export publications ( 10 = millardo or mil millones , 10 = billón ) Using neither ( edit ) The following countries use naming systems for large numbers that are not etymologically related to the short and long scales : Country Number system Naming of large numbers Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Pakistan Indian Numbering System For everyday use , but short or long scale may also be in use Bhutan Dzongkha numerals Traditional system Cambodia Khmer numerals Traditional system China ( People 's Republic of China -- PRC ) Taiwan ( Republic of China -- ROC ) Chinese numerals Traditional myriad system for the larger numbers ; special words and symbols up to 10 Greece Arabic numerals Names derived from Greek words for 100 and 10000 : εκατομμύριο ekatommyrio `` hundred - myriad '' = 10 ; δισεκατομμύριο disekatommyrio `` bi + hundred - myriad '' = 10 ; τρισεκατομμύριο trisekatommyrio `` tri + hundred - myriad '' = 10 ; τετράκις εκατομμύριο tetrakis ekatommyrio `` quadri + hundred - myriad '' = 10 , and so on . ) Japan Japanese numerals Traditional myriad system for the larger numbers ; special words and symbols up to 10 North Korea South Korea Korean numerals Traditional myriad system for the larger numbers ; special words and symbols up to 10 Laos Lao numerals Traditional system Maldives , Sri Lanka Sinhala numerals Tamil numerals Traditional systems Mongolia Mongolian numerals Traditional myriad system for the larger numbers ; special words up to 10 Thailand Thai numerals Traditional system based on millions Vietnam Vietnamese numerals Traditional system ( s ) based on thousands Presence on most continents The long and short scales are both present on most continents , with usage dependent on the language used . Examples include : Continent Short scale usage Long scale usage Africa Arabic ( Egypt , Libya , Tunisia ) , English ( South Sudan ) , South African English Afrikaans , French ( Benin , Central African Republic , Gabon , Guinea ) , Portuguese ( Mozambique ) North America American English , Canadian English U.S. Spanish , Canadian French , Mexican Spanish South America Brazilian Portuguese , English ( Guyana ) American Spanish , Dutch ( Suriname ) , French ( French Guiana ) Antarctica Australian English , British English , New Zealand English , Russian American Spanish ( Argentina , Chile ) , French ( France ) , Norwegian ( Norway ) Asia Burmese ( Myanmar ) , Hebrew ( Israel ) , Indonesian , Malaysian English , Philippine English , Kazakh , Uzbek , Kyrgyz Portuguese ( East Timor , Macau ) , Persian ( Iran ) Europe British English , Hiberno - English , Scottish English , Welsh English , Welsh , Estonian , Greek , Latvian , Lithuanian , Russian , Turkish , Ukrainian Danish , Dutch , Finnish , French , German , Icelandic , Italian , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese , Spanish , Swedish and most other languages of continental Europe Oceania Australian English , New Zealand English French ( French Polynesia , New Caledonia ) Notes on current usage ( edit ) Short scale ( edit ) ^ English language countries : Apart from the United States , the long scale was used for centuries in many English language countries before being superseded in recent times by short scale usage . Because of this history , some long scale use persists and the official status of the short scale in anglophone countries other than the UK and US is sometimes obscure . ^ Australian usage : In Australia , education , media outlets , and literature all use the short scale in line with other English - speaking countries . The current recommendation by the Australian Government Department of Finance and Deregulation ( formerly known as AusInfo ) , and the legal definition , is the short scale . As recently as 1999 , the same department did not consider short scale to be standard , but only used it occasionally . Some documents use the term thousand million for 10 in cases where two amounts are being compared using a common unit of one ' million ' . ^ Filipino usage : Some short - scale words have been adopted into Filipino . ^ British usage : Billion has meant 10 in most sectors of official published writing for many years now . The UK government , the BBC , and most other broadcast or published mass media , have used the short scale in all contexts since the mid-1970s . Before the widespread use of billion for 10 , UK usage generally referred to thousand million rather than milliard . The long scale term milliard , for 10 , is obsolete in British English , though its derivative , yard , is still used as slang in the London money , foreign exchange , and bond markets . ^ American usage : In the United States of America , the short scale has been taught in school since the early 19th century . It is therefore used exclusively . ^ Arabic language countries : Most Arabic - language countries use : 10 , میليون million ; 10 , میليار milyar ; 10 , تريليون trilyon ; etc . ^ Estonian usage : Biljon is used due to English influences and is less common than miljard . ^ Indonesian usage : Large numbers are common in Indonesia , in part because its currency ( rupiah ) is generally expressed in large numbers ( the lowest common circulating denomination is Rp100 with Rp1000 is considered as base unit ) . The term juta , equivalent to million ( 10 ) , is generally common in daily life . Indonesia officially employs the term miliar ( derived from the long scale Dutch word miljard ) for the number 10 , with no exception . For 10 and greater , Indonesia follows the short scale , thus 10 is named triliun . The term seribu miliar ( a thousand milliards ) or more rarely sejuta juta ( a million millions ) are also used for 10 less often . Terms greater than triliun are not very familiar to Indonesians . Long scale ( edit ) ^ Spanish language countries : Spanish - speaking countries sometimes use millardo ( milliard ) for 10 , but mil millones ( thousand millions ) is used more frequently . The word billón is sometimes used in the short scale sense in those countries more influenced by the United States , but this is considered unacceptable . ^ French usage : France , with Italy , was one of two European countries which converted from the long scale to the short scale during the 19th century , but returned to the original long scale during the 20th century . In 1961 , the French Government confirmed their long scale status . However the 9th edition of the dictionary of the Académie française describes billion as an outdated synonym of milliard , and says that the new meaning of 10 was decreed in 1961 , but never caught on . ^ Esperanto language usage : The Esperanto language words biliono , triliono etc. used to be ambiguous , and both long or short scale were used and presented in dictionaries . The current edition of the main Esperanto dictionary PIV however recommends the long scale meanings , as does the grammar PMEG . Ambiguity may be avoided by the use of the unofficial but generally recognised suffix - iliono , whose function is analogous to the long scale , i.e. it is appended to a ( single ) numeral indicating the power of a million , e.g. duiliono ( from du meaning `` two '' ) = biliono = 10 , triiliono = triliono = 10 , etc. following the 1 × 10 long scale convention . Miliardo is an unambiguous term for 10 , and generally the suffix - iliardo , for values 1 × 10 , for example triliardo = 10 and so forth . ^ Italian usage : Italy , with France , was one of the two European countries which partially converted from the long scale to the short scale during the 19th century , but returned to the original long scale in the 20th century . In 1994 , the Italian Government confirmed its long scale status . In Italian , the word bilione officially means 10 , trilione means 10 , etc ... Colloquially , bilione can mean both 10 and 10 ; trilione can mean both 10 and ( rarer ) 10 and so on . Therefore , in order to avoid ambiguity , they are seldom used . Forms such as miliardo ( milliard ) for 10 , mille miliardi ( a thousand milliards ) for 10 , un milione di miliardi ( a million milliards ) for 10 , un miliardo di miliardi ( a milliard of milliards ) for 10 , mille miliardi di miliardi ( a thousand milliard of milliards ) for 10 are more common . Both long and short scale ( edit ) ^ Canadian usage : Both scales are in use currently in Canada . English - speaking regions use the short scale exclusively , while French - speaking regions use the long scale , though the Canadian government standards website recommends that in French billion and trillion be avoided , recommending milliard for 10 , and mille milliards ( a thousand milliards ) for 10 . ^ South African usage : South Africa uses both the long scale ( in Afrikaans and sometimes English ) and the short scale ( in English ) . Unlike the 1974 UK switch , the switch from long scale to short scale took time . As of 2011 most English language publications use the short scale . Some Afrikaans publications briefly attempted usage of the `` American System '' but that has led to comment in the papers and has been disparaged by the `` Taalkommissie '' ( The Afrikaans Language Commission of the South African Academy of Science and Art ) and has thus , to most appearances , been abandoned . Neither long nor short scale ( edit ) ^ Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi usage : Outside of financial media , the use of billion by Bangladeshi , Indian and Pakistani English speakers highly depends on their educational background . Some may continue to use the traditional British long scale . In everyday life , Bangladeshis , Indians and Pakistanis largely use their own common number system , commonly referred to as the Indian numbering system -- for instance , Bangladeshi , Pakistani , and Indian English commonly use the words lakh to denote 100 thousand , crore to denote ten million ( i.e. 100 lakhs ) and arab to denote thousand million . Alternative approaches ( edit ) Unambiguous ways of identifying large numbers include : In written communications , the simplest solution for moderately large numbers is to write the full amount , for example 1,000,000,000,000 rather than , say , 1 trillion ( short scale ) or 1 billion ( long scale ) . Combinations of the unambiguous word million , for example : 10 = `` one thousand million '' ; 10 = `` one million million '' . This becomes rather unwieldy for numbers above 10 . Combination of numbers of more than 3 digits with the unambiguous word million , for example 13,600 million Scientific notation ( also known as standard form or exponential notation , for example 1 × 10 , 1 × 10 , 1 × 10 , 1 × 10 , etc . ) , or its engineering notation variant ( for example 1 × 10 , 10 × 10 , 100 × 10 , 1 × 10 , etc . ) , or the computing variant E notation ( for example 1e9 , 1e10 , 1e11 , 1e12 , etc . ) This is the most common practice among scientists and mathematicians , and is both unambiguous and convenient . SI prefixes in combination with SI units , for example , giga for 10 and tera for 10 can give gigawatt ( = 10 W ) and terawatt ( = 10 W ) , respectively . The International System of Units ( SI ) is independent of whichever scale is being used . Use with non-SI units ( e.g. `` giga - dollars '' , `` giga - miles '' ) is uncommon although `` megabucks '' is in informal use representing a large sum of money rather than exactly a million dollars . See also ( edit ) Googol ( number ) Googolplex ( number ) Names of large numbers Names of small numbers Orders of magnitude ( numbers ) Hindu units of time which displays some similar issues References ( edit ) ^ Guitel , Geneviève ( 1975 ) . Histoire comparée des numérations écrites ( in French ) . Paris : Flammarion . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 211104 - 1 . ^ Guitel , Geneviève ( 1975 ) . `` '' Les grands nombres en numération parlée ( État actuel de la question ) `` , i.e. `` The large numbers in oral numeration ( Present state of the question ) '' `` . Histoire comparée des numérations écrites ( in French ) . Paris : Flammarion . pp. 566 -- 574 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 211104 - 1 . ^ Authoritative RAE dictionary : billón ^ Fowler , H.W. ( 1926 ) . A Dictionary of Modern English Usage . Great Britain : Oxford University Press . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860506 - 5 . ^ British - English usage of ' Billion vs Thousand million vs Milliard ' . Google Books ngram viewer . Google Inc . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . ^ `` '' BILLION '' ( DEFINITION ) -- HC Deb 20 December 1974 vol 883 cc711W -- 712W `` . Hansard Written Answers . Hansard. 20 December 1972 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . ^ O'Donnell , Frank ( 30 July 2004 ) . `` Britain 's £ 1 trillion debt mountain -- How many zeros is that ? '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 31 January 2008 . ^ `` BBC News : Who wants to be a trillionaire ? '' . BBC . 7 May 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . ^ Comrie , Bernard ( 24 March 1996 ) . `` billion : summary '' . Linguist List ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries : How many is a billion ? '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries : Billion '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . ^ Nielsen , Ron ( 2006 ) . The Little Green Handbook . Macmillan Publishers . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42581 - 4 . ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1953 ) ( first published 1925 ) . History of Mathematics. II . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20430 - 7 . ^ `` Wortschatz - Lexikon : Milliarde '' ( in German ) . Universität Leipzig : Wortschatz - Lexikon . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ `` Wortschatz - Lexikon : Billion '' ( in German ) . Universität Leipzig : Wortschatz - Lexikon . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ `` Wortschatz - Lexikon : Billiarde '' ( in German ) . Universität Leipzig : Wortschatz - Lexikon . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ `` Wortschatz - Lexikon : Trilliarde '' ( in German ) . Universität Leipzig : Wortschatz - Lexikon . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ `` Direttiva CEE / CEEA / CE 1994 n . 55 , p. 12 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Italian Government . 21 November 1994 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . ^ Adam , Jehan ( 1475 ) . `` Traicté en arismetique pour la practique par gectouers ... ( MS 3143 ) '' ( in Middle French ) . Paris : Bibliothèque Sainte - Geneviève . ^ `` HOMMES DE SCIENCE , LIVRES DE SAVANTS A LA BIBLIOTHÈQUE SAINTE - GENEVIÈVE , Livres de savants II '' . Traicté en arismetique pour la practique par gectouers ... ( in French ) . Bibliothèque Sainte - Geneviève. 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . ^ Thorndike , Lynn . `` The Arithmetic of Jehan Adam , 1475 A.D '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . Mathematical Association of America . 1926 ( January ) : 24 . JSTOR 2298533 . ^ Chuquet , Nicolas ( 1880 ) ( written 1484 ) . `` Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres par Maistre Nicolas Chuquet Parisien '' . Bulletino di Bibliographia e di Storia delle Scienze matematische e fisische ( in Middle French ) . Bologna : Aristide Marre . XIII ( 1880 ) : 593 -- 594 . ISSN 1123 - 5209 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . ^ Chuquet , Nicolas ( 1880 ) ( written 1484 ) . `` Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres par Maistre Nicolas Chuquet Parisien '' ( in Middle French ) . www.miakinen.net . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . ^ Flegg , Graham ( 23 -- 30 December 1976 ) . `` Tracing the origins of One , Two , Three . '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 72 ( 1032 ) : 747 . ISSN 0262 - 4079 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . ^ Budaeus , Guilielmus ( 1516 ) . De Asse et partibus eius Libri quinque ( in Latin ) . pp. folio 93 . ^ Littré , Émile ( 1873 -- 1874 ) . Dictionnaire de la langue française . Paris , France : L. Hachette . p. 347 . Ce n'est qu'au milieu du XVIIe siècle qu'il fut réglé que les tranches , au lieu d'être de six en six chiffres , seraient de trois en trois chiffres ; ce qui revint à diviser par 1000 l'ancien billion , l'ancien trillion , etc . ( It was only in the middle of the 17th century that it was settled that the slices , instead of being from six to six digits , would be from three to three digits ; which resulted in dividing by 1000 the old billion , the old trillion , and so on . ) ^ Houck ( 1676 ) . `` Arithmetic '' . Netherlands : 2 ^ Dictionnaire de l'académie françoise ( 4th ed . ) . Paris , France : Institut de France . 1762 . p. 177 . ^ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ( 6th ed . ) . Paris , France . 1835 . p. 189 . ^ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ( 7th ed . ) . Paris , France : Institut de France . 1877 . p. 182 . ^ Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ( 8th ed . ) . Paris , France : Institut de France . 1932 -- 1935 . p. 144 . ^ `` Resolution 6 of the 9th meeting of the CGPM ( 1948 ) '' . BIPM . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . ^ `` Resolution 6 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM ( 1954 ) '' . BIPM . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . ^ `` Resolution 12 of the 11th meeting of the CGPM ( 1960 ) '' . BIPM . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8 ed . ) . BIPM . May 2006 . pp. 134 / 5.3. 7 Stating values of dimensionless quantities , or quantities of dimension one . ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 . ^ Thompson , Ambler ; Taylor , Barry N. ( March 30 , 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) , NIST SP - 811 . US : National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 21 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ `` Décret 61 - 501 '' ( PDF ) . Journal Officiel ( in French ) . French Government : page 4587 note 3a , and erratum on page 7572 . 11 August 1961 ( commissioned 3 May 1961 published 20 May 1961 ) . Retrieved 31 January 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ `` BBC News : Zimbabweans play the zero game '' . BBC . 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ `` BBC News : Zimbabwe rolls out Z $100 tr note '' . BBC . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ `` BBC News : Zimbabwe abandons its currency '' . BBC . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ `` The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It '' . www.treasurydirect.gov . US Government . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . ^ `` Economic infographics '' . demonocracy.info . BTC . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . ^ `` RBA : Definition of billion '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ `` Cambridge Dictionaries Online : billion '' . American Dictionary . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ `` Cambridge Dictionaries Online : trillion '' . American Dictionary . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ `` Al Jazem English - Arabic online dictionary : Billion '' . Al Jazem English - Arabic online dictionary . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . ^ `` Al Jazem English - Arabic online dictionary : Trillion '' . Al Jazem English - Arabic online dictionary . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . ^ Qeli , Albi . `` An English - Albanian Dictionary '' . Albi Qeli , MD . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . ^ `` Britain to Reduce $4 billion from Defence '' . Bi-Weekly Eleven ( in Burmese ) . Yangon. 3 ( 30 ) . 15 October 2010 . ^ `` Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2006 : miljard '' ( in Estonian ) . Institute of the Estonian Language ( Eesti Keele Instituut ) . 2006 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ `` Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2013 : biljon '' ( in Estonian ) . Institute of the Estonian Language ( Eesti Keele Instituut ) . 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ `` Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2006 : triljon '' ( in Estonian ) . Institute of the Estonian Language ( Eesti Keele Instituut ) . 2006 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Robson S.O. ( Stuart O . ) , Singgih Wibisono , Yacinta Kurniasih . Javanese English dictionary Tuttle Publishing : 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7946 - 0000 - X , 821 pages ^ Avram , Mioara ; Sala , Marius ( 2000 ) , May We Introduce the Romanian Language to You ? , Editura Fundatiei Culturale Române , p. 151 , ISBN 9789735772246 , the numeral miliard `` billion '' ^ `` Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas : millardo '' ( in Spanish ) . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ `` Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas : billon '' ( in Spanish ) . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ `` French Larousse : milliard '' ( in French ) . Éditions Larousse . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ `` French Larousse : billion '' ( in French ) . Éditions Larousse . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ `` Definition of ' Billion ' in the 9th edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française . '' . Académie française. 1992 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . BILLION ( les deux l se prononcent sans mouillure ) n.m. XVe siècle , byllion , `` un million de millions '' ; XVIe siècle , `` mille millions '' . Altération arbitraire de l'initiale de million , d'après la particule latine bi - , `` deux fois '' . Rare . Mille millions . Syn . vieilli de Milliard . Selon un décret de 1961 , le mot Billion a reçu une nouvelle valeur , à savoir un million de millions ( 10 ) , qui n'est pas entrée dans l'usage . This translates into English as : BILLION ( the two Ls are pronounced without palatalisation ) masculine noun . Spelled byllion in the 15th century when it meant a million millions ; in the 16th century it meant a thousand millions . It is an arbitrary alteration of the start of million by inserting the Latin prefix bi - , meaning twice . Now rarely used . It means a thousand millions . It is an outdated synonym of Milliard . According to a decree of 1961 , the word Billion received a new value , to wit a million millions ( 10 ) , which has not come into common usage . ^ `` De Geïntegreerde Taal - Bank : miljard '' ( in Dutch ) . Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ `` De Geïntegreerde Taal - Bank : biljoen '' ( in Dutch ) . Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Wennergren , Bertilo ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko '' ( in Esperanto ) . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . ^ `` Italian - English Larousse : bilione '' . Éditions Larousse . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Institutul de Lingvistică `` Iorgu Iordan - Alexandru Rosetti '' al Academiei Române ( 2012 ) , Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române ( ediția a II - a revăzută și adăugită ) , Editura Univers Enciclopedic Gold ^ `` Scara numerică '' ( numerical scale ) . dexonline.ro ( in Romanian ) . 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ `` Switzerland : Words and Phrases '' . TRAMsoft Gmbh. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . ^ `` Canadian government standards website '' . Canadian Government . 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . ^ `` Taalkommissie se reaksie op biljoen , triljoen '' ( in Afrikaans ) . Naspers : Media24 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ^ `` ' Groen boek ' : mooiste , beste , gebruikersvriendelikste '' ( in Afrikaans ) . Naspers : Media24 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . ^ Gupta , S.V. ( 2010 ) . Units of measurement : past , present and future : international system of units . Springer . pp. 12 ( Section 1.2. 8 Numeration ) . ISBN 3642007384 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Foundalis , Harry . `` Greek Numbers and Numerals ( Ancient and Modern ) '' . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . ^ `` BBC : GCSE Bitesize -- The origins of the universe '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) BBC News article : `` Is trillion the new billion ? '' Live-Counter.com : How to visualize large numbers : '' Large numbers Examples in numerical order Thousand Ten thousand Hundred thousand Million Ten million Hundred million Billion Trillion Quadrillion Quintillion Sextillion Septillion Googol Googolplex Skewes ' number Googolduplex Moser 's number Graham 's number TREE ( 3 ) SSCG ( 3 ) Rayo 's number Transfinite numbers Expression methods Notations Knuth 's up - arrow notation Conway chained arrow notation Steinhaus -- Moser notation Operators Hyperoperation Tetration Pentation Ackermann function Bowers ' operators Related articles Infinitesimal Number systems Number names Orders of magnitude List of notable numbers Indefinite and fictitious numbers Extended real number line Power of two Power of 10 Long and short scales Titanic prime Gigantic prime Megaprime Largest known prime number Names History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&oldid=808436889 '' Categories : Numerals Numeral systems Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Extra text CS1 Burmese - language sources ( my ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Esperanto - language sources ( eo ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Afrikaans - language sources ( af ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Middle English - language text Articles containing Middle French - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Northern Ndebele - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2013 Articles containing Burmese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Good articles Use dmy dates from September 2010 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Олык марий Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between billion and millard	[]	[]
-8817833871386627734	Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On	Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans on - wikipedia Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans on Jump to : navigation , search `` Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans On '' Single by Mel McDaniel from the album Let It Roll Released October 12 , 1984 Recorded August 23 , 1984 Genre Country Length 2 : 59 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Bob McDill Producer ( s ) Jerry Kennedy Mel McDaniel singles chronology `` All Around the Water Tank '' ( 1984 ) `` Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans On '' ( 1984 ) `` Let It Roll ( Let It Rock ) '' ( 1985 ) `` All Around the Water Tank '' ( 1984 ) `` Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans On '' ( 1984 ) `` Let It Roll ( Let It Rock ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans On '' is a song written by Bob McDill and recorded by American country music artist Mel McDaniel . It was released in October 1984 as the lead - off single from his album Let It Roll . It was a number - one hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in February 1985 , and Mel McDaniel 's only number - one single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Covers 4 Chart positions 5 References Background ( edit ) Conway Twitty received the song but decided John Anderson 's vocals were better suited for it , so he sent it to him . Not knowing who had sent him the song , Anderson turned it down . Mel McDaniel eventually received the song , and he recorded it . Critical reception ( edit ) Kip Kirby , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , calling it a `` change of pace for McDaniel , who here ogles the national treasure alluded to in the title , while absolving the bearer of lascivious intent . '' Covers ( edit ) Sammy Kershaw covered this song on his 2006 album Honky Tonk Boots , where it was released as a single , although his version failed to chart . He also released a music video for his version . Chart positions ( edit ) `` Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans On '' debuted at number 75 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles for the week of November 10 , 1984 . Chart ( 1984 - 1985 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks Preceded by `` Make My Life with You '' by The Oak Ridge Boys Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single February 23 , 1985 Succeeded by `` Baby Bye Bye '' by Gary Morris Preceded by `` Ai n't She Somethin ' Else '' by Conway Twitty RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 2 , 1985 Succeeded by `` Make My Life with You '' by The Oak Ridge Boys References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Pat . John Anderson Wins Some , Loses Some , theboot.com , 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Billboard , November 3 , 1984 ( hide ) Mel McDaniel Studio albums I 'm Countryfied Notable singles `` God Made Love '' `` Louisiana Saturday Night '' `` Right in the Palm of Your Hand '' `` Take Me to the Country '' `` Big Ole Brew '' `` I Call It Love '' `` Baby 's Got Her Blue Jeans On '' `` Let It Roll ( Let It Rock ) '' `` Stand Up '' `` Stand on It '' `` Real Good Feel Good Song '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby%27s_Got_Her_Blue_Jeans_On&oldid=683414087 '' Categories : 1984 singles Mel McDaniel songs Songs written by Bob McDill Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Sammy Kershaw songs Song recordings produced by Jerry Kennedy Capitol Records Nashville singles 1984 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2015 , at 04 : 14 . About Wikipedia	who sings the country song baby's got her bluejeans on	[]	[]
-9087422236241068230	Truth or Dare (2018 film)	Truth or Dare ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Truth or Dare ( 2018 film ) Truth or Dare Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeff Wadlow Produced by Jason Blum Screenplay by Michael Reisz Jillian Jacobs Chris Roach Jeff Wadlow Story by Michael Reisz Starring Lucy Hale Tyler Posey Violett Beane Hayden Szeto Sophia Taylor Ali Landon Liboiron Music by Matthew Margeson Cinematography Jacques Jouffret Edited by Sean Albertson Production company Blumhouse Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.5 million Box office $93 million Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare , or simply Truth or Dare , is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow and written by Michael Reisz , Jillian Jacobs , Chris Roach and Wadlow . It stars Lucy Hale , Tyler Posey , Violett Beane , Hayden Szeto , and Landon Liboiron , and follows a group of college students who play a game of truth or dare ? while on vacation in Mexico , only to realize it has deadly consequences if they do n't follow through on their tasks . Jason Blum produced through his Blumhouse Productions banner , and Universal Pictures distributed the film . Released in theaters on April 13 , 2018 , the film received negative reviews from critics , who said it was `` neither inventive nor scary enough to set itself apart from the decades of dreary slashers that came before it '' . Despite this the film was a box office success , grossing $93 million worldwide against its $3.5 million production budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie opens on an unknown girl at a gas station . While buying a pack of cigarettes she appears injured and unstable . As she walks out she grabs lighter fluid from the shelf and sets a fellow shopper on fire . Elsewhere , the main cast is introduced : Olivia Barron , her best friend Markie Cameron , Markie 's boyfriend Lucas Moreno , along with Penelope Amari and her boyfriend Tyson Curran , and Brad Chang go on a trip to Rosarito , Mexico for their last Spring Break . Originally Olivia was going to work for Habitat for Humanity , and regularly uploads to her Youtube Channel with videos relating to her charity work . Markie cancelled her Habitat work without asking her so she would be able to make the Mexico trip . In Mexico , Olivia runs into fellow student Ronnie who proceeds to harass her until a man intervenes on her behalf . The man introduces himself as Carter and convinces her and her friends to join him for drinks at the ruins of a mansion . There , he initiates a game of `` Truth or Dare ? '' . The game ends when Carter reveals that he tricked Olivia and her friends to the mansion to offer them in his place in the supernatural game of Truth or Dare . As he leaves , he explains that the game will follow them and they must not refuse it or they will die . Upon returning home , Olivia begins to see `` Truth or Dare ? '' written in several places . At the library , she sees everyone asking her `` Truth or Dare ? '' until she picks truth and is forced to say that Markie cheated on Lucas multiple times . Olivia then realized that only she saw and heard the truth or dare challenge . Later at a college bar , Ronnie dies when he fails to complete a dare . Olivia , having become convinced that Carter was telling the truth , attempts to convince her friends that the game is real . The game turns to Markie and she is forced to break Olivia 's hand . At the hospital , Brad is forced by the game into revealing to his father , Officer Han Chang , his homosexuality . The next day , Tyson lies when he is forced to tell a truth during his medical school interview , and dies by stabbing himself through the eye with his ' lucky ' pen . Drunk , Penelope is forced by the game to finish a bottle of vodka as she walks along the roof 's edge of their house . She falls from the roof just as she finished the bottle but is saved by her friends . After some online research to try and figure out what was happening the group meets a woman named Giselle , who is also a participant in a separate incarnation of the game . Giselle reveals that her friend Sam , the only other survivor of her incarnation of the game , was responsible for the game becoming a reality in the first place , due to his having wrecked the ruins of the mansion in Mexico . The `` truth '' choice can be chosen only twice before the player is forced to choose `` dare '' due to the way Giselle and her friends played the game originally . Giselle draws a handgun on Olivia and shoots , confessing that she was dared to kill her . Penelope jumps in front of Olivia and is killed instead . Failing to kill Olivia , the game forces Giselle to shoot herself in the head . Back at their house they attempt to do some more research when Olivia separates to find her charger . A homeless man has broken in to the house and the game uses him to force Olivia 's turn . She chooses Dare so that way neither Lucas or Markie would have to and to prevent the game from forcing her to reveal to Markie a secret shes had for years regarding Markie 's father 's suicide . The game dares her to sleep with Lucas , drawing on her secret feelings for him . Markie , infuriated at the idea of it leaves . Lucas and Olivia complete the Dare but as they do the game uses Olivia to force Lucas to reveal the truth , that he cares for Olivia but that he truly loves Markie . Olivia and Lucas drive to Tijuana and meet with a mute woman and former nun from the church where they played the original game . The woman informs them that they are dealing with a demon named Calux , whom she first summoned to get revenge on the priest who was sexually abusing her and the other nuns many years prior . The demon possessed the game of Truth or Dare and can only be stopped if the last person who evoked it sacrifices their tongue into an urn and seals it with wax after an incantation . Brad is later dared to withdraw his father 's gun and make him beg for his life . However , in the act , Brad is shot and killed by an approaching officer . At the precinct , the game comes to Olivia who chooses Dare to again avoid having to tell the truth . It dares her to reveal the truth anyway and she is forced to tell Markie that the night her father killed himself Olivia was present . Her father had been laid off , was drunk , and tried to force himself on to Olivia . Markie leaves the precinct upset and furious at Olivia for hiding this for so many years . In her interview with the detective overseeing the cases of all the deceased teens ( Olivia 's friends as well as the ones from Giselle 's group ) Olivia learns that Carter is Sam . She realizes that Sam is the one who destroyed the original urn with the nun 's sealed tongue which released the demon back in to the world and the game . Olivia , Markie , and Lucas find Sam and force him at gunpoint back to the ruins of the church in Mexico . Sam begins the ritual and is about to sever his tongue when it becomes Lucas ' turn to play the game . Lucas is dared to kill either Olivia or Markie , which he refuses and tries to separate himself to buy the girls time to complete the ritual and stop the demon . Unfortunately his plan doesnt work and possessed by the demon , Lucas kills Sam before Sam can complete the ritual to end the game . He then slits his own throat and dies . Olivia has Markie use her turn to then force the demon to reveal whether or not there is a definitive way to end the game with Markie and herself alive . The demon reveals that now that Sam is dead , there is not , but they can draw more people into the game and prolong their turn in it . Olivia hastily records and uploads a video to her YouTube , warning of the game and its rules , before challenging the viewers around the world to Truth or Dare , initiating them . Cast ( edit ) Lucy Hale as Olivia Barron Tyler Posey as Lucas Moreno Violett Beane as Markie Cameron Hayden Szeto as Brad Chang Landon Liboiron as Carter / Sam Nolan Gerard Funk as Tyson Curran Sophia Taylor Ali as Penelope Amari Sam Lerner as Ronnie Aurora Perrineau as Giselle Hammond Tom Choi as Officer Han Chang Joe Ochman as the voice of Calux , the demonic entity controlling the game . Production ( edit ) Initially , director Jeff Wadlow explained that he was hired to direct the film after spitballing an opening scene based on the title of the movie in his initial meetings with Blumhouse . Subsequently , he joined with his friend Chris Roach , and his wife , Jill Jacobs , and started thinking of ideas to approach the final concept . Principal photography on the film began on June 7 , 2017 , and wrapped on July 12 , 2017 in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for release on April 27 , 2018 , but in January 2018 , the date was moved up two weeks , to April 13 , 2018 , Friday the 13th . The official trailer for the film was released on January 3 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Truth or Dare grossed $40.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $52.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $93 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . In the United States and Canada , Truth or Dare was released alongside Rampage and Sgt . Stubby : An American Hero , as well as the wide expansion of Isle of Dogs , and was projected to gross $12 -- 15 million from 3,029 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $8.2 million on its first day ( including $750,000 from Thursday night previews ) , $6.8 million on Saturday and a total of $18.7 million over the weekend , finishing third behind Rampage ( $34.5 million ) and fellow horror film A Quiet Place ( $32.6 million ) . It fell 58 % in its second weekend ( slightly above - average for Blumhouse horror films ) , grossing $7.8 million and finishing fifth . The film continued to hold well in its third weekend , dropping 58 % again to $3.3 million , finishing seventh . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 14 % based on 128 reviews , and an average rating of 3.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Truth or Dare 's slick presentation is n't enough to make this mediocre horror outing much more frightening than an average round of the real - life game . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2 / 4 stars and wrote that `` director Jeff Wadlow and his three credited co-writers do n't go far enough towards either of their film 's primary impulses -- humanizing their immature subjects and / or making them die amusingly sadistic deaths . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson called the film a `` by - the - numbers horror that delivers clichés rather than surprises , '' though added `` as dumb as this movie was , I kind of enjoyed it . '' Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called it a `` scare - free horror film '' and wrote , `` The movie is n't scary , it is n't gripping , it is n't fun , and it is n't fueled by any sort of clever compulsion . It 's just a strangely arduous exercise that feels increasingly frantic and arbitrary as it goes along . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 20th Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama Movie Truth or Dare Pending Choice Drama Movie Actress Lucy Hale Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Stomps Into Theaters in Need of Big Overseas Launch '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Blumhouse Claims Ownership Over Lucy Hale 's ' Truth Or Dare ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Star Lucy Hale Joins Blumhouse 's ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage Is Exactly What You Think It Is '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` The Bizarre Way Truth Or Dare 's Director Pitched The Movie '' . CinemaBlend . GatewayBlend Entertainment . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Wadlow Interview : Truth or Dare '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Full Cast Prepares For a Game of ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wadlow , Jeff ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` First day of photography ! Lucky shirt : check 🍀 @ lucyhale @ tylerposey58 @ nolanfunk @ haydenszeto @ sophiatali '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , Lucy ( @ lucyhale ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` THAT IS A MF WRAP ON TRUTH OR DARE 🎥 thanks for the memories guys ! Ca n't wait for y'all to see this '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Truth or Dare stars Tyler Posey , Lucy Hale share their spring break stories '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Blumhouse 's Truth Or Dare ' Moves Up Two Weeks To Friday The 13th -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ KimmiKillZombie ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ( Trailer ) Death Plays Games in TRUTH OR DARE '' . Nightmare on Film Street . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage ' is poised for top box - office spot as Dwayne Johnson fights video game movie curse '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Conquering ' Force Awakens ' With Record $248 M - $250 M Opening ; Posts Record $82 M Saturday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Truth or Dare '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Truth or Dare on IMDb Truth or Dare at Rotten Tomatoes hide Films directed by Jeff Wadlow Cry Wolf ( 2005 ) Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truth_or_Dare_(2018_film)&oldid=850316930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 horror films 2010s teen horror films 2010s horror thriller films American films American horror films American thriller films American horror thriller films American slasher films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films Demons in film American teen horror films Supernatural horror films Spirit possession in fiction Films about games Films directed by Jeff Wadlow Films produced by Jason Blum Films set in Mexico Blumhouse Productions films Universal Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 03 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is truth or dare movie coming out on netflix	[]	[]
-6334376578274644273	JD Edwards	JD Edwards - wikipedia JD Edwards Jump to : navigation , search JD Edwards Fate Acquired Successor Oracle Corporation Founded 1977 Headquarters One Technology Way , Denver , Colorado , United States Key people Ed McVaney , Dan Gregory and Jack Thompson Products World , OneWorld , EnterpriseOne Website www.jdedwards.com J.D. Edwards World Solution Company or JD Edwards , abbreviated JDE , was an Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) software company . Products included World for IBM AS / 400 minicomputers ( the users using a computer terminal or terminal emulator ) , OneWorld for CNC architecture ( a client -- server fat client ) , and JD Edwards EnterpriseOne ( a web - based thin client ) . The company was founded March 1977 in Denver , Colorado , by Jack Thompson , C.T.P. `` Chuck '' Hintze , Dan Gregory , and Ed McVaney . It was purchased by PeopleSoft , Inc. in 2003 . PeopleSoft , in turn , was purchased by Oracle Corporation in 2005 , and Oracle continues to sell and support EnterpriseOne and World ERP software line . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Formation 1.2 Enterprise Resource Planning concept developed 2 Product launches 2.1 World ERP System launched 2.2 OneWorld ERP System launched 2.2. 1 Quality control issues with OneWorld begin to surface 2.3 Web - based client , continued product evolution 3 Changes of ownership and EnterpriseOne 4 Current software 5 JD Edwards ' founders other activities 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Historical background ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) Ed McVaney originally trained as an engineer at the University of Nebraska , and in 1964 was employed by Western Electric , then by Peat Marwick , and moved to Denver , Colorado in 1968 , and later became a partner at Alexander Grant where he hired Jack Thompson and Dan Gregory . Around that time he was coming to the realization that , in his words , `` The culture of a public accounting firm is the antithesis of developing software . The idea of spending time on something that you 're not getting paid for -- software development -- they just could not stomach that . '' McVaney felt that accounting clients did not understand what was required for software development , and decided to start his own firm . `` JD Edwards '' was founded in 1977 by Jack Thompson , Dan Gregory , and Ed McVaney ; the company 's name drawn from the initials `` J '' for Jack , `` D '' for Dan , and `` Edwards '' for Ed . McVaney took a salary cut from $44,000 to $36,000 to ensure initial funding . Start - up clients included McCoy Sales , a wholesale distribution company in Denver , and Cincinnati Milacron , a maker of machine tools . The business received a $75,000 contract to develop wholesale distribution system software and a $50,000 contract with the Colorado Highway Department to develop governmental and construction cost accounting systems . The first international client was Shell Oil Company . Shell Oil implemented JD Edwards in Canada and then in Cameroon . Gregory flew to Shell Oil in Douala , Cameroon to install the company 's first international , multi-national , multi-currency client software system . Enterprise Resource Planning concept developed ( edit ) As the majority of JD Edwards 's customers were medium - sized companies , clients did not have large scale software implementations . There was a basic business need for all accounting to be tightly integrated . As McVaney would explain in 2002 , integrated systems were created precisely because `` you ca n't go into a moderate - sized company and just put in a payroll . You have to put in a payroll and job cost , general ledger , inventory , fixed assets and the whole thing . SAP had the same advantage that JD Edwards had because we worked on smaller companies , we were forced to see the whole broad picture . '' This requirement was relevant to both JDE clients in the USA and Europe and their European competitor SAP , whose typical clients were much smaller than the American Fortune 500 firms . McVaney and his company developed what would be called Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) software in response to that business requirement . Product launches ( edit ) World ERP system launched ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The software ultimately sold was named JD Edwards WorldSoftware , popularly called World . Development began using System / 34 and / 36 minicomputers , changing course in the mid-1980s to the System / 38 , later switching to the AS / 400 platform when it became available . The company 's initial focus was developing the accounting software needed for their clients . World was server - centric as well as multi-user ; the users would access the system using one of several IBM computer terminals or `` green - screens '' . ( Later on , users would run terminal emulator software on their personal computers ) . As an ERP system , JD Edwards World comprised the three basic areas of expertise : functional / business analyst , programmer / software developer , and CNC / system administration . OneWorld ERP system launched ( edit ) By late 1996 , JD Edwards delivered to its customers the result of a major corporate initiative : the software was now ported to platform - independent client -- server systems . It was branded JD Edwards OneWorld , an entirely new product with a graphical user interface and a distributed computing model replacing the old server - centric model . The architecture JD Edwards had developed for this newer technology , called Configurable Network Computing or CNC , transparently shielded business applications from the servers that ran those same applications , the databases in which the data were stored , and the underlying operating system and hardware . By first quarter 1998 , JD Edwards had 26 OneWorld customers and was moving its medium - sized customers to the new client -- server flavor of ERP . By second quarter 1998 , JDE had 48 customers , and by 2001 , the company had more than 600 customers using OneWorld , a fourfold increase over 2000 . The company became publicly listed on September 24 , 1997 , with vice-president Doug Massingill being promoted to Chief Executive Officer , at an initial price of $23 per share , trading on NASDAQ under the symbol JDEC . By 1998 , JD Edwards revenue was in excess of $934 million and McVaney decided to retire . Quality control issues with OneWorld begin to surface ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Within a year of the release of OneWorld , customers and industry analysts were discussing serious reliability , unpredictability and other bug - related issues . In user group meetings , these issues were raised with JDE management . So serious were these major quality issues with OneWorld that customers began to raise the possibility of class - action lawsuits , leading to McVaney 's return from retirement as CEO . At an internal meeting in 2000 , McVaney said he had decided to `` wait however long it took to have OneWorld 100 % reliable '' and had thus delayed the release of a new version of OneWorld because he `` was n't going to let it go out on the street until it was ready for prime time . '' McVaney also encouraged customer feedback by supporting an independent JD Edwards user group called Quest International . After delaying the upgrade for one year and refusing all requests by marketing for what he felt was a premature release , in the fall of 2000 JD Edwards released version B7333 , now rebranded as OneWorld Xe . Despite press skepticism , Xe proved to be the most stable release to date and went a long way toward restoring customer confidence . McVaney retired again in January 2002 , although remaining a director , and Robert Dutkowsky from Teradyne was appointed as the new president and CEO . Web - based client , continued product Evolution ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the release of Xe , the product began to go through more broad change and several new versions . A new web - based client , in which the user accesses the JD Edwards software through their web browser , was introduced in 2001 . This web - based client was robust enough for customer use and was given application version number 8.10 in 2005 . Initial issues with release 8.11 in 2005 lead to a quick service pack to version 8.11 SP1 , salvaging the reputation of that product . By 2006 , version 8.12 was announced . Throughout the application releases , new releases of system / foundation code called Tools Releases were announced , moving from Tools Release versions 8.94 to 8.95 . Tools Release 8.96 , along with the application 's upgrade to version 8.12 , saw the replacement of the older , often unstable proprietary object specifications ( also called `` specs '' ) with a new XML - based system , proving to be much more reliable . Tools Release 8.97 shipped a new web service layer allowing the JD Edwards software to communicate with third - party systems . Changes of ownership and EnterpriseOne ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In June 2003 , the JD Edwards board agreed to an offer in which PeopleSoft , a former competitor of JD Edwards , would acquire JD Edwards . The takeover was completed in July . OneWorld was added to PeopleSoft 's software line , along with PeopleSoft 's flagship product Enterprise , and was renamed JD Edwards EnterpriseOne . Within days of the PeopleSoft announcement , Oracle Corporation mounted a hostile takeover bid of PeopleSoft . Although the first attempts to purchase the company were rebuffed by the PeopleSoft board of directors , by December 2004 the board decided to accept Oracle 's offer . The final purchase went through in January 2005 ; Oracle now owned both PeopleSoft and JD Edwards . Most JD Edwards customers , employees , and industry analysts predicted Oracle would kill the JD Edwards products . However , Oracle saw a position for JDE in the medium - sized company space that was not filled with either its e-Business Suite or its newly acquired PeopleSoft Enterprise product . Current software ( edit ) Oracle 's JD Edwards products are known as JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and JD Edwards World . Oracle announced that JD Edwards support would continue indefinitely . Support for the older releases such as the Xe product were to expire by 2013 , spurring the acceptance of upgrades to newer application releases . The latest offering of EnterpriseOne is application version 9.2 , released in October 2015 . The latest version of World ( now with a web - based interface ) is version A9. 4 , released in April 2015 . Shortly after Oracle 's acquisition of PeopleSoft and JD Edwards in 2005 , Oracle announced the development of a new product called Oracle Fusion Applications . Fusion was designed to co-exist or replace JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and World , as well as Oracle eBusiness Applications Suite and other products acquired by Oracle , and was finally released in September 2010 . Despite the release of Fusion apps , JD Edwards EnterpriseOne is still being sold . JD Edwards ' founders other activities ( edit ) In May 1998 , Ed McVaney donated more than $32 million to the University of Nebraska - Lincoln to establish the JD Edwards Honors Program ( now the Jeffrey S. Raikes School ) . This program is charged with educating the next generation of business professionals by combining computer science education with business management skills . JD Edwards ' founder and M.I.T. graduate Hintze ( died September 1996 ) had also donated more than $28 million to the advancement and development of Massachusetts Institute of Technology . See also ( edit ) Oracle Corporation - The parent corporation that acquired JD Edwards and PeopleSoft in 2004 Oracle Fusion Applications - envisioned and pitched as an Enterprise resource planning suite : a combination of features and functionalities taken from Oracle E-Business Suite , JD Edwards , PeopleSoft and Siebel product lines Configurable Network Computing - JD Edwards ' CNC architecture allowing heterogeneous systems combining mixed hardware , operating systems and back - end databases to work together seamlessly . C. Edward McVaney Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JD Edwards EnterpriseOne '' . Oracle Corp . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` JD Edwards World '' . Oracle Corp . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` C. EDWARD MCVANEY ORAL HISTORY '' ( PDF ) . The Computerworld Honors Program . December 6 , 2002 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Stock : JD Edwards Breaks Out '' . Informationweek.com . June 8 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More Than 600 Customers Live on JD Edwards OneWorld . Dot.Com and Brick & Mortar Customers Alike Select JD Edwards to Achieve E-Business Agility '' . Technologyevaluation.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Timothy Prickett ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` Oracle Indefinitely Extends the Life of JDE World , EnterpriseOne '' . The Four Hundred . Itjungle.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Applications Release 9.2 and JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools Release 9.2 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Oracle Corp . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Enhancements for Rental Management , Manufacturing , Agribusiness Solutions , and the New JD Edwards World Release A9. 4 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Oracle Corp. April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oracle Fusion Middleware and Oracle Fusion Applications : Overview '' . OracleApps Epicenter . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oracle officially launches its Fusion apps '' . CNET . September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honors Program History '' . honors.unl.edu . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 33 Top Students Selected for J.D. Edwards Honors Program '' . newsroom.unl.edu . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Allen Jacot , Joseph Miller , Michael Jacot and John Stern . JD Edwards EnterpriseOne : The Complete Reference ( 2009 ) McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 159873 - 1 . External links ( edit ) JD Edwards on the Oracle Website JDEList - JD Edwards ' longest running free discussion forum and mailing list E1 Tips - Website dedicated to those that have the responsibility of a CNC Administrator for Oracle 's JD Edwards EnterpriseOne ERP System JD Edwards Blog - Blog for the JD Edwards community JDE Source - Blog , Whitepapers and active forum for the JD Edwards community Case Study : `` Jungles and Gardens : The Evolution of Knowledge Management at J.D. Edwards , '' MIS Quarterly Executive , Vol 3 No. 1 / March 2004 . PDF . Oracle Corporation Corporate directors Jeffrey Berg H. Raymond Bingham Michael Boskin Safra A. Catz Larry Ellison Héctor García - Molina Joseph Grundfest Jeffrey O. Henley Mark Hurd Jack F. Kemp Donald L. Lucas Naomi O. Seligman Acquisitions ( list ) Sun PeopleSoft Hyperion Siebel BEA JD Edwards RightNow Virtual Iron TimesTen Sunopsis NetSuite DBMS Oracle Database MySQL InnoDB Berkeley DB TimesTen Rdb Essbase Programming languages Java PL / SQL IDE JDeveloper Forms NetBeans Apex SQL Developer Developer Studio Middleware Fusion Middleware WebCenter SOA Suite WebLogic Server Coherence Tuxedo GlassFish Operating systems Oracle Linux Oracle Solaris Computer hardware Sun Fire SPARC ( T - Series , Enterprise ) StorageTek Computer appliances Oracle Exadata Oracle Exalogic Big Data Appliance Education and recognition Oracle Certification Program Category Commons ERP software List of ERP software packages Open - source Adaxa Suite Adempiere Apache OFBiz Compiere Dolibarr Epesi ERP5 ERPNext GNU Enterprise HeliumV iDempiere inoERP IntarS Kuali LedgerSMB metasfresh Odoo Openbravo ERP Postbooks Tryton Commercial Acumatica Eclipse ERP FinancialForce.com JD Edwards Enterprise One Microsoft Dynamics 365 for Finance and Operations , Enterprise edition NetSuite Oracle Applications Sage 300 SAP ERP Tally Solutions TRAVERSE Unit4 Business World Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JD_Edwards&oldid=828087027 '' Categories : Defunct software companies of the United States ERP software companies Oracle software Software companies based in Colorado Companies based in Denver Software companies established in 1977 Software companies disestablished in 2003 1977 establishments in Colorado 2000s disestablishments in Colorado Defunct companies based in Colorado 2003 acquisitions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	difference between jd edwards enterpriseone and jd edwards world	[]	[]
-3130975990837321091	Jagjivan Ram	Jagjivan Ram - wikipedia Jagjivan Ram Jump to : navigation , search Babu Jagjivan Ram 4th Deputy Prime Minister of India In office 24 March 1977 -- 28 July 1979 Serving with Charan Singh Prime Minister Morarji Desai Preceded by Morarji Desai Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan Minister of Defence In office 24 March 1977 -- 1 July 1978 Prime Minister Morarji Desai Preceded by Sardar Swaran Singh Succeeded by Sardar Swaran Singh In office 27 June 1970 -- 10 October 1974 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi Preceded by Bansi Lal Succeeded by Chidambaram Subramaniam Personal details ( 1908 - 04 - 05 ) 5 April 1908 Chandwa , Bhojpur , Bihar , British India 6 July 1986 ( 1986 - 07 - 06 ) ( aged 78 ) Political party Indian National Congress - Jagjivan ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Other political affiliations Indian National Congress ( Before 1977 ) Congress for Democracy ( 1977 ) Janata Party ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Spouse ( s ) Indrani Devi ( 1935 - 1986 ) Children Suresh Kumar Ashok Ram Meira Kumar Alma mater Banaras Hindu University University of Calcutta Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 -- 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in foundation of the All - India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehru 's interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo - Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especial during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975 -- 77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977 -- 79 ) , then in 1980 , he formed Congress ( J ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early career 3 Parliamentary career 4 Positions held 5 Personal life 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading and bibliography 9 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for `` untouchables '' in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination ; while at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B. Sc. degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career ( edit ) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal -- Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first - hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar , Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B.R. Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All - India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress , in the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits. and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced India 's participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Parliamentary career ( edit ) In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehru 's provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high - profile Indian delegation that attended to attend the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) 's International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952. He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted India 's constitution. Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehru 's Cabinet -- Communications ( 1952 -- 56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956 -- 62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962 -- 63 ) ref > Haqqi , , Anwarul Haque , Indian Political Science Association ( 1986 ) . Indian Democracy at the Crossroads I. New Delhi : Mittal Publications . p. 122 . < / ref > . In Indira Gandhi 's government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966 -- 67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967 -- 70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970 -- 74 ) making him the virtual No. 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974 -- 77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran `` Babu beats Bobby '' . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 , though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , and was not present at the oath - taking ceremony on 27 March 1977 ; he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence for necessary , `` not just as an individual but as a political and social force '' and took oath later on . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977 - 1979 , Disillusioned with the Janata party he formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held ( edit ) He holds the record for being the longest - serving cabinet minister in India for 30 years . ( Ref . Kendriya Mantripraishad 1947 -- 2004 , published by Loksabha Secretriate ) Union Minister of Labour , 1946 -- 1952 . Union Minister for Communications , 1952 -- 1956 . Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956 -- 1962 . Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962 -- 1963 . Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966 -- 1967 . Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967 -- 1970 . Union Minister of Defence , 1970 -- 1974 , 1977 -- 1979 . Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974 -- 1977 . Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . Deputy Prime Minister of India , 23 March 1977 -- 22 August 1979 . Founder , Congress ( J ) . He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life ( edit ) In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr. Birbal , a well - known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhi 's Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21 - year - old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five - time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Legacy ( edit ) The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Samata Sthal , and his birth anniversary is observed as Samata Diwas. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time Hyderabad . Andhra University which had conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the ' Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation ' , has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt. of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM - 1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M.S. Swaminathan ( 7 February 2008 ) . `` Jagjivan Ram & inclusive agricultural growth '' . The Hindu . ^ Jump up to : `` Prez , PM call for a second green revolution '' . The Times of India . 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jagjivan Ram '' . Britannica.com . ^ Jump up to : Profile Jagjivan Ram : Early life Archived 9 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Bakshi , S.R. ( 1992 ) . Jagjivan Ram : The Harijan Leader . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 81 - 7041 - 496 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jagjivan ram Research Reference and Training Div. , Ministry of I & B , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Denied table , given Chair '' . The Telegraph ( Kolkata ) . 1 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BHU News : A chair for late Jagjivan Ram inaugurated '' . IT - BHU . August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function '' . President of India website . 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Past Presidents Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Indian National Congress INC Official website . Jump up ^ `` Jagjivan Ram an example of development politics '' . The Hindu . 6 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kohli , Atul ( Editor ) ( 2001 ) . The success of India 's democracy . Cambridge ( u.a. ) : Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0521805308 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kamat . `` Biography : Anugrah Narayan Sinha '' . Kamat 's archive . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nehru , Jawaharlal ( 1984 ) . Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru , Volume 14 , Part 2 . Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund . p. 340 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Jagdish Chandra ( 2002 ) . Indian prime ministership : a comprehensive study . New Delhi : Concept . p. 19 . ISBN 9788170229247 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brass , Paul R. ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India since Independence ( The new Cambridge history of India . ) ( 2 . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0521453622 . Jump up ^ `` Babu Jagjivan Ram Bhavan to be built '' . The Hindu . 6 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency : Memories of the dark midnight '' . The Hindu , Business Line . 25 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Mirchandani , G.G. ( 2003 ) . 320 Million Judges . Abhinav Publications . p. 178 . ISBN 81 - 7017 - 061 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Jagdish Chandra ( 2002 ) . Indian prime ministership : a comprehensive study . New Delhi : Concept . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 9788170229247 . Jump up ^ Mirchandani , G.G. ( 2003 ) . 320 Million Judges . Abhinav Publications . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 9788170170617 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` deputy PM Jagjivan Ram '' . Jump up ^ Bharat Souts and Guides Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3076/464/1600/sureshsex3.jpg Jump up ^ `` Confer Bharat Ratna on Jagjivan Ram : Naidu '' . The Hindu . 6 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tributes paid to Jagjivan Ram '' . The Hindu . 6 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jagjivan Ram 's services recalled '' . The Hindu . 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A brief on Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Need at iTeach Schools '' . Further reading and bibliography ( edit ) Ram , Jagjivan ; Shachi Rani Gurtu ( 1951 ) . Jagjivan Ram on labour problems . Ram . Ram , Jagjivan ( 1980 ) . Caste challenge in India . Vision Books . Sharma , Devendra Prasad ( 1974 ) . Jagjivan Ram : the man and the times . Indian Book Co . Chanchreek , Kanhaiyalal ( 1975 ) . Jagjivanram : a select bibliography , 1908 -- 1975 . S. Chand . Singh , Nau Nihal ( 1977 ) . Jagjivan Ram : symbol of social change . Sundeep Prakashan . Ram , Jagjivan ( 1977 ) . Four decades of Jagjivan Ram 's parliamentary career . S. Chand . Ramesh Chandra , Sangh Mittra ( 2003 ) . Jagjivan Ram And His Times . Commonwealth Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7169 - 737 - 2 . Secretariat , Lok Sabha ( 2005 ) . Babu Jagjivan Ram in parliament : a commemorative volume . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Maurya , Dr. Omprakash . Babu Jagjivan Ram . Publications Division , Govt. of India . Dr. U. , Subramanian . Babu Jagjivan Ram . Tamilvendanpathippagam . `` Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function '' . President of India website . 5 April 2008 . `` PM 's Address at Babu Jagjivan Ram Centenary Seminar on Agriculture '' . ICAR. 7 February 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babu Jagjivan Ram . Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special Political offices Preceded by Bansi Lal Minister of Defence 1970 -- 1974 Succeeded by Chidambaram Subramaniam Preceded by Morarji Desai Deputy Prime Minister of India 1977 -- 1979 Served alongside : Charan Singh Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan Preceded by Sardar Swaran Singh Minister of Defence 1977 -- 1978 Succeeded by Sardar Swaran Singh Honorary titles Preceded by Dharma Vira President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides 1976 -- 1983 Succeeded by Shankarrao Chavan First Cabinet of Independent India Nehru ( Prime Minister , External Affairs ) Patel ( Deputy Prime Minister , Home Affairs ) Baldev Singh ( Defence ) Chetty ( Finance ) Maulana Azad ( Education ) Jagjivan Ram ( Labour ) Ambedkar ( Law ) Gadgil ( Public Works , Power ) R. A. Kidwai ( Communications ) S. P. Mookerjee ( Industry ) Amrit Kaur ( Health ) Mathai ( Railways ) The Emergency of 1975 -- 77 Personalities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bansi Lal C. Achutha Menon Charan Singh Devakanta Barua Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed George Fernandes Hans Raj Khanna Harcharan Singh Longowal H.N. Bahuguna Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Jagmohan Jagmohanlal Sinha Jayaprakash Narayan Jivatram Kripalani K. Kamaraj K. Karunakaran Lal Krishna Advani M.G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Pranab Mukherjee Raj Narain Sanjay Gandhi Siddhartha Shankar Ray Zail Singh Organisations Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Lok Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Indian National Congress ( R ) Indian National Congress Janata Morcha Janata Party People 's Union for Civil Liberties Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Shiromani Akali Dal Socialist Party of India Swatantra Party Events State of Emergency in India State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 38th Amendment 39th Amendment 42nd Amendment Turkman gate demolition and rioting Baroda dynamite case Shah Commission Maintenance of Internal Security Act Rajan case Indian general election , 1977 Indian National Congress Seva Dal Minority Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) Congress Karma Parishad History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC ) Andhra Pradesh CC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Core group Gujarat PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Maharashtra PCC Mizoram PCC Mumbai PCC Punjab PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Uttarakhand PCC West Bengal PCC Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal VIAF : 115315115 LCCN : n50056964 ISNI : 0000 0000 8412 3024 GND : 131982389 SUDOC : 027419355 BNF : cb11946471r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagjivan_Ram&oldid=815590059 '' Categories : First Nehru ministry 1st Lok Sabha members 2nd Lok Sabha members 3rd Lok Sabha members 4th Lok Sabha members 5th Lok Sabha members 6th Lok Sabha members 7th Lok Sabha members 8th Lok Sabha members 1908 births 1986 deaths Banaras Hindu University alumni Defence Ministers of India Indian Deputy Prime Ministers Indian independence activists from Bihar Members of the Constituent Assembly of India People from Sasaram Janata Party politicians Presidents of the Indian National Congress Railway Ministers of India Labour ministers of India Scouting and Guiding in India University of Calcutta alumni English - language writers from India Lok Sabha members from Bihar Pro tem Speakers of the Lok Sabha Dalit politicians Agriculture Ministers of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2013 Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has been the longest serving prime minister of india	[]	[]
-7316160910286945069	Greek War of Independence	Greek War of Independence - wikipedia Greek War of Independence Greek War of Independence Clockwise : The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Kastella , burning of a Turkish frigate by a Greek fire ship , Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi , Battle of Navarino Date 21 February 1821 -- 12 September 1829 ( 8 years , 6 months and 3 weeks ) Location Greece ( including Aegean Sea ) Result Greek independence : Establishment of the First Hellenic Republic ( 1822 -- 1832 ) Start of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 1829 ) London Protocol Treaty of Constantinople Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece ( 1832 ) Start of the First Egyptian - Ottoman War Territorial changes The Peloponnese , Saronic Islands , Cyclades , Sporades and , Continental Greece ceded to the independent Greek state Crete ceded to Egypt Belligerents Greek revolutionaries ( 1821 ) First Hellenic Republic ( from 1822 ) Supported by : Russian Empire ( after 1827 ) United Kingdom ( after 1823 ) France Haiti Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Beylik of Tunis Regency of Algiers Eyalet of Tripolitania Commanders and leaders Political : Filiki Eteria Alexandros Mavrokordatos Ioannis Kapodistrias ( from 1828 ) Bishop Germanos III of Old Patras Military : Th . Kolokotronis Alexander Ypsilantis Demetrius Ypsilantis Georgios Karaiskakis † Richard Church Andreas Miaoulis Constantine Kanaris Markos Botsaris † Papaflessas † Mahmud II Muhammad Ali Pasha Omer Vrioni Mahmud Dramali Pasha Hursid Pasha Husrev Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Casualties and losses est . 25,000 est . 20,000 Civilian deaths : estimated as high as 105,000 Greek War of Independence Outbreak ( 1821 ) Kalamata Patras Wallachian uprising Alamana 1st Acropolis Gravia Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Vasilika Dragashani Sculeni Vasilika Trench Tripolitsa 1822 - 1824 1st Chios Naousa Peta Expedition of Dramali ( Dervankia , Agionori ) Nauplia 1st Messolonghi Karpenisi 2nd Messolonghi Psara Samos Gerontas Greek civil wars of 1824 -- 25 Egyptian intervention ( 1825 - 1826 ) Andros Neocastro Sphacteria Maniaki Souda Mills of Lerna Alexandria 3rd Messolonghi Mani 2nd Acropolis Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Great powers intervention ( 1827 - 1829 ) Itea Navarino Morea expedition 2nd Chios Martino Koronisia Petra Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece ( show ) Neolithic Greece Greek Bronze Age ( show ) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Ancient Greece ( show ) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Medieval Greece ( show ) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states Early modern Greece ( show ) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece Modern Greece ( show ) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( Collaborationist regime , Free Greece ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic History by topic ( show ) Art Constitution Economy Military Names Greece portal The Greek War of Independence , also known as the Greek Revolution ( Greek : Ελληνική Επανάσταση , Elliniki Epanastasi , or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας , Agonas , `` Struggle '' ; Ottoman : يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı , `` Greek Uprising '' ) , was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830 . The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire , Great Britain , the Kingdom of France , while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals , the eyalets of Egypt , Algeria , and Tripolitania , and the Beylik of Tunis . Even several decades before the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 , most of Greece had come under Ottoman rule . During this time , there were several revolt attempts by Greeks to gain independence from Ottoman control . In 1814 , a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece . The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese , the Danubian Principalities , and in Constantinople and its surrounding areas . By late 1821 , the insurrection had been planned for March 25 ( Julian Calendar ) 1821 , on the Feast of the Annunciation for the Orthodox Christians . However , as the plans of Filiki Eteria had been discovered by the Ottoman authorities , the revolutionary action started earlier . The first of these revolts began on March 6 / February 22 , 1821 in the Danubian Principalities , but it was soon put down by the Ottomans . The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese into action and on March 17 , 1821 , the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans . This declaration was the start of a spring of revolutionary actions from other controlled states against the Ottoman Empire . On March 25 the revolution was officially declared and by the end of the month , the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Turks . By October 1821 , the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa . The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete , Macedonia , and Central Greece , which would soon be suppressed . Meanwhile , the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea . Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions , leading to two consecutive civil wars . In the meantime , the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt , who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain . Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success : by the end of 1825 , most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control , and the city of Missolonghi fell in April 1826 after a year - long siege by the Turks . Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani , he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese , and Athens had been retaken . Following years of negotiation , three Great Powers -- Russia , Britain and France -- decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece . Following news that combined Ottoman -- Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra , the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman -- Egyptian fleet at Navarino . The battle began after a tense week - long standoff , ending in the destruction of the Ottoman -- Egyptian fleet . By 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure of a French expeditionary force to which the Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese then surrendered , while the Greeks proceeded to the Ottoman - controlled part of central Greece . After eight years of war , Greece was finally recognized as an independent , sovereign state under the London Protocol of February 1830 . Later , in 1832 , the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople defined the final borders of the new state and established prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece . The Greek Revolution is celebrated by the modern Greek state as a national day on 25 March . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Ottoman rule 1.1. 1 Klephts and armatoloi 1.2 Enlightenment and the Greek national movement 1.3 Filiki Eteria 2 Philhellenism 3 Outbreak of the revolution 3.1 Danubian principalities 3.2 Peloponnese 3.3 Central Greece 3.4 The Ottoman reaction 3.5 International reaction 3.6 First administrative and political institutions 3.7 Revolutionary activity in Crete , Macedonia and Cyprus 3.7. 1 Crete 3.7. 2 Macedonia 3.7. 3 Cyprus 3.8 War at sea 4 1822 -- 1824 5 Revolution in peril 5.1 Infighting 6 Egypt intervenes to assist the Ottomans 7 Foreign intervention against the Ottomans 7.1 Initial hostility 7.2 Change of stance 7.2. 1 Battle of Navarino ( 1827 ) 7.3 From autonomy to independence 8 Massacres 9 Aftermath 10 Revolutionary flags 11 Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Citations 15 Sources 15.1 Secondary sources 16 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Background of the Greek War of Independence Ottoman rule ( edit ) See also : Ottoman Greece The Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty . After that , the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia , with some exceptions . Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule , but they were considered inferior subjects . The majority of Greeks were called Rayah by the Turks , a name that referred to the large mass of non-Muslim subjects under the Ottoman ruling class . Meanwhile , Greek intellectuals and humanists , who had migrated west before or during the Ottoman invasions , such as Demetrios Chalkokondyles and Leonardos Philaras , began to call for the liberation of their homeland . Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and `` all of the Latins '' to aid the Greeks against `` the abominable , monstrous , and impious barbarian Turks '' . However , Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries . The Greek Revolution was not an isolated event ; numerous failed attempts at regaining independence took place throughout the history of the Ottoman era . Throughout the 17th century there was great resistance to the Ottomans in the Morea and elsewhere , as evidenced by revolts led by Dionysius the Philosopher . After the Morean War , the Peloponnese came under Venetian rule for 30 years , and remained in turmoil from then on and throughout the 17th century , as the bands of klephts multiplied . The first great uprising was the Russian - sponsored Orlov Revolt of the 1770s , which was crushed by the Ottomans after having limited success . After the crushing of the uprising , Muslim Albanians ravaged many regions in mainland Greece . However , the Maniots continually resisted Ottoman rule , and defeated several Ottoman incursions into their region , the most famous of which was the invasion of 1770 . During the Second Russo - Turkish War , the Greek community of Trieste financed a small fleet under Lambros Katsonis , which was a nuisance for the Ottoman navy ; during the war klephts and armatoloi ( guerilla fighters in mountainous areas ) rose once again . At the same time , a number of Greeks enjoyed a privileged position in the Ottoman state as members of the Ottoman bureaucracy . Greeks controlled the affairs of the Orthodox Church through the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , as the higher clergy of the Orthodox Church was mostly of Greek origin . Thus , as a result of the Ottoman millet system , the predominantly Greek hierarchy of the Patriarchate enjoyed control over the Empire 's Orthodox subjects ( the Rum milleti ) . The Greek Orthodox Church played a pivotal role in the preservation of national identity , the development of Greek society and the resurgence of Greek nationalism . From the early 18th century and onwards , members of prominent Greek families in Constantinople , known as Phanariotes ( after the Phanar district of the city ) gained considerable control over Ottoman foreign policy and eventually over the bureaucracy as a whole . Klephts and armatoloi ( edit ) Portrait of a Greek armatolos by Richard Parkes Bonington ( oil painting , 1825 -- 1826 , Benaki Museum ) In times of militarily weak central authority , the Balkan countryside became infested by groups of bandits that struck at Muslims and Christians alike , called `` klephts '' ( Greek : κλέφτες ) in Greece , the equivalent of the hajduks . Defying Ottoman rule , the klephts were highly admired and held a significant place in popular lore . Responding to the klephts ' attacks , the Ottomans recruited the ablest amongst these groups , contracting Christian militias , known as `` armatoloi '' ( Greek : αρματολοί ) , to secure endangered areas , especially mountain passes . The area under their control was called an `` armatolik '' , the oldest known being established in Agrafa during the reign of Murad II ( r . 1421 -- 1451 ) . The distinction between klephts and armatoloi was not clear , as the latter would often turn into klephts to extort more benefits from the authorities , while , conversely , another klepht group would be appointed to the armatolik to confront their predecessors . Nevertheless , klephts and armatoloi formed a provincial elite , though not a social class , whose members would muster under a common goal . As the armatoloi 's position gradually turned into a hereditary one , some captains took care of their armatolik as their personal property . A great deal of power was placed in their hands and they integrated in the network of clientelist relationships that formed the Ottoman administration . Some managed to establish exclusive control in their armatolik , forcing the Porte to try repeatedly , though unsuccessfully , to eliminate them . By the time of the War of Independence powerful armatoloi could be traced in Rumeli , Thessaly , Epirus and southern Macedonia . To the revolutionary leader and writer Yannis Makriyannis , klephts and armatoloi -- being the only available major military force on the side of the Greeks -- played such a crucial role in the Greek revolution that he referred to them as the `` yeast of liberty '' . Enlightenment and the Greek national movement ( edit ) See also : Modern Greek Enlightenment Adamantios Korais Due to economic developments within and outside the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century , Greek merchants and sailors became affluent and generated the wealth necessary to found schools and libraries , and to pay for young Greeks to study at the universities of Western Europe . There they came into contact with the radical ideas of the European Enlightenment , the French Revolution and romantic nationalism . Educated and influential members of the large Greek diaspora , such as Adamantios Korais and Anthimos Gazis , tried to transmit these ideas back to the Greeks , with the double aim of raising their educational level and simultaneously strengthening their national identity . This was achieved through the dissemination of books , pamphlets and other writings in Greek , in a process that has been described as the modern Greek Enlightenment ( Greek : Διαφωτισμός ) . Rigas Feraios ( d . 1798 ) , intellectual and revolutionary , is regarded as a forerunner of the Greek Revolution . Crucial for the development of the Greek national idea were the Russo - Turkish Wars of the 18th century . Peter the Great had envisaged a disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the re-institution of a new Byzantine Empire with an Orthodox emperor . His Pruth River Campaign of 1711 set a precedent for the Greeks , when Peter appealed to Orthodox Christians to join the Russians and rise against the Turks to fight for `` faith and homeland '' . The Russo - Turkish wars of Catherine II ( 1762 - 1796 ) made the Greeks consider their emancipation with the aid of Russia . An independence movement in Peloponnesus ( Morea ) was incited by Russian agents in 1769 , and a Greek flotilla under Lambros Katsonis assisted the Russian fleet in the war of 1788 - 1792 . The Greek revolts of the 18th century were unsuccessful but far larger than the revolts of previous centuries , and they announced the initiative for a national revolution . Revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries ( including in the Balkans ) , due to the influence of the French Revolution . As the power of the Ottoman Empire declined , Greek nationalism began to assert itself . The most influential of the Greek writers and intellectuals was Rigas Feraios . Deeply influenced by the French Revolution , Rigas was the first to conceive and organize a comprehensive national movement aiming at the liberation of all Balkan nations -- including the Turks of the region -- and the creation of a `` Balkan Republic '' . Arrested by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797 , he was handed over to Ottoman officials and transported to Belgrade along with his co-conspirators . All of them were strangled to death in June 1798 and their bodies were dumped in the Danube . The death of Rigas fanned the flames of Greek nationalism ; his nationalist poem , the `` Thourios '' ( war - song ) , was translated into a number of Western European and later Balkan languages and served as a rallying cry for Greeks against Ottoman rule . Better an hour of free life Than forty years of slavery and prison . Rigas Feraios , approx . translation from his `` Thourios '' poem . Another influential Greek writer and intellectual was Adamantios Korais who witnessed the French Revolution . Korais ' primary intellectual inspiration was from the Enlightenment , and he borrowed ideas from Thomas Hobbes , John Locke and Jean - Jacques Rousseau . When Korais was a young adult he moved to Paris to continue his studies . He eventually graduated from the Montpellier School of Medicine and spent the remainder of his life in Paris . He would often have political and philosophical debates with Thomas Jefferson . While in Paris he was a witness to the French Revolution and saw the democracy that came out of it . He spent a lot of his time convincing wealthy Greeks to build schools and libraries to further the education of Greeks . He believed that a furthering in education would be necessary for the general welfare and prosperity of the people of Greece , as well as the country . Korais ' ultimate goal was a democratic Greece much like the Golden Age of Pericles but he died before the end of the revolution . The connection of the Greek Revolution with the Enlightenment and the French Revolution has been questioned by several Greek authors , who considered this theory mechanistic and false . The relation between the Greek and the French Revolution has also been challenged by other scholars , such as professor of history Nikolaos Vlachos ( he also doubts that the French Revolution was a `` revolution '' in the real sense ) , prof . Ioannis Theodorakopoulos , the historian of the Revolution Dionysios Kokkinos , prof. of history Emmanuel Protopsaltes , prof . Konstantinos Despotopoulos and others According to Th . Proussis , the main external factor who contributed to the progress to the Revolution was Russia . Since the era of Peter the Great , Russia envisioned a Christian battle against the Turks under his leadership . Greece has been involved in the Russian plans since the revolution of 1770 . The Greek cause began to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia , but also from Western European Philhellenes . This Greek movement for independence was not only the first movement of national character in Eastern Europe , but also the first one in a non-Christian environment , like the Ottoman Empire . Filiki Eteria ( edit ) Main article : Filiki Eteria Oath of the Filiki Eteria Feraios ' martyrdom was to inspire three young Greek merchants : Nikolaos Skoufas , Emmanuil Xanthos , and Athanasios Tsakalov . Influenced by the Italian Carbonari and profiting from their own experience as members of Freemasonic organizations , they founded in 1814 the secret Filiki Eteria ( `` Friendly Society '' ) in Odessa , an important center of the Greek mercantile diaspora in Russia . With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States and with the aid of sympathizers in Western Europe , they planned the rebellion . The society 's basic objective was a revival of the Byzantine Empire , with Constantinople as the capital , not the formation of a national state . In early 1820 , Ioannis Kapodistrias , an official from the Ionian Islands who had become the joint foreign minister of Tsar Alexander I , was approached by the Society in order to be named leader but declined the offer ; the Filikoi ( members of Filiki Eteria ) then turned to Alexander Ypsilantis , a Phanariote serving in the Russian army as general and adjutant to Alexander , who accepted . The Filiki Eteria expanded rapidly and was soon able to recruit members in all areas of the Greek world and among all elements of the Greek society . In 1821 , the Ottoman Empire mainly faced war against Persia and more particularly the revolt by Ali Pasha in Epirus , which had forced the vali ( governor ) of the Morea , Hursid Pasha , and other local pashas to leave their provinces and campaign against the rebel force . At the same time , the Great Powers , allied in the `` Concert of Europe '' in opposition to revolutions in the aftermath of Napoleon I of France , were preoccupied with revolts in Italy and Spain . It was in this context that the Greeks judged the time ripe for their own revolt . The plan originally involved uprisings in three places , the Peloponnese , the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople . Philhellenism ( edit ) Main article : Philhellenism The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan by Eugène Delacroix ( 1826 , oil on canvas , Art Institute of Chicago ) . Inspired by Lord Byron 's poem The Giaour . Because of the Greek origin of so much of the West 's classical heritage , there was tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe . Some wealthy Americans and Western European aristocrats , such as the renowned poet Lord Byron and later the physician Samuel Howe , took up arms to join the Greek revolutionaries . Many more also financed the revolution . The London Philhellenic Committee helped insurgent Greece to float two loans in 1824 ( £ 800,000 ) and 1825 ( £ 2,000,000 ) . The Scottish historian and philhellene Thomas Gordon took part in the revolutionary struggle and later wrote the first histories of the Greek revolution in English . According to Albert Boime , `` The philhellenes willingly overlooked many of the contradictory stories about Greek atrocities , because they had nowhere else to deposit their libertarian impulses . '' The mountains look on Marathon -- And Marathon looks on the sea ; And musing there an hour alone , I dream 'd that Greece might yet be free For , standing on the Persians ' grave , I could not deem myself a slave . ... Must we but weep o'er days more blest ? Must we but blush ? -- Our fathers bled . Earth ! render back from out thy breast A remnant of our Spartan dead ! Of the three hundred grant but three , To make a new Thermopylae . Byron , The Isles of Greece In Europe , the Greek revolt aroused widespread sympathy among the public , although at first it was met with lukewarm and negative reception from the Great Powers . Some historians argue that Ottoman atrocities were given wide coverage in Europe , while Greek atrocities tended to be suppressed or played down . The Ottoman massacres at Chios in 1822 inspired Eugène Delacroix 's famous painting Massacre of Chios ; other philhellenic works by Delacroix were inspired by various Byron poems . Byron , the most celebrated philhellene of all , lent his name , prestige and wealth to the cause . Byron spent time in Albania and Greece , organizing funds and supplies ( including the provision of several ships ) , but died from fever at Missolonghi in 1824 . Byron 's death helped to create an even stronger European sympathy for the Greek cause . His poetry , along with Delacroix 's art , helped arouse European public opinion in favor of the Greek revolutionaries to the point of no return , and led Western powers to intervene directly . Philhellenism made a notable contribution to romanticism , enabling the younger generation of artistic and literary intellectuals to expand the classical repertoire by treating modern Greek history as an extension of ancient history ; the idea of a regeneration of the spirit of ancient Greece permeated the rhetoric of the Greek cause 's supporters . Classicists and romantics of that period envisioned the casting out of the Turks as the prelude to the revival of the Golden Age . Outbreak of the Revolution ( edit ) Danubian Principalities ( edit ) See also : Wallachian uprising ( 1821 ) Alexander Ypsilantis crosses the Pruth , by Peter von Hess ( Benaki Museum , Athens ) Alexander Ypsilantis was elected as the head of the Filiki Eteria in April 1820 and took upon himself the task of planning the insurrection . His intention was to raise all the Christians of the Balkans in rebellion and perhaps force Russia to intervene on their behalf . On 22 February ( N.S. 6 March ) , he crossed the river Prut with his followers , entering the Danubian Principalities . In order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him , he announced that he had `` the support of a Great Power '' , implying Russia . Two days after crossing the Prut , at Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery in Iaşi ( Jassy ) , the capital of Moldavia , Ypsilantis issued a proclamation calling all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans . Michael Soutzos , then Prince of Moldavia and a member of Filiki Etaireia , set his guard at Ypsilantis ' disposal . In the meanwhile , Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople and the Synod had anathematized and excommunicated both Ypsilantis and Soutzos issuing many encyclicals , an explicit denunciation of the Revolution in line with the Orthodox Church 's policy . `` Fight for Faith and Fatherland ! The time has come , O Hellenes . Long ago the people of Europe , fighting for their own rights and liberties , invited us to imitation ... The enlightened peoples of Europe are occupied in restoring the same well - being , and , full of gratitude for the benefactions of our forefathers towards them , desire the liberation of Greece . We , seemingly worthy of ancestral virtue and of the present century , are hopeful that we will achieve their defense and help . Many of these freedom - lovers want to come and fight alongside us ... Who then hinders your manly arms ? Our cowardly enemy is sick and weak . Our generals are experienced , and all our fellow countrymen are full of enthusiasm . Unite , then , O brave and magnanimous Greeks ! Let national phalanxes be formed , let patriotic legions appear and you will see those old giants of despotism fall themselves , before our triumphant banners . '' Ypsilantis ' Proclamation at Iaşi . Instead of directly advancing on Brăila , where he arguably could have prevented Ottoman armies from entering the Principalities , and where he might have forced Russia to accept a fait accompli , Ypsilantis remained in Iaşi and ordered the executions of several pro-Ottoman Moldavians . In Bucharest , where he arrived in early April after some weeks delay , he decided that he could not rely on the Wallachian Pandurs to continue their Oltenian - based revolt and assist the Greek cause . The Pandur leader was Tudor Vladimirescu , who had already reached the outskirts of Bucharest on 16 March ( N.S. 28 March ) . In Bucharest , the relations of the two men deteriorated dramatically ; Vladimirescu 's first priority was to assert his authority against the newly appointed prince Scarlat Callimachi , trying to maintain relations with both Russia and the Ottomans . At that point , Kapodistrias , the foreign minister of Russia , was ordered by Alexander I to send Ypsilantis a letter upbraiding him for misusing the mandate received from the Tsar ; Kapodistrias announced to Ypsilantis that his name had been struck off the army list and that he was commanded to lay down arms . Ypsilantis tried to ignore the letter , but Vladimirescu took this as the end of his commitment to the Eteria . A conflict erupted inside his camp and Vladimirescu was tried and put to death by the Eteria on 26 May ( N.S. 7 June ) . The loss of their Romanian allies , followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil , sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 7 June ( N.S. 19 June ) . Important events of the first year of the war Alexander Ypsilantis , accompanied by his brother Nicholas and a remnant of his followers , retreated to Râmnicu Vâlcea , where he spent some days negotiating with the Austrian authorities for permission to cross the frontier . Fearing that his followers might surrender him to the Turks , he gave out that Austria had declared war on Turkey , caused a Te Deum to be sung in Cozia Monastery , and on pretext of arranging measures with the Austrian commander - in - chief , he crossed the frontier . However , the reactionary policies of the Holy Alliance were enforced by Francis II and the country refused to give asylum for leaders of revolts in neighboring countries . Ypsilantis was kept in close confinement for seven years . In Moldavia , the struggle continued for a while , under Giorgakis Olympios and Yiannis Pharmakis , but by the end of the year the provinces had been pacified by the Ottomans . The outbreak of the war was met by mass executions , pogrom - style attacks , the destruction of churches , and looting of Greek properties throughout the Empire . The most severe atrocities occurred in Constantinople , in what became known as the Constantinople Massacre of 1821 . The Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V was executed on 22 April 1821 on the orders of the Sultan despite his opposition to the revolt , which caused outrage throughout Europe and resulted in increased support for the Greek rebels . Peloponnese ( edit ) `` Kephalas plants the flag of liberty upon the walls of Tripolizza '' ( Siege of Tripolitsa ) by Peter von Hess . The Peloponnese , with its long tradition of resistance to the Ottomans , was to become the heartland of the revolt . In the early months of 1821 , with the absence of the Ottoman governor of the Morea ( Mora valisi ) Hursid Pasha and many of his troops , the situation was favourable for the Greeks to rise against Ottoman occupation . The crucial meeting was held at Vostitsa ( modern Aigion ) , where chieftains and prelates from all over the Peloponnese assembled on 26 January . There , Papaflessas , a pro-revolution priest who presented himself as representative of Filiki Eteria clashed with most of the civil leaders and members of the senior clergy , such as Metropolitan Germanos of Patras , who were sceptical and demanded guarantees about a Russian intervention . `` Bishop Germanos of Old Patras blessing the flag of Liberty '' , by Peter von Hess . As news came of Ypsilantis ' march into the Danubian Principalities , the atmosphere in the Peloponnese was tense , and by mid-March , sporadic incidents against Muslims occurred , heralding the start of the uprising . According to tradition and several contemporary sources , the Revolution was declared on 25 March 1821 ( N.S. 6 April ) by Metropolitan Germanos of Patras , who raised the banner with the cross in the Monastery of Agia Lavra , although some historians question the historicity of the event . Some claim that the story first appears in 1824 in a book written by a French diplomat François Pouqueville , whose book is full of inventions . The British historian David Brewer noted that Pouqueville was an Anglophobe , and in his account of the speech by Germanos in his book , Pouqueville has the Metropolitan denounce Britain in language that smacks more of French Anglophobia than anything that a Greek would say , and has him praise France as Greece 's one true friend in the world , which led Brewer to conclude that Pouqueville had invented the entire story as a way to bash Britain . However , a research on the archive of Hugues Pouqueville ( François Pouqueville 's brother , then Consul of France in Patras ) kept in the French Ministry of External Affairs , claims that François ' account is correct and is based on H. Pouqueville 's diary . Also , some European newspapers of June and July 1821 published the news of declaration of revolution by Germanos either in Patras on April 6 / March 25 , 1821 or in the `` Monastery of Velia Mountain '' ( Agia Laura ) on a non specified date . Statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis , Nafplio On 17 March 1821 , war was declared on the Turks by the Maniots in Areopoli . The same day , a force of 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petros Mavromichalis advanced on the Messenian town of Kalamata , where they united with troops under Theodoros Kolokotronis , Nikitaras and Papaflessas ; Kalamata fell to the Greeks on 23 March . In Achaia , the town of Kalavryta was besieged on 21 March , and in Patras conflicts lasted for many days . The Ottomans launched sporadic attacks towards the city while the revolutionaries , led by Panagiotis Karatzas , drove them back to the fortress . By the end of March , the Greeks effectively controlled the countryside , while the Turks were confined to the fortresses , most notably those of Patras ( recaptured by the Turks on 3 April by Yussuf Pasha ) , Rio , Acrocorinth , Monemvasia , Nafplion and the provincial capital , Tripolitsa , where many Muslims had fled with their families at the beginning of the uprising . All these were loosely besieged by local irregular forces under their own captains , since the Greeks lacked artillery . With the exception of Tripolitsa , all sites had access to the sea and could be resupplied and reinforced by the Ottoman fleet . Since May , Kolokotronis organized the siege of Tripolitsa , and , in the meantime , Greek forces twice defeated the Turks , who unsuccessfully tried to repulse the besiegers . Finally , Tripolitsa was seized by the Greeks on 23 September ( N.S. 5 October ) , and the city was given over to the mob for two days . After lengthy negotiations , the Turkish forces surrendered Actrocorinth on 14 January 1822 . Central Greece ( edit ) Portrait of Athanasios Diakos The first regions to revolt in Central Greece were Phocis ( 24 March ) and Salona ( 27 March ) . In Boeotia , Livadeia was captured by Athanasios Diakos on 31 March , followed by Thebes two days later . When the revolution began , most of the Christian population of Athens fled to Salamis . In 1821 , Athens had about 10,000 people , half of whom were Christian Greeks and the other half were Muslims , being either Turks , Albanians or Greek Muslims . In mid-April revolutionary forces entered Athens and forced the Turkish garrison into the Acropolis , which they laid siege to . Missolonghi revolted on 25 May , and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece . The Ottoman commander in the Roumeli was the Albanian general Omer Vrioni who become infamous for his `` Greek hunts '' in Attica , which was described thus : `` One of his favourite amusements was a ' Greek hunt ' as the Turks called it . They would go out in parties of fifty to a hundred , mounted on fleet horses , and scour the open country in search of Greek peasantry , who might from necessity or hardihood have ventured down upon the plains . After capturing some , they would give the poor creatures a certain distance to start ahead , hoping to escape , and then try the speed of their horses in overtaking them , the accuracy of their pistols in firing at them as they ran , or the keenness of their sabres ' edge in cutting off their heads '' . Those not cut down or shot down during the `` Greek hunts '' were impaled afterwards when captured . Panagiotis Zographos illustrates under the guindance of General Makriyannis the battles of Alamana ( left ) and Acropolis ( right ) ( from his Scenes from the Greek War of Independence ) . The initial Greek successes were soon put in peril after two subsequent defeats at the battles of Alamana and Eleftherohori against the army of Omer Vrioni . Another significant loss for the Greeks was the death of Diakos , a promising military leader , who was captured in Alamana and executed by the Turks when he refused to declare allegiance to the Sultan . The Greeks managed to halt the Turkish advance at the Battle of Gravia under the leadership of Odysseas Androutsos , who , with a handful of men , inflicted heavy casualties upon the Turkish army . After his defeat and the successful retreat of Androutsos ' force , Omer Vrioni postponed his advance towards Peloponnese awaiting reinforcements ; instead , he invaded Livadeia , which he captured on 10 June , and Athens , where he lifted the siege of the Acropolis . After a Greek force of 2,000 men managed to destroy at Vassilika a Turkish relief army on its way to Vrioni , the latter abandoned Attica in September and retreated to Ioannina . By the end of 1821 , the revolutionaries had managed to temporarily secure their positions in Central Greece . The Ottoman reaction ( edit ) Atrocities against the Greek population of Constantinople , April 1821 . Patriarch Gregory V was executed by the Ottoman authorities . The news that the Greeks had revolted sparked murderous fury all over the Ottoman Empire . In Constantinople , on Easter Sunday , the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church , Gregory V , was publicly hanged despite the fact that he had condemned the revolution and preached obedience to the Sultan in his sermons . Since the revolution began in March , the Sublime Porte had executed at random various prominent Greeks living in Constantinople , such as a loyal Phanariot serving as a dragoman , two retired dragoman , a number of wealthy bankers and merchants , including a member of the ultra-rich Mavrokordhatos family , three monks and a priest of the Orthodox church , and three ordinary Greeks accused of planning to poison the city 's water supply . In the city of Smyrna ( modern İzmir , Turkey ) , which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city , Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia / Wallachia , staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks , leading Gordon to write : `` 3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter , plundered the houses and slaughtered the people ; Smyrna resembled a place taken by assault , neither age or sex being respected '' . When a local imam was asked to give a fatwa justifying the murder of Christians by Muslims and refused , he too was promptly killed under the grounds that he was not a proper Muslim . International reaction ( edit ) Jean - Pierre Boyer , President of Haiti . Haiti was the first independent state that recognised the revolution . The news of the revolution was greeted with dismay by the conservative leaders of Europe , committed to upholding the system established at the Congress of Vienna , but was greeted with enthusiasm by many ordinary people across Europe . After the execution of the Patriarch Gregory V , the Russian Emperor Alexander I broke off diplomatic relations with the Sublime Porte after his foreign minister Count Ioannis Kapodistrias sent an ultimatum demanding promises from the Ottomans to stop executing Orthodox priests , which the Porte did not see fit to answer . In the summer of 1821 , various young men from all Europe began to gather in the French port of Marseilles to book a passage to Greece and join the revolution . The French philhellene Jean - François - Maxime Raybaud wrote when he heard of the revolution in March 1821 , `` I learnt with a thrill that Greece was shaking off her chains '' and in July 1821 boarded a ship going to Greece . Between the summer of 1821 and end of 1822 , when the French started to inspect ships leaving Marseilles for philhellenes , some 360 volunteers travelled to Greece . From the United States came the doctor Samuel Gridley Howe and the soldier George Jarvis to fight with the Greeks . The largest contingents came from the German states , France and the Italian states . In Nafplio , a monument to honor the philhellenes who died fighting in the war listed 274 names , of which 100 are from Germany , forty each from France and Italy , and the rest from Britain , Spain , Hungary , Sweden , Portugal and Denmark . The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi by Theodoros Vryzakis In Germany , Italy and France many clergyman and university professors gave speeches saying all of Europe owed a huge debt to ancient Greece , that the modern Greeks were entitled to call upon the classical heritage as a reason for support , and that Greece would only achieve progress with freedom from the Ottoman Empire . A young medical student in Mannheim wrote that hearing his professor lecture on the need for Greek freedom went through him like an electric shock , inspiring him to drop his studies and head to Greece , while a Danish student wrote : `` How could a man inclined to fight for freedom and justice find a better place than next to the oppressed Greeks ? '' . In France , the United Kingdom , Spain , Russia , the United States and many other places `` Greek committees '' were established to raise funds and supplies for the revolution . The classicist Edward Everett , a professor of Greek at Harvard , was active in championing the Greek cause in the United States and in November 1821 published an appeal from Adhamantios Korais reading `` To the Citizens of the United States , it is your land that Liberty has fixed her abode , so you will not assuredly imitate the culpable indifference or rather the long ingratitude of the Europeans '' , going on to call for American intervention , in several American newspapers . In 1821 , the Greek committee in Charleston , South Carolina sent the Greeks 50 barrels of salted meat while the Greek Committee in Springfield , Massachusetts sent supplies of salted meat , sugar , fish and flour . Newspapers in the United States gave the war much coverage and were overwhelmingly pro-Greek in their stance , which explains why American public opinion was so supportive . In New York City , one ball put on by the Greek committee raised $8,000 . In Russia , the St. Petersburg Greek committee under Prince Alexander Golitsyn had raised 973 , 500 roubles by August 1822 . By the end of the war , millions of roubles had been fund - raised in Russia for the relief of refugees and to buy Greeks enslaved freedom ( though the government forbade buying arms for the Greeks ) , but no Russian is known to have gone to fight with the Greeks . Haiti was the first government of an independent state to recognise the revolution . Jean - Pierre Boyer , President of Haiti , following a Greek request for assistance , addressed a letter on 15 January 1822 . In the letter sent to Greek expatriates living in France , Adamantios Korais , Christodoulos Klonaris , Christodoulos Klonaris , Konstantinos Polychroniades and A. Bogorides , who had assembled themselves into a Committee which was seeking international support for the ongoing Greek revolution , expressed his support for the Greek Revolution and compared the struggle underfoot across the Atlantic to the struggle for independence in his own land . He apologized for being unable to support the Revolution in Greece financially , though he hoped he might be able to in the future . But he articulated his moral and political support for the revolution , notably by filling his letter with references to classical Greek history , demonstrating a detailed knowledge of this history and powerfully evoking the contemporary revolutionaries as the rightful heirs of their ancestors . Some historians claim that Boyer also sent to the Greeks 25 tons of Haitian coffee that could be sold and the proceeds used to purchase weapons , but not enough evidence exists to support this or the other claim that one hundred Haitian volunteers set off to fight in the Greek Revolution . Allegedly , their ship was boarded by pirates somewhere in the Mediterranean and these fighters purportedly never reached their destination . First administrative and political institutions ( edit ) See also : First National Assembly at Epidaurus The flag of the Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece with symbols of faith , charity ( heart ) , and hope ( anchor ) After the fall of Kalamata , the Messenian Senate , the first of the Greeks ' local governing councils , held its inaugural session . At almost the same time , the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras , but its members were soon forced to flee to Kalavryta . With the initiative of the Messenian Senate , a Peloponnesian assembly convened , and elected a Senate on 26 May . Most of the members of the Peloponnesian Senate were local notables ( lay and ecclesiastical ) or persons controlled by them . The three major social groups that provided the leadership of the revolution were the primates ( wealthy landowners who controlled about a third of the arable land in the Peloponnese ) , the captains drawn from the klephts and / or armatolos ( klepts and armatolos tended to alternate ) , and the wealthy merchants , who were the most Westernised elements in Greek society . One of the more prominent leaders of the merchants and a `` Westerniser '' was the Phanariot Alexandros Mavrokordatos who was living with the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley in Pisa when the revolution began , and upon hearing of the revolution , purchased supplies and a ship in Marseilles and then set sail for Greece . Mavrokordhatos 's wealth , education ( he was fluent in seven languages ) and his experience as an Ottoman official ruling Wallachia led many to look towards him as a leader . When Demetrios Ypsilantis arrived in Peloponnese as official representative of Filiki Eteria , he tried to assume control of the Revolution 's affairs , and he thus proposed a new system of electing the members of the Senate , which was supported by the military leaders , but opposed by the notables . Assemblies convened also in Central Greece ( November 1821 ) under the leadership of two Phanariots : Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part , and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part . These assemblies adopted two local statutes , the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece , drafted mainly by Mavrokordatos and Negris respectively . The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece , an Areopagus in the east , and a Senate in the west . The three local statutes were recognized by the First National Assembly , but the respective administrative institutions were turned into administrative branches of the central government . They were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly . Revolutionary activity in Crete , Macedonia and Cyprus ( edit ) Crete ( edit ) Hatzimichalis Dalianis , commander of the campaign to Crete , was killed in Frangokastello in 1828 . Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive , but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention . Crete had a long history of resisting Turkish rule , exemplified by the folk hero Daskalogiannis , who was killed while fighting the Turks . In 1821 , an uprising by Christians was met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops , regarded as ringleaders . Despite the Turkish reaction the rebellion persisted , and thus Sultan Mahmud II ( r . 1808 -- 1839 ) was forced to seek the aid of Muhammad Ali of Egypt , trying to lure him with the pashalik of Crete . On 28 May 1822 , an Egyptian fleet of 30 warships and 84 transports arrived at Souda Bay led by Hasan Pasha , Mehmet Ali 's son - in - law ; he was tasked with ending the rebellion and did not waste any time in the burning of villages throughout Crete . After Hasan 's accidental death in February 1823 , another son - in - law of Muhammad Ali of Egypt , Hussein Bey , led a well - organised and well - armed joint Turkish - Egyptian force of 12,000 soldiers with the support of artillery and cavalry . On 22 June 1823 , Emmanouil Tombazis , appointed Commissioner of Crete by the Greek revolutionary government , held the Convention of Arcoudaina in an attempt to reconcile the factions of local captains and unite them against the common threat . He then gathered 3,000 men in Gergeri to face Hussein , but the Cretans were defeated by the much larger and better - organised force , and lost 300 men at the battle of Amourgelles on 20 August 1823 . By the spring of 1824 , Hussein had managed to limit the Cretan resistance to just a few mountain enclaves . View of the Frangokastello castle . Towards the summer of 1825 , a body of three to four hundred Cretans , who had fought with other Greeks in the Peloponnese , arrived in Crete and revitalized the Cretan insurgency ( the so - called `` Gramvousa period '' ) . On 9 August 1825 , led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis , this group of Cretans captured the fort at Gramvousa and other insurgents captured the fort at Kissamos , and attempted to spread the insurgency further afield . Although the Ottomans did not manage to retake the forts , they were successful in blocking the spread of the insurgency to the island 's western provinces . The insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years and they had to resort to piracy to survive . Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected Turkish -- Egyptian and European shipping in the region . During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and built a school and a church dedicated to the Panagia i Kleftrina ( `` Our Lady the piratess '' ) -- St Mary as the patron of the klephts . In January 1828 , the Epirote Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed in Crete with 700 men and in the following March took possession of Frangokastello , a castle in the Sfakia region . Soon the local Ottoman ruler , Mustafa Naili Pasha , attacked Frangokastello with an army of 8,000 men . The castle 's defence was doomed after a seven - day siege and Dalianis perished along with 385 men . During 1828 , Kapodistrias sent Mavrocordatos with British and French fleets to Crete to deal with the klephts and the pirates . This expedition resulted in the destruction of all pirate ships at Gramvousa and the fort came under British command . Macedonia ( edit ) Letter of Alexander Ypsilantis to Emmanouel Pappas , dated 8 October 1820 The economic ascent of Thessaloniki and of the other urban centres of Macedonia coincided with the cultural and political renaissance of the Greeks . The ideals and patriotic songs of Rigas Feraios and others had made a profound impression upon the Thessalonians . Α few years later , the revolutionary fervour of the southern Greeks was to spread to these parts , and the seeds of Filiki Eteria were speedily to take root . The leader and coordinator of the revolution in Macedonia was Emmanouel Pappas from the village of Dobista , Serres , who was initiated into the Filiki Eteria in 1819 . Pappas had considerable influence over the local Ottoman authorities , especially the local governor , Ismail Bey , and offered much of his personal wealth for the cause . Following the instructions of Alexander Ypsilantis , that is to prepare the ground and to rouse the inhabitants of Macedonia to rebellion , Pappas loaded arms and munitions from Constantinople on a ship on 23 March and proceeded to Mount Athos , considering that this would be the most suitable spring - board for starting the insurrection . As Vacalopoulos notes , however , `` adequate preparations for rebellion had not been made , nor were revolutionary ideals to be reconciled with the ideological world of the monks within the Athonite regime '' . On 8 May , the Turks , infuriated by the landing of sailors from Psara at Tsayezi , by the capture of Turkish merchants and the seizure of their goods , rampaged through the streets of Serres , searched the houses of the notables for arms , imprisoned the Metropolitan and 150 merchants , and seized their goods as a reprisal for the plundering by the Psarians . In Thessaloniki , governor Yusuf Bey ( the son of Ismail Bey ) imprisoned in his headquarters more than 400 hostages , of whom more than 100 were monks from the monastic estates . He also wished to seize the powerful notables of Polygyros , who got wind of his intentions and fled . On 17 May , the Greeks of Polygyros took up arms , killed the local governor and 14 of his men , and wounded three others ; they also repulsed two Turkish detachments . On 18 May , when Yusuf learned of the incidents at Polygyros and the spreading of the insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki , he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes . The Mulla of Thessalonica , Hayrıülah , gives the following description of Yusuf 's retaliations : Every day and every night you hear nothing in the streets of Thessaloniki but shouting and moaning . It seems that Yusuf Bey , the Yeniceri Agasi , the Subaşı , the hocas and the ulemas have all gone raving mad . Statue of Emmanouel Pappas in Athens It would take until the end of the century for the city 's Greek community to recover . The revolt , however , gained momentum in Mount Athos and Kassandra , and the island of Thasos joined it . Meanwhile , the revolt in Chalkidiki was progressing slowly and unsystematically . In June 1821 the insurgents tried to cut communications between Thrace and the south , attempting to prevent the serasker Hadji Mehmet Bayram Pasha from transferring forces from Asia Minor to southern Greece . Even though the rebels delayed him , they were ultimately defeated at the pass of Rentina . The insurrection in Chalkidiki was , from then on , confined to the peninsulas of Mount Athos and Kassandra . On 30 October 1821 , an offensive led by the new Pasha of Thessaloniki , Mehmet Emin Abulubud , resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory at Kassandra . The survivors , among them Pappas , were rescued by the Psarian fleet , which took them mainly to Skiathos , Skopelos and Skyros . However , Pappas died en route to join the revolution at Hydra . Sithonia , Mount Athos and Thasos subsequently surrendered on terms . Nevertheless , the revolt spread from Central to Western Macedonia , from Olympus to Pieria and Vermion . In the autumn of 1821 , Nikolaos Kasomoulis was sent to southern Greece as the `` representative of South - East Macedonia '' , and met Demetrius Ypsilantis . He then wrote to Papas from Hydra , asking him to visit Olympus to meet the captains there and to `` fire them with the required patriotic enthusiasm '' . At the beginning of 1822 , Anastasios Karatasos and Aggelis Gatsos arranged a meeting with other armatoloi ; they decided that the insurrection should be based on three towns : Naoussa , Kastania , and Siatista . In March 1822 , Mehmed Emin secured decisive victories at Kolindros and Kastania . Further north , in the vicinity of Naousa , Zafeirakis Theodosiou , Karatasos and Gatsos organized the city 's defense , and the first clashes resulted in a victory for the Greeks . Mehmed Emin then appeared before the town with 10,000 regular troops and 10,600 irregulars . Failing to get the insurgents to surrender , Mehmed Emin launched a number of attacks pushing them further back and finally captured Naousa in April , helped by the enemies of Zafeirakis , who had revealed an unguarded spot , the `` Alonia '' . Reprisals and executions ensued , and women are reported to have flung themselves over the Arapitsa waterfall to avoid dishonor and being sold in slavery . Those who broke through the siege of Naousa fell back in Kozani , Siatista and Aspropotamos River , or were carried by the Psarian fleet to the northern Aegean islands . Cyprus ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Konstantinos Kanaris On 9 June 1821 3 ships sailed from Cyprus with General Konstantinos Kanaris . They landed at Asprovrisi , of Lapithou . Kanaris brought with him papers from the Filiki Etaireia , and the ships were welcomed with rapturous applause and patriotic cries from the local Greeks of the area , who helped Kanaris and the soldiers from Cyprus as much as they could . Kanaris brought with him the Cypriots who created the `` Column of Cypriots '' ( `` Φάλαγγα των Κυπρίων '' ) , led by General Chatzipetros , which fought with extraordinary heroism in Greece . In total , over 1000 Cypriots fought in the War of Independence , many of whom died . At Missolonghi many were killed , and at the Battle of Athens in 1827 , around 130 were killed . General Chatzipetros , showing military decorations declared `` These were given to me by the heroism and braveness of the Column of Cypriots '' . In the National Library , there is a list of 580 names of Cypriots who fought in the War between 1821 and 1829 . The Cypriot battalion brought with them their own distinctive war banner , consisting of a white flag with a large blue cross , and the words GREEK FLAG OF THE MOTHERLAND CYPRUS emblazoned in the top left corner . The flag was hoisted on a wooden mast , carved and pointed at the end to act as a lance in battle . The legendary battle flag is currently stored at the National Historical Museum of Athens . Painting of the Archbishop Kyprianos of Cyprus Throughout the War of Independence , supplies were brought from Cyprus by the Filiki Etairia to aid the Greek struggle . The Greeks of Cyprus underwent great risk to provide these supplies , and secretly load them onto boats arriving at intervals from Greece , as the Ottoman Rulers in Cyprus at the time were very wary of Cypriot insurgency and sentenced to death any Greek Cypriots found aiding the Greek cause . Incidences of these secret loading trips from Cyprus were recorded by the French consul to Cyprus , Mechain . Back in Cyprus during the war , the local population suffered greatly at the hands of the Ottoman rulers of the islands , who were quick to act with great severity at acts of patriotism and sympathy of the Greeks of Cyprus to the Revolution , fearing a similar uprising in Cyprus . The leader of the Greeks of the island at the time , Archbishop Kyprianos was initiated into the Filiki Etairia in 1818 and had promised to aid the cause of the Greek Elladites with food and money . In early July 1821 , the Cypriot Archimandrite Theofylaktos Thiseas arrived in Larnaca as a messenger of the Filiki Etairia , bringing orders to Kyprianos , while proclamations were distributed in every corner of the island . However , the local pasha , Küçük Mehmet , intercepted these messages and reacted with fury , calling in reinforcements , confiscating weapons and arresting several prominent Cypriots . Archbishop Kyprianos was urged ( by his friends ) to leave the island as the situation worsened but refused to do so . On 9 July 1821 Küçük Mehmet had the gates to the walled city of Nicosia closed and executed , by beheading or hanging , 470 important Cypriots amongst them Chrysanthos ( bishop of Paphos ) , Meletios ( bishop of Kition ) and Lavrentios of ( bishop of Kyrenia ) . The next day , all abbots and monks of monasteries of Cyprus were executed . In addition , the Ottomans arrested all the Greek leaders of the villages and imprisoned them before executing them , as they were suspected of inspiring patriotism in their local population . In total , it is estimated that over 2,000 Greeks of Cyprus were slaughtered as an act of revenge for participating in the revolution . This was a very significant proportion of the total population of the island at the time . Küçük Mehmet had declared `` I have in my mind to slaughter the Greeks in Cyprus , to hang them , to not leave a soul ... '' before undertaking these massacres . From the 9th to the 14 July , the Ottomans killed all prisoners on the list of the pasha , and in the next 30 days , looting and massacres spread throughout Cyprus as 4,000 Turkish soldiers from Syria arrived on the island . Archbishop Kyprianos was defiant in his death . He was aware of his fate and impending death , yet stood by the Greek cause . He is revered throughout Cyprus as a noble patriot and defender of the Orthodox faith and Hellenic cause . An English explorer by the name of Carne spoke to the Archbishop before the events of 9 July , who was quoted as saying : `` My death is not far away . I know they ( the Ottoman ) are waiting for an opportunity to kill me '' . Kyprianos chose to stay , despite these fears , and provide protection and counsel for the people of Cyprus as their leader . He was publicly hanged from a tree opposite the former palace of the Lusignan Kings of Cyprus on 19 July 1821 . The events leading up to his execution were documented in an epic poem written in the Cypriot dialect by Vassilis Michaelides . War at sea ( edit ) The figurehead of Anastasios Tsamados ' famous brig Aris , today in the National Historical Museum , Athens . From the early stages of the revolution , success at sea was vital for the Greeks . When they failed to counter the Ottoman Navy , it was able to resupply the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire 's provinces , theatening to crush the rebellion ; likewise the failure of the Greek fleet to break the naval blocade of Missolonghi ( as it did several times earlier ) in 1826 led to the fall of the city . The Greek fleet was primarily outfitted by prosperous Aegean islanders , principally from three islands : Hydra , Spetses and Psara . Each island equipped , manned and maintained its own squadron , under its own admiral . Although they were manned by experienced crews , the Greek ships were not designed for warfare , equipped with only light guns and staffed by armed merchantmen . Against them stood the Ottoman fleet , which enjoyed several advantages : its ships and supporting craft were built for war ; it was supported by the resources of the vast Ottoman Empire ; command was centralized and disciplined under the Kapudan Pasha . The total Ottoman fleet size consisted of 20 three - masted ships of the line , each with about 80 guns and 7 or 8 frigates with 50 guns , 5 corvettes with about 30 guns and around 40 brigs with 20 or fewer guns . `` The burning of the Ottoman frigate at Eressos by Dimitrios Papanikolis '' by Konstantinos Volanakis In the face of this situation , the Greeks decided to use fire ships ( Greek : πυρπολικά or μπουρλότα ) , which had proven themselves effective for the Psarians during the Orlov Revolt in 1770 . The first test was made at Eresos on 27 May 1821 , when an Ottoman frigate was successfully destroyed by a fire ship under Dimitrios Papanikolis . In the fire ships , the Greeks found an effective weapon against the Ottoman vessels . In subsequent years , the successes of the Greek fire ships would increase their reputation , with acts such as the destruction of the Ottoman flagship by Constantine Kanaris at Chios , after the massacre of the island 's population in June 1822 , acquiring international fame . Overall , 59 fire ship attacks were carried out , of which 39 were successful . At the same time , conventional naval actions were also fought , at which naval commanders like Andreas Miaoulis distinguished themselves . The early successes of the Greek fleet in direct confrontations with the Ottomans at Patras and Spetses gave the crews confidence and contributed greatly to the survival and success of the uprising in the Peloponnese . Later , however , as Greece became embroiled in a civil war , the Sultan called upon his strongest subject , Muhammad Ali of Egypt , for aid . Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness , the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824 , or the landing of the Egyptian army at Methoni . Despite victories at Samos and Gerontas , the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 . 1822 -- 1824 ( edit ) Dionysios Solomos wrote in 1823 the Hymn to Liberty , which later became the National Greek anthem . Revolutionary activity was fragmented because of the lack of strong central leadership and guidance . However , the Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks , because , during the same period , the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic , and the Ottoman presence in the rebel areas uncoordinated due to logistical problems . The cash - strapped Ottoman state , whose always difficult relations with Russia had been made worse by the hanging the Patriarch Grigorios , and the Sublime Porte needed to concentrate substantial forces on borders with Russia in case war should break out . From October 1820 to July 1823 , the Ottomans were at war with Persia , and in March 1823 a huge fire at the Tophana military arsenal in Constantinople destroyed much of the Ottoman state 's supplies of ammunition and its main cannon foundry . Short of men and money , the Ottoman state turned to hiring Albanian tribesmen to fight the Greeks , and by 1823 , the bulk of the Ottoman forces in Greece were Albanian mercenaries hired for a campaigning season rather than the Ottoman Army . The Albanian tribesmen , whose style of war was very similar to the Greeks , fought only for money and were liable to go home when not paid or able to plunder in lieu of pay . The Greek military leaders preferred battlefields where they could annihilate the numerical superiority of the opponent , and , at the same time , the lack of artillery hampered Ottoman military efforts . The death of Markos Botsaris in Karpenisi `` , by Marsigli Filippo On 11 April 1822 , the Ottoman fleet , under the Kapitan Pasha , Kara Ali , arrived on the island of Chios . The Ottoman sailors and soldiers promptly went on a rampage , killing and raping without mercy , as one contemporary recalled : `` Mercy was out of the question , the victors butchering indiscriminately all who came in their way ; shrieks rent the air , and the streets were strewn with the dead bodies of old men , women , and children ; even the inmates of the hospital , the madhouse and deaf and dumb institution , were inhumanely slaughtered '' . Before Kara Ali 's fleet had arrived , Chios had between 100,000 and 120,000 Greeks living there , of which some 25,000 were killed in the massacre , with another 45,000 ( mostly women and children ) sold into slavery . The Chios massacre shocked all of Europe and further increased public sympathy for the Greek cause . The Greeks avenged the massacre on the night of 18 June 1822 , when the Ottoman fleet were busy celebrating the end of the sacred Muslim holiday of Ramadan , which the Greek fleet under Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris and Andreas Pipinos took advantage of to launch a fire ship attack . As Kara Ali 's ship was brightly lit as befitting the Kapitan Pasha , a fire ship under Kanaris was able to strike his ship , causing the Ottoman flagship to blow up . Of the 2,286 or so aboard the flagship , only 180 survived , but unfortunately many of the dead were Chians enslaved by Kara Ali , who was planning on selling them on the slave markets when he reached Constantinople . In July 1822 , the Greeks and philhellenes at the Battle of Peta under Alexandros Mavrokordatos inflicted much punishment on an Ottoman army commanded by Omer Vrioni , but reflecting the chronic factionalism and disunity that characterized the Greek war effort , were undone when one of the Greek captains , Gogos Bakolas betrayed his own side to the Ottomans , allowing Albanian infantry to advance up the ridge . The battle ended in an Ottoman victory , and with most of the philhellenes killed . The successive military campaigns of the Ottomans in Western and Eastern Greece were repulsed : in 1822 , Mahmud Dramali Pasha crossed Roumeli and invaded Morea , but suffered a serious defeat in the Dervenakia . Theodoros Kolokotronis , who annihilated Dramali Pasha 's army at Dervenakia , became the hero of the hour , attracting much praise all over Greece . `` Expedition of Mahmud Dramali Pasha at Argos '' by Alexandros Isaias The Greek government had been desperately short of money since the start of the revolution , and in February 1823 , the banker Andréas Louriótis arrived in London , seeking a loan from the City . Assisted by the London Greek Committee , which included several MPs and intellectuals , Louriótis began to lobby the City for a loan . One of the British philhellenes , Edward Blaquiere , issued a report in September 1823 which grossly exaggerated Greece 's wealth and claimed that once independent , Greece would easily become `` one of the most opulent nations of Europe '' . Blaquiere further assisted the campaign by publishing two books in 1824 , in which he claimed : `` I should have no hesitation whatever in estimating the physical strength of regenerated Greece to be fully equal to the whole South American continent '' , concluding there was `` no part of the world ... with a more productive soil or happier climate than Greece ... Of all the countries or governments who have borrowed money in London within the last ten years ... Greece possesses the surest and most ample means of re-payment '' . The 1823 campaign in Western Greece was led by Mustafa Reshit Pasha and Omer Vrioni . During the summer the Souliot Markos Botsaris was shot dead at the Battle of Karpenisi in his attempt to stop the advance of the Ottomans ; the announcement of his death in Europe generated a wave of sympathy for the Greek cause . The campaign ended after the Second Siege of Missolonghi in December 1823 . In February 1824 , the loan for Greece was floated in the City , attracting some £ 472 , 000 pounds sterling , which was money that the Greeks badly needed . Revolution in peril ( edit ) Infighting ( edit ) Further information : Greek civil wars of 1824 -- 1825 Andreas Londos ( left ) and Theodoros Kolokotronis ( right ) were opponents during the first civil war , when the Peloponnesians were divided . They allied themselves during the second and bloodiest phase of the infighting . The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821 , consisting almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables . The Assembly drafted the first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories . Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself , while Ypsilantis , who had called for the Assembly , was elected president of the legislative body , a place of limited significance . Military leaders and representatives of Filiki Eteria were marginalized , but gradually Kolokotronis ' political influence grew , and he soon managed to control , along with the captains he influenced , the Peloponnesian Senate . The central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis , who also had under his control the fort of Nafplion . In November 1822 , the central administration decided that the new National Assembly would take place in Nafplion , and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government . Kolokotronis refused , and the Assembly was finally gathered in March 1823 in Astros . Central governance was strengthened at the expense of regional bodies , a new constitution was voted , and new members were elected for the executive and the legislative bodies . Trying to coax the military leaders , the central administration proposed to Kolokotronis that he participate in the executive body as vice-president . Kolokotronis accepted , but he caused a serious crisis when he prevented Mavrokordatos , who had been elected president of the legislative body , from assuming his position . His attitude towards Mavrokordatos caused outrage amongst the members of the legislative body . The crisis culminated when the legislature , which was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots , overturned the executive , and fired its president , Petros Mavromichalis . Kolokotronis and most of the Peloponnesian notables and captains supported Mavromichalis , who remained president of his executive in Tripolitsa . However , a second executive , supported by the islanders , the Roumeliotes , and some Achaean notables -- Andreas Zaimis and Andreas Londos were the most prominent -- was formed at Kranidi with Kountouriotis as president . In March 1824 , the forces of the new executive besieged Nafplion and Tripolitsa . After one month of fighting and negotiations , an agreement was reached between Kolokotronis , from one side , and Londos and Zaimis , from the other side . On 22 May , the first phase of the civil war officially ended , but most of the members of the new executive were displeased by the moderate terms of the agreement that Londos and Zaimis brokered . During this period , the two first installments of the English loan had arrived , and the position of the government was strengthened ; but the infighting was not yet over . Zaimis and the other Peloponnesians who supported Kountouriotis came into conflict with the executive body , and allied with Kolokotronis , who roused the residents of Tripolitsa against the local tax collectors of the government . Papaflessas and Makriyannis failed to suppress the rebellion , but Kolokotronis remained inactive for some period , overwhelmed by the death of his son , Panos . The government regrouped its armies , which now consisted mainly of Roumeliotes and Souliotes , led by Ioannis Kolettis , who wanted a complete victory . Under Kolettis ' orders , two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliotes invaded the Peloponnese : the first under Gouras occupied Corinth and raided the province ; the second under Karaiskakis , Kitsos Tzavelas and others , attacked in Achaea , Lindos and `` Zaimis '' . In January 1825 , a Roumeliote force , led by Kolettis himself , arrested Kolokotronis , Deligiannis ' family and others . In May 1825 , under the pressure of the Egyptian intervention , those imprisoned were released and granted amnesty . Egypt intervenes to assist the Ottomans ( edit ) See also : Third Siege of Missolonghi and Ottoman -- Egyptian Invasion of Mani Ibrahim attacks Missolonghi by Giuseppe Pietro Mazzola The sortie of Missolonghi by Theodoros Vryzakis ( 1855 , oil on canvas , National Gallery of Athens ) . On 19 July 1824 , the largest fleet seen in the Mediterranean since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 set sail from Alexandria , consisting of 54 warships and 400 transports carrying 14,000 French - trained infantry , 2,000 cavalry and 500 artillerymen , with some 150 cannons . Egyptian intervention was initially limited to Crete and Cyprus . However , the success of Muhammad Ali 's troops in both places settled the Turks on the horns of a very difficult dilemma , since they were afraid of their wāli 's expansionist ambitions . Muhammad Ali finally agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece in exchange not only for Crete and Cyprus , but for the Peloponnese and Syria as well . On 7 February 1825 , a second loan to Greece was floated in the City of London . Despite the fact that the Greek government had squandered the money from the first loan , the second loan was oversubscribed and raised some £ 1.1 million . Unlike the first loan , the second loan from the City was to be managed by a Board of Control in London , consisting of the banker Samson Ricardo , two MPs , Edward Ellice and Sir Francis Burdett and John Cam Hobhouse of the London Greek Committee , who were to use the money to buy warships and other supplies , which would then be handed over to the Greeks . After the Greek government had wasted most of the money from the first loan , the City did not trust them to spend the money from the second loan wisely . The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero , Lord Cochrane , to command the Greek Navy and to buy steamships . One of the British philhellenes , Frank Abney Hastings believed that the use of mechanised warships powered by steam and using red - hot shot would allow the Greeks to destroy the Ottoman navy , powered as it was by sail . Hastings persuaded the Board of Control to invest in the revolutionary technology of the steamship , making the first use of a mechanised warship in a war . The two loans from the City imposed a crippling burden on a poor nation like Greece , and only in 1878 was a deal struck between the British creditors and the Greek government to reduce the loans , now worth £ 10 million , with unpaid interest down to one and a half million pounds sterling , and even then it took the Greeks decades to pay off the loans . Ibrahim Pasha landed at Methoni on 24 February 1825 , and a month later he was joined by his army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry . The Greeks had not expected Ibrahim Pasha to land during the stormy winter weather , and were taken by surprise . The Greeks initially laughed at the Egyptian soldiers , who were short , skinny fallāḥīn ( peasant ) conscripts , many of them blind in one eye owing to the prevalence of parasitic worms that attacked the eye in the Nile , wearing cheap red uniforms comprising a jacket , trousers and a skull - cap . However , the Greeks soon learned that the Egyptians , who were trained by French officers recruited by Mohammed Ali , were tough and hardy soldiers who , unlike the Turkish and Albanian units that the Greeks had been fighting until then , stood their ground in combat . Ibrahim proceeded to defeat the Greek garrison on the small island of Sphacteria off the coast of Messenia . With the Greeks in disarray , Ibrahim ravaged the Western Peloponnese and killed Papaflessas at the Battle of Maniaki . To try to stop Ibrahim , Kanaris led the raid on Alexandria , an attempt to destroy the Egyptian fleet that failed due to a sudden change of the wind . The British traveller and Church of England minister , Reverend Charles Swan , reported Ibrahim Pasha as saying to him that he `` would burn and destroy the whole Morea '' . Popular opinion in both Greece and the rest of Europe , soon credited Ibrahim Pasha with the so - called `` barbarisation project '' , where it was alleged that Ibrahim planned to deport the entire Christian Greek population to Egypt as slaves and replace them with Egyptian peasants . It is not clear even today if the `` barbarisation project '' was a real plan or not , but the possibility that it was created strong demands for humanitarian intervention in Europe . The Porte and Mohammed Ali both denied having plans for the `` barbarisation project '' , but pointedly refused to put their denials into writing . Russia warned that if the `` barbarisation project '' was a real plan , then such an egregious violation of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , under which Russia had a vague claim to be the protector of all the Orthodox peoples of the Ottoman Empire , would lead to Russia going to war against the Ottomans . In turn , the British Foreign Secretary George Canning wrote , rather than run the risk of Russia defeating the Ottomans alone , Britain would have to intervene to stop the `` barbarisation project '' as the British did not wish to see the Russians conquer the Ottoman Empire . While diplomats and statesmen debated what to do in London and St. Petersburg , the Egyptian advance continued in Greece . The Greek government , in an attempt to stop the Egyptians , released Kolokotronis from captivity , but he too was unsuccessful . By the end of June , Ibrahim had captured the city of Argos and was within striking distance of Nafplion . The city was saved by Makriyannis and Dimitrios Ypsilantis who successfully defended Miloi at the outskirts of Nafplion , making the mills outside the town a fortress causing damage to Ibrahim 's far superior forces who were unable to take the position and eventually left for Tripolitsa . Makriyannis was wounded and was taken aboard by Europeans who were overseeing the battle . Among them was De Rigny , who had an argument with Makriyannis and advised him to quit his weak position but Makriyannis ignored him . Commodore Gawen Hamilton of the Royal Navy , placed his ships in a position which looked like he would assist in the defence of the city . `` The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Phaliro '' by Theodoros Vryzakis At the same time , the Turkish armies in Central Greece were besieging the city of Missolonghi for the third time . The siege had begun on 15 April 1825 , the day on which Navarino had fallen to Ibrahim . In early autumn , the Greek navy , under the command of Miaoulis forced the Turkish fleet in the Gulf of Corinth to retreat , after attacking it with fire ships . The Turks were joined by Ibrahim in mid-winter , but his army had no more luck in penetrating Missolonghi 's defences . In the spring of 1826 , Ibrahim managed to capture the marshes around the city , although not without heavy losses . He thus cut the Greeks off from the sea and blocked off their supply route . Despite the Egyptians and the Turks offering them terms to stop the attacks , the Greeks refused , and continued to fight . On 22 April , the Greeks decided to sail from the city during the night , with 3,000 men , to cut a path through the Egyptian lines and allow 6,000 women , children and non-combatants to follow . However , a Bulgarian deserter informed Ibrahim of the Greeks ' intention , and he had his entire army deployed ; only 1,800 Greeks managed to cut their way through the Egyptian lines . Between 3,000 and 4,000 women and children were enslaved and many of the people who remained behind decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder rather than be enslaved . The news that the Third Siege of Missolonghi had ended in an Ottoman victory sparked horror all over Greece ; at the National Assembly , Kolokotronis was giving a speech when the news of Missolonghi 's fall reached him , leaving him to remember : `` the news came to us that Missolonghi was lost . We were all plunged into great grief ; for half an hour there was so complete a silence that no one would have thought there was a living soul present ; each of us was revolving in his mind how great was our misfortune '' . The American philhellene Samuel Gridley Howe , serving as a doctor with the Greeks , wrote back to America : `` I write you with an almost breaking heart . Missolonghi has fallen ! '' , which he called `` damning proof of the selfish indifference of the Christian world . You may talk to me of national policy and the necessity of neutrality , but I say , a curse upon such a policy ! '' . The news of Missolonghi 's fall had a huge impact on the rest of Europe , sparking a vast outpouring of songs , poems , essays , sermons and plays in Britain , France , Germany and Switzerland , with the recurring image of Missolonghi 's fall being the murder of a sweet and innocent young Greek woman at the hands of the Turks as a symbol of the unwillingness of the Christian powers of the world to do anything for the Greeks . In May 1826 , Hastings arrived in Greece with a British - built steamship , the Karteria ( Perseverance ) , which astonished the Greeks to see a ship powered by steam and did not move either via sail or oars . The Karteria suffered from constant engine breakdowns , but Hastings was able to use the ship successfully twice over the course of the next two years , at Volos and in the Gulf of Corinth . Ibrahim sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land as he had done to the rest of the Peloponnese . Instead of surrendering , the Maniots simply replied : `` From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of the Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha . We received your letter in which you try to frighten us , saying that if we do n't surrender , you 'll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani . That 's why we are waiting for you and your army . We , the inhabitants of Mani , sign and wait for you . '' Ibrahim tried to enter Mani from the north - east near Almiro on 21 June 1826 , but he was forced to stop at the fortifications at Vergas in northern Mani . His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece until Kolokotronis attacked the Egyptians from the rear and forced them to retreat . The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Vergas . Simultaneously , Ibrahim sent his fleet further down the Maniot coast in order to outflank the Greek defenders and attack them from the rear . However , when his force landed at Pyrgos Dirou , they were confronted by a group of Maniot women and repelled . Ibrahim again attempted to enter Mani from central Laconia , but again the Maniots defeated the Turkish and Egyptian forces at Polytsaravo . The Maniot victory dealt the death blow to Ibrahim 's hope of occupying Mani . The losses Ibrahim Pasha had taken at Missolonghi had greatly reduced his army , and he spent the rest of 1826 chasing the Greek guerillas up and down the mountains . In late June 1826 , Reshid Pasha had arrived outside of Athens and laid siege to the city , marking the beginning of the siege of the Acropolis . By the middle of August , only the Acropolis still held out under Yannis Gouras . To break the siege , an attack was launched on Reshid Pasha on 18 August 1826 led by the guerrilla leader Georgios Karaiskakis and the French philhellene Colonel Charles Nicolas Fabvier but were driven off with the loss of some 300 dead . On 13 October 1826 , Gouras was killed by an Ottoman sniper and a week later , the new commander Yannis Makriyannis was wounded three times in a single day . In December , Febvier was able to infiltrate a force of some 500 men into the Akropolis , bringing in much needed supplies of gunpowder , through he was much offended when Makriyannis had his men start firing to wake up the Turks , trapping Febvier and his men . In the summer of 1826 , the Greek government gave command of its army to the British General Sir Richard Church . The British historian George Finlay wrote : `` Church was of a small , well - made , active frame , and of a healthy constitution . His manner was agreeable and easy , with the polish of a great social experience , and the goodness of his disposition was admitted by his enemies , but the strength of his mind was not the quality of which his friends boasted ... Both Church and the Greeks misunderstood one another . The Greeks expected Church to prove a Wellington , with a military chest well supplied from the British treasury . Church expected the irregulars of Greece to execute his strategy like regiments of guards '' . Church landed in Greece in March 1827 , and was welcomed by his old friend Kolokotronis . A week later , Lord Cochrane arrived to take command of the Greek Navy and refused to leave his yacht until the Greeks agreed to form a united government . On 31 March 1827 the Trizina Assembly began its work , drafting a new constitution and offered the presidency of Greece to the former Russian foreign minister , Count Ioannis Kapodistrias . In the meantime , the siege of Athens continued . On 5 February 1827 , a force of 2,300 Greeks under the command of Colonel Thomas Gordon landed at Piraeus , and laid siege to the monastery of Ayios Spiridhon , held by Turkish and Albanian troops . In April 1827 , Church and Cochrane arrived at Athens and immediately clashed over strategy . When the Ottoman garrison at Aios Spiridhon surrendered , they were promised safe conduct , but as they were marching out , a shot went off and most of the Ottoman soldiers were killed . Cochrane insisted on a bold but risky plan to stage a night attack across the open plains to break the siege . An operation which launched on 5 May 1827 ended in disaster , as the Greek forces got lost and scattered as the captains quarrelled with one another . This led to a devastating Ottoman cavalry charge in the morning , with Ottomans hunting the scattered Greek forces almost at leisure . On 5 June 1827 , the starving and thirsty men in the Acropolis surrendered in the last Ottoman victory of the war . Kapodistrias arrived in Greece to become the Governor on 28 January 1828 . The first task of Greece 's new leader was to create a state and a civil society , which the workaholic Kapodistrias toiled at mightily , working from 5 am until 10 pm every night . Kapodistrias alienated many with his haughty , high - handed manner and his open contempt for most of the Greek elite , but he attracted support from several of the captains , such as Theodoros Kolokotronis and Yannis Makriyannis who provided the necessary military force to back up Kapodistrias 's decisions . As a former Russian foreign minister , Kapodistrias was well connected to the European elite and he attempted to use his connections to secure loans for the new Greek state and to achieve the most favorable borders for Greece , which was being debated by Russian , French and British diplomats . Foreign intervention against the Ottomans ( edit ) See also : Eastern Question Initial hostility ( edit ) When the news of the Greek Revolution was first received , the reaction of the European powers was uniformly hostile . They recognized the degeneration of the Ottoman Empire , but they did not know how to handle this situation ( a problem known as the `` Eastern Question '' ) . Afraid of the complications the partition of the empire might raise , the British foreign minister Viscount Castlereagh , Austrian foreign minister Prince Metternich , and the Tsar of Russia Alexander I shared the same view concerning the necessity of preserving the status quo and the peace of Europe . They also pleaded that they maintain the Concert of Europe . Metternich also tried to undermine the Russian foreign minister , Ioannis Kapodistrias , who was of Greek origin . Kapodistrias demanded that Alexander declare war on the Ottomans in order to liberate Greece and increase the greatness of Russia . Metternich persuaded Alexander that Kapodistrias was in league with the Italian Carbonari ( an Italian revolutionary group ) , leading Alexander to disavow him . As a result of the Russian reaction to Alexander Ypsilantis , Kapodistrias resigned as foreign minister and moved to Switzerland . Nevertheless , Alexander 's position was ambivalent , since he regarded himself as the protector of the Orthodox Church , and his subjects were deeply moved by the hanging of the Patriarch . These factors explain why , after denouncing the Greek Revolution , Alexander dispatched an ultimatum to Constantinople on 27 July 1821 . However , the danger of war passed temporarily , after Metternich and Castlereagh persuaded the Sultan to make some concessions to the Tsar . On 14 December 1822 , the Holy Alliance denounced the Greek Revolution , considering it audacious . Change of stance ( edit ) Left : George Canning was the architect of the Treaty of London , which launched European intervention in the Greek conflict . Right : Tsar Nicholas I co-signed the Treaty of London , and then launched the Russo - Turkish War of 1828 -- 1829 , which finally secured Greek independence . In August 1822 , George Canning was appointed by the British government as Foreign Secretary , succeeding Castlereagh . Canning was influenced by the mounting popular agitation against the Ottomans , and believed that a settlement could no longer be postponed . He also feared that Russia might undertake unilateral action against the Ottoman Empire . In March 1823 , Canning declared that `` when a whole nation revolts against its conqueror , the nation can not be considered as piratical but as a nation in a state of war '' . In February 1823 he notified the Ottoman Empire that Britain would maintain friendly relations with the Turks only under the condition that the latter respected the Christian subjects of the Empire . The Commissioner of the Ionian Islands , which belonged to Britain , was ordered to consider the Greeks in a state of war and give them the right to cut off certain areas from which the Turks could get provisions . These measures led to the increase of British influence . This influence was reinforced by the issuing of two loans that the Greeks managed to conclude with British fund - holders in 1824 and 1825 . These loans , which , in effect , made the City of London the financier of the revolution , inspired the creation of the `` British '' political party in Greece , whose opinion was that the revolution could only end in success with the help of Britain . At the same time , parties affiliated to Russia and France made their appearance . These parties would later strive for power during king Otto 's reign . When Tsar Nicholas I succeeded Alexander in December 1825 , Canning decided to act immediately : he sent the Duke of Wellington to Russia , and the outcome was the Protocol of St Petersburg of 4 April 1826 . According to the protocol , the two powers agreed to mediate between the Ottomans and the Greeks on the basis of complete autonomy of Greece under Turkish sovereignty . The Anglo - Russian protocol that Wellington negotiated with Nicholas in St. Petersburg attracted much scorn from Metternich , who was consistently the most pro-Ottoman and anti-Greek European statesmen . Metternich dismissively wrote , `` If the Irish were to revolt against the British Crown , and the King of France were to offer to mediate , '' leading him to ask : `` Is England then ready to regard as a Power equal to rights to that of the ( British ) King the first Irish Club which declares itself the Insurgent Government of Ireland ? To regard as justified the French Power which would accept the office of mediator , by reason of the sole fact that the invitation had been addressed to it by the Irish Government ? ... Whither does this absurdity not lead us ? '' . Prussia , whose king Frederich Wilhelm was close to Metternich , chose to follow the Austrian lead . Before he met with Wellington , the Tsar had already sent an ultimatum to the Porte , demanding that the principalities be evacuated immediately , and that plenipotentiaries be sent to Russia to settle outstanding issues . The Sultan agreed to send the plenipotentiaries , and on 7 October 1826 signed the Akkerman Convention , in which Russian demands concerning Serbia and the principalities were accepted . The Greeks formally applied for the mediation provided in the Petersburg Protocol , while the Turks and the Egyptians showed no willingness to stop fighting . France , which initially backed its client Muhammad Ali the Great with weapons and officers to train his army , changed its stance , partly because of the pro-Greek feelings of the French people , and partly because King Charles X saw the offer to impose mediation as a way of assuring French influence in Greece . Since Britain and Russia were going to impose mediation with or without France , if the French declined the offer to impose mediation , Greece would be in the Anglo - Russian sphere of influence , while if the French did take part , then Greece would also be in the French sphere of influence . Canning therefore prepared for action by negotiating the Treaty of London ( 6 July 1827 ) with France and Russia . This provided that the Allies should again offer negotiations , and if the Sultan rejected it , they would exert all the means which circumstances would allow to force the cessation of hostilities . Meanwhile , news reached Greece in late July 1827 that Mehmet Ali 's new fleet was completed in Alexandria and sailing towards Navarino to join the rest of the Egyptian - Turkish fleet . The aim of this fleet was to attack Hydra and knock the island 's fleet out of the war . On 29 August , the Porte formally rejected the Treaty of London 's stipulations , and , subsequently , the commanders - in - chief of the British and French Mediterranean fleets , Admiral Edward Codrington and Admiral Henri de Rigny , sailed into the Gulf of Argos and requested to meet with Greek representatives on board HMS Asia . Battle of Navarino ( 1827 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Navarino Portrait of Muhammad Ali Pasha ( by Auguste Couder , 1841 , Palace of Versailles ) , whose expedition to the Peloponnese precipitated European intervention in the Greek conflict . After the Greek delegation , led by Mavrocordatos , accepted the terms of the treaty , the Allies prepared to insist upon the armistice , and their fleets were instructed to intercept supplies destined for Ibrahim 's forces . When Mehmet Ali 's fleet , which had been warned by the British and French to stay away from Greece , left Alexandria and joined other Ottoman / Egyptian units at Navarino on 8 September , Codrington arrived with his squadron off Navarino on 12 September . On 13 October , Codrington was joined , off Navarino , by his allied support , a French squadron under De Rigny and a Russian squadron under Login Geiden . Upon their arrival at Navarino , Codgrinton and de Rigny tried to negotiate with Ibrahim , but Ibrahim insisted that by the Sultan 's order he must destroy Hydra . Codrington responded by saying that if Ibrahim 's fleets attempted to go anywhere but home , he would have to destroy them . Ibrahim agreed to write to the Sultan to see if he would change his orders , but he also complained about the Greeks being able to continue their attacks . Codrington promised that he would stop the Greeks and Philhellenes from attacking the Turks and Egyptians . After doing this , he disbanded most of his fleet , which returned to Malta , while the French went to the Aegean . However , when Frank Hastings , a Philhellene , destroyed a Turkish naval squadron during a raid off Itea , Ibrahim sent a detachment of his fleet out of Navarino in order to defeat Hastings . Codrington had not heard of Hastings 's actions and thought that Ibrahim was breaking his agreement . Codrington intercepted the force and made them retreat and did so again on the following day when Ibrahim led the fleet in person . Codrington assembled his fleet once more , with the British returning from Malta and the French from the Aegean . They were also joined by the Russian contingent led by Count Login Geiden . Ibrahim now began a campaign to annihilate the Greeks of the Peloponnese as he thought the Allies had reneged on their agreement . The Naval Battle of Navarino by Ambroise Louis Garneray ( 1827 ) . On 20 October 1827 , as the weather got worse , the British , Russian and French fleets entered the Bay of Navarino in peaceful formation to shelter themselves and to make sure that the Egyptian - Turkish fleet did not slip off and attack Hydra . When a British frigate sent a boat to request the Egyptians to move their fire ships , the officer on board was shot by the Egyptians . The frigate responded with musket fire in retaliation and an Egyptian ship fired a cannon shot at the French flagship , the Sirene , which returned fire . A full engagement was begun which ended in a complete victory for the Allies and in the annihilation of the Egyptian - Turkish fleet . Of the 89 Egyptian - Turkish ships that took part in the battle , only 14 made it back to Alexandria and their dead amounted to over 8,000 . The Allies did n't lose a ship and suffered only 181 deaths . The Porte demanded compensation from the Allies for the ships , but his demand was refused on the grounds that the Turks had acted as the aggressors . The three countries ' ambassadors also left Constantinople . In Britain , the battle was criticized as being an ' untoward event ' towards Turkey , which was called an ' ancient ally ' . Codrington was recalled and blamed for having allowed the retreating Egyptian - Turkish ships to carry 2,000 Greek slaves . In France , the news of the battle was greeted with great enthusiasm and the government had an unexpected surge in popularity . Russia formally took the opportunity to declare war on the Turks . In October 1828 , the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under Kapodistrias . They then advanced to seize as much territory as possible , including Athens and Thebes , before the Western powers imposed a ceasefire . As far as the Peloponnese was concerned , Britain and Russia accepted the offer of France to send an army to expel Ibrahim 's forces . Nicolas Joseph Maison , who was given command of the French expeditionary Corps , landed on 30 August 1828 at Petalidi and helped the Greeks evacuate the Peloponnese from all the hostile troops by 30 October . Maison thus implemented the convention Codrington had negotiated and signed in Alexandria with Muhammad Ali , which provided for the withdrawal of all Egyptian troops from the Peloponnese . The final major engagement of the war was the Battle of Petra , which occurred north of Attica . Greek forces under Demetrius Ypsilantis , for the first time trained to fight as a regular European army rather than as guerrilla bands , advanced against Aslan Bey 's forces and defeated them . The Turks surrendered all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece . As George Finlay stresses : `` Thus Prince Demetrios Ypsilantis had the honor of terminating the war which his brother had commenced on the banks of the Pruth . '' From autonomy to Independence ( edit ) Map showing the original territory of the Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 ( in dark blue ) In September 1828 , the Conference of Poros opened to discuss what should be the borders of Greece . On 21 December 1828 , the ambassadors of Britain , Russia , and France met on the island of Poros and prepared a protocol , which provided for the creation of an autonomous state ruled by a monarch , whose authority should be confirmed by a firman of the Sultan . The proposed borderline ran from Arta to Volos , and , despite Kapodistrias ' efforts , the new state would include only the islands of the Cyclades , the Sporades , Samos , and maybe Crete . The Sublime Porte , which had rejected the call for an armistice in 1827 , now rejected the conclusions of the Poros conference , with the Sultan Mahmud II saying he would never grant Greece independence , and the war would go on until he reconquered all of Greece . Based on the Protocol of Poros , the London Conference agreed on the protocol of 22 March 1829 , which accepted most of the ambassadors ' proposals but drew the borders farther south than the initial proposal and did not include Samos and Crete in the new state . Under pressure from Russia , the Porte finally agreed on the terms of the Treaty of London of 6 July 1827 and of the Protocol of 22 March 1829 . Soon afterward , Britain and France conceived the idea of an independent Greek state , trying to limit the influence of Russia on the new state . Russia disliked the idea but could not reject it , and consequently the three powers finally agreed to create an independent Greek state under their joint protection , concluding the protocols of 3 February 1830 . Left : Ioannis Kapodistrias was the first head of state ( Governor ) of independent Greece . Right : After Kapodistrias ' assassination , the London Conference ( 1832 ) established the Kingdom of Greece with Otto of Bavaria as the first King . By one of the protocols , the Greek throne was initially offered to Leopold , Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha and the future King of Belgium . Discouraged by the gloomy picture painted by Kapodistrias , and unsatisfied with the Aspropotamos - Zitouni borderline , which replaced the more favorable line running from Arta to Volos considered by the Great Powers earlier , he refused . Negotiations temporarily stalled after Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831 in Nafplion by the Mavromichalis clan , after having demanded that they unconditionally submit to his authority . When they refused , Kapodistrias put Petrobey in jail , sparking vows of vengeance from his clan . The withdrawal of Leopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece and the July Revolution in France further delayed the final settlement of the new kingdom 's frontiers until a new government was formed in Britain . Lord Palmerston , who took over as British Foreign Secretary , agreed to the Arta -- Volos borderline . However , the secret note on Crete , which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to Britain , France and Russia , bore no fruit . In May 1832 , Palmerston convened the London Conference . The three Great Powers , Britain , France and Russia , offered the throne to the Bavarian prince , Otto of Wittelsbach ; meanwhile , the Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion had approved the choice of Otto , and passed the Constitution of 1832 ( which would come to be known as the `` Hegemonic Constitution '' ) . As co-guarantors of the monarchy , the Great Powers also agreed to guarantee a loan of 60 million francs to the new king , empowering their ambassadors in the Ottoman capital to secure the end of the war . Under the protocol signed on May 7 , 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting powers , Greece was defined as a `` monarchical and independent state '' but was to pay an indemnity to the Porte . The protocol outlined the way in which the Regency was to be managed until Otto reached his majority , while also concluding the second Greek loan for a sum of £ 2.4 million . On 21 July 1832 , British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte Sir Stratford Canning and the other representatives of the Great Powers signed the Treaty of Constantinople , which set the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at the Arta -- Volos line . The borders of the kingdom were reiterated in the London Protocol of August 30 , 1832 , also signed by the Great Powers , which ratified the terms of the Constantinople arrangement . Massacres ( edit ) Main article : Massacres during the Greek Revolution Eugène Delacroix 's Massacre of Chios ( 1824 , oil on canvas , Louvre , Paris ) Almost as soon as the revolution began , there were large scale massacres of civilians by both Greek revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities . Greek revolutionaries massacred Jews , Muslims , and Christians suspected of Ottoman sympathies alike , mainly in the Peloponnese and Attica where Greek forces were dominant . The Turks massacred Greeks identified with the revolution , especially in Anatolia , Crete , Constantinople , Cyprus , Macedonia and the Aegean islands . They also massacred unarmed Greeks in places which did not revolt , as in Smyrna and Constantinople . Some of the more infamous atrocities include the Chios Massacre , the Constantinople Massacre , the Destruction of Psara , the massacres following the Tripolitsa Massacre , and the Navarino Massacre . There is debate among scholars over whether the massacres committed by the Greeks should be regarded as a response to prior events ( such as the massacre of the Greeks of Tripoli , after the failed Orlov Revolt of 1770 and the destruction of the Sacred Band ) or as separate atrocities , which started simultaneously with the outbreak of the revolt . During the war , tens of thousands of Greek civilians were killed , left to die or taken into slavery . Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter of Constantinople were massacred . A large number of Christian clergymen were also killed , including the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V . Sometimes marked as allies of the Turks in the Peloponnese , Jewish settlements were also massacred by Greek revolutionaries ; Steve Bowman argues that the tragedy may have been more a side - effect of the butchering of the Turks of Tripolis , the last Ottoman stronghold in the South , where the Jews had taken refuge from the fighting , than a specific action against Jews as such . Many Jews around Greece and throughout Europe were supporters of the Greek revolt , using their resources to loan substantial amounts to the newly formed Greek government . In turn , the success of the Greek Revolution was to stimulate the incipient stirrings of Jewish nationalism , later called Zionism . Aftermath ( edit ) `` Grateful Hellas '' by Theodoros Vryzakis The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath . An independent Greek state had been established , but with Britain , Russia and France claiming a major role in Greek politics , an imported Bavarian dynast as ruler , and a mercenary army . The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates , necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades . The population of the new state numbered 800,000 , representing less than one - third of the 2.5 million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire . During a great part of the next century , the Greek state sought the liberation of the `` unredeemed '' Greeks of the Ottoman Empire , in accordance with the Megali Idea , i.e. , the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country . As a people , the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities , and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire , especially by the Muslim population , as traitors . Phanariotes , who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire , were thenceforth regarded as suspect , and lost their special , privileged status . In Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire where Greek banking and merchant presence had been dominant , Armenians mostly replaced Greeks in banking , and Jewish merchants gained importance . `` Today the fatherland is reborn , that for so long was lost and extinguished . Today are raised from the dead the fighters , political , religious , as well as military , for our King has come , that we begat with the power of God . Praised be your most virtuous name , omnipotent and most merciful Lord . '' Makriyannis ' Memoirs on the arrival of King Otto . In the long - term historical perspective , this marked a seminal event in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire , despite the small size and the impoverishment of the new Greek state . For the first time , a Christian subject people had achieved independence from Ottoman rule and established a fully independent state , recognized by Europe . Whereas previously , only large nations ( such as the British or the French ) were judged worthy of national self - determination by the Great Powers of Europe , the Greek Revolt legitimized the concept of small , ethnically based nation - states , and emboldened nationalist movements among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire . The Serbs , Bulgarians , Albanians ( who did not fight against the Ottomans but against their Balkan neighbours ) , Romanians and Armenians all subsequently fought for and won their independence . Shortly after the war ended , the people of the Russian - dependent Poland , encouraged by the Greek victory , started the November Uprising , hoping to regain their independence . The uprising , however , failed , and Polish independence had to wait until 1918 . The newly established Greek state would become a catalyst for further expansion and , over the course of a century , parts of Macedonia , Crete , Epirus , many Aegean Islands and other Greek - speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state . Revolutionary flags ( edit ) Flag of the Sacred Band Raised in Patras by Andreas Londos Flag of Andreas Miaoulis Flag of Spetses island Flag of Athanasios Diakos Flag of the Maniots Used in Thessaly , created by Anthimos Gazis Flag of Samos Very widespread flag used by all the revolutionaries Music inspired by the Greek War of Independence ( edit ) In 1971 , the Municipality of Thessaloniki commissioned a symphonic work for the 150th anniversary of the Greek Revolution . Nicolas Astrinidis ' choral Symphony `` 1821 '' was premiered on October 27 , 1971 at the 6th `` Demetria '' . See also ( edit ) Greek Declaration of Independence Greek National Awakening London Conference of 1832 Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Phoenix ( currency ) Propylaea ( Munich ) Evzones Notes ( edit ) ^ i : Adanir refers to the `` mountainous districts such as Mani in the Peloponnese or Souli and Himara in Epirus , which had never been completely subjugated '' . ^ ii : Reʿâyâ . An Arabic word meaning `` flock '' or `` herd animal '' . ^ iii : Georgiadis -- Arnakis argues that the Church of Constantinople conducted `` a magnificent work of national conservation '' , and contributed to the national liberation of all the subject nationalities of the Balkan peninsula . ^ iv : In the Morea , there did not exist any armatoloi ; wealthy landowners and primates hired the kapoi serving as personal bodyguards and rural police . ^ v : Clogg asserts that uncertainty surrounds the total number of those recruited into the Filiki Eteria . According to Clogg , recruiting was carried out in the Danubian principalities , southern Russia , the Ionian islands and the Peloponnese . Few were recruited in Rumeli , the Aegean islands or Asia Minor . ^ vi : As Koliopoulos & Veremis argue , Ypsilantis proposed a smaller electorate , limited to the more `` prestigious '' men of the districts . On the other hand , the notables insisted on the principle of universal suffrage , because they were confident that they could secure the support of their people . They thus advocated `` democratic '' principles , while Ypsilantis and the military promoted `` aristocratic '' procedures . Koliopoulos & Veremis conclude that `` Ypsilantis ' assembly was essentially a royal chamber , while that of the local notables was closer to a parliament '' . ^ vii : St. Clair characterizes the Greek War of Independence as `` a series of opportunist massacres '' . ^ viii : As they did in similar cases in the past , the Turks executed the Patriarch after they had had him deposed and replaced , not as patriarch but as a disloyal subject . Georgiades -- Arnakis asserts that `` though the Porte took care not to attack the church as an institution , Greek ecclesiastical leaders knew that they were practically helpless in times of trouble . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guillaume , Alcindor . `` Le Guide D'un Pays en Détresse '' . ISBN 9781469179339 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 tons of coffee to Adamantios Korais '' . Enet.gr Eleftherotypia. 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Note : Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 ( which became 1 March ) . All dates prior to that , unless specifically denoted , are Old Style . ^ Jump up to : The War Chronicles : From Flintlocks to Machine Guns : A Global Reference of ... , Joseph Cummins , 2009 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Caroline Finkel Osman 's Dream p. 17 Jump up ^ Woodhouse , A Story of Modern Greece , ' The Dark Age of Greece ( 1453 -- 1800 ) ' , p. 113 , Faber and Faber ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Barker , Religious Nationalism in Modern Europe , p. 118 Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition , Houghton Mifflin Company , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Bisaha , Creating East and West , 114 -- 115 * Milton ( & Diekhoff ) , Milton on himself , 267 Jump up ^ Bisaha , Nancy ( 2004 ) . Creating East and West : Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks . University of Pennsylvania Prees ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3806 - 0 . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Svoronos , History of Modern Greece , p. 59 * Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , p. 336 Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Svoronos , History of Modern Greece , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Georgiadis -- Arnakis , The Greek Church of Constantinople , p. 238 Jump up ^ Paparrigopoulos , History of the Hellenic Nation , Eb , p. 108 * Svoronos , The Greek Nation , p. 89 * Trudgill , `` Greece and European Turkey '' , p. 241 Jump up ^ Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , pp. 9 , 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Koliopoulos , Brigands with a Cause , p. 27 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , The Greek Nation , 1453 -- 1669 , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Batalas , Irregular Armed Forces , p. 156 Jump up ^ Batalas , Irregular Armed Forces , p. 154 Jump up ^ Batalas , Irregular Armed Forces , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Koliopoulos , Brigands with a Cause , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Makriyannis , Memoirs , IX Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Trudgill , `` Greece and European Turkey '' , p. 241 ^ Jump up to : Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Lucien J. Frary , Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity , 1821 - 1844 , OUP Oxford , Jun 11 , 2015 , p. 20 , 21 . Jump up ^ From the Greek translation of Svoronos ( Nicolas ) , Histoire de la Grèce moderne , Presses Universitaires de France , Paris , 1972. , pp. 59 - 61 of the Greek edition , `` Themelio '' , Athens . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Wars and Peace Treaties , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Boime , Social History of Modern Art , pp. 194 -- 196 * Trudgill , `` Greece and European Turkey '' , p. 241 Jump up ^ Svoronos , History of Modern Greece , p. 62 Jump up ^ Paroulakis , The Greeks : Their Struggle for Independence , p. 32 Jump up ^ Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Diamantis Apostolos , `` Schemes for the explanation of 21 '' . March 24th , 2014 , antifono.gr , in greek language . Note : Ap . Diamantis is economist and historian , specializing in post-medieval and modern Greek history . Jump up ^ Mantouvalou Maria , `` The encomiasts of Enlightment and the French Revolution , terrible censores and forgers of the Greek ( Revolution ) '' in `` Historiography and sources for the hermeneutics of history '' , Conference in the Holy Monastery of Penteli , October 12 -- 13 , 2012 . `` Archontariki '' editions , Athens , 2013 , p. 127 sqq. , in greek language . Note : M. Mantouvalou is professor of Modern and Medieval Greek Philology at the University of Athens . Jump up ^ Theophilus C. Prousis , The Greeks of Russia and the Greek Awakening , 1774 - 1821 . Balkan Studies ; Thessalonike , 28.2 : 259 - 280 . in english . Jump up ^ Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , p. 6 Jump up ^ Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , p. 31 * Dakin , The Greek struggle for independence , pp. 41 -- 42 ^ Jump up to : Jelavich , History of the Balkans , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , pp. 31 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Sowards , Steven ( 14 June 1999 ) . `` Twenty - five Lectures on Modern Balkan History : The Greek Revolution and the Greek State '' . Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 10 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard , Laura E. Letters and Journals of Samuel Gridley Howe , pages 21 -- 26 . Boston : Dana Estes & Company , 1909 . Jump up ^ Wynne William H. , ( 1951 ) , State insolvency and foreign bondholders , New Haven , Yale University Press , vol. 2 , p. 284 Jump up ^ Boime , Social History of Modern Art , 191 Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks Project '' . Lord Byron : The Isles of Greece . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Boime , Social History of Modern Art , 195 * Brown , International Politics and the Middle East , 52 * Schick , Christian Maidens , Turkish Ravishers , 286 Jump up ^ Boime , Social History of Modern Art , 194 ^ Jump up to : Brown , International Politics and the Middle East , 52 Jump up ^ Boime , Social History of Modern Art , 195 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Hitchins , The Romanians , 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ The Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery - A glimpse on its history Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iaşul istoric 1821 -- Iaşi , Starting point of the Eteria ( in Romanian ) Jump up ^ Clogg , Review pp. 251 -- 252 . * Koliopoulos & Veremis , Greece : the Modern Sequel , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Clogg , The Movement for Greek Independence , p. 201 Jump up ^ Clogg , A Concise History of Greece , p. 33 Jump up ^ Paroulakis , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Richard Clogg ( 20 June 2002 ) . A Concise History of Greece . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00479 - 4 . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Frazee , The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece , p. 19 , who also cites ( footnote 3 ) Germanos of Old Patras , Recollections of the Greek Revolution , 12 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 3 . Jump up ^ Mavrogiannis Dionyssios , `` Aspects of civic , economic and social life in Achaia and Moreas at the beginning of the revolutionary process of 1821 . Unpublished commercial correspondence of the French consul in Patras , Hugues Pouqueville ( 1820 - 1822 ) '' , Peloponnesiaka , 29 ( 2007 - 2008 ) , pp 262 - 263 . ( In Greek language ) Μαυρογιάννης Διονύσιος , Όψεις του πολιτικού , οικονομικού και κοινωνικού βίου στην Αχαΐα και στον Μοριά κατά την έναρξη της επαναστατικής διαδικασίας του 1821 . Ανέκδοτη εμπορική αλληλογραφία του Γάλλου προξένου στην Πάτρα Ούγου Πουκεβίλ ( 1820 - 1822 ) . Πελοποννησιακά , τ . ΚΘ ' ( 2007 - 2008 ) , p. 262 - 263 . Jump up ^ For example Le Courrier de l ' Ain , 29 - 5 - 1821 , p 4 Jump up ^ Journal de Savoie , June 15 , 1821 ( N.S. ) , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , p. 39 . * Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Vakalopoulos , `` The Great Greek Revolution '' , pp. 327 -- 331 Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , p. 39 . * Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , p. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ St. Clair , That Greece Might still Be Free , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 169 ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 169 . Jump up ^ Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , p. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 210 . Jump up ^ Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , p. 64 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 100 - 101 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 105 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 104 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 101 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 135 - 137 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 107 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 137 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 138 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 241 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 144 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 139 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 141 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 141 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 142 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 142 - 144 . Jump up ^ Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Haiti Jump up ^ A Letter from Jean - Pierre Boyer to Greek Revolutionaries Jump up ^ `` Haiti and the Greek revolution Neos Kosmos '' . neoskosmos.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 126 - 127 ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 127 . Jump up ^ Koliopoulos & Veremis , Greece : the Modern Sequel , pp. 14 -- 17 . * Papageorgiou , `` First Year of Freedom '' , pp. 67 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Koliopoulos & Veremis , Greece : the Modern Sequel , pp. 19 -- 20 . * Theodoridis , `` A Modern State '' , pp. 129 -- 130 . ^ Jump up to : Detorakis , Turkish rule in Crete , p. 375 Jump up ^ Detorakis , Turkish rule in Crete , p. 365 Jump up ^ Detorakis , Turkish rule in Crete , p. 378 Jump up ^ Krimbas , Greek Auditors , 155 Jump up ^ Detorakis , Turkish rule in Crete , p. 379 Jump up ^ St. Clair , That Greece Might still Be Free , 227 Jump up ^ Detorakis , Turkish rule in Crete , p. 381 ^ Jump up to : Detorakis , Turkish rule in Crete , p. 383 Jump up ^ Bakker , Johan de ( 18 March 2003 ) . Across Crete : From Khania to Herakleion . I.B. Tauris . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 387 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , p. 592 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 594 -- 595 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 595 -- 596 Jump up ^ Mazower , Salonica , City of Ghosts , pp. 132 -- 139 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 601 -- 603 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , p. 609 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 615 -- 619 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 627 -- 628 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 628 -- 629 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 633 -- 636 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 635 -- 637 Jump up ^ Vacalopoulos , History of Macedonia , pp. 638 -- 639 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Brewer , pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 188 . Jump up ^ Tzakis , `` The Military Events '' , pp. 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 157 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 158 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 165 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 166 - 167 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 163 - 164 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 164 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 149 - 150 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 150 . Jump up ^ Dakin , The Greek Struggle for independence , pp. 96 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 180 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 220 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 221 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 222 . Jump up ^ Dakin , The Greek Struggle for independence , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 223 . Jump up ^ Dakin , The Greek Struggle for independence , pp. 87 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Rotzokos , `` Civil Wars '' , 143 -- 151 Jump up ^ Rotzokos , `` Civil Wars '' , 152 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Dimitropoulos , Theodoros Kolokotronis , 79 -- 81 * Rotzokos , `` Civil Wars '' , 154 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Dimitropoulos , Theodoros Kolokotronis , 79 -- 81 * Rotzokos , `` Civil Wars '' , 164 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 235 - 236 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 182 . * Sayyid - Marsot , Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 289 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 289 - 290 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 290 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 290 - 291 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 291 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 291 - 292 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 295 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 237 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 238 Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 244 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 246 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 254 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , pp. 233 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 192 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 286 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 286 - 287 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 292 . Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Kassis , Mani 's History , pp. 40 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 306 - 307 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 310 ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 310 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 311 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 300 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 312 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 313 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 314 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 337 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 339 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 339 - 340 . Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 344 . Jump up ^ Troyat , Alexander of Russia , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Stavrianos , The Balkans since 1453 , pp. 286 -- 288 Jump up ^ Stavrianos , The Balkans since 1453 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Newer and Modern History `` ( Ιστορία Νεότερη και Σύγχρονη ) , Vas . Sfyroeras , Schoolbook for Triti Gymnasiou , 6th edition , Athens 1996 , pp. 191 -- 192 ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 256 ^ Jump up to : Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 257 . Jump up ^ Stavrianos , The Balkans since 1453 , pp. 288 -- 289 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 316 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 316 - 317 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 317 Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 231 ^ Jump up to : Howarth , The Greek Adventure , pp. 231 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , pp. 236 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Howarth , The Greek Adventure , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Finlay , History of the Greek Revolution , II , 192 -- 193 * Williams , The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors , 102 Jump up ^ Finlay , History of the Greek Revolution , II , 208 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 344 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 pages 344 - 345 Jump up ^ Brewer , David The Greek War of Independence , London : Overlook Duckworth , 2011 page 345 Jump up ^ Dimakis , The Great Powers and the Struggle of 1821 , 525 Jump up ^ Bridge & Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System , 83 * Dimakis , The Great Powers and the Struggle of 1821 , 526 -- 527 Jump up ^ `` London Protocol '' . Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Clogg , A Short History of Modern Greece , pp. 66 -- 67 * Verzijl , International Law in Historical Perspective , pp. 462 -- 463 Jump up ^ Clogg , A Short History of Modern Greece , pp. 68 -- 69 * `` Treaty of Constantinople '' . Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . * See the full text of the Protocol in Dodsley , Annual Register , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Verzijl , International Law in Historical Perspective , pp. 462 -- 463 . The new boundaries are defined in the first article of the Treaty Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Treaty of Constantinople Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ William St Clair , That Greece Might Still Be Free , Open Book Publishers , 2008 , p. 104 - 107 ebook Jump up ^ Peacock , Herbert Leonard , A History of Modern Europe , ( Heinemann Educational Publishers ; 7th edition , September 1982 ) p. 219 Jump up ^ Theophilus C. Prousis , `` Smyrna in 1821 : A Russian View '' , 1992 , History Faculty Publications . 16 , University of North Florida Jump up ^ See article Constantinople massacre of 1821 Jump up ^ Booras , Hellenic Independence and America 's Contribution to the Cause . p. 24 . * Brewer , The Greek War of Independence , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Finlay , History of the Greek Revolution , I , 171 -- 172 * Jelavich , History of the Balkans , p. 217 * St. Clair , That Greece Might still Be Free , pp. 1 -- 3 , 12 Jump up ^ St. Clair , That Greece Might still Be Free , pp. 80 -- 81 , 92 Jump up ^ Fisher , H.A.L , A History of Europe , ( Edward Arnold , London , 1936 & 1965 ) p. 882 Jump up ^ Bowman , `` The Jews of Greece '' , 421 -- 422 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Jelavich , History of the Balkans , pp. 229 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Jelavich , History of the Balkans , p. 229 Jump up ^ Adanir , `` Semi-autonomous Forces '' , pp. 159 -- 160 ^ Jump up to : Georgiadis -- Arnakis , The Greek Church of Constantinople , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Topping , Greek Historical Writing on the Period 1453 -- 1914 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Clogg , A Short History of Modern Greece , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Koliopoulos & Veremis , Greece : the Modern Sequel , p. 17 . Jump up ^ St. Clair , That Greece Might still Be Free , p. 92 . Sources ( edit ) Απομνημονεύματα Μακρυγιάννη - εκδοση Γιάννη Βλαχογιάννη 1908 . See the sources listed and the discussion of the revolution in Gallant , Thomas W. ( 2015 ) . The Edinburgh History of the Greeks : The Edinburgh History of the Greeks , 1768 to 1913 . The Long Nineteenth Century ( Vol. 9 ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 9780748636068 Secondary sources ( edit ) Adanir , Fikret ( 2006 ) . `` Semi-autonomous Provincial Forces in the Balkans and Anatolia '' . In Fleet , Kate ; Faroqhi , Suraiya ; Kasaba , Reşat . The Cambridge History of Turkey . 3 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62095 - 3 . Batalas , Achilles ( 2003 ) . `` Send a Thief to Catch a Thief : State - building and the Employment of Irregular Military Formations in Mid-Nineteenth - Century Greece '' . In Diane E. Davis ; Anthony W. Pereira . Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81277 - 1 . Barker , Philip W. ( 2008 ) . `` Greece '' . Religious Nationalism in Modern Europe . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 77514 - 0 . Bisaha , Nancy ( 2006 ) . `` Byzantium and Greek Refugees '' . Creating East and West . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1976 - 7 . Booras , Harris J. ( 1934 ) . Hellenic Independence and America 's Contribution to the Cause . Tuttle . ASIN B - 002 - 2FSTL - I . Bowman , Steven ( 2004 ) . `` The Jews in Greece '' ( PDF ) . In Ehrlich , Leonard H. ; Bolozky , Shmuel ; Rothstein , Robert A. ; Schwartz , Murray ; Berkovitz , Jay R. ; Young , James E. Textures and Meanings : Thirty Years of Judaic Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . University of Massachusetts Amherst . Brewer , David ( 2003 ) . The Greek War of Independence : The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation . Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 395 - 1 . Bridge , F.R. ; Bullen , Roger ( 2005 ) . `` Every Nation for Itself '' . The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78458 - 1 . Brown , L. Carl ( 1984 ) . International Politics and the Middle East : Old Rules , Dangerous Game . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 000 - 4 . Clogg , Richard ( 2002 ) ( 1992 ) . A Concise History of Greece ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00479 - 9 . Dakin , Douglas ( 1973 ) . The Greek struggle for independence , 1821 -- 1833 . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02342 - 0 . Clogg , Richard ( May 1972 ) . `` Review , The Great Church in Captivity : A study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 8 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 257 . Detorakis , Theocharis ( 1988 ) . `` Η Τουρκοκρατία στην Κρήτη ( '' Turkish rule in Crete `` ) '' . In Panagiotakis , Nikolaos M. Crete , History and Civilization ( in Greek ) . II . Vikelea Library , Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities . pp. 333 -- 436 . Dodsley , James ( 1833 ) . Annual Register . University of California . p. 910 . Frazee , Charles A. ( 1969 ) . `` The Year of Revolution 1821 '' . The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece . CUP Archive . Georgiades -- Arnakis , G. ( September 1952 ) . `` The Greek Church of Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire '' . The Journal of Modern History . 24 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 250 . doi : 10.1086 / 237518 . JSTOR 1875481 . Goldstein , Erik ( 1992 ) . Wars and Peace Treaties , 1816 -- 1991 : 1816 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07822 - 9 . Grenet , Mathieu ( 2016 ) . La fabrique communautaire . Les Grecs à Venise , Livourne et Marseille , 1770 - 1840 . École française d'Athènes and École française de Rome . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7283 - 1210 - 8 . Hitchins , Keith ( 1996 ) . `` The Beginnings of a Modern State '' . The Romanians , 1774 -- 1866 . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0198205913 . Howarth , David ( 1976 ) . The Greek Adventure . Atheneum . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10653 - X . Jelavich , Barbara ( 1983 ) . History of the Balkans , 18th and 19th centuries . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27458 - 3 . Kassis , Kyriakos ( 1979 ) . Mani 's History . Athens : Presoft . Koliopoulos , John S. ( 1987 ) . Brigands with a Cause : Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece , 1821 -- 1912 . Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 19 - 888653 - 5 . Koliopoulos , John S. ; Veremis , Thanos M. ( 2004 ) . `` A Regime to Suit the Nation '' . Greece : the Modern Sequel. C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 463 - 8 . Krimbas , Costas B. ( 2005 ) . `` Greek Auditors in the Courses of Jean Lamarck '' . The Historical Review . 2 : 153 -- 159 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Mazower , Mark ( 2004 ) . Salonica , City of Ghosts : Christians , Muslims and Jews , 1430 -- 1950 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 712023 - 0 . McGregor , Andrew James ( 2006 ) . `` Egypt in the Greek Revolution '' . A Military History of Modern Egypt . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98601 - 2 . Miller , William ( 1966 ) . `` The War of Greek Independence '' . The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 1974 - 4 . Milton , John ; Diekhoff , John Siemon ( 1965 ) . Milton on himself . Cohen & West . p. 267 . OCLC 359509 . Panagiotopoulos , Vassilis , ed. ( 2003 ) . History of Modern Hellenism ( in Greek ) . III . Athens : Ellinika Grammata . ISBN 960 - 406 - 540 - 8 . Papageorgiou , Stephanos P . `` The First Year of Freedom '' . pp. 53 -- 72 . Theodoridis , Georgios K. `` A Modern State '' . pp. 125 -- 142 . Tzakis , Dionysis `` The Military Events ( 1822 -- 1824 ) '' . pp. 73 -- 102 . Paparrigopoulos , Constantine ; Karolidis , Pavlos ( 1925 ) . History of the Hellenic Nation . Athens : Eleftheroudakis . Rivlin , Brancha ( 1988 ) . The Holocaust in Greece . Keterpress Enterprises Jerusalem . Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . `` Annunciation '' . Traditional Festivals . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 089 - 1 . St. Clair , William . That Greece Might Still Be Free -- The Philhellenes in the War of Independence ( 2nd Edition 2009 ed . ) . Open Book Publishers . doi : 10.11647 / OBP. 0001 . Stavrianos , L.S. ( 2000 ) . `` Age of Nationalism 1815 -- 1878 '' . The Balkans since 1453 . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 551 - 0 . Sayyid - Marsot , Afaf Lutfi ( 1984 ) . `` Expansion to what End '' . Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28968 - 8 . Stoianovich , Traian ( 1960 ) . `` The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 20 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 313 . Svoronos , Nikos ( 2004 ) . `` The Ideology of the Organization and of the Survival of the Nation '' . The Greek Nation . Polis . ISBN 960 - 435 - 028 - 5 . Svoronos , Nikos G. ( 1999 ) ( first edition 1972 in French ) . History of Modern Greece ( in Greek ) . Translated by Aikaterini Asdracha ( 2007 ed . ) . Athens : Themelio . ISBN 978 - 960 - 7293 - 21 - 3 . Topping , Peter ( June 1961 ) . `` Greek Historical Writing on the Period 1453 -- 1914 '' . The Journal of Modern History . 33 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 173 . doi : 10.1086 / 238781 . Trudgill , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` Greece and European Turkey '' . In Barbour , Stephen ; Carmichael , Cathie . Language and Nationalism in Europe . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 823671 - 9 . Troyat , Henri ( 1984 ) . Alexander of Russia . St Edmundsbury Press . ISBN 0 - 450 - 06041 - 1 . Vacalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1973 ) . History of Macedonia , 1354 -- 1833 ( translated by P. Megann ) . Zeno Publishers . ISBN 0 - 900834 - 89 - 7 . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1974 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος Α ′ : Αρχές και διαμόρφωσή του ( Έκδοση Β ′ ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume I : Its origins and formation ( 2nd Edition ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1976 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος B ′ : Οι ιστορικές βάσεις της νεοελληνικής κοινωνίας και οικονομίας ( Έκδοση Β ′ ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume II : The historical basis of modern Greek society and economy ( 2nd Edition ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1968 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος Γ ′ : Τουρκοκρατία 1453 -- 1669 - Οι αγώνες για την πίστη και την ελευθερία ( Έκδοση Β ′ ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume III : Turkish rule 1453 -- 1669 - Struggles for faith and freedom ( 2nd Edition ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1973 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος Δ ′ : Τουρκοκρατία 1669 -- 1812 - Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους ( Έκδοση Β ′ ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume IV : Turkish rule 1669 -- 1812 - Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation ( 2nd Edition ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1980 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος Ε ′ : Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Οι προϋποθέσεις και οι βάσεις της , 1813 -- 1822 ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume V : The Great Greek Revolution ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Its preconditions and foundations , 1813 -- 1822 ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1982 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος ΣΤ ′ : Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Η εσωτερική κρίση ( 1822 -- 1825 ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume VI : The Great Greek Revolution ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Internal Crisis ( 1822 -- 1825 ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1986 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος Ζ ′ : Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Ο αφρικανικός σιμούν , ή η επιδρομή του Ιμπραήμ στην Ελλάδα ( 1825 -- 1828 ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume VII : The Great Greek Revolution ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - The African simoom , or Ibrahim 's raid in Greece ( 1825 -- 1828 ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki . Vakalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1988 ) . Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού , Τόμος Η ′ : Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας , ή η επώδυνη γένεση του νεοελληνικού κράτους ( 1828 -- 27 Σεπτ. 1831 ) ( History of modern Hellenism , Volume VIII : The Great Greek Revolution ( 1821 -- 1829 ) - Ioannis Kapodistrias , or the painful birth of the modern Greek state ( 1828 -- 27 Sept. 1831 ) ) ( in Greek ) . Thessaloniki : Emm . Sfakianakis & Sons . Vacalopoulos , Apostolos E. ( 1975 ) . The Greek Nation , 1453 -- 1669 : the Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 0810 - X . Verzijl , Jan Hendrik Willem ( 1968 ) . International Law in Historical Perspective . VI . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 286 - 0223 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Greek Declaration of Independence Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek War of Independence . Greek War of Independence The Question of Greek Independence : A Study of British Policy in the Near East , 1821 -- 1833 The relevance of the 300 Spartans to the Greek War of Independence Phillips , Walter Alison ( 1911 ) . `` Greek Independence , War of '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Oh ! Mount Thy Bright and Gallant Steed Rise of nationalism in the Balkans Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire Serbia Greece Romania Bosnia Bulgaria Herzegovina Albania Macedonia Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 29 ) Background Ottoman Greece People Ali Pasha Armatoloi Proestoi Klephts Daskalogiannis Cosmas of Aetolia Dionysius the Philosopher Lambros Katsonis Maniots Phanariotes Souliotes Events Orlov Revolt Souliote War ( 1803 ) Greek Enlightenment People Athanasios Christopoulos Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Anthimos Gazis Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Eugenios Voulgaris Organizations Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio Filiki Eteria Filomousos Eteria Society of the Phoenix Serene Grand Orient of Greece Publications Adelphiki Didaskalia Asma Polemistirion Hellenic Nomarchy Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios Salpisma Polemistirion Thourios or Patriotic hymn European intervention Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 1774 ) Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Greek Plan of Catherine the Great Russo - Turkish War ( 1787 -- 1792 ) French Revolution Fall of the Republic of Venice Napoleonic Wars Septinsular Republic Adriatic campaign of 1807 -- 14 Albanian Regiment 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry United States of the Ionian Islands Ideas Nationalism Eastern Orthodox Christianity Liberalism Constitutionalism Events Battles Kalamata Patras Wallachian uprising Alamana 1st Acropolis Gravia Valtetsi Doliana Dragashani Sculeni Vasilika Trench Tripolitsa Peta Dervenakia 1st Messolonghi Karpenisi 2nd Messolonghi Greek civil wars Sphacteria Neokastro Maniaki Lerna Mills 3rd Messolonghi Mani 2nd Acropolis Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Chios expedition Petra Massacres Constantinople Thessaloniki Navarino Tripolitsa Naousa Samothrace Chios Psara Kasos Naval conflicts Nauplia Psara Samos Andros Sphacteria Gerontas Souda Alexandria Itea Navarino Ships Greek sloop Karteria Greek brig Aris Greek regional councils and statutes Messenian Senate Directorate of Achaea Peloponnesian Senate Senate of Western Continental Greece Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece Provisional Regime of Crete Military - Political System of Samos Greek national assemblies First ( Epidaurus ) Second ( Astros ) Third ( Troezen ) Fourth ( Argos ) Fifth ( Nafplion ) International Conferences , Treaties and Protocols Congress of Laibach Congress of Verona Protocol of St. Petersburg Treaty of London Conference of Poros London Protocol of 1828 London Protocol of 1829 Treaty of Adrianople London Protocol of 1830 London Conference Treaty of Constantinople Related Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 - 29 ) Personalities Greece Chian Committee Odysseas Androutsos Anagnostaras Markos Botsaris Laskarina Bouboulina Constantin Denis Bourbaki Hatzimichalis Dalianis Athanasios Diakos Germanos III of Old Patras Dimitrios Kallergis Athanasios Kanakaris Constantine Kanaris Ioannis Kapodistrias Stamatios Kapsas Georgios Karaiskakis Nikolaos Kasomoulis Ioannis Kolettis Theodoros Kolokotronis Georgios Kountouriotis Antonios Kriezis Nikolaos Kriezotis Kyprianos of Cyprus Georgios Lassanis Lykourgos Logothetis Andreas Londos Yannis Makriyannis Manto Mavrogenous Alexandros Mavrokordatos Petrobey Mavromichalis Andreas Metaxas Andreas Miaoulis Theodoros Negris Nikitaras Antonis Oikonomou Ioannis Orlandos Papaflessas Dimitrios Papanikolis Emmanouel Pappas Ioannis Papafis Christoforos Perraivos Nikolaos Petimezas Georgios Sachtouris Georgios Sisinis Iakovos Tombazis Anastasios Tsamados Ioannis Varvakis Demetrios Ypsilantis Philhellenes London Philhellenic Committee Joseph Balestra Lord Byron François - René de Chateaubriand Richard Church Lord Cochrane Jean - Gabriel Eynard Vincenzo Gallina Charles Fabvier Thomas Gordon Frank Abney Hastings Carl von Heideck Johann Jakob Meyer Karl Normann Maxime Raybaud Giuseppe Rosaroll Santorre di Santa Rosa Friedrich Thiersch Ludwig I of Bavaria German Legion ( el ) Serbs Moldavia and Wallachia ( Danubian Principalities ) Alexander Ypsilantis Sacred Band Nikolaos Ypsilantis Alexandros Kantakouzinos Georgios Kantakouzinos Giorgakis Olympios Yiannis Pharmakis Dimitrie Macedonski Tudor Vladimirescu Ottoman Empire and Egypt Sultan Mahmud II Hurshid Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha ( tr ) Omer Vrioni Kara Mehmet Mahmud Dramali Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Yussuf Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Soliman Pasha al - Faransawi Britain , France and Russia Stratford Canning Edward Codrington Henri de Rigny Nicholas I of Russia Login Geiden Morea expedition Military Nicolas Joseph Maison Louis - Eugène Cavaignac Antoine Virgile Schneider Amédée Despans - Cubières Auguste Regnaud de Saint - Jean d'Angély Camille Alphonse Trézel Scientific Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint - Vincent Gabriel Bibron Gaspard Auguste Brullé Gérard Paul Deshayes Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval Pierre - Narcisse Guérin Edgar Quinet Impact Art Eugène Delacroix Louis Dupré Peter von Hess Victor Hugo François Pouqueville Alexander Pushkin Karl Krazeisen Andreas Kalvos Dionysios Solomos Theodoros Vryzakis Hellas The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi Le siège de Corinthe The Massacre at Chios The Free Besieged Hymn to Liberty The Archipelago on Fire The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos Remembrance 25 March ( Independence Day ) Hymn to Liberty Eleftheria i thanatos Pedion tou Areos Propylaea ( Munich ) Garden of Heroes ( Missolonghi ) Royal Phalanx Evzones ( Presidential Guard ) Greece articles History Chronology Pelasgian civilizations Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean period Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman era Byzantine era Frankish and Latin era Stato da Màr Ottoman era War of Independence Balkan Wars Modern Greece By topic Constitutional Economic Military Greek countries and regions Hellenic languages Megali Idea Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Islands Lakes Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Hellenic Parliament Human rights LGBT Judicial system Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Athens Stock Exchange Banking Central bank Companies Debt crisis Energy Greek economic miracle Ports Rankings Shipping Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Language Minorities Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine ( wine ) Dances Dress Greek Orthodox Church Flag and national colours Flags Literature Media Modern Greek Enlightenment Music ( Folk , Rebetiko ) Mythology Name of Greece Names of the Greeks Newspapers Orders and decorations People Philhellenism Public holidays Sport ( Ancient Olympics , Modern Olympics ) Television Theatre World Heritage Sites Outline Index Bibliography Portal Symbols of Greece National symbols Flag Coat of arms Anthem Hymn to Liberty Motto Elefthería í Thánatos National personifications Athena Greece by Delacroix Grateful Hellas by Vryzakis National holidays 25 March ( 1821 ) 28 October ( 1940 ) Colours Blue and white Other symbols Historical symbols Double - headed eagle Phoenix Drachma Meander Other official symbols Vergina Sun Natural Dolphin Owl Mount Olympus Olive Tree Bay Laurel Monuments Acropolis of Athens Delphi Delos Epidaurus Knossos Meteora Mount Athos Mycenae Mystras Olympia Music Aulos Lyre Tambourine Laouto Bouzouki Rebetiko National poets Ancient : Homer Modern : Dionysios Solomos , Kostis Palamas National epics Ancient : Iliad , Odyssey Modern : Digenis Acritas , Erotokritos Cuisine Taverna Wine Souvlaki Feta Greek salad Pita Olive oil Retsina Ouzo Patron Saints / Religion Theotokos ( Our Lady of Tinos ) Saint Andrew Saint George Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Former national symbols Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece Greek Crown Jewels Related List of cultural icons of Greece Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire Rise ( 1299 -- 1453 ) Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin ( 1404 -- 18 ) Skanderbeg 's rebellion ( 1443 -- 68 ) Classical Age ( 1453 -- 1550 ) Şahkulu Rebellion ( 1511 ) Nur Ali Halife rebellion ( 1512 ) Kalender Çelebi rebellion ( 1527 ) Transformation ( 1550 - 1700 ) Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion ( 1564 -- 65 ) Beylerbeyi Event ( 1582 ) Jelali revolts ( 1590 -- 1610 ) Uprising in Banat ( 1594 ) Himara Revolt ( 1596 ) Serb Uprising ( 1596 -- 97 ) First Tarnovo Uprising ( 1598 ) Thessaly Rebellion ( 1600 ) Ioannina Uprising ( 1611 ) Abaza rebellions ( 1624 , 1627 ) Atmeydanı Incident ( 1648 ) Çınar Incident ( 1656 ) Abaza Hasan Revolt ( 1658 - 9 ) Second Tarnovo Uprising ( 1686 ) Chiprovtsi Uprising ( 1688 ) Karposh 's Rebellion ( 1689 ) Old Regime ( 1700 -- 1789 ) Edirne event ( 1703 ) Uprising in Vučitrn ( 1717 ) Patrona Halil Rebellion ( 1730 ) Serb Uprising ( 1737 -- 39 ) Orlov Revolt ( 1770 ) Koča 's frontier rebellion ( 1788 ) Decline ( 1789 -- 1908 ) Dahije in Belgrade ( 1801 -- 04 ) First Serbian Uprising ( 1804 -- 13 ) Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion ( 1807 ) Jančić 's Rebellion ( 1809 ) Hadži - Prodan 's Rebellion ( 1814 ) Second Serbian Uprising ( 1815 - 17 ) Wallachian Uprising ( 1821 ) Niš Rebellion ( 1821 ) Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 29 ) Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt ( 1830 ) Bosnian uprising ( 1831 -- 33 ) Bilmez Rebellion ( 1832 -- 33 ) Shkodër Rebellion ( 1833 ) Priest Jovica 's Rebellion ( 1834 ) Second Mašići Rebellion ( 1834 ) Posavina Rebellion ( 1836 ) Livno Rebellion ( 1836 ) Pirot Rebellion ( 1836 ) Berkovitsa Rebellion ( 1836 ) Belogradchik Rebellion ( 1836 ) Vlora Rebellion ( 1836 ) Diber Rebellion ( 1838 -- 39 ) Cretan Revolt ( 1841 ) Niš Rebellion ( 1841 ) Uprising of Dervish Cara ( 1843 -- 44 ) Albanian Revolt ( 1845 ) Albanian Revolt ( 1847 ) Herzegovina Uprising ( 1852 -- 62 ) Epirus Revolt ( 1854 ) Doljani Revolt ( 1858 ) Mount Lebanon civil war ( 1860 ) Cretan Revolt ( 1866 -- 69 ) Herzegovina Uprising ( 1875 -- 77 ) Bulgarian April uprising ( 1876 ) Razlovtsi insurrection ( 1876 ) Kumanovo Uprising ( 1878 ) Greek Macedonian rebellion ( 1878 ) Cretan Revolt ( 1878 ) Kresna -- Razlog Uprising ( 1878 -- 79 ) Epirus Revolt ( 1878 ) Thessaly Revolt ( 1878 ) Ulcinj rebellion ( 1878 ) Brsjak Revolt ( 1880 -- 81 ) Cretan Revolt ( 1896 -- 97 ) Ilinden -- Preobrazhenie Uprising ( 1903 ) Shoubak Revolt ( 1905 ) Theriso revolt ( 1905 ) Hauran Druze Rebellion ( 1909 ) Dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) 31 March Incident ( 1909 ) Karak revolt ( 1910 ) Albanian revolt of 1910 ( 1910 ) Albanian revolt of 1911 ( 1911 ) Albanian revolt of 1912 ( 1912 ) Savior Officers ( 1912 ) Raid on the Sublime Porte ( 1913 ) First Dersim rebellion ( 1914 ) Arab Revolt ( 1916 -- 18 ) Koçgiri rebellion ( 1921 ) GND : 4158172 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_War_of_Independence&oldid=853248503 '' Categories : Greek War of Independence 1820s conflicts 1820s in Greece 1820s in the Ottoman Empire 19th - century rebellions March observances Greek culture Greek society Wars involving Greece Wars involving the Ottoman Empire Wars involving France Wars involving Russia Wars involving the United Kingdom History of Ayvalık Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Romanian - language external links Use dmy dates from April 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 12 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	leopold was finally successful in defeating the ottomans as defined in which treaty	[]	[]
4174705613909387479	Good and evil	Good and evil - wikipedia Good and evil For other uses , see Good and evil ( disambiguation ) , Good ( disambiguation ) , and Evil ( disambiguation ) . `` Good and bad '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bad ( disambiguation ) . `` Good against evil '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conflict between good and evil . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Philosophy . The specific problem is : Few citations , principal theories not mentioned , significant focus on peripheral theories ... WikiProject Philosophy may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2013 ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In many religions , angels are considered good beings . In the Judeo - Christian tradition , God -- being the creator of all life -- is seen as the personification of good . Satan , as seen in Codex Gigas . Demons are generally seen as evil beings , and Satan as the greatest of these ( in the Christian tradition ) . In religion , ethics , philosophy , and psychology `` good and evil '' is a very common dichotomy . In cultures with Manichaean and Abrahamic religious influence , evil is usually perceived as the dualistic antagonistic opposite of good , in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated . In cultures with Buddhist spiritual influence , both good and evil are perceived as part of an antagonistic duality that itself must be overcome through achieving Śūnyatā meaning emptiness in the sense of recognition of good and evil being two opposing principles but not a reality , emptying the duality of them , and achieving a oneness . Evil , in a general context , is the absence or opposite of that which is described as being good . Often , evil is used to denote profound immorality . In certain religious contexts , evil has been described as a supernatural force . Definitions of evil vary , as does the analysis of its motives . However , elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving expediency , selfishness , ignorance , or neglect . The modern philosophical questions regarding good and evil are subsumed into three major areas of study : Meta - ethics concerning the nature of good and evil , Normative ethics concerning how we ought to behave , and Applied ethics concerning particular moral issues . One of the five paintings of Extermination of Evil portrays Sendan Kendatsuba , one of the eight guardians of Buddhist law , banishing evil . Contents 1 History and etymology 1.1 Ancient world 1.2 Classical world 1.3 Medieval period 1.4 Modern ideas 2 Theories of moral goodness 2.1 Chinese moral philosophy 2.2 Western philosophy 2.2. 1 Pyrrhonism 2.2. 2 Spinoza 2.2. 3 Nietzsche 2.3 Psychology 2.3. 1 Carl Jung 2.3. 2 Philip Zimbardo 2.4 Religion 2.4. 1 Bahá'í Faith 2.4. 2 Buddhism 2.4. 3 Hinduism 2.4. 4 Sikhism 2.4. 5 Islam 2.4. 6 Judaism 2.4. 7 Christianity 2.4. 8 Zoroastrianism 3 Descriptive , meta - ethical , and normative fields 4 Theories of the intrinsically good 4.1 Transcendental realism 4.2 Perfectionism 4.3 Welfarist theories 4.3. 1 Subjective theories of well - being 4.3. 2 Objective theories of well - being 4.3. 3 Mid-range theories 5 Philosophical questions 5.1 Universality 5.2 Usefulness as a term 5.3 Necessary evil 6 Goodness and agency 6.1 Goodwill 6.2 Society , life and ecology 6.3 History and novelty 7 Goodness and morality in biology 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History and etymology ( edit ) Every language has a word expressing good in the sense of `` having the right or desirable quality '' ( ἀρετή ) and bad in the sense `` undesirable '' . A sense of moral judgment and a distinction `` right and wrong , good and bad '' are cultural universals . Ancient world ( edit ) Main article : Zoroastrianism In the eastern part of ancient Persia almost three thousand years ago a religious philosopher called Zoroaster simplified the pantheon of early Iranian gods into two opposing forces : Ahura Mazda ( Illuminating Wisdom ) and Angra Mainyu ( Destructive Spirit ) which were in conflict . Main article : Gnosticism This idea developed into a religion which spawned many sects , some of which embraced an extreme dualistic belief that the material world should be shunned and the spiritual world should be embraced . Gnostic ideas influenced many ancient religions which teach that gnosis ( variously interpreted as enlightenment , salvation , emancipation or ' oneness with God ' ) may be reached by practising philanthropy to the point of personal poverty , sexual abstinence ( as far as possible for hearers , total for initiates ) and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others . Similarly , in ancient Egypt , there were the concepts of Ma'at , the principle of justice , order , and cohesion , and Isfet , the principle of chaos , disorder , and decay , with the former being the power and principles which society sought to embody where the latter was such that undermined society . This correspondence can also be seen reflected in ancient Mesopotamian religion as well in the conflict between Marduk and Tiamat . Classical world ( edit ) In Western civilisation , the basic meanings of κακός and ἀγαθός are `` bad , cowardly '' and `` good , brave , capable '' , and their absolute sense emerges only around 400 BC , with Pre-Socratic philosophy , in particular Democritus . Morality in this absolute sense solidifies in the dialogues of Plato , together with the emergence of monotheistic thought ( notably in Euthyphro , which ponders the concept of piety ( τὸ ὅσιον ) as a moral absolute ) . The idea is further developed in Late Antiquity by Neoplatonists , Gnostics , and Church Fathers . This development from the relative or habitual to the absolute is also evident in the terms ethics and morality both being derived from terms for `` regional custom '' , Greek ήθος and Latin mores , respectively ( see also siðr ) . Medieval Period ( edit ) Medieval theology was largely shaped by St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Thomas Aquinas . According to the classical definition of St. Augustine of Hippo , sin is `` a word , deed , or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God . '' ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of Good and evil until it came to have several , sometimes complex definitions such as : a personal preference or subjective judgment regarding any issue which might be earn praise or punishment from the religious authorities religious obligation arising from Divine law leading to sainthood or damnation a generally accepted cultural standard of behaviour which might enhance group survival or wealth natural law or behaviour which induces strong emotional reaction statute law imposing a legal duty Modern ideas ( edit ) Today the basic dichotomy often breaks down along these lines : Good is a broad concept often associated with life , charity , continuity , happiness , love , or justice . Evil is often associated with conscious and deliberate wrongdoing , discrimination designed to harm others , humiliation of people designed to diminish their psychological needs and dignity , destructiveness , and acts of unnecessary or indiscriminate violence . The modern English word evil ( Old English yfel ) and its cognates such as the German Übel and Dutch euvel are widely considered to come from a Proto - Germanic reconstructed form of * ubilaz , comparable to the Hittite huwapp - ultimately from the Proto - Indo - European form * wap - and suffixed zero - grade form * up - elo - . Other later Germanic forms include Middle English evel , ifel , ufel , Old Frisian evel ( adjective and noun ) , Old Saxon ubil , Old High German ubil , and Gothic ubils . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) The nature of being good has been given many treatments ; one is that the good is based on the natural love , bonding , and affection that begins at the earliest stages of personal development ; another is that goodness is a product of knowing truth . Differing views also exist as to why evil might arise . Many religious and philosophical traditions claim that evil behavior is an aberration that results from the imperfect human condition ( e.g. `` The Fall of Man '' ) . Sometimes , evil is attributed to the existence of free will and human agency . Some argue that evil itself is ultimately based in an ignorance of truth ( i.e. , human value , sanctity , divinity ) . A variety of Enlightenment thinkers have alleged the opposite , by suggesting that evil is learned as a consequence of tyrannical social structures . Theories of moral goodness ( edit ) For other uses of `` good '' , see Good ( disambiguation ) . Chinese moral philosophy ( edit ) Main articles : Confucius § Ethics , and Taoism § Ethics In Confucianism and Taoism , there is no direct analogue to the way good and evil are opposed , although references to demonic influence is common in Chinese folk religion . Confucianism 's primary concern is with correct social relationships and the behavior appropriate to the learned or superior man . Evil would thus correspond to wrong behavior . Still less does it map into Taoism , in spite of the centrality of dualism in that system , but the opposite of the basic virtues of Taoism ( compassion , moderation , and humility ) can be inferred to be the analogue of evil in it . Western philosophy ( edit ) Pyrrhonism ( edit ) Pyrrhonism holds that good and evil do not exist by nature , meaning that good and evil do not exist within the things themselves . All judgments of good and evil are relative to the one doing the judging . Spinoza ( edit ) Benedict de Spinoza states : 1 . By good , I understand that which we certainly know is useful to us . 2 . By evil , on the contrary I understand that which we certainly know hinders us from possessing anything that is good . Spinoza assumes a quasi-mathematical style and states these further propositions which he purports to prove or demonstrate from the above definitions in part IV of his Ethics : Proposition 8 `` Knowledge of good or evil is nothing but affect of joy or sorrow in so far as we are conscious of it . '' Proposition 30 `` Nothing can be evil through that which it possesses in common with our nature , but in so far as a thing is evil to us it is contrary to us . '' Proposition 64 `` The knowledge of evil is inadequate knowledge . '' Corollary `` Hence it follows that if the human mind had none but adequate ideas , it would form no notion of evil . '' Proposition 65 `` According to the guidance of reason , of two things which are good , we shall follow the greater good , and of two evils , follow the less . '' Proposition 68 `` If men were born free , they would form no conception of good and evil so long as they were free . '' Nietzsche ( edit ) Friedrich Nietzsche , in a rejection of the Judeo - Christian morality , addresses this in two works , Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morals , where he essentially says that the natural functional non-good has been socially transformed into the religious concept of evil by the slave mentality of the weak and oppressed masses who resent their masters ( the strong ) . He also makes a critique of morality by saying that many who consider themselves to be moral are simply acting from cowardice ( wanting to do evil but scared of the repercussions ) . Psychology ( edit ) Carl Jung ( edit ) Carl Jung , in his book Answer to Job and elsewhere , depicted evil as the dark side of the Devil . People tend to believe evil is something external to them , because they project their shadow onto others . Jung interpreted the story of Jesus as an account of God facing his own shadow . Philip Zimbardo ( edit ) In 2007 , Philip Zimbardo suggested that people may act in evil ways as a result of a collective identity . This hypothesis , based on his previous experience from the Stanford prison experiment , was published in the book The Lucifer Effect : Understanding How Good People Turn Evil . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Problem of evil Bahá'í faith ( edit ) The Bahá'í Faith asserts that evil is non-existent and that it is a concept for the lacking of good , just as cold is the state of no heat , darkness is the state of no light , forgetfulness the lacking of memory , ignorance the lacking of knowledge . All of these are states of lacking and have no real existence . Thus , evil does not exist , and is relative to man . ` Abdu'l - Bahá , son of the founder of the religion , in Some Answered Questions states : `` Nevertheless a doubt occurs to the mind -- that is , scorpions and serpents are poisonous . Are they good or evil , for they are existing beings ? Yes , a scorpion is evil in relation to man ; a serpent is evil in relation to man ; but in relation to themselves they are not evil , for their poison is their weapon , and by their sting they defend themselves . '' Thus , evil is more of an intellectual concept than a true reality . Since God is good , and upon creating creation he confirmed it by saying it is Good ( Genesis 1 : 31 ) evil can not have a true reality . Buddhism ( edit ) Extermination of Evil , The God of Heavenly Punishment , from the Chinese tradition of yin and yang . Late Heian period ( 12th Century Japan ) Main article : Buddhist Ethics The primal duality in Buddhism is between suffering and enlightenment , so the good vs. evil splitting has no direct analogue in it . One may infer however from the general teachings of the Buddha that the catalogued causes of suffering are what correspond in this belief system to ' evil ' . Practically this can refer to 1 ) the three selfish emotions -- desire , hate and delusion ; and 2 ) to their expression in physical and verbal actions . See ten unvirtuous actions in Buddhism . Specifically , evil means whatever harms or obstructs the causes for happiness in this life , a better rebirth , liberation from samsara , and the true and complete enlightenment of a buddha ( samyaksambodhi ) . `` What is evil ? Killing is evil , lying is evil , slandering is evil , abuse is evil , gossip is evil : envy is evil , hatred is evil , to cling to false doctrine is evil ; all these things are evil . And what is the root of evil ? Desire is the root of evil , illusion is the root of evil . '' Gautama Siddhartha , the founder of Buddhism , 563 - 483 B.C. Hinduism ( edit ) In Hinduism the concept of Dharma or righteousness clearly divides the world into good and evil , and clearly explains that wars have to be waged sometimes to establish and protect Dharma , this war is called Dharmayuddha . This division of good and evil is of major importance in both the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata . However , the main emphasis in Hinduism is on bad action , rather than bad people . The Hindu holy text , the Bhagavad Gita , speaks of the balance of good and evil . When this balance goes off , divine incarnations come to help to restore this balance . Sikhism ( edit ) In adherence to the core principle of spiritual evolution , the Sikh idea of evil changes depending on one 's position on the path to liberation . At the beginning stages of spiritual growth , good and evil may seem neatly separated . However , once one 's spirit evolves to the point where it sees most clearly , the idea of evil vanishes and the truth is revealed . In his writings Guru Arjan explains that , because God is the source of all things , what we believe to be evil must too come from God . And because God is ultimately a source of absolute good , nothing truly evil can originate from God . Nevertheless , Sikhism , like many other religions , does incorporate a list of `` vices '' from which suffering , corruption , and abject negativity arise . These are known as the Five Thieves , called such due to their propensity to cloud the mind and lead one astray from the prosecution of righteous action . These are : Moh , or Attachment Lobh , or Greed Karodh , or Wrath Kaam , or Lust Ahankar , or Egotism One who gives in to the temptations of the Five Thieves is known as `` Manmukh '' , or someone who lives selfishly and without virtue . Inversely , the `` Gurmukh , who thrive in their reverence toward divine knowledge , rise above vice via the practice of the high virtues of Sikhism . These are : Sewa , or selfless service to others . Nam Simran , or meditation upon the divine name . Islam ( edit ) There is no concept of absolute evil in Islam , as a fundamental universal principle that is independent from and equal with good in a dualistic sense . Within Islam , it is considered essential to believe that all comes from Allah , whether it is perceived as good or bad by individuals ; and things that are perceived as evil or bad are either natural events ( natural disasters or illnesses ) or caused by humanity 's free will to disobey Allah 's orders . See Devil ( Islam ) . According to the Ahmadiyya understanding of Islam , evil does not have a positive existence in itself and is merely the lack of good , just as darkness is the result of lack of light . Judaism ( edit ) See also : Yetzer hara In Judaism , no individual can be defined as categorically , absolutely `` good '' or `` evil . '' Judaism recognizes human beings ' psychological complexity . God gave the Children of Israel the Torah as a guide to overcome evil . A common theme of medieval Jewish philosophy is that people who do good deeds will be rewarded in olam haba . Judaism has two conflicting attitudes toward the existence of evil . In one interpretation , evil is not real , it is per se not part of God 's creation , but comes into existence through man 's bad actions . In the other interpretation , evil was created by God since God created everything and to suggest otherwise would be to engage in dualism , and is therefore antithetical to the core Jewish belief in monotheism . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Devil § Christianity Evil according to a Christian worldview is any action , thought or attitude that is contrary to the character or will of God . This is shown through the law given in both the Old and New Testament . Therefore , evil in a Christian world view is contrasted by and in conflict with God 's character or God 's will . This evil shows itself through deviation from the character or will of God . Similarly , good according to a Christian worldview is any action , thought or attitude that is consistent with the character or the will of God , for God is good , the ultimate goodness . The devil , in opposition to the will of God , represents evil and tempts Christ , the personification of the character and will of God . Ary Scheffer , 1854 . Christian theology draws its concept of evil from the Old and New Testaments . The Christian Bible exercises `` the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world . '' In the Old Testament , evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the fallen angels Satan In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability , while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm . Officially , the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian , Thomas Aquinas , who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good . French - American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil , when viewed as a theological concept , as an `` unjustifiable reality . In common parlance , evil is ' something ' that occurs in experience that ought not to be . '' In Mormonism , mortal life is viewed as a test of faith , where one 's choices are central to the Plan of Salvation . See Agency ( LDS Church ) . Evil is that which keeps one from discovering the nature of God . It is believed that one must choose not to be evil to return to God . Christian Science believes that evil arises from a misunderstanding of the goodness of nature , which is understood as being inherently perfect if viewed from the correct ( spiritual ) perspective . Misunderstanding God 's reality leads to incorrect choices , which are termed evil . This has led to the rejection of any separate power being the source of evil , or of God as being the source of evil ; instead , the appearance of evil is the result of a mistaken concept of good . Christian Scientists argue that even the most evil person does not pursue evil for its own sake , but from the mistaken viewpoint that he or she will achieve some kind of good thereby . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) In the originally Persian religion of Zoroastrianism , the world is a battle ground between the god Ahura Mazda ( also called Ormazd ) and the malignant spirit Angra Mainyu ( also called Ahriman ) . The final resolution of the struggle between good and evil was supposed to occur on a day of Judgement , in which all beings that have lived will be led across a bridge of fire , and those who are evil will be cast down forever . In Afghan belief , angels and saints are beings sent to help us achieve the path towards goodness . Descriptive , meta - ethical , and normative fields ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is possible to treat the essential theories of value by the use of a philosophical and academic approach . In properly analyzing theories of value , everyday beliefs are not only carefully catalogued and described , but also rigorously analyzed and judged . There are at least two basic ways of presenting a theory of value , based on two different kinds of questions : What do people find good , and what do they despise ? What really is good , and what really is bad ? The two questions are subtly different . One may answer the first question by researching the world by use of social science , and examining the preferences that people assert . However , one may answer the second question by use of reasoning , introspection , prescription , and generalization . The former kind of method of analysis is called `` descriptive '' , because it attempts to describe what people actually view as good or evil ; while the latter is called `` normative '' , because it tries to actively prohibit evils and cherish goods . These descriptive and normative approaches can be complementary . For example , tracking the decline of the popularity of slavery across cultures is the work of descriptive ethics , while advising that slavery be avoided is normative . Meta - ethics is the study of the fundamental questions concerning the nature and origins of the good and the evil , including inquiry into the nature of good and evil , as well as the meaning of evaluative language . In this respect , meta - ethics is not necessarily tied to investigations into how others see the good , or of asserting what is good . Theories of the intrinsically good ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A satisfying formulation of goodness is valuable because it might allow one to construct a good life or society by reliable processes of deduction , elaboration , or prioritization . One could answer the ancient question , `` How should we then live ? '' among many other important related questions . It has long been thought that this question can best be answered by examining what it is that necessarily makes a thing valuable , or in what the source of value consists . Transcendental realism ( edit ) One attempt to define goodness describes it as a property of the world with transcendental realism . According to this claim , to talk about the good is to talk about something real that exists in the object itself , independent of the perception of it . Plato advocated this view , in his expression that there is such a thing as an eternal realm of forms or ideas , and that the greatest of the ideas and the essence of being was goodness , or The good . The good was defined by many ancient Greeks and other ancient philosophers as a perfect and eternal idea , or blueprint . The good is the right relation between all that exists , and this exists in the mind of the Divine , or some heavenly realm . The good is the harmony of a just political community , love , friendship , the ordered human soul of virtues , and the right relation to the Divine and to Nature . The characters in Plato 's dialogues mention the many virtues of a philosopher , or a lover of wisdom . A theist is a person who believes that the Supreme Being exists or gods exist ( monotheism or polytheism ) . A theist may , therefore , claim that the universe has a purpose and value according to the will of such creator ( s ) that lies partially beyond human understanding . For instance , Thomas Aquinas -- a proponent of this view -- believed he had proven the existence of God , and the right relations that humans ought to have to the divine first cause . Monotheists might also hope for infinite universal love . Such hope is often translated as `` faith '' , and wisdom itself is largely defined within some religious doctrines as a knowledge and understanding of innate goodness . The concepts of innocence , spiritual purity , and salvation are likewise related to a concept of being in , or returning to , a state of goodness -- one that , according to various teachings of `` enlightenment '' , approaches a state of holiness ( or Godliness ) . Perfectionism ( edit ) Aristotle believed that virtues consisted of realization of potentials unique to humanity , such as the use of reason . This type of view , called perfectionism , has been recently defended in modern form by Thomas Hurka . An entirely different form of perfectionism has arisen in response to rapid technological change . Some techno - optimists , especially transhumanists , avow a form of perfectionism in which the capacity to determine good and trade off fundamental values , is expressed not by humans but by software , genetic engineering of humans , artificial intelligence . Skeptics assert that rather than perfect goodness , it would be only the appearance of perfect goodness , reinforced by persuasion technology and probably brute force of violent technological escalation , which would cause people to accept such rulers or rules authored by them . Welfarist theories ( edit ) Welfarist theories of value say things that are good are such because of their positive effects on human well - being . Subjective theories of well - being ( edit ) It is difficult to figure out where an immaterial trait such as `` goodness '' could reside in the world . A counterproposal is to locate values inside people . Some philosophers go so far as to say that if some state of affairs does not tend to arouse a desirable subjective state in self - aware beings , then it can not be good . Most philosophers that think goods have to create desirable mental states also say that goods are experiences of self - aware beings . These philosophers often distinguish the experience , which they call an intrinsic good , from the things that seem to cause the experience , which they call `` inherent '' goods . Failing to distinguish the two leads to a subject -- object problem in which it is not clear who is evaluating what object . Some theories describe no higher collective value than that of maximizing pleasure for individual ( s ) . Some even define goodness and intrinsic value as the experience of pleasure , and bad as the experience of pain . This view is called hedonism , a monistic theory of value . It has two main varieties : simple , and Epicurean . Simple hedonism is the view that physical pleasure is the ultimate good . However , the ancient philosopher Epicurus used the word ' pleasure ' in a more general sense that encompassed a range of states from bliss to contentment to relief . Contrary to popular caricature , he valued pleasures of the mind to bodily pleasures , and advocated moderation as the surest path to happiness . Jeremy Bentham 's book The Principles of Morals and Legislation prioritized goods by considering pleasure , pain and consequences . This theory had a wide effect on public affairs , up to and including the present day . A similar system was later named Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill . More broadly , utilitarian theories are examples of Consequentialism . All utilitarian theories are based upon the maxim of utility , which states that good is whatever provides the greatest happiness for the greatest number . It follows from this principle that what brings happiness to the greatest number of people , is good . A benefit of tracing good to pleasure and pain is that both are easily understandable , both in oneself and to an extent in others . For the hedonist , the explanation for helping behaviour may come in the form of empathy -- the ability of a being to `` feel '' another 's pain . People tend to value the lives of gorillas more than those of mosquitoes because the gorilla lives and feels , making it easier to empathize with them . This idea is carried forward in the ethical relationship view and has given rise to the animal rights movement and parts of the peace movement . The impact of sympathy on human behaviour is compatible with Enlightenment views , including David Hume 's stances that the idea of a self with unique identity is illusory , and that morality ultimately comes down to sympathy and fellow feeling for others , or the exercise of approval underlying moral judgments . A view adopted by James Griffin attempts to find a subjective alternative to hedonism as an intrinsic value . He argues that the satisfaction of one 's informed desires constitutes well - being , whether or not these desires actually bring the agent happiness . Moreover , these preferences must be life - relevant , that is , contribute to the success of a person 's life overall . Desire satisfaction may occur without the agent 's awareness of the satisfaction of the desire . For example , if a man wishes for his legal will to be enacted after his death , and it is , then his desire has been satisfied even though he will never experience or know of it . Meher Baba proposed that it is not the satisfaction of desires that motivates the agent but rather `` a desire to be free from the limitation of all desires . Those experiences and actions which increase the fetters of desire are bad , and those experiences and actions which tend to emancipate the mind from limiting desires are good . '' It is through good actions , then , that the agent becomes free from selfish desires and achieves a state of well - being : `` The good is the main link between selfishness thriving and dying . Selfishness , which in the beginning is the father of evil tendencies , becomes through good deeds the hero of its own defeat . When the evil tendencies are completely replaced by good tendencies , selfishness is transformed into selflessness , i.e. , individual selfishness loses itself in universal interest . '' Objective theories of well - being ( edit ) See also : Wealth § separate analysis The idea that the ultimate good exists and is not orderable but is globally measurable is reflected in various ways in economic ( classical economics , green economics , welfare economics , gross national happiness ) and scientific ( positive psychology , the science of morality ) well - being measuring theories , all of which focus on various ways of assessing progress towards that goal , a so - called genuine progress indicator . Modern economics thus reflects very ancient philosophy , but a calculation or quantitative or other process based on cardinality and statistics replaces the simple ordering of values . For example , in both economics and in folk wisdom , the value of something seems to rise so long as it is relatively scarce . However , if it becomes too scarce , it leads often to a conflict , and can reduce collective value . In the classical political economy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo , and in its critique by Karl Marx , human labour is seen as the ultimate source of all new economic value . This is an objective theory of value ( see value theory ) , which attributes value to real production - costs , and ultimately expenditures of human labour - time ( see also law of value ) . It contrasts with marginal utility theory , which argues that the value of labour depends on subjective preferences by consumers , which may however also be objectively studied . The economic value of labour may be assessed technically in terms of its use - value or utility or commercially in terms of its exchange - value , price or production cost ( see also labour power . But its value may also be socially assessed in terms of its contribution to the wealth and well - being of a society . In non-market societies , labour may be valued primarily in terms of skill , time , and output , as well as moral or social criteria and legal obligations . In market societies , labour is valued economically primarily through the labour market . The price of labour may then be set by supply and demand , by strike action or legislation , or by legal or professional entry - requirements into occupations . Mid-range theories ( edit ) Conceptual metaphor theories argue against both subjective and objective conceptions of value and meaning , and focus on the relationships between body and other essential elements of human life . In effect , conceptual metaphor theories treat ethics as an ontology problem and the issue of how to work - out values as a negotiation of these metaphors , not the application of some abstraction or a strict standoff between parties who have no way to understand each other 's views . Philosophical questions ( edit ) Universality ( edit ) Adolf Hitler is sometimes used as a modern definition of evil . Hitler 's policies and orders resulted in the deaths of about 50 million people . A fundamental question is whether there is a universal , transcendent definition of evil , or whether evil is determined by one 's social or cultural background . C.S. Lewis , in The Abolition of Man , maintained that there are certain acts that are universally considered evil , such as rape and murder . However , the numerous instances in which rape or murder is morally affected by social context call this into question . Up until the mid-19th century , the United States -- along with many other countries -- practiced forms of slavery . As is often the case , those transgressing moral boundaries stood to profit from that exercise . Arguably , slavery has always been the same and objectively evil , but men with a motivation to transgress will justify that action . The Nazis , during World War II , considered genocide to be acceptable , as did the Hutu Interahamwe in the Rwandan genocide . One might point out , though , that the actual perpetrators of those atrocities probably avoided calling their actions genocide , since the objective meaning of any act accurately described by that word is to wrongfully kill a selected group of people , which is an action that at least their victims will understand to be evil . Universalists consider evil independent of culture , and wholly related to acts or intents . Thus , while the ideological leaders of Nazism and the Hutu Interhamwe accepted ( and considered it moral ) to commit genocide , the belief in genocide as fundamentally or universally evil holds that those who instigated this genocide are actually evil . Other universalists might argue that although the commission of an evil act is always evil , those who perpetrate may not be wholly evil or wholly good entities . To say that someone who has stolen a candy bar , for instance , becomes wholly evil is a rather untenable position . However , universalists might also argue that a person can choose a decidedly evil or a decidedly good life career , and genocidal dictatorship plainly falls on the side of the former . Views on the nature of evil tend to fall into one of four opposed camps : Moral absolutism holds that good and evil are fixed concepts established by a deity or deities , nature , morality , common sense , or some other source . Amoralism claims that good and evil are meaningless , that there is no moral ingredient in nature . Moral relativism holds that standards of good and evil are only products of local culture , custom , or prejudice . Moral universalism is the attempt to find a compromise between the absolutist sense of morality , and the relativist view ; universalism claims that morality is only flexible to a degree , and that what is truly good or evil can be determined by examining what is commonly considered to be evil amongst all humans . Plato wrote that there are relatively few ways to do good , but there are countless ways to do evil , which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives , and the lives of other beings capable of suffering . Usefulness as a term ( edit ) One school of thought that holds that no person is evil , and that only acts may be properly considered evil . Psychologist and mediator Marshall Rosenberg claims that the root of violence is the very concept of evil or badness . When we label someone as bad or evil , Rosenberg claims , it invokes the desire to punish or inflict pain . It also makes it easy for us to turn off our feelings towards the person we are harming . He cites the use of language in Nazi Germany as being a key to how the German people were able to do things to other human beings that they normally would not do . He links the concept of evil to our judicial system , which seeks to create justice via punishment -- punitive justice -- punishing acts that are seen as bad or wrong . He contrasts this approach with what he found in cultures in which the idea of evil was non-existent . In such cultures when someone harms another person , they are believed to be out of harmony with themselves and their community , are seen as sick or ill and measures are taken to restore them to a sense of harmonious relations with themselves and others . Psychologist Albert Ellis agrees , in his school of psychology called Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy , or REBT . He says the root of anger , and the desire to harm someone , is almost always related to variations of implicit or explicit philosophical beliefs about other human beings . He further claims that without holding variants of those covert or overt belief and assumptions , the tendency to resort to violence in most cases is less likely . American psychiatrist M. Scott Peck on the other hand , describes evil as militant ignorance . The original Judeo - Christian concept of sin is as a process that leads one to miss the mark and not achieve perfection . Peck argues that while most people are conscious of this at least on some level , those that are evil actively and militantly refuse this consciousness . Peck describes evil as a malignant type of self - righteousness which results in a projection of evil onto selected specific innocent victims ( often children or other people in relatively powerless positions ) . Peck considers those he calls evil to be attempting to escape and hide from their own conscience ( through self - deception ) and views this as being quite distinct from the apparent absence of conscience evident in sociopaths . According to Peck , an evil person : Is consistently self - deceiving , with the intent of avoiding guilt and maintaining a self - image of perfection Deceives others as a consequence of their own self - deception Psychologically projects his or her evils and sins onto very specific targets , scapegoating those targets while treating everyone else normally ( `` their insensitivity toward him was selective '' ) Commonly hates with the pretense of love , for the purposes of self - deception as much as the deception of others Abuses political or emotional power ( `` the imposition of one 's will upon others by overt or covert coercion '' ) Maintains a high level of respectability and lies incessantly in order to do so Is consistent in his or her sins . Evil people are defined not so much by the magnitude of their sins , but by their consistency ( of destructiveness ) Is unable to think from the viewpoint of their victim Has a covert intolerance to criticism and other forms of narcissistic injury He also considers certain institutions may be evil , as his discussion of the My Lai Massacre and its attempted coverup illustrate . By this definition , acts of criminal and state terrorism would also be considered evil . Necessary evil ( edit ) Martin Luther believed that occasional minor evil could have a positive effect Martin Luther argued that there are cases where a little evil is a positive good . He wrote , `` Seek out the society of your boon companions , drink , play , talk bawdy , and amuse yourself . One must sometimes commit a sin out of hate and contempt for the Devil , so as not to give him the chance to make one scrupulous over mere nothings ... '' According to certain schools of political philosophy , leaders should be indifferent to good or evil , taking actions based only upon practicality ; this approach to politics was put forth by Niccolò Machiavelli , a 16th - century Florentine writer who advised politicians `` ... it is far safer to be feared than loved . '' The international relations theories of realism and neorealism , sometimes called realpolitik advise politicians to explicitly ban absolute moral and ethical considerations from international politics , and to focus on self - interest , political survival , and power politics , which they hold to be more accurate in explaining a world they view as explicitly amoral and dangerous . Political realists usually justify their perspectives by laying claim to a higher moral duty specific to political leaders , under which the greatest evil is seen to be the failure of the state to protect itself and its citizens . Machiavelli wrote : `` ... there will be traits considered good that , if followed , will lead to ruin , while other traits , considered vices which if practiced achieve security and well being for the Prince . '' Anton LaVey , founder of the Church of Satan , was a materialist and claimed that evil is actually good . He was responding to the common practice of describing sexuality or disbelief as evil , and his claim was that when the word evil is used to describe the natural pleasures and instincts of men and women , or the skepticism of an inquiring mind , the things called evil are really good . Goodness and agency ( edit ) Goodwill ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Rawls ' book A Theory of Justice prioritized social arrangements and goods based on their contribution to justice . Rawls defined justice as fairness , especially in distributing social goods , defined fairness in terms of procedures , and attempted to prove that just institutions and lives are good , if rational individuals ' goods are considered fairly . Rawls 's crucial invention was the original position , a procedure in which one tries to make objective moral decisions by refusing to let personal facts about oneself enter one 's moral calculations . One problem with the thinkings of Rawls is that it is overly procedural . Procedurally fair processes of the type used by Rawls may not leave enough room for judgment , and therefore , reduce the totality of goodness . For example , if two people are found to own an orange , the standard fair procedure is to cut it in two and give half to each . However , if one wants to eat it while the other wants the rind to flavor a cake , cutting it in two is clearly less good than giving the peel to the baker and feeding the core to the eater . Applying procedural fairness to an entire society therefore seems certain to create recognizable inefficiencies , and therefore be unfair , and ( by the equivalence of justice with fairness ) unjust . However , procedural processes are not always necessarily damning in this way . Immanuel Kant , a great influence for Rawls , similarly applies a lot of procedural practice within the practical application of The Categorical Imperative , however , this is indeed not based solely on ' fairness ' . Even though an example like the one above regarding the orange would not be something that required the practical application of The Categorical Imperative , it is important to draw distinction between Kant and Rawls , and note that Kant 's Theory would not necessarily lead to the same problems Rawls ' does -- i.e. , the cutting in half of the orange . Kant 's Theory promotes acting out of Duty -- acting for the Summum Bonum for him , The Good Will -- and in fact encourages Judgement , too . What this would mean is that the outcome of the Orange 's distribution would not be such a simple process for Kant as the reason why it would be wanted by both parties would necessarily have to be a part of the Judgement process , thus eliminating the problem that Rawls ' account suffers here . Society , life and ecology ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many views value unity as a good : to go beyond eudaimonia by saying that an individual person 's flourishing is valuable only as a means to the flourishing of society as a whole . In other words , a single person 's life is , ultimately , not important or worthwhile in itself , but is good only as a means to the success of society as a whole . Some elements of Confucianism are an example of this , encouraging the view that people ought to conform as individuals to demands of a peaceful and ordered society . According to the naturalistic view , the flourishing of society is not , or not the only , intrinsically good thing . Defenses of this notion are often formulated by reference to biology , and observations that living things compete more with their own kind than with other kinds . Rather , what is of intrinsic good is the flourishing of all sentient life , extending to those animals that have some level of similar sentience , such as Great Ape personhood . Others go farther , declaring that life itself is of intrinsic value . By another approach , one achieves peace and agreement by focusing , not on one 's peers ( who may be rivals or competitors ) , but on the common environment . The reasoning : As living beings it is clearly and objectively good that we are surrounded by an ecosystem that supports life . Indeed , if we were n't , we could neither discuss that good nor even recognize it . The anthropic principle in cosmology recognizes this view . Under materialism or even embodiment values , or in any system that recognizes the validity of ecology as a scientific study of limits and potentials , an ecosystem is a fundamental good . To all who investigate , it seems that goodness , or value , exists within an ecosystem , Earth . Creatures within that ecosystem and wholly dependent on it , evaluate good relative to what else could be achieved there . In other words , good is situated in a particular place and one does not dismiss everything that is not available there ( such as very low gravity or absolutely abundant sugar candy ) as `` not good enough '' , one works within its constraints . Transcending them and learning to be satisfied with them , is thus another sort of value , perhaps called satisfaction . Values and the people that hold them seem necessarily subordinate to the ecosystem . If this is so , then what kind of being could validly apply the word `` good '' to an ecosystem as a whole ? Who would have the power to assess and judge an ecosystem as good or bad ? By what criteria ? And by what criteria would ecosystems be modified , especially larger ones such as the atmosphere ( climate change ) or oceans ( extinction ) or forests ( deforestation ) ? `` Remaining on Earth '' as the most basic value . While green ethicists have been most forthright about it , and have developed theories of Gaia philosophy , biophilia , bioregionalism that reflect it , the questions are now universally recognized as central in determining value , e.g. the economic `` value of Earth '' to humans as a whole , or the `` value of life '' that is neither whole - Earth nor human . Many have come to the conclusion that without assuming ecosystem continuation as a universal good , with attendant virtues like biodiversity and ecological wisdom it is impossible to justify such operational requirements as sustainability of human activity on Earth . One response is that humans are not necessarily confined to Earth , and could use it and move on . A counter-argument is that only a tiny fraction of humans could do this -- and they would be self - selected by ability to do technological escalation on others ( for instance , the ability to create large spacecraft to flee the planet in , and simultaneously fend off others who seek to prevent them ) . Another counter-argument is that extraterrestrial life would encounter the fleeing humans and destroy them as a locust species . A third is that if there are no other worlds fit to support life ( and no extraterrestrials who compete with humans to occupy them ) it is both futile to flee , and foolish to imagine that it would take less energy and skill to protect the Earth as a habitat than it would take to construct some new habitat . Accordingly , remaining on Earth , as a living being surrounded by a working ecosystem , is a fair statement of the most basic values and goodness to any being we are able to communicate with . A moral system without this axiom seems simply not actionable . However , most religious systems acknowledge an afterlife and improving this is seen as an even more basic good . In many other moral systems , also , remaining on Earth in a state that lacks honor or power over self is less desirable -- consider seppuku in bushido , kamikazes or the role of suicide attacks in Jihadi rhetoric . In all these systems , remaining on Earth is perhaps no higher than a third - place value . Radical values environmentalism can be seen as either a very old or a very new view : that the only intrinsically good thing is a flourishing ecosystem ; individuals and societies are merely instrumentally valuable , good only as means to having a flourishing ecosystem . The Gaia philosophy is the most detailed expression of this overall thought but it strongly influenced deep ecology and the modern Green Parties . It is often claimed that aboriginal peoples never lost this sort of view . Anthropological linguistics studies links between their languages and the ecosystems they lived in , which gave rise to their knowledge distinctions . Very often , environmental cognition and moral cognition were not distinguished in these languages . Offenses to nature were like those to other people , and Animism reinforced this by giving nature `` personality '' via myth . Anthropological theories of value explore these questions . Most people in the world reject older situated ethics and localized religious views . However small - community - based and ecology - centric views have gained some popularity in recent years . In part , this has been attributed to the desire for ethical certainties . Such a deeply rooted definition of goodness would be valuable because it might allow one to construct a good life or society by reliable processes of deduction , elaboration or prioritisation . Ones that relied only on local referents one could verify for oneself , creating more certainty and therefore less investment in protection , hedging and insuring against consequences of loss of the value . History and novelty ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : goodness Wikiquote has quotations related to : evil An event is often seen as being of value simply because of its novelty in fashion and art . By contrast , cultural history and other antiques are sometimes seen as of value in and of themselves due to their age . Philosopher - historians Will and Ariel Durant spoke as much with the quote , `` As the sanity of the individual lies in the continuity of his memories , so the sanity of the group lies in the continuity of its traditions ; in either case a break in the chain invites a neurotic reaction '' ( The Lessons of History , 72 ) . Assessment of the value of old or historical artifacts takes into consideration , especially but not exclusively : the value placed on having a detailed knowledge of the past , the desire to have tangible ties to ancestral history , or the increased market value scarce items traditionally hold . Creativity and innovation and invention are sometimes upheld as fundamentally good especially in Western industrial society -- all imply newness , and even opportunity to profit from novelty . Bertrand Russell was notably pessimistic about creativity and thought that knowledge expanding faster than wisdom necessarily was fatal . Goodness and morality in biology ( edit ) The issue of good and evil in the human visuality , often associated with morality , is regarded by some biologists ( notably Edward O. Wilson , Jeremy Griffith , David Sloan Wilson and Frans de Waal ) as an important question to be addressed by the field of biology . See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Ethics portal Adiaphora Akrasia Antagonist Archenemy Axiology Banality of evil Common good Ethics Form of the Good , ( Plato ) Graded absolutism Inductive reasoning Moral dilemma Moral evil Moral realism Natural evil Non-physical entity Objectivist theory of good and evil Ponerology Psychopathy Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Supreme good Theodicy Theodicy and the Bible Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Value theory Villain Welfarism References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Specific references ^ Jump up to : Paul O. Ingram , Frederick John Streng . Buddhist - Christian Dialogue : Mutual Renewal and Transformation . University of Hawaii Press , 1986 . P. 148 - 149 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evil '' . Oxford University Press . 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ervin Staub . Overcoming evil : genocide , violent conflict , and terrorism . New York , NY , USA : Oxford University Press , Pp. 32 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Matthews , John Matthews . Walkers Between the Worlds : The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus . Inner Traditions / Bear & Co , Jan 14 , 2004 . P. 173 . Jump up ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy `` Ethics '' Jump up ^ Donald Brown ( 1991 ) Human Universals . Philadelphia , Temple University Press ( online summary Archived 2012 - 06 - 30 at Archive.is ) . Jump up ^ Boyce 1979 , pp. 6 -- 12 . Jump up ^ John Hinnel ( 1997 ) . The Penguin Dictionary of Religion . Penguin Books UK . Jump up ^ Churton , Tobias ( 2005 ) . Gnostic Philosophy : From Ancient Persia to Modern Times . Inner Traditions -- Bear & Company . ISBN 978 - 159477 - 035 - 7 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Kahn , Democritus and the Origins of Moral Psychology , The American Journal of Philology ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Farley , E ( 1990 ) . Good and Evil : Interpreting a Human Condition . Fortress Press / Vanderbilt University . ISBN 978 - 0800624477 . Jump up ^ Ervin Staub . Overcoming evil : genocide , violent conflict , and terrorism . New York , New York , USA : Oxford University Press , Pp. 32 . Jump up ^ Good and Evil in Chinese Philosophy Archived 2006 - 05 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . C.W. Chan Jump up ^ History of Chinese Philosophy Feng Youlan , Volume II The Period of Classical Learning ( from the Second Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D ) . Trans . Derk Bodde . Ch . XIV Liu Chiu - Yuan , Wang Shou - jen , and Ming Idealism . part 6 § 6 Origin of Evil . Uses strikingly similar language to that in the etymology section of this article , in the context of Chinese Idealism . ^ Jump up to : Benedict de Spinoza , Ethics , Part IV Of Human Bondage or of the Strength of the Affects Definitions translated by W.H. White , Revised by A.H. Stirling , Great Books vol 31 , Encyclopædia Britannica 1952 p. 424 Jump up ^ Stephen Palmquist , Dreams of Wholeness Archived 2008 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. : A course of introductory lectures on religion , psychology and personal growth ( Hong Kong : Philopsychy Press , 1997 / 2008 ) , see especially Chapter XI . Jump up ^ Book website Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ' Abdu'l - Bahá ( 1982 ) . Some answered questions . Translated by Laura Clifford . Wilmette , Ill. : Bahá'í Publ . Trust . ISBN 0 - 87743 - 162 - 0 . Jump up ^ Philosophy of Religion Archived 2017 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Charles Taliaferro , Paul J. Griffiths , eds . Ch. 35 , Buddhism and Evil Martin Southwold p 424 ' Jump up ^ Lay Outreach and the Meaning of ' Evil Person Taitetsu Unno Archived 2012 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bhagavad Gita 4.07 - 08 Jump up ^ Singh , Gopal ( 1967 ) . Sri guru - granth sahib ( english version ) . New York : Taplinger Publishing Co . Jump up ^ Singh , Charan . `` Ethics and Business : Evidence from Sikh Religion '' . Social Science Research Network . Indian Institute of Management , Bangalore . SSRN 2366249 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sandhu , Jaswinder ( February 2004 ) . `` The Sikh Model of the Person , Suffering , and Healing : Implications for Counselors '' . International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 26 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Singh , Arjan ( January 2000 ) . `` The universal ideal of sikhism '' . Global Dialogue. 2 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Revelation , Rationality , Knowledge & Truth ( PDF ) . p. 193 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Good & Evil . '' Archived 2016 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jewish Virtual Library . 2008 . 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ David Ray Griffin , God , Power , and Evil : a Process Theodicy ( Westminster , 1976 / 2004 ) , 31 . Jump up ^ Hans Schwarz , Evil : A Historical and Theological Perspective ( Lima , Ohio : Academic Renewal Press , 2001 ) : 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Evil , 75 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas , SUMMA THEOLOGICA , translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province ( New York : Benziger Brothers , 1947 ) Volume 3 , q. 72 , a . 1 , p. 902 . Jump up ^ Henri Blocher , Evil and the Cross ( Downers Grove : InterVarsity Press , 1994 ) : 10 . Jump up ^ Baba , Meher . Discourses. 1 . 1967 . Sufism Reoriented . p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 880619 - 09 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baba , Meher . Discourses. 1 . 1967 . Sufism Reoriented . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 880619 - 09 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Top 25 Political Icons - Adolf Hitler '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Del Testa , David W ; Lemoine , Florence ; Strickland , John ( 2003 ) . Government Leaders , Military Rulers , and Political Activists . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 153 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gaymon Bennett , Ted Peters , Martinez J. Hewlett , Robert John Russell ( 2008 ) . The evolution of evil . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 318 . ISBN 3 - 525 - 56979 - 3 Jump up ^ Gourevitch , Philip ( 1999 ) . We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With our Families . Picador . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24335 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Frontline : the triumph of evil '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cherniss , Harold ( 1954 ) . The Sources of Evil According to Plato . American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 9004052356 . JSTOR 3143666 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , M. Scott . ( 1983 ; 1988 ) . People of the Lie : The hope for healing human evil . Century Hutchinson . Jump up ^ Peck , M. Scott . ( 1978 ; 1992 ) , The Road Less Travelled . Arrow . Jump up ^ Peck , 1983 / 1988 , p105 Jump up ^ Peck , 1978 / 1992 , p298 Jump up ^ Martin Luther , Werke , XX , p58 ^ Jump up to : Niccolo Machiavelli , The Prince , Dante University of America Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 937832 - 38 - 3 ISBN 978 - 0 - 937832 - 38 - 7 Jump up ^ Anton LaVey , The Satanic Bible , Avon , 1969 , ISBN 0 - 380 - 01539 - 0 Jump up ^ For discussion , see debates on monoculture and permaculture . Jump up ^ Wilson , Edward Osborne ( 2012 ) . The Social Conquest of Earth . ISBN 9780871404138 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Good vs Evil . The Book of Real Answers to Everything ! . ISBN 9781741290073 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Edward Osborne ( 2007 ) . Evolution for Everyone : How Darwin 's Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives . ISBN 9780385340922 . Jump up ^ de Waal , Frans ( 2012 ) . Moral behavior in animals . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 17 . General references Atkinson , Philip . Recognising Good And Evil from ourcivilisation.com Aristotle . `` Nicomachean Ethics '' . 1998 . USA : Oxford University Press . ( 1177a15 ) Bentham , Jeremy . The Principles of Morals and Legislation. 1988 . Prometheus Books . Dewey , John . Theory of Valuation. 1948 . University of Chicago Press . Durant , Ariel and W. Durant . The Lessons of History . 1997 . MJF Books . ( p72 ) Garcia , John David . The Moral Society -- A Rational Alternative to Death . 2005 . Whitmore Publishing . Griffin , James . Well - Being : Its Meaning , Measurement and Moral Importance. 1986 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Hume , David . A Treastise of Human Nature . 2000 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Hurka , Thomas . Perfectionism. 1993 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Kant , Immanuel . Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. 1996 . Cambridge University Press . Third section , ( 446 ) - ( 447 ) . Kierkegaard , Søren . Either / Or . 1992 . Penguin Classics . Rawls , John . A Theory of Justice . 1999 . Belknap Press . Romero , Rhys . `` Just Being a Student '' . 2009 . Austin Student Press . Further reading ( edit ) Baumeister , Roy F. ( 1999 ) Evil : Inside Human Violence and Cruelty . New York : A.W.H. Freeman / Owl Book Bennett , Gaymon , Hewlett , Martinez J , Peters , Ted , Russell , Robert John ( 2008 ) . The Evolution of Evil . Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 56979 - 5 Katz , Fred Emil ( 1993 ) Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil , ( SUNY Press ) , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1442 - 6 ; Katz , Fred Emil ( 2004 ) Confronting Evil , ( SUNY Press ) , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6030 - 4 . Neiman , Susan . Evil in Modern Thought - An Alternative History of Philosophy . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2002 . Oppenheimer , Paul ( 1996 ) . Evil and the Demonic : A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 6193 - 3 . Shermer , M. ( 2004 ) . The Science of Good & Evil . New York : Time Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7520 - 8 Steven Mintz , John Stauffer , eds. ( 2007 ) . The Problem of Evil : Slavery , Freedom , and the Ambiguities of American Reform . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 570 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Stapley , A.B. & Elder Delbert L. , Using Our Free Agency . Ensign May 1975 : 21 Stark , Ryan . Rhetoric , Science , and Magic in Seventeenth - Century England . ( Washington , DC : The Catholic University of America Press , 2009 ) , 115 - 45 . Vetlesen , Arne Johan ( 2005 ) Evil and Human Agency - Understanding Collective Evildoing New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85694 - 2 Wilson , William McF. , and Julian N. Hartt . Farrer 's Theodicy . In David Hein and Edward Hugh Henderson ( eds ) , Captured by the Crucified : The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer . New York and London : T & T Clark / Continuum , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 02510 - 1 External links ( edit ) Look up goodness or evil in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up evil in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Good and evil Evil on In Our Time at the BBC Good and Evil in ( Ultra Orthodox ) Judaism ABC News : Looking for Evil in Everyday Life Psychology Today : Indexing Evil Booknotes interview with Lance Morrow on Evil : An Investigation , October 19 , 2003 . Chattopadhyay , Subhasis . The Discussion of Evil in Christianity in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 118 ( 9 ) : 540 - 542 ( 2013 ) . ISSN 0032 - 6178 Chattopadhyay , Subhasis . Prolegomenon to the Study of Evil. in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 118 ( 4 ) : 278 - 281 ( 2013 ) . ISSN 0032 - 6178 Contestabile , Bruno ( 2016 ) . `` The Denial of the World from an Impartial View '' . Contemporary Buddhism . hide Ethics Theories Casuistry Consequentialism Deontology Kantian ethics Ethics of care Existentialist ethics Meta - ethics Particularism Pragmatic ethics Role ethics Virtue ethics Concepts Autonomy Axiology Belief Conscience Consent Equality Care Free will Good and evil Happiness Ideal Immorality Justice Morality Norm Freedom Principles Suffering or Pain Stewardship Sympathy Trust Value Virtue World view Wrong full index ... Philosophers Laozi Plato Aristotle Diogenes Valluvar Cicero Confucius Augustine of Hippo Mencius Mozi Xunzi Thomas Aquinas Baruch Spinoza David Hume Immanuel Kant Georg W.F. Hegel Arthur Schopenhauer Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill Søren Kierkegaard Henry Sidgwick Friedrich Nietzsche G.E. Moore Karl Barth Paul Tillich Dietrich Bonhoeffer Philippa Foot John Rawls John Dewey Bernard Williams J.L. Mackie G.E.M. Anscombe William Frankena Alasdair MacIntyre R.M. Hare Peter Singer Derek Parfit Thomas Nagel Robert Merrihew Adams Charles Taylor Joxe Azurmendi Christine Korsgaard Martha Nussbaum more ... Applied ethics Bioethics Business ethics Discourse ethics Engineering ethics Environmental ethics Legal ethics Media ethics Medical ethics Nursing ethics Professional ethics Sexual ethics Ethics of eating meat Ethics of technology Related articles Christian ethics Descriptive ethics Ethics in religion Evolutionary ethics Feminist ethics History of ethics Ideology Islamic ethics Jewish ethics Normative ethics Philosophy of law Political philosophy Population ethics Social philosophy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_and_evil&oldid=844576241 '' Categories : Concepts in ethics Crime Dichotomies Ethical issues in religion Recurrent elements in fairy tales Religious philosophical concepts Value ( ethics ) Sin Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Articles needing expert attention from March 2013 All articles needing expert attention Philosophy articles needing expert attention Articles with weasel words from April 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing Old English - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Middle English - language text Articles containing Old Frisian - language text Articles containing Old Saxon - language text Articles containing Old High German - language text Articles containing Gothic - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2010 Articles that may contain original research from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2009 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2012 All articles needing style editing Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Esperanto فارسی Հայերեն Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Русский தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 19 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why do you think that so many stories from medieval times were about good and evil	[]	[]
1583009971827914007	Lake Michigan	Lake Michigan - wikipedia Lake Michigan Jump to : navigation , search Lake Michigan Landsat image Map of Great Lakes ( Lake Michigan in darker blue ) Location United States Group Great Lakes Coordinates 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ; - 87 Coordinates : 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ; - 87 Lake type Glacial Primary inflows Fox River , Grand River , Menominee River , Milwaukee River , Muskegon River , Kalamazoo River , St. Joseph River Primary outflows Straits of Mackinac , Chicago River , Calumet River Basin countries United States Max. length 307 mi ( 494 km ) Max . width 118 mi ( 190 km ) Min . width 91 mi ( 146 km ) Surface area 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km ) Average depth 279 ft ( 85 m ) Max . depth 923 ft ( 281 m ) Water volume 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) Residence time 99 years Shore length 1,400 mi ( 2,300 km ) plus 238 mi ( 383 km ) for islands Surface elevation 577 ft ( 176 m ) Islands see list Settlements see # Cities References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States . The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada . It is the second - largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third - largest by surface area , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake . Lake Michigan is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word `` Michigan '' originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi - gami meaning `` great water '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Statistics and bathymetry 2.2 Cities 2.3 Connection to ocean and open water 2.4 Beaches 2.5 Ferries 2.6 Islands 2.7 Parks 2.8 Lighthouses 3 Hydrology 3.1 Drinking water 4 Fishing 4.1 Commercial fisheries 4.2 Sports fishing 5 Shipping 5.1 Port of Chicago 5.2 Tourism and recreation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Lake Chicago Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians . Their culture declined after 800 AD , and for the next few hundred years , the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians . In the early 17th century , when western European explorers made their first forays into the region , they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians : the Chippewa ; Menominee ; Sauk ; Fox ; Winnebago ; Miami ; Ottawa ; and Potawatomi . The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan , possibly in 1634 or 1638 . In the earliest European maps of the region , the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of `` Michigan '' , named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes . Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow , open - water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron , and the combined body of water is sometimes called Michigan -- Huron ( also Huron -- Michigan ) . The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route . Located on the southern side of the Straits is the town of Mackinaw City , Michigan , the site of Fort Michilimackinac , a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715 , and on the northern side is St. Ignace , Michigan , site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians , founded in 1671 . In 1673 , Jacques Marquette , Louis Joliet and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River , nearly to its headwaters , in their search for the Mississippi River , cf . Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway . The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island , a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center , founded in 1781 . With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century , Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico . French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities , such as Green Bay , on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries . In the 19th century , Lake Michigan played a major role in the development of Chicago and the Midwestern United States west of the lake . For example , 90 % of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years , and only rarely falling below 50 % after the Civil War and the major expansion of railroad shipping . The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump , a scientist at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition . In 2007 , a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley , professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College . This formation lies 40 feet ( 12 m ) below the surface of the lake . One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon . So far the formation has not been authenticated . Geography ( edit ) Lake Michigan bathymetric map . The deepest point is marked with `` × '' . Lake Michigan basin Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States ; the others are shared with Canada . It lies in the region known as the American Midwest . Statistics and Bathymetry ( edit ) Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq. mi ( 58,026 km ) ; ( 13,237 square miles , 34,284 km lying in Michigan state , 7,358 square miles , 19,056 km in Wisconsin , 234 square miles , 606 km in Indiana , & 1,576 square miles , 4,079 km in Illinois ) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ( Lake Baikal , in Russia , is larger by water volume ) , and the fifth - largest lake in the world . It is the larger half of Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . It is 307 miles ( 494 km ) long by 118 miles ( 190 km ) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles ( 2,640 km ) long . The lake 's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet ( 279 ft ; 85 m ) , while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet ( 923 ft ; 281 m ) . It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles ( 4,918 km3 ) of water . Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay . Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay . Its deepest region , which lies in its northern - half , is called Chippewa Basin ( named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa ) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin , by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau . Cities ( edit ) The Milwaukee lakefront Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan 's shores , mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas . The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County , Wisconsin is supported by tourism , with large seasonal populations attracted by the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan . Seasonal residents often have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter . The southern tip of the lake near Gary , Indiana is heavily industrialized . Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include : Illinois Chicago Evanston Glencoe Highland Park Kenilworth Lake Forest Lake Bluff North Chicago Waukegan Wilmette Winnetka Zion Indiana East Chicago Gary Hammond Michigan City Portage Porter Whiting Michigan Benton Harbor Bridgman Charlevoix Douglas Elberta Escanaba Ferrysburg Frankfort Gladstone Glenn Grand Beach Grand Haven Harbor Springs Holland Ludington Mackinaw City Manistee Manistique Menominee Michiana Muskegon New Buffalo Norton Shores Pentwater Petoskey Saugatuck St. Joseph Shoreham South Haven Traverse City Wisconsin Algoma Cudahy Fox Point Green Bay Kenosha Kewaunee Manitowoc Milwaukee Mequon Oconto Port Washington Racine Sheboygan Shorewood South Milwaukee Sturgeon Bay Two Rivers Whitefish Bay Connection to ocean and open water ( edit ) Sunset at Nordhouse Dunes The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean - going vessels . Wider ocean - going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes , and thus shipping is limited on the lakes . Despite their vast size , large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter , interrupting most shipping . Some icebreakers ply the lakes . The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ( combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy . Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , NY ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , NY ) . Beaches ( edit ) Sand dune on Lake Michigan at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Saugatuck Dunes State Park Lake Michigan has many beaches . The region is often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' of the United States , after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . The sand is often soft and off - white , known as `` singing sands '' because of the squeaking noise ( caused by high quartz content ) it emits when walked upon . Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries , and the water is usually clear and cool , between 55 and 80 ° F ( 13 and 27 ° C ) , even in the late summer months . However , because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer . The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world . In fact , in multiple locations along the shoreline , the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface . Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks , national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline . Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , Saugatuck Dunes State Park , Warren Dunes State Park , Hoffmaster State Park , Silver Lake State Park , Ludington State Park , and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at Illinois Beach State Park and moderate sized dune formations can be found in Kohler - Andrae State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin . A large dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula . Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world , aside from a few inland lakes in that region , where one can find Petoskey stones , the state stone . The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky , with some sandy beaches due to local conditions ; while the southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune - covered . This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west ( which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter ) . The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks , beaches , harbors and marinas , and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail . Where there are no beaches or marinas , stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion . The Chicago lakefront is quite walkable ; it is possible to stroll past parks , beaches , and marinas for about 24 miles ( 39 km ) between the city 's southern and northern limits along the lake . Ferries ( edit ) SS Badger operates ferry services between Manitowoc and Ludington Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services on Lake Michigan , both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east . From May to October , the historic steam ship , SS Badger , operates daily between Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and Ludington , Michigan , connecting U.S. Highway 10 between the two cities . The Lake Express , established in 2004 , carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and Muskegon , Michigan . Islands ( edit ) Big Sable Point , Michigan The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County , Michigan , includes Beaver Island , Garden Island , Grape Island , Gull Island , Hat Island , High Island , Hog Island , Horseshoe Island , Little Island , Pismire Island , Shoe Island , Squaw Island , Trout Island , and Whiskey Island . The Fox Islands in Leelanau County , Michigan , consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island . The Manitou Islands , North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island , are in Leelanau County , Michigan . Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island , Bellow Island , and Marion Island . Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County , Michigan include Gravelly Island , Gull Island , Little Gull Island , Little Summer Island , Poverty Island , Rocky Island , St. Martin Island , and Summer Island . Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Round Island , Saint Vital Island , and Snake Island . Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island . Wilderness State Park in Emmet County , Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island . Epoufette Island , Gravel Island , Little Hog Island , and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County , Michigan , in the area of Epoufette , Michigan and Naubinway , Michigan . Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge , in Mackinac County , Michigan . Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island , Fish Island , Gravel Island , Spider Island , Horseshoe Island , the Sister Islands , Detroit Island , Green Island , Hog Island , Pilot Island , Plum Island , Rock Island , the Strawberry Islands and Washington Island . The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself , due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal . Northerly Island is a 91 - acre ( 37 ha ) man - made island in Chicago . It is the home of the Adler Planetarium , the former site of Meigs Field , and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer . Other islands included Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County , Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County , Michigan . Plum Island ( Wisconsin ) is an island at the western shore of Lake Michigan in the southern part of the town of Washington in Door County , Wisconsin . Parks ( edit ) Lake view from the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore , with people climbing uphill Chicago 's North Avenue Beach , Lincoln Park Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline from Portage , Indiana Eichelman Park in Kenosha , Wisconsin with Lake Michigan in the background The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest . The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness . The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake . There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake . A partial list follows . Chicago Park District Beaches Duck Lake State Park Fayette Historic State Park Fisherman 's Island State Park Grand Haven State Park Grand Mere State Park Harrington Beach State Park Holland State Park Hoffmaster State Park Illinois Beach State Park Indian Lake State Park Indiana Dunes State Park Kohler - Andrae State Park Lake Park , Milwaukee Ludington State Park Leelanau State Park Mears State Park Muskegon State Park Newport State Park Orchard Beach State Park Peninsula State Park Racine Zoo Saugatuck Dunes State Park Silver Lake State Park Traverse City State Park Terry Andrae State Park Van Buren State Park Warren Dunes State Park White Shoal Light ( Michigan ) Wells State Park Wilderness State Park Lighthouses ( edit ) Illinois lighthouses Indiana lighthouses Michigan lighthouses Wisconsin lighthouses Hydrology ( edit ) The Milwaukee Reef , running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon , divides the lake into northern and southern basins . Each basin has a clockwise flow of water , deriving from rivers , winds , and the Coriolis effect . Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan . There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit ( 2 to 5 degrees Celsius ) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores . Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water ( sometimes called Lake Michigan - Huron ) , but are normally considered distinct . Counted together , it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them . Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway . Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month , with the highest lake levels typically experienced in the summer . The normal high - water mark is 2.00 feet ( 0.61 m ) above datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the summer of 1986 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level during the period during which records have been kept , at 5.92 ft ( 1.80 m ) above datum . The high water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year , ending with January 1987 . Water levels ranged from 3.67 ft ( 1.12 m ) to 5.92 feet ( 1.80 m ) above Chart Datum . On February 21 , 1986 , the waters neared the all - time maximum for the period during which records have been kept . Historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter . The normal low water mark is 1.00 foot ( 0.30 m ) below datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the winter of 1964 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) below datum . As with the highwater records , monthly low water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965 . During this twelve - month period water levels ranged from 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) to 0.71 feet ( 0.22 m ) below Chart Datum . In January 2013 , Lake Michigan 's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all - time low of 576.2 ft ( 175.6 m ) , reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918 . The lakes were 29 in ( 0.74 m ) below their long - term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012 . Keith Kompoltowicz , chief of watershed hydrology for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ' district office in Detroit , explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the `` lack of a large snowpack '' in the winter of 2011 / 2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012 . Drinking water ( edit ) Lake Michigan , like the other Great Lakes , supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas . The lakes are collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to them pursuant to the Great Lakes Compact . Environmental problems can still plague the lake . Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline . The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter , dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting , Indiana , oil refinery . In March 2014 BP 's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than 1,600 US gallons ( 6,100 l ) of oil into the lake . Fishing ( edit ) Lake Michigan is home to a wide variety of fish species and other organisms . It was originally home to lake whitefish , lake trout , yellow perch , panfish , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass and bowfin , as well as some species of catfish . As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919 , an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting , there has been a decline in native lake trout populations , ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species , the alewife . As a result , salmonids , including various strains of brown trout , steelhead ( rainbow trout ) , coho and chinook salmon , were introduced as predators in order to decrease the alewife population . This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded , resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species . Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead , brown trout , and coho and chinook salmon , which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries . However , several introduced invasive species , such as lampreys , round goby , zebra mussels and quagga mussels , continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility , resulting in knock - on changes to Lake Michigan 's ecosystem , threatening the vitality of native fish populations . Commercial fisheries ( edit ) Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries . The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes , worth about $13 million in 2003 . Michigan 's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe - licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa - Ottawa Resource Authority ( CORA ) and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission ( GLIFWC ) , which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters , and 45 state - licensed commercial fishing enterprises . The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) . The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds ( 5,000,000 kg ) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds ( 3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg ) . The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04 / lb. to as low as $. 40 / lb during periods of high production . Sports fishing ( edit ) Sports fishing includes salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout and walleye being major catches . In the late 1960s , successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan 's charter fishing industry . Shipping ( edit ) Like all of the Great Lakes , Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo , but most container vessels can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years . Port of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : Port of Chicago The Port of Chicago , operated by the Illinois International Port District , has grain ( 14 million bushels ) and bulk liquid ( 800,000 barrels ) storage facilities along Lake Calumet . The central element of the Port District , Calumet Harbor , is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Lake Michigan beach at Holland State Park Tourism and recreation ( edit ) Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes : A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan , including a couple of sailing ships . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes , such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour , a designated scenic road system , connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-1800s . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Beaver Island and Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) . Currently , two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November : the SS Badger , a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and the Lake Express , a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan . See also ( edit ) Ohio Street Beach , downtown Chicago Beaver Island Chicago beaches Chicago River Door Peninsula Green Bay Jardine Water Purification Plant Lake Michigan Shore AVA Leelanau Peninsula Little Traverse Bay Milwaukee River Port of Milwaukee Washington Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Michigan '' . Great-lakes.net. 2009 - 06 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2006 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived 2015 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Watershed Partnership Projects '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 7 -- 13 Jump up ^ http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg Jump up ^ `` Colonial Fort Michilimackinac '' . Mighty Mac . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Shelak 2003 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Cronon , William ( 1991 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . New York , NY : W.W. Norton and Company . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins '' . The Journal of Great Lakes Research . 1989 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Possible mastodon carving found on rock '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Rock brings history to surface ( pictures ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1996 . Bathymetry of Lake Michigan . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5B85627 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Bathymetry of Lake Huron . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5G15XS5 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . ( only small portion of this map ) Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Jump up ^ `` About Our Great Lakes : Tour '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 05 , US EPA , REG . `` Geophysical Lake Michigan - US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ `` Chart : 14901 Edition : 15 Edition Date : August 2006 Clear Dates : NM -- 12 / 17 / 2011 LNM -- 12 / 6 / 2011 '' ; `` Soundings in feet and fathoms '' . NOAA . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg Jump up ^ `` Bathymetry of Lake Michigan '' . www.ngdc.noaa.gov . Jump up ^ http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/explore/coastal-communities/economic-vitality-and-the-great-lakes/ Jump up ^ `` NOAA Great Lakes Region '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch '' . Coastwatch.msu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton 2002 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Schedule and Fares '' . SS Badger . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes ; September 2009 ; US Army Corps of Engineers , Detroit District Jump up ^ `` The Weather History for February 21st '' . Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History . National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bivins , Larry ( 3 April 2013 ) . `` Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping , recreation '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago '' . Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP gets break on dumping in lake '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ NOAA / NMFS : ( 2004 ) Fisheries of the United States , 2003 Archived 2007 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Dan ( 2009 ) . Charter Fishing in Michigan : A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( November 2007 ) . `` Calumet Harbor , IL and IN '' . Retrieved on July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Circle Tour '' . Great-lakes.net. 2005 - 07 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Bogue , Margaret Beattie ( 1985 ) . Around the Shores of Lake Michigan : A Guide to Historic Sites . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 10004 - 9 . Hilton , George Woodman ( 2002 ) . Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4240 - 5 . Hyde , Charles K. ; Mahan , Ann ; Mahan , John ( 1995 ) . The Northern Lights : Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814325 - 54 - 4 . Oleszewski , Wes ( 1998 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses , American and Canadian : A Comprehensive Directory / Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses . Gwinn : Avery Color Studios , Inc . ISBN 0 - 932212 - 98 - 0 . Penrod , John ( 1998 ) . Lighthouses of Michigan . Berrien Center : Pernod / Hiawatha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942618 - 78 - 5 . Penrose , Laurie ; Penrose , Bill ( 1999 ) . A Traveler 's Guide to 116 Michigan Lighthouses . Petoskey : Friede Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 923756 - 03 - 1 . Shelak , Benjamin J. ( 2003 ) . Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 931599 - 21 - 1 . Wagner , John L. ( 1998 ) . Michigan Lighthouses : An Aerial Photographic Perspective . East Lansing : John L. Wagner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880311 - 01 - 1 . Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac . Editors and reporters of The New York Times ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Wright , Larry ; Wright , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia ( Hardback ed . ) . Erin : Boston Mills Press . ISBN 1 - 55046 - 399 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Michigan . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Lake Michigan . Geographic data related to Lake Michigan at OpenStreetMap EPA 's Great Lakes Atlas Great Lakes Coast Watch Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan Official Michigan DNR Freshwater Fishing Regulations Bathymetry of Lake Michigan `` Michigan , Lake '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Anderson , William P. ( 1911 ) . `` Michigan , Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Lighthouses Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( northern Lake Michigan ) Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( southern Lake Michigan ) Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the western Great Lakes Wagner , John L. , Beacons Shining in the Night , Michigan lighthouse bibliography , chronology , history , and photographs , Clarke Historical Library , Central Michigan University Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties Northern Michigan Central cities Alpena Cadillac Charlevoix Gaylord Petoskey Traverse City Counties Alcona Alpena Antrim Arenac Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Clare Crawford Emmet Gladwin Grand Traverse Iosco Kalkaska Lake Leelanau Manistee Missaukee Montmorency Ogemaw Osceola Oscoda Otsego Presque Isle Roscommon Wexford Geography Au Sable River Cheboygan River Elk River watershed Grand Traverse Bay Houghton Lake Inland Waterway Leelanau Peninsula Lake Charlevoix Lake Huron Lake Michigan Little Traverse Bay Manistee River Straits of Mackinac Thunder Bay Walloon Lake Transportation Charlevoix Municipal Airport Cherry Capital Airport Great Lakes Central Railroad Lake State Railway Mackinac Bridge Pellston Regional Airport SS Badger Economy East Jordan Iron Works Georgia - Pacific Holcim Lafarge Cement Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company Michigan wine USG Corporation Weyerhaeuser Michigan Central Michigan Southeast Michigan Upper Peninsula West Michigan Upper Peninsula of Michigan Central cities Escanaba Hancock Houghton Iron Mountain Iron River Marquette Menominee Munising Sault Ste . Marie St. Ignace Counties Alger Baraga Chippewa Delta Dickinson Gogebic Houghton Iron Keweenaw Luce Mackinac Marquette Menominee Ontonagon Schoolcraft Geography Copper Country Gogebic Range Grand Island Keweenaw Peninsula Keweenaw Waterway Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Michigan Menominee River Mount Arvon Pictured Rocks Porcupine Mountains St. Marys River Straits of Mackinac Transportation Chippewa County Airport Delta County Airport Ford Airport Gogebic -- Iron County Airport Houghton County Airport Mackinac Bridge International Bridge International Rail Bridge Portage Lake Lift Bridge Sawyer International Airport Soo Locks Economy Cleveland - Cliffs Inc . Copper mining in Michigan Verso Corporation Michigan Central Michigan Northern Michigan Southeast Michigan West Michigan VIAF : 315125114 GND : 4281497 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Michigan&oldid=838428573 '' Categories : Lake Michigan Lakes of Illinois Lakes of Indiana Lakes of Michigan West Michigan Northern Michigan Lakes of Wisconsin Borders of Wisconsin Borders of Michigan Borders of Indiana Borders of Illinois Lakes of Door County , Wisconsin Lakes of Cook County , Illinois Lakes of Lake County , Illinois Bodies of water of LaPorte County , Indiana Lakes of Muskegon County , Michigan Lakes of Berrien County , Michigan Lakes of Grand Traverse County , Michigan Lakes of Manistee County , Michigan Lakes of Leelanau County , Michigan Great Lakes Lakes of Kewaunee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Milwaukee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Brown County , Wisconsin Lakes of Kenosha County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Manitowoc County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Ozaukee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Oconto County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Racine County , Wisconsin Lakes of Sheboygan County , Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how wide is lake michigan at its widest point	[ "Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq.mi (58,026 km2); (13,237 square miles, 34,284 km2 lying in Michigan state,[2] 7,358 square miles, 19,056 km2 in Wisconsin, 234 square miles, 606 km2 in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles, 4,079 km2 in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth-largest lake in the world. It is the larger half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is 307 miles (494 km) long by 118 miles (190 km) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles (2,640 km) long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).[2][20] It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles (4,918 km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay. Its deepest region, which lies in its northern-half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin, by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.[21][22]" ]	[ "118 miles (190 km)" ]
3813124073038060719	Economy of Brazil	Economy of Brazil - Wikipedia Economy of Brazil Jump to : navigation , search Economy of Brazil São Paulo , the financial capital of Brazil Currency Brazilian real ( BRL , R $ ) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations Unasul , WTO , Mercosur , G - 20 and others Statistics GDP $2.080 trillion ( nominal ; 2017 est . ) $3.219 trillion ( PPP ; 2017 est . ) GDP rank 8th ( nominal ) / 8th ( PPP ) GDP growth 1.1 % ( 2017 est . ) GDP per capita $10,019 ( nominal ; 68th ; 2017 est . ) $15,500 ( PPP ; 86th ; 2017 est . ) GDP by sector services : 76 % industry : 18 , 5 % agriculture : 5 , 5 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 3.5 % ( 2018 est . ) Population below poverty line 3 , 8 % ( 2016 ) Gini coefficient 0.48 ( 2018 est . ) Labor force 120 million ( 2017 est . ) Labor force by occupation Agriculture : 8 % ; Industry : 22 % ; Services : 70 % ( 2017 est . ) Unemployment 11.8 % ( January 2018 ) Main industries Textiles shoes chemicals cement lumber iron ore tin steel aircraft motor vehicles and parts other machinery and equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 125th ( 2018 ) External Exports $185.2 billion ( 2016 est . ) Export goods transport equipment , iron ore , soybeans , footwear , coffee , automobiles Main export partners United States 20 % European Union 18 % China 13 % Argentina 9 % Japan 5 % Other 35 % Imports $143.2 billion ( 2016 est . ) Import goods machinery , electrical and transport equipment , chemical products , oil , automotive parts , electronics Main import partners European Union 22 % United States 18 % China 17 % Argentina 7 % South Korea 4 % Other 32 % Gross external debt $985 billion ( December 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 78.5 % of GDP ( 2017 est . ) Revenues $511.9 billion ( 2017 est . ) Expenses $462.6 billion ( 2017 est . ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BB ( Domestic ) BB ( Foreign ) BB ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Negative Moody 's : Ba2 Outlook : Negative Fitch : BB+ Outlook : Negative Foreign reserves $373.9 billion ( 2017 est . ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . GNI per capita in 2010 : Brazil ( 9,390 $ ) Higher GNI per capita compared to Brazil Lower GNI per capita compared to Brazil The economy of Brazil is the world 's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by a mixed economy that relies on import substitution to achieve economic growth . Brazil has an estimated US $21.8 trillion worth of natural resources which includes vast amounts of gold , uranium , iron , and timber . As of late 2010 , Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest - growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013 and the country entered a recession in 2014 . In 2017 , however , the economy started to recover , with a 1 % GDP growth in the first quarter . In the second quarter , the economy grew 0.3 % compared to the same period of the previous year , officially exiting the recession . According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private - sector development . In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 + 5 , G20 , WTO , Paris Club and the Cairns Group . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Components 2.1 Agriculture and food production 2.2 Industry 2.3 Largest companies 2.4 Energy 3 Economic status 3.1 Sustainable growth 3.2 Control and reform 3.3 Consistent policies 3.4 Mergers and acquisitions 3.5 Entrepreneurship 3.6 Credit rating 4 Income 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Economic history of Brazil and Economy of the Empire of Brazil When the Portuguese explorers arrived in the 16th century , the native tribes of current - day Brazil , totaled about 2.5 million people and had lived virtually unchanged since the Stone Age . From Portugal 's colonization of Brazil ( 1500 -- 1822 ) until the late 1930s , the Brazilian economy relied on the production of primary products for exports . In the Portuguese Empire , Brazil was a colony subjected to an imperial mercantile policy , which had three main large - scale economic production cycles -- sugar , gold and from the early 19th century on , coffee . The economy of Brazil was heavily dependent on African slave labor until the late 19th century ( about 3 million imported African slaves in total ) . In that period Brazil was also the colony with the largest amount of European settlers , most of them Portuguese ( including Azoreans and Madeirans ) but also some Dutch ( see Dutch Brazil ) , Spaniards , English , French , Germans , Flemish , Danish , Scottish and Sephardic Jews . Since then , Brazil experienced a period of strong economic and demographic growth accompanied by mass immigration from Europe , mainly from Portugal ( including the Azores and Madeira ) , Italy , Spain , Germany , Poland , Ukraine , Switzerland , Austria and Russia . Smaller numbers of immigrants also came from the Netherlands , France , Finland , Iceland and the Scandinavian countries , Lithuania , Belgium , Bulgaria , Hungary , Greece , Latvia , England , Ireland , Scotland , Croatia , Czech Republic , Malta , Macedonia and Luxembourg ) , the Middle East ( mainly from Lebanon , Syria and Armenia ) , Japan , the United States and South Africa , until the 1930s . In the New World , the United States , Argentina , Brazil , Canada , Australia , Uruguay , New Zealand , Chile , Mexico , Cuba , Venezuela , Paraguay , Puerto Rico and Peru ( in descending order ) were the countries that received most immigrants . In Brazil 's case , statistics showed that 4.5 million people emigrated to the country between 1882 and 1934 . Currently , with a population of over 204 million and abundant natural resources , Brazil is one of the ten largest markets in the world , producing tens of millions of tons of steel , 26 million tons of cement , 3.5 million television sets , and 3 million refrigerators . In addition , about 70 million cubic meters of petroleum were being processed annually into fuels , lubricants , propane gas , and a wide range of hundreds of petrochemicals . Brazil has at least 161,500 kilometers of paved roads , more than 93 Gigawatts of installed electric power capacity and its real per capita GDP surpassed US $10,500 in 2008 , due to the strong and continued appreciation of the real for the first time that decade . Its industrial sector accounts for three - fifths of the Latin American economy 's industrial production . The country 's scientific and technological development is argued to be attractive to foreign direct investment , which has averaged US $30 billion per year the last years , compared to only US $2 billion per year last decade , remarkable growth . The agricultural sector , locally called the agronegócio ( agro-business ) , has also been remarkably dynamic : for two decades this sector has kept Brazil among the most highly productive countries in areas related to the rural sector . The agricultural sector and the mining sector also supported trade surpluses which allowed for massive currency gains ( rebound ) and external debt paydown . Due to a downturn in Western economies , Brazil found itself in 2010 trying to halt the appreciation of the real . Data from the Asian Development Bank and the Tax Justice Network show the untaxed `` shadow '' economy of Brazil is 39 % of GDP . Components ( edit ) The service sector is the largest component of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) at 67.0 percent , followed by the industrial sector at 27.5 percent . Agriculture represents 5.5 percent of GDP ( 2011 ) . The Brazilian labor force is estimated at 100.77 million of which 10 percent is occupied in agriculture , 19 percent in the industry sector and 71 percent in the service sector . Agriculture and food production ( edit ) Agriculture production Combine harvester on a plantation Main products coffee , soybeans , wheat , rice , corn , sugarcane , cocoa , citrus ; beef Labor force 15.7 % of total labor force GDP of sector 5.9 % of total GDP Economic activity in Brazil ( 1977 ) . Main article : Agriculture in Brazil Brazil Product Exports Treemap ( 2016 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Agribusiness contributes to Brazil 's trade balance , in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries . In the space of fifty five years ( 1950 to 2005 ) , the population of Brazil grew from 51 million to approximately 187 million inhabitants , an increase of over 2 percent per year . Brazil created and expanded a complex agribusiness sector . However , some of this is at the expense of the environment , including the Amazon . The importance given to the rural producer takes place in the shape of the agricultural and cattle - raising plan and through another specific subsidy program geared towards family agriculture ( Pronaf ) , which guarantees financing for equipment and cultivation and encourage the use of new technology . With regards to family agriculture , over 800 thousand rural inhabitants are assisted by credit , research and extension programs . A special line of credit is available for women and young farmers . With The Land Reform Program , on the other hand , the country 's objective is to provide suitable living and working conditions for over one million families who live in areas allotted by the State , an initiative capable of generating two million jobs . Through partnerships , public policies and international partnerships , the government is working towards the guarantee of an infrastructure for the settlements , following the examples of schools and health outlets . The idea is that access to land represents just the first step towards the implementation of a quality land reform program . Over 600,000 km2 of land are divided into approximately five thousand areas of rural property ; an agricultural area currently with three borders : the Central - western region ( savanna ) , the northern region ( area of transition ) and parts of the northeastern region ( semi-arid ) . At the forefront of grain crops , which produce over 110 million tonnes / year , is the soybean , yielding 50 million tonnes . In the cattle - raising sector , the `` green ox , '' which is raised in pastures , on a diet of hay and mineral salts , conquered markets in Asia , Europe and the Americas , particularly after the `` mad cow disease '' scare period . Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world , with 198 million heads , responsible for exports surpassing the mark of US $1 billion / year . A pioneer and leader in the manufacture of short - fiber timber cellulose , Brazil has also achieved positive results within the packaging sector , in which it is the fifth largest world producer . In the foreign markets , it answers for 25 percent of global exports of raw cane and refined sugar ; it is the world leader in soybean exports and is responsible for 80 percent of the planet 's orange juice , and since 2003 , has had the highest sales figures for beef and chicken , among the countries that deal in this sector . Industry ( edit ) Industrial production Embraer Legacy 600 jet manufactured by Embraer Main industries textiles , shoes , chemicals , cement , lumber , iron ore , tin , steel , aircraft , motor vehicles and parts , other machinery and equipment Industrial growth rate − 5 % ( 2015 est . ) Labor force 13.3 % of total labor force GDP of sector 22.2 % of total GDP Main article : Industry in Brazil Brazil has the third - largest manufacturing sector in the Americas . Accounting for 28.5 percent of GDP , Brazil 's industries range from automobiles , steel and petrochemicals to computers , aircraft , and consumer durables . With increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real , Brazilian and multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology , a large proportion of which has been purchased from US firms . Brazil has a diverse and sophisticated services industry as well . During the early 1990s , the banking sector accounted for as much as 16 percent of the GDP . Although undergoing a major overhaul , Brazil 's financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range of products and is attracting numerous new entrants , including U.S. financial firms . On 8 May 2008 , the São Paulo Stock Exchange ( Bovespa ) and the São Paulo - based Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange ( BM&F ) merged , creating BM&F Bovespa , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world . Also , the previously monopolistic reinsurance sector is being opened up to third party companies . As of 31 December 2007 , there were an estimated 21,304,000 broadband lines in Brazil . Over 75 percent of the broadband lines were via DSL and 10 percent via cable modems . Proven mineral resources are extensive . Large iron and manganese reserves are important sources of industrial raw materials and export earnings . Deposits of nickel , tin , chromite , uranium , bauxite , beryllium , copper , lead , tungsten , zinc , gold , and other minerals are exploited . High - quality coking - grade coal required in the steel industry is in short supply . Largest companies ( edit ) See also : List of companies of Brazil In 2017 , 20 Brazilian companies were listed in the Forbes Global 2000 list -- an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by Forbes magazine . The 20 companies listed were : World Rank Company Industry Revenue ( billion $ ) Profits ( billion $ ) Assets ( billion $ ) Market Value ( billion $ ) Headquarters 38 Itaú Unibanco Banking 61.3 6.7 419.9 79.2 São Paulo 62 Banco Bradesco Banking 70.2 4.3 362.4 53.5 Osasco , SP 132 Banco do Brasil Banking 57.3 2.3 430.6 29 Brasilia 156 Vale Mining 27.1 3.8 99.1 45.4 São Paulo 399 Petrobras Oil & Gas 81.1 - 4.3 247.3 61.3 Rio de Janeiro 610 Eletrobras Utilities 17.4 0.983 52.4 7.2 Rio de Janeiro 791 Itaúsa Conglomerate 1.3 2.4 18.1 23 São Paulo 895 JBS Food Processing 48.9 0.108 31.6 8.2 São Paulo 981 Ultrapar Conglomerate 22.2 0.448 7.4 12.5 São Paulo 1103 Cielo Financial services 3.5 9.4 20.9 Barueri , SP 1233 Braskem Chemicals 13.8 - 0.136 15.9 7.9 São Paulo 1325 BRF Food processing 9.7 - 0.107 13.8 9.3 Itajaí , SC 1436 Sabesp Waste Management 0.846 11.6 7.4 São Paulo 1503 Oi Telecommunications 7.5 - 2 25.2 0.952 Rio de Janeiro 1515 Gerdau Iron & Steel 10.8 - 0.395 16.8 1.4 Porto Alegre , RS 1545 CBD Retail 12 0.139 13.9 5.9 São Paulo 1572 CCR Transportation 2.9 0.429 7.5 11.5 São Paulo 1597 Bovespa Stock Exchange 0.666 0.415 9.7 12.8 São Paulo 1735 CPFL Energia Electricity 5.4 0.258 13 8.4 Campinas , SP 1895 Kroton Educacional Higher Education 1.5 0.535 5.4 7.1 Belo Horizonte , MG Renewable energy in Parnaíba . Energy ( edit ) Main articles : Energy policy of Brazil and Renewable energy in Brazil The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum . Imports previously accounted for more than 70 % of the country 's oil needs but Brazil became self - sufficient in oil in 2006 -- 2007 . Brazil is one of the world 's leading producers of hydroelectric power , with a current capacity of about 260,000 megawatts . Existing hydroelectric power provides 90 % of the nation 's electricity . Two large hydroelectric projects , the 19,900 megawatt Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River ( the world 's largest dam ) and the Tucurui Dam in Pará in northern Brazil , are in operation . Brazil 's first commercial nuclear reactor , Angra I , located near Rio de Janeiro , has been in operation for more than 10 years . Angra II was completed in 2002 and is in operation too . An Angra III had a planned inauguration scheduled for 2014 . The three reactors would have a combined capacity of 9,000 megawatts when completed . The government also plans to build 19 more nuclear plants by the year 2020 . Economic status ( edit ) Statistical Table Inflation ( IPCA ) 2002 12.53 % 2003 9.30 % 7.60 % 2005 5.69 % 2006 3.14 % 2007 4.46 % 2008 5.91 % 2009 4.31 % 5.90 % 2011 6.50 % 2012 5.84 % 2013 5.91 % 2014 6.41 % 2015 10.67 % 2016 6.29 % 2017 2.95 % Source : Average GDP growth rate 1950 -- 2013 1950 -- 59 7.1 % 1960 -- 69 6.1 % 1970 -- 79 8.9 % 1980 -- 89 3.0 % 1990 -- 99 1.7 % 2000 -- 09 3.3 % 2010 -- 17 1.4 % Source : Sustainable growth ( edit ) Portuguese explorers arrived in 1500 , but it was only in 1808 that Brazil obtained a permit from the Portuguese colonial government to set up its first factories and manufacturers . In the 21st century , Brazil became thd eighth largest economy in the world . Originally , its exports were basic raw and primary goods , such as sugar , rubber and gold . Today , 84 % of exports are of manufactured and semi-manufactured products . The period of great economic transformation and growth occurred between 1875 and 1975 . In the last decade , domestic production increased by 32.3 % . Agribusiness ( agriculture and cattle - raising ) , which grew by 47 % or 3.6 % per year , was the most dynamic sector -- even after having weathered international crises that demanded constant adjustments to the Brazilian economy . The Brazilian government also launched a program for economic development acceleration called Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento , aiming to spur growth . Brazil 's transparency rank in the international world is 75th according to Transparency International . Control and reform ( edit ) Among measures recently adopted to balance the economy , Brazil carried out reforms to its social security ( state and retirement pensions ) and tax systems . These changes brought with them a noteworthy addition : a Law of Fiscal Responsibility which controls public expenditure by the executive branches at federal , state and municipal levels . At the same time , investments were made towards administration efficiency and policies were created to encourage exports , industry and trade , thus creating `` windows of opportunity '' for local and international investors and producers . With these alterations in place , Brazil has reduced its vulnerability : it does n't import the oil it consumes ; it has halved its domestic debt through exchange rate - linked certificates and has seen exports grow , on average , by 20 % a year . The exchange rate does not put pressure on the industrial sector or inflation ( at 4 % a year ) , and does away with the possibility of a liquidity crisis . As a result , the country , after 12 years , has achieved a positive balance in the accounts which measure exports / imports , plus interest payments , services and overseas payment . Thus , respected economists say that the country wo n't be deeply affected by the current world economic crisis . In 2017 , President Michel Temer refused to make public the list of companies accused of `` modern slavery '' . The list , made public yearly since the presidency of Lula Da Silva in 2003 , was intended to persuade companies to settle their fines and conform to labor regulations , in a country where corruption of the political class risked compromising respect for the law . The relations of the president - in - office with the `` landowner lobby '' were denounced by dismissed president Dilma Rousseff on this occasion . Central business district of Rio de Janeiro . Consistent policies ( edit ) Support for the productive sector has been simplified at all levels ; active and independent , Congress and the Judiciary Branch carry out the evaluation of rules and regulations . Among the main measures taken to stimulate the economy are the reduction of up to 30 percent on manufactured products tax ( IPI ) , and the investment of $8 billion on road cargo transportation fleets , thus improving distribution logistics . Further resources guarantee the propagation of business and information telecenters . The policy for industry , technology and foreign trade , at the forefront of this sector , for its part , invests $19.5 billion in specific sectors , following the example of the software and semiconductor , pharmaceutical and medicine product , and capital goods sectors . Mergers and Acquisitions ( edit ) View of Recife . Between 1993 and 2010 , 7.012 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of US $707 billion with the involvement of Brazilian firms have been announced . The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with $115 billion of transactions . The largest transaction with involvement of Brazilian companies has been : Cia Vale do Rio Doce acquired Inco in a tender offer valued at $18.9 billion . Entrepreneurship ( edit ) According to a search of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 2011 Brazil had 27 million adults aged between 18 and 64 either starting or owning a business , meaning that more than one in four Brazilian adults were entrepreneurs . In comparison to the other 54 countries studied , Brazil was the third - highest in total number of entrepreneurs . Ipea , a government agency , found that 37 million jobs in Brazil were associated with businesses with up to 10 employees . Even though Brazil ranks internationally as one of the hardest countries in the region to do business due to its complicated bureaucracy , there is a healthy number of entrepreneurs , thanks to the huge internal consumer market and various government programs . The most recent research of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor revealed in 2013 that 50.4 % of Brazilian new entrepreneurs are men , 33.8 % are in the 35 -- 44 age group , 36.9 % completed high school and 47.9 % earn 3 -- 6 times the Brazilian minimum wage . In contrast , 49.6 % of entrepreneurs are female , only 7 % are in the 55 -- 64 age group , 1 % have postgraduate education and 1.7 % earn more than 9 times the minimum wage . Credit rating ( edit ) Brazil 's credit rating was downgraded by Standard & Poor 's to BBB in March 2014 , just one notch above junk . Income ( edit ) The median income of the ministers of Supreme Federal Court is more than R $300,000 . The city of Presidente Kennedy , Espírito Santo , has the largest median income of Brazil , R $815,093 . Brazil is a country with extreme income inequality . Members of the national congress make R $33,700 per month , plus an additional 13th salary , totaling R $444,800 per year ( USD 140,000 ) , but most of the population only makes minimum wage set for the year of 2017 at R $937 per month plus an additional 13th salary in the second half of December , totaling R $12,181 per year ( around USD 4,000 ) , which is 35 times less than national politicians . The GDP per capita in 2011 was US $12,906 . Career Median salary ( R $ ) Starting salary ( R $ ) Top salary ( R $ ) Judge Law 170,000 150,500 310,500 Prosecutor Law 150,000 140,000 270,000 General director Administration 90,000 60,000 1,450,000 Physician Medicine 85,000 40,000 1,550,000 Judicial analyst Law 80,000 70,000 90,000 Police chief Law 60,000 50,000 85,000 Electronic engineer Engineering 51,000 33,600 360,000 Civil engineer Engineering 50,400 22,800 360,000 Other engineers Engineering 45,000 24,000 130,000 Economic researcher Economy 44,000 24,000 180,000 Mechanical engineer Engineering 42,600 26,200 105,000 Department supervisor Administration 41,964 20,076 420,000 Taxation Officer Government 41,520 26,400 240,000 Professors Higher education 40,440 20,000 300,000 Agronomist Agronomy 40,000 27,600 96,000 Chemical engineer Engineering 40,000 31,200 420,000 Systems analyst Computer science 38,400 30,000 180,000 Dentist Dentistry 37,800 29,400 720,000 Architect Architecture 37,320 13,800 600,000 Lawyer Law 36,120 20,040 3,000,000 Accountant Accountancy 35,880 17,400 216,000 Administrator Administration 35,400 25,080 1,800,000 Journalist Journalism 32,880 18,000 2,400,000 See also ( edit ) Brazilian Packaging Market Economy of São Paulo List of Brazilian federative units by gross domestic product 2015 -- 2017 Brazilian economic crisis List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP growth List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( nominal ) List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( PPP ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=89&pr1.y=15&c=223&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2018/01/11/world-economic-outlook-update-january-2018 Jump up ^ http://www.bcb.gov.br/pec/GCI/PORT/readout/R20171215.pdf Jump up ^ `` World Bank forecasts for Brazil , June 2017 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=89&pr1.y=15&c=223&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=89&pr1.y=15&c=223&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= Jump up ^ Table 3 - Cumulative Rate in the Year IBGE . Retrieved on 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bcb.gov.br/pec/GCI/PORT/readout/R20171215.pdf Jump up ^ `` Inflation Brazil -- current Brazilian inflation '' . Inflation.eu . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html Jump up ^ https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/5801#notas-tabela Jump up ^ `` Desigualdade cai em 2014 com alta de renda dos mais pobres , diz IBGE '' . Folha de S. Paulo . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor force , total '' . World Bank . World Bank . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.investing.com/economic-calendar/brazilian-unemployment-rate-411 Jump up ^ http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil - WTO Statistics Database '' . World Trade Organization . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Banco Central do Brasil '' . BCB . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ DeFotis , Dimitra ( 17 February 2016 ) . `` Blame Oil : S&P Cuts Brazil & Saudi Ratings , Affirms Dire Russia Outlook '' . Barron 's . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moody 's downgrades Brazil 's issuer and bond ratings to Ba2 with a negative outlook '' . Moody 's . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Felipe ; Sambo , Paula . `` Brazil Gets Second Junk Rating as Fitch Cites Economic Slump '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Banco Central do Brasil Jump up ^ IMF - Brazil Jump up ^ Craig Anthony ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` 10 Countries With The Most Natural Resources '' . Investopedia . Jump up ^ Is Brazil 's Economy Getting Too Hot ? Forbes . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/17/despite-protests-wont-lead-to-radical-change-in-brazil.html Jump up ^ Global Competitiveness Report 2009 - 2010 World Economic Forum . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Luisa ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : About Brazil Brazilian government . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Brazil 's Currency Wars -- A `` Real '' Problem Sounds and Colours . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The Secret Strength of Pakistan 's Economy -- Businessweek Jump up ^ http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Brazil/InfoBra.html ^ Jump up to : Agriculture Brazilian Government . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Popclock IBGE Jump up ^ Indicators Brazilian Government . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government breaks reinsurance monopoly , discards privatization ( in Portuguese ) '' . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Global 2000 : Brazil '' . 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inflation Ipea Jump up ^ Average Exchange Rate Ipea Jump up ^ Fagoyinbo , Joseph Babatunde . The Armed Forces : Instrument of Peace , Strength , Development and Prosperity . Author House . p. 209 . ISBN 9781477218440 . Jump up ^ Sustainable growth Brazilian Government . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` From crisis to crisis in Brazil '' . The Economist. 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Transparency by country 2009 Transparency International . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Control and reform Brazilian Government . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ ( https://www.humanite.fr/au-bresil-temer-protege-les-esclavagistes-633475 Au Brésil , Temer protège les esclavagistes ) Jump up ^ Consistent policies Brazilian government . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mergers and Acquisitions : Brazil Institute of Mergers , Acquisitions and Alliances . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://web.grupomaquina.com/maquinaNet/techEngine?sid=MaquinaNet&command=noticiaClippingSite&action=visualizar&idNoticia=2368106366895 A spirit for entreprise , Finantial Times Online , May 8th , 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/2645/gem-2012-global-report GEM 2012 Global Report Jump up ^ Rousseff Losing Bond Investors as Downgrade to Junk Looms -- Bloomberg Bloomberg Jump up ^ Median income -- Brazilian Supreme Court Folha de S. Paulo . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ IBGE ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Preço das commodities minerais e agrícolas influenciam mudanças na participação dos municípios no PIB em 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Salario Minimo em 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects : Brazil International Monetary Fund . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Median Incomes in Brazil by Career in 2007 ( FGV ) Archived 10 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Veja . Retrieved on 24 October 2011 . ( in Portuguese ) . External links ( edit ) Ministry of Finance ( Brazil ) IBGE : Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Brazil Brazil profile at the CIA World Factbook Brazil profile at The World Bank Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Outline Index Portal Union of South American Nations Member states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Proposed : Trinidad and Tobago Summits 2008 2009 Ecuador 2009 Argentina 2011 2012 2013 2014 Topics Cusco Declaration Constitutive Treaty President Pro Tempore Secretary General Bank of the South South American Parliament Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America Mercosur Andean Community World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Mercosur Mercosul ( Southern Common Market ) Treaties Treaty of Asunción Protocol of Ouro Preto Members Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela ( suspended ) Currencies Argentine peso Brazilian real Paraguayan guaraní Uruguayan peso Venezuelan bolívar Gaucho Associates Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Observers Mexico New Zealand Institutions Parliament Economy of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Brazil&oldid=826454447 '' Categories : World Trade Organization member economies Economy of Brazil Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	explain the impact of natural resources on brazil's economy	[]	[]
-6807394037267481082	Port Jervis, New York	Port Jervis , New York - wikipedia Port Jervis , New York Jump to : navigation , search Port Jervis City Motto : Gateway to the Upper Delaware River Location in Orange County and the state of New York . Port Jervis Location in Orange County and the state of New York . Coordinates : 41 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 74 ° 41 ′ 20 '' W / 41.37556 ° N 74.68889 ° W / 41.37556 ; - 74.68889 Coordinates : 41 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 74 ° 41 ′ 20 '' W / 41.37556 ° N 74.68889 ° W / 41.37556 ; - 74.68889 Country United States State New York County Orange Settled 1690 Village 1853 City July 26 , 1907 Government Type Mayor - council Mayor Kelly Decker ( D ) Area Total 2.71 sq mi ( 7.02 km ) Land 2.53 sq mi ( 6.55 km ) Water 0.18 sq mi ( 0.47 km ) 6.64 % Elevation 400 ft ( 122 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 8,828 Estimate ( 2016 ) 8,572 Density 3,389.48 / sq mi ( 1,308.75 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) Postal code 12771 Area code ( s ) 845 Exchanges : 672,856,858 FIPS code 36 - 59388 GNIS feature ID 0960971 Website City of Port Jervis Website Port Jervis is a city located at the confluence of the Neversink and the Delaware rivers in western Orange County , New York , north of the Delaware Water Gap . Its population was 8,828 at the 2010 census . The communities of Deerpark , Huguenot , Sparrowbush , and Greenville are adjacent to Port Jervis . Matamoras , Pennsylvania is across the river and connected by bridge . Montague Township , New Jersey borders here . It was part of early industrial history , a point for shipping coal to major markets to the southeast by canal and later by railroads . Its residents had long - distance passenger service by railroad until 1970 . The restructuring of railroads resulted in a decline in the city 's business and economy . In the 21st century , from late spring to early fall , many thousands of travelers and tourists pass through Port Jervis on their way to enjoying rafting , kayaking , canoeing and other activities in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River and the surrounding area . Port Jervis is part of the Poughkeepsie -- Newburgh -- Middletown metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area . In August 2008 , Port Jervis was named one of `` Ten Coolest Small Towns '' by Budget Travel magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Coming of the railroad 1.2 Racial incidents 1.3 Recent history 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Points of interest 4.1 State line monuments 5 Transportation 6 Media 7 Notable residents 8 Gallery 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The first fully developed European settlement in the area was established by Dutch and English colonists c. 1690 , and a land grant of 1,200 acres ( 490 ha ) was formalized on October 14 , 1697 . The settlement was originally known as Mahackamack , after a Lenape word . It was raided and burned in 1779 during the American Revolutionary War , by British and Mohawk forces under the command of Mohawk leader Joseph Brant before the Battle of Minisink . Over the next two decades , residents rebuilt the settlement . They developed more roadways to better connect Mahackamack with the eastern parts of Orange County . After the Delaware and Hudson Canal was opened in 1828 , providing transportation of coal from northeastern Pennsylvania to New York and New England via the Hudson River , trade attracted money and further development to the area . A village was incorporated in 1853 . It was renamed as Port Jervis in the mid-19th century , after John Bloomfield Jervis , chief engineer of the D&H Canal . Port Jervis grew steadily into the 1900s , and on July 26 , 1907 , it became a city . The Erie Depot , built in 1892 , was the largest station on the Erie Railroad 's Delaware Division . The Erie ceased long - distance passenger service in 1970 . The depot was recently restored and houses some retail shops . Coming of the Railroad ( edit ) The first rail line to run through Port Jervis was the New York & Erie Railroad , which in 1832 was chartered to run from Piermont , New York , on the Hudson River in Rockland County , to Lake Erie . Ground was broken in 1835 , but construction was delayed by a nationwide financial panic , and did not start again until 1838 . The line was completed in 1851 , and the first passenger train -- with President Millard Fillmore and former United States Senator Daniel Webster on board -- came through the city on May 14 . The railroad went through a number of name changes , becoming the Erie Railroad in 1897 . A second railroad , the Port Jervis and Monticello Railroad , later leased to the New York , Ontario and Western Railway ( O&W ) , opened in 1868 , running north out of the city , and eventually connecting to Kingston , New York , Weehawken , New Jersey and western connections . Like the D&H Canal , the railroads brought new prosperity to Port Jervis in the form of increased trade and investment in the community from the outside . However , the competition by the railroad , which could deliver products faster , hastened the decline of the canal , which ceased operation in 1898 . The railroads were the basis of the city 's economy for the coming decades . Port Jervis became Erie 's division center between Jersey City , New Jersey and Susquehanna , Pennsylvania , and by 1922 , twenty passenger trains went through the city every day . More than 2,500 Erie RR employees made their homes there . The railroads began to decline after the Great Depression . A shift in transportation accelerated after World War II with the federal subsidy of the Interstate Highway System and increased competition from trucking companies . One of the first Class I railroads to shut down was the O&W , in 1957 , leaving Port Jervis totally reliant on the Erie . A few years later , in 1960 , the Erie , also on a shaky financial footing , merged with Delaware , Lackawanna and Western Railroad to become the Erie Lackawanna . Railroad restructuring continued and in 1976 , the Erie Lackawana became part of Conrail , along with a number of other struggling railroads , such as the Penn Central . Since the breakup of Conrail , the trackage around Port Jervis has been controlled by Norfolk Southern . The decline of the railroads was an economic blow to Port Jervis . The city has struggled to find a new economic basis . Racial incidents ( edit ) On June 2 , 1892 , Robert Lewis , an African American , was lynched , hanged on Main Street in Port Jervis by a mob after being accused of participation in an assault on a white woman . A grand jury indicted nine people in connection with the lynching . Some literary critics think this even may have inspired Stephen Crane 's 1898 novella The Monster ; Crane lived in Port Jervis for a time . In the mid-1920s some residents in the area formed a Ku Klux Klan chapter , in the period of the KKK 's early 20th - century revival . They burned crosses on Point Peter , the mountain peak that overlooks the city . A view of Port Jervis showing the Mid-Delaware Bridge to Matamoras , Pennsylvania on the far right and New Jersey 's High Point on the Kittatinny Ridge on the far left The parade on July 14 , 2007 celebrating the 100th year as a city Recent history ( edit ) The city 's location at the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink rivers has made it subject to occasional flooding . There was flooding during the 1955 Hurricane Diane , and a flood - related rumor started a panic in the population . This incident was studied and a 1958 report issued by the National Research Council : `` The Effects of a Threatening Rumor on a Disaster - Stricken Community '' . In addition to the rivers having flooded during periods of heavy rainfall , at times ice jams have effectively dammed the Delaware , also causing flooding . In 1875 ice floes destroyed the bridge to Matamoras , Pennsylvania . In 1981 a large ice floe resulted in the highest water crest measured to date at the National Weather Service 's Matamoras river gauge 26.6 feet ( 8.1 m ) . View of Port Jervis from High Point , New Jersey Geography ( edit ) Port Jervis is located on the north bank of the Delaware River at the confluence where : 1 ) the Neversink River -- the Delaware 's largest tributary -- empties into the larger river . Port Jervis is connected by the Mid-Delaware Bridge across the Delaware to Matamoras , Pennsylvania . From here the Delaware flows to the southwest , running parallel to Kittatinny Ridge until reaching the Delaware Water Gap . It heads southeast from there , continuing past New Hope , Pennsylvania and Lambertville , New Jersey ; and the capital Trenton , New Jersey ; to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and the Delaware Bay . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles ( 7.0 km ) , of which , 2.5 square miles ( 6.5 km ) is land and 0.2 square miles ( 0.52 km ) ( 6.64 % ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 6,377 -- 1880 8,678 36.1 % 1890 9,327 7.5 % 1900 9,385 0.6 % 1910 9,564 1.9 % 1920 10,171 6.3 % 1930 10,243 0.7 % 1940 9,749 − 4.8 % 1950 9,372 − 3.9 % 1960 9,268 − 1.1 % 1970 8,852 − 4.5 % 1980 8,699 − 1.7 % 9,060 4.1 % 2000 8,860 − 2.2 % 8,828 − 0.4 % Est. 2016 8,572 − 2.9 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 8,860 people , 3,533 households , and 2,158 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,500 / sq mi ( 1,300 / km ) . There were 3,851 housing units at an average density of 1,500 / sq mi ( 590 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 82.4 % White , 8.2 % African American , 0.59 % Native American , 0.64 % Asian , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 2.19 % from other races , and 2.26 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.5 % of the population . There were 3,533 households out of which 32.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 39.9 % were married couples living together , 15.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 38.9 % were non-families. 32.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.15 . The Deerpark Reformed Church on East Main Street was originally organized in 1737 , making it the oldest congregation in the area . The current building dates from 1838 . In the city , the population was spread out with 27.8 % under the age of 18 , 8.4 % from 18 to 24 , 28.3 % from 25 to 44 , 20.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 91.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 86.0 males . The median income for a household in the city was $30,241 , and the median income for a family was $35,481 . Males had a median income of $31,851 versus $22,274 for females . The per capita income for the city was $16,525 . About 14.2 % of families and 15.7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 25.5 % of those under age 18 and 10.3 % of those age 65 or over . Points of interest ( edit ) State line monuments ( edit ) Port Jervis lies near the points where the states of New York , New Jersey and Pennsylvania come together . South of the Laurel Grove Cemetery , under the viaduct for Interstate 84 , are two monuments marking the boundaries between the three states . The larger monument is a granite pillar inscribed `` Witness Monument '' and dated 1882 . It is not on any boundary itself , but instead is a witness for two boundary points . On the north side ( New York ) , it references the corner boundary point between New York and Pennsylvania that is located in the center of the Delaware River 475 feet ( 145 m ) due west of the Tri-State Rock . On the south side ( New Jersey ) , it references the Tri-State Rock 27.5 feet ( 8.4 m ) to the south . South side of the Boundary Witness Monument . On the north side it references the corner boundary point between New York and Pennsylvania located in the center of the Delaware River west of the Tri-State Rock ; on the south side it references the Tri-State Rock about 10 yards to the south . The smaller monument , the Tri-States Monument , also known as the Tri-State Rock , actually marks only the northwest end of the New Jersey and New York land boundary but not the north end of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania boundary as it purports to do . The true north end of the New Jersey and New York boundary , as well as the true north end of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania boundary and thus the true tri-state point is located 47.25 feet ( 14.40 m ) to the west , in the middle of the Delaware River in diving distance of the eastbound Interstate 84 overpass . The marker is a small granite block with inscribed lines marking the supposed boundaries of the three states and a bronze National Geodetic Survey marker at the purported but mistaken triple point . The current Tri-State Monument was erected in 1884 as a replacement for the original monument erected in 1774 , which was important in resolving the New York - New Jersey Line War . Tri-State Rock or Monument overlooking the confluence of the Delaware and Neversink Rivers Top of the Tri-States Boundary Marker with the bronze National Geodetic Survey marker vandalized off , showing the state line engraving . Transportation ( edit ) US 6 , U.S. Route 209 , New York State Route 42 , and New York State Route 97 ( the `` Upper Delaware Scenic Byway '' ) pass through Port Jervis . Interstate 84 passes to the south . Port Jervis is the last stop on the 95 - mile - long ( 153 km ) Port Jervis Line , which is a commuter railroad service from Hoboken , New Jersey and New York City ( via a Secaucus Transfer ) that is contracted to NJ Transit by the Metro - North Railroad of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority . The track itself continues on to Binghamton and Buffalo , but passenger service west of Port Jervis was discontinued in November 1966 . Short Line provides bus service between Honesdale , Pennsylvania , Port Jervis , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal . Media ( edit ) On July 4 , 1953 WDLC at 1490 on the AM dial signed - on . Co-owned WDLC - FM ( 96.7 ) began operation in 1970 , changing call letters to WTSX in 1984 . Notable residents ( edit ) Notable current and former residents of Port Jervis include : Frank Abbott , Mayor of Port Jervis from 1874 to 1876 Ed and Lou Banach , 1984 Summer Olympics wrestling gold medalists lived in Port Jervis and graduated from Port Jervis Senior High School . Stephen Crane , author of The Red Badge of Courage , lived in Port Jervis between the ages 6 -- 11 and frequently visited and wrote there from 1890 to early 1897 . Michael Conklin , Blue - Gray Football Classic , All American Football Player from Port Jervis HS 2017 bluegreyfootball.com William Howe Crane ( 1854 - 1926 ) , older brother of Stephen Crane lived and practiced law in Port Jervis for many years . Stefanie Dolson , basketball player for Washington Mystics and formerly of the Connecticut Huskies Women 's Basketball team , was born in Port Jervis . She was a high school standout at nearby Minisink Valley High School , where she was a McDonald 's All - American and won multiple National Championships with Connecticut . Samuel Fowler ( 1851 -- 1919 ) , represented New Jersey 's 4th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1893 - 1895 . E. Arthur Gray ( 1925 -- 2006 ) was the longest serving Mayor of Port Jervis and was later a New York State Senator . The Port Jervis United States Post Office building is dedicated to his name . Benjamin Hafner ( March 24 , 1821 - Spring of 1899 ) known as `` The Flying Dutchman '' and `` Uncle Ben , '' was an American locomotive engineer , who worked for the Erie Railway . The city is the birthplace of Baseball Hall of Famer Bucky Harris . The Kalin Twins , Hal ( 1934 -- 2005 ) and Herbie ( 1934 -- 2006 ) , were one hit wonders whose record `` When '' made the top 5 in the U.S. and was number one for five weeks in the U.K. in 1958 . Dean Kutzler , best - selling author of Brownstone : A Jack Elliot Thriller , was a Port Jervis resident and 1986 graduate of Port Jervis High School . He returned to Port Jervis for a book - signing event at The Port Jervis Library , May 13 , 2017 . Amar'e Stoudemire ( 1982 - ) , professional basketball player for the NY Knicks . Lived in Port Jervis for a duration of grade school and middle school . While living in Port Jervis he played Pop Warner Football and excelled at the sport . It is said that this is where he played basketball at local parks and first fell in love with the sport of basketball . He later moved to the state of Florida to live with his grandmother . Stoudemire then played high school basketball for six different schools , before graduating from Cypress Creek High School , and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep - to - pro player . In high school , Stoudemire won several honors most notably being selected as Mr. Basketball for the state of Florida . He was selected in the first round with the ninth overall pick in the 2002 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns and would spend eight seasons with them before signing with the New York Knicks . Gallery ( edit ) The E. Arthur Gray Post Office , on the NRHP The Free Library , a Carnegie Library built in 1903 The largest working rail turntable in the U.S. is in Port Jervis One of the many Victorian style houses in the city Fort Decker ( 1793 ) , the oldest building in the city References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Karen Tina. `` 10 Coolest Small Towns : Port Jervis '' . Budget Travel . ( September 2008 ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D&H Canal & Gravity Railroad '' , Minisink Valley Historical Society ^ Jump up to : `` Railroads of Port Jervis '' . Minisink Valley Historical Society website ^ Jump up to : `` Port Jervis and the Gilded Age '' , Minisink Valley Historical Society Jump up ^ `` Lynching at Port Jervis . -- Robert Jackson , a colored man , hanged by a mob '' . New York Times . June 3 , 1892 . Jump up ^ `` Port Jervis Lynching indictments '' . New York Times . June 30 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , Stanley . A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29692 - 8 . p. 195 Jump up ^ `` Boys get ' K.K.K. ' Warning - Port Jervis Youths are Ordered to restore crosses to Point Peter '' . New York Times . August 13 , 1922 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of a Threatening Rumor on a Disaster - Stricken Community `` . National Research Council ( NRC ) . ( 1958 ) Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weyandt , Kimberly . `` Flooding is old news '' . The River Reporter ( September 30 - October 6 , 2004 ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . However , the NWS ' list of `` Historical Crests '' for the river at Matamoras / Port Jervis shows a peak of 25.5 feet ( 7.8 m ) in 1904 , and no record peak in 1981 at all . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ City of Port Jervis historical marker at the church site Jump up ^ Graff , Bill ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Sentinels at the Northern Border '' ( pdf ) . Unearthing New Jersey Vol. 2 , No. 2 . New Jersey Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Vermeule , C. Clarkson ( 1888 ) . `` Physical Description of New Jersey '' ( pdf ) . Final Report of the State Geologist . Vol . I. Topography . Magnetism . Climate . Trenton , New Jersey : Geological Survey of New Jersey . pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ DeSanto , John . `` 845LIFE : Stone markers tell where three states meet '' , Times Herald - Record , November 8 , 2015 . Accessed June 18 , 2017 . `` Well , you could drive on over to the Tri-States Monument in Port Jervis and stand in three states at the same time ... While the monument itself - where New York , New Jersey and Pennsylvania come together - is above water most of the time , it can sometimes be below water level when the Delaware River runs high , like in the spring ... While you are standing directly on the New York / New Jersey border , you are not technically standing in Pennsylvania . For that , you 'd have to swim west into the Delaware exactly 47.25 feet and tread water . '' Jump up ^ `` Upper Delaware Scenic Byway website Jump up ^ Short Line bus schedules Jump up ^ Rimer , Sara . `` Port Jervis Celebrates Its Conquering Heroes '' , New York Times , September 3 , 1984 . Accessed October 10 , 2007 . `` The Banach boys , as everyone knows them here , came back home this weekend , and as the townspeople celebrated their own Olympic gold medalists with a day of marching bands , waving flags and heartfelt speeches , all the hard times and disasters Port Jervis had endured seemed at last forgotten . '' Jump up ^ Wertheim , Stanley and Paul Sorrentino. 1994 . The Crane Log : A Documentary Life of Stephen Crane , 1871 -- 1900 . pp. 13 - 30 , 54 , 65 , 71 , 108 , et al to 240 , New York : G.K. Hall & Co . ISBN 0 - 8161 - 7292 - 7 . Jump up ^ Samuel Fowler , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Accessed September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` E. Arthur Gray Post Office Building '' in the Congressional Record ( March 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Siegel , Sharon E. ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` Port grad 's first novel brings instant acclaim '' . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some local book & library updates '' . Times - Herald Record . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hudson Valley portal New York portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Port Jervis , New York . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Port Jervis . City of Port Jervis Website ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Orange County , New York , United States County seat : Goshen Cities Middletown Newburgh Port Jervis Towns Blooming Grove Chester Cornwall Crawford Deerpark Goshen Greenville Hamptonburgh Highlands Minisink Monroe Montgomery Mount Hope New Windsor Newburgh Tuxedo Wallkill Warwick Wawayanda Woodbury Villages Chester Cornwall - on - Hudson Florida Goshen Greenwood Lake Harriman Highland Falls Kiryas Joel Maybrook Monroe Montgomery Otisville South Blooming Grove Tuxedo Park Unionville Walden Warwick Washingtonville Woodbury CDPs Balmville Beaver Dam Lake Central Valley Firthcliffe Fort Montgomery Gardnertown Highland Mills Mechanicstown Mountain Lodge Park New Windsor Orange Lake Pine Bush Salisbury Mills Scotchtown Vails Gate Walton Park Washington Heights West Point Other hamlets Amity Arden Bellvale Bullville Carpenter 's Point Circleville Howells Johnson Little Britain Michigan Corners Mountainville New Hampton Pine Island Ridgebury Slate Hill Sparrow Bush Sugar Loaf Thompson Ridge Westbrookville Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jervis,_New_York&oldid=802650296 '' Categories : Port Jervis , New York Cities in New York ( state ) Neversink River Populated places established in 1690 Poughkeepsie -- Newburgh -- Middletown metropolitan area Cities in Orange County , New York Cities in the New York metropolitan area 1690 establishments in New York Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Тоҷикӣ Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is it to port jervis new york	[]	[]
4166276102638378825	NBA All-Star Game records	NBA All - Star game records - wikipedia NBA All - Star game records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA regular season records , see NBA regular season records . For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . This article lists all - time leading figures achieved in the NBA All - Star Game in every major statistical category recognized by the league . This includes statistical records set by individuals in single All - Star games and over the course of their careers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual 1.1 MVPs 1.2 All - Star selections 1.3 Scoring 1.4 Minutes 1.5 Rebounds 1.6 Assists 1.7 Field goals 1.8 Free throws 1.9 Three - point shooting 1.10 Steals 1.11 Blocks 1.12 Triple doubles 2 Team 2.1 Scoring 2.2 Field goals 2.3 Three - point field goals 2.4 Free throws 2.5 Rebounds 2.6 Assists 2.7 Steals 2.8 Blocks 3 All - Star Weekend records 4 Other records 5 References 6 External links Individual ( edit ) Bob Pettit was named MVP of the NBA All - Star Game four times and holds the All - Star single - game record for rebounds with 27 . MVPs ( edit ) Most awards 4 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared award ) ( 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1962 ) 4 by Kobe Bryant ( 1 shared award ) ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) Most consecutive awards 2 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared title ) ( 1958 , 1959 ) 2 by Russell Westbrook ( 2015 , 2016 ) All - Star selections ( edit ) Most selections 19 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive selections 17 by Kobe Bryant Most games played 18 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most games started 15 by Kobe Bryant Scoring ( edit ) Most points per game -- career ( 3 games min . ) 28.7 by Anthony Davis Most points -- career 314 by LeBron James Most points -- game 52 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- half 30 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- quarter 20 by Glen Rice ( 1997 ) 20 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Minutes ( edit ) Most minutes -- career 449 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most minutes -- game 42 by Oscar Robertson ( 1964 ) 42 by Bill Russell ( 1964 ) 42 by Jerry West ( 1964 ) 42 by Nate Thurmond ( 1967 ) Most minutes per game 32.7 by Bob Pettit Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds -- career 197 by Wilt Chamberlain Most offensive rebounds -- career 44 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds -- career 98 by Tim Duncan Most rebounds -- game 27 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Most rebounds per game 16.2 by Bob Pettit Most offensive rebounds -- game 10 by Kobe Bryant ( 2011 ) Most defensive rebounds -- game 19 by Dikembe Mutombo ( 2001 ) Most rebounds -- half 16 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 ) Most rebounds -- quarter 10 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- career 127 by Magic Johnson Most assists -- game 22 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists per game 13.3 by Chris Paul Most assists -- half 13 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists -- quarter 9 by John Stockton ( 1989 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- career . 833 by Brandon Roy Most field goals made -- career 129 by LeBron James Most field goals made -- game 26 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- half 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- quarter 10 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- career 238 by Kobe Bryant Most field goals attempted -- game 39 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- half 22 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- quarter 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- career 1.000 by Archie Clark 1.000 by Gary Payton 1.000 by Clyde Drexler Most free throws made -- career 78 by Elgin Baylor Most free throws made -- game 12 by Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) 12 by Oscar Robertson ( 1965 ) Most free throws made -- half 10 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws made -- quarter 9 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) 9 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Most free throws attempted -- career 98 by Elgin Baylor 98 By Oscar Robertson Most free throws attempted -- game 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted -- half 12 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws attempted -- quarter 11 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Three - point shooting ( edit ) Highest three point percentage -- career . 600 by Glen Rice Most three point field goals made -- career 31 by LeBron James Most three point field goals made -- game 9 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals made -- half 7 by Russell Westbrook ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- career 90 by LeBron James Most three point field goals attempted -- game 19 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- half 11 by Kevin Durant ( 2014 ) 11 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- career 38 by Kobe Bryant Most steals per game 3.2 by Rick Barry Most steals -- game 8 by Rick Barry ( 1975 ) Most steals -- half 5 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) Most steals -- quarter 4 by Fred Brown ( 1976 ) 4 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) 4 by Isiah Thomas ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- career 31 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most blocks per game 2.0 by Alonzo Mourning Most blocks -- game 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Most blocks -- half 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) 4 by Michael Jordan ( 1988 ) 4 by Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- quarter 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Triple doubles ( edit ) Michael Jordan -- 14 points , 11 rebounds , 11 assists in 26 minutes ( 1997 ) LeBron James -- 29 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists in 32 minutes ( 2011 ) Dwyane Wade -- 24 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 33 minutes ( 2012 ) Kevin Durant -- 21 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 27 minutes ( 2017 ) Team ( edit ) Scoring ( edit ) Most points -- team 196 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points -- both teams 374 ( 2017 ) Most points in a half -- team 104 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points in a half -- both teams 189 ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- team 53 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) 53 by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- both teams 101 ( 2017 ) Fewest points -- team 75 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest points -- both teams 154 ( 1953 ) Largest margin of victory 40 ( 153 -- 113 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Smallest margin of victory 1 ( 124 -- 123 ) by East All - Stars ( 1965 ) 1 ( 108 -- 107 ) by West All - Stars ( 1971 ) 1 ( 125 -- 124 ) by West All - Stars ( 1977 ) 1 ( 111 -- 110 ) by East All - Stars ( 2001 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- team 0.653 ( 64 / 98 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Highest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.578 ( 162 / 280 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- team 0.292 ( 35 / 120 ) by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.362 ( 59 / 163 ) ( 1953 ) Most field goals made -- team 84 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- both teams 162 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- team 43 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- both teams 83 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- team 22 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- both teams 42 ( 2017 ) Fewest field goals made -- team 25 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals made -- both teams 59 ( 1953 ) Most field goals attempted -- team 149 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted -- both teams 286 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- team 79 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- both teams 148 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- team 41 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- both teams 77 ( 2016 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- team 66 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- both teams 162 ( 1953 ) Three - point field goals ( edit ) Most three - point field goals made -- team 31 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals made -- both teams 51 ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- team 80 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- both teams 139 ( 2016 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- team 1.000 ( 18 / 18 ) by West All - Stars ( 1973 ) 1.000 ( 9 / 9 ) by East All - Stars ( 2014 ) 1.000 ( 4 / 4 ) by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Highest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.875 ( 7 / 8 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- team 0.364 ( 4 / 11 ) by West All - Stars ( 2004 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.500 ( 16 / 32 ) ( 2004 ) 0.500 ( 11 / 22 ) ( 2007 ) 0.500 ( 14 / 28 ) ( 2008 ) Most free throws made -- team 40 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made -- both teams 71 ( OT ) ( 1987 ) 70 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a half -- team 26 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made in a half -- both teams 36 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- team 19 by East All - Stars ( 1986 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- both teams 27 ( 1986 ) Fewest free throws made -- team 1 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws made -- both teams 4 ( 2016 ) Most free throws attempted -- team 57 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted -- both teams 95 ( 1956 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- team 31 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- both teams 57 ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- team 25 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- both teams 33 ( 1962 ) 33 ( OT ) ( 1993 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- team 2 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- both teams 7 ( 2016 ) Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds recorded -- team 83 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded -- both teams 151 ( 1960 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- team 51 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- both teams 98 ( 1962 ) 98 ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- team 30 by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- both teams 58 ( 1966 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- team 37 by West All - Stars ( 1983 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- both teams 89 ( 1983 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- team 60 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists -- both teams 103 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- team 34 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- both teams 57 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- team 19 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- both teams 29 ( 2017 ) Fewest assists -- team 15 by West All - Stars ( 1965 ) Fewest assists -- both teams 37 ( 1964 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- team 24 by East All - Stars ( 1989 ) Most steals - both teams 40 ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- team 16 by West All - Stars ( 1980 1OT ) 12 by West All - Stars ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- both teams 25 ( 1980 1OT ) 21 ( 1994 ) All - Star Weekend records ( edit ) Most Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Steve Nash ( 2005 , 2010 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most consecutive Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most Slam Dunk Contests won 3 by Nate Robinson ( 2006 , 2009 , 2010 ) Most consecutive Slam Dunk Contests won 2 by Michael Jordan ( 1987 , 1988 ) 2 by Jason Richardson ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 by Nate Robinson ( 2009 , 2010 ) 2 by Zach LaVine ( 2015 , 2016 ) Most Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Most consecutive Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Youngest Slam Dunk Contest Champion Kobe Bryant ( 7003674400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 169 days ) Youngest Three - Point Shootout Contest Champion Kyrie Irving ( 7003763500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 330 days ) Youngest Skills Challenge Contest Champion Karl - Anthony Towns ( 7003739500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 90 days ) Other records ( edit ) Attendance 108,713 for the 2010 NBA All - Star Game which was held in Cowboys Stadium at Arlington , Texas -- the largest attendance in history for any basketball game . Youngest All - Star Game MVP LeBron James ( 7003772100000000000 ♠ 21 years , 51 days ) Oldest All - Star Game MVP Shaquille O'Neal ( 7004134950000000000 ♠ 36 years , 346 days ) Youngest Rising Stars Challenge MVP Kyrie Irving ( 7003727700000000000 ♠ 19 years , 338 days ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) http://NBA.com/history http://www.nbahoopsonline.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings D - League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_All-Star_Game_records&oldid=814555935 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 14 : 39 . About Wikipedia	most points in an nba all star game	[ "\nMost points – team\n\n196 by West All-Stars (2016)\n\n\nMost points – both teams\n\n374 (2017)\n\n\nMost points in a half – team\n\n104 by West All-Stars (2016)\n\n\nMost points in a half – both teams\n\n189 (2017)\n\n\nMost points in a quarter – team\n\n53 by West All-Stars (2016)\n53 by East All-Stars (2017)\n\n\nMost points in a quarter – both teams\n\n101 (2017)\n\n\nFewest points – team\n\n75 by East All-Stars (1953)\n\n\nFewest points – both teams\n\n154 (1953)\n\n\nLargest margin of victory\n\n40 (153–113) by West All-Stars (1992)\n\n\nSmallest margin of victory\n\n1 (124–123) by East All-Stars (1965)\n1 (108–107) by West All-Stars (1971)\n1 (125–124) by West All-Stars (1977)\n1 (111–110) by East All-Stars (2001)\n\n\n" ]	[ "196" ]
2877967278031405481	South Park (season 21)	South Park ( season 21 ) - wikipedia South Park ( season 21 ) Jump to : navigation , search South Park ( season 21 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network Comedy Central Original release September 13 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) -- December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 20 List of South Park episodes The twenty - first season of the American animated sitcom South Park premiered on Comedy Central on September 13 , 2017 , and contains ten episodes . This season had planned `` dark weeks '' ( weeks during which no new episodes would air ) after episode three , episode six , and episode eight . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of South Park episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 278 `` White People Renovating Houses '' Trey Parker Trey Parker September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 2101 1.68 Randy and Sharon start a home renovation show that is threatened . Cartman 's relationship with Heidi becomes strained and he grows attached to his Amazon Alexa . 279 `` Put It Down '' Trey Parker Trey Parker September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 2102 1.25 Tweek and Craig 's relationship is strained . Cartman begs Heidi to take him back but claims suicidal thoughts . Everyone else is busy mourning people killed by distracted drivers . 280 `` Holiday Special '' Trey Parker Trey Parker September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 2103 1.25 A relationship is formed when Randy kisses a Native American man . 281 `` Franchise Prequel '' Trey Parker Trey Parker October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2104 1.12 The Coon and Friends members struggle to start a superhero franchise while fake news gets spread about them through Facebook . 282 5 `` Hummels & Heroin '' Trey Parker Trey Parker October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 2105 0.93 Opiates cause a problem in South Park and Stan is believed to be responsible . 283 6 `` Sons a Witches '' Trey Parker Trey Parker October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 2106 1.22 When a witch causes problems for South Park 's Halloween , Cartman looks for a way to take advantage . 284 7 `` Doubling Down '' Trey Parker Trey Parker November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 2107 1.13 Kyle is fed up with Cartman 's abuse towards Heidi and gets involved . President Garrison 's advisers worry about some of his recent actions . 285 8 `` Moss Piglets '' Trey Parker Trey Parker November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 2108 1.09 Timmy and Jimmy 's science project catches the attention of some very important people . Heidi begins to resemble Cartman , earning the disapproval of her peers and Cartman . 286 9 `` Super Hard PCness '' Trey Parker Trey Parker November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 2109 0.90 PC Principal falls in love with the new vice-principal . Kyle realizes how wrong Terrance and Philip are . 287 10 `` Splatty Tomato '' Trey Parker Trey Parker December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 2110 0.97 The President , Mr. Garrison , continues to cause problems for the children of South Park . Reception ( edit ) Jesse Schedeen with IGN rated the entire season a 8.2 out of 10 , noting `` Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone seem to have decided that they took the continuity - driven approach about as far as it could go last year . Season 21 shifted gears by returning the show to its roots , and the series became better for it . There was still a certain degree of continuity involved with Season 20 . The events of one episode were sometimes referenced in subsequent episodes , and the rapidly deteriorating relationship between Cartman and Heidi gave the show one serialized storyline to explore over the course of the fall . But for the most part , the emphasis was more on standalone adventures that downplayed topical humor in favor of sillier conflicts centered around the kids of South Park Elementary . It 's not that this season ignored what was going on in the world this year , but it was n't quite so obsessed with lampooning current events from week to week . That shift , more than anything else , resulted in a stronger , more well - rounded show . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` South Park Returns For Season 21 ! '' . South Park Studios.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' South Park ' returns lower , ' Broad City ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' The Sinner ' season finale leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Broad City ' ticks up , ' Greenleaf ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' premieres , ' Broad City ' takes a minor hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' takes a hit , ' Queen Sugar ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Queen Sugar ' ticks up , ' Mr. Robot ' hits series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Broad City ' holds steady , ' Queen Sugar ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' rises , ' Broad City ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Vikings ' premieres down , ' South Park ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Vikings ' holds steady , ' Happy ! ' premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : Season 21 Review - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . South Park ( franchise ) Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican Book Portal South Park episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Season 21 `` White People Renovating Houses '' `` Put It Down '' `` Holiday Special '' `` Franchise Prequel '' `` Hummels & Heroin '' `` Sons a Witches '' `` Doubling Down '' `` Moss Piglets '' `` Super Hard PCness '' `` Splatty Tomato '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park_(season_21)&oldid=837211169 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons South Park ( season 21 ) episodes Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 12 : 12 . About Wikipedia	when is the next season of south park coming out	[]	[]
-8938321250256626972	List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters	List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters - wikipedia List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the UEFA Champions League , European football 's top level continental competition , as well as the UEFA Super Cup . All matches kick - off at 20 : 45 Central European Time ( CET ) , with the exception of matches held in Azerbaijan , Russia and Kazakhstan . UEFA sells the broadcast rights in a three - season basis and various packages are available for bidders , with UEFA weighing balance between free and pay television under the UEFA and European Union ( EU ) agreement . While balancing between free and pay television , if the rights do not sell within `` sales windows '' , the rights may be sold on an individual basis to pay - per - view television broadcasters . The 2010 final attracted an audience of 109 million people around the world , a record number for the competition , and replaced the Super Bowl as the most - watched annual sports event . Contents ( hide ) 1 Broadcasters 1.1 2015 -- 2018 seasons 1.2 2018 -- 2021 seasons 2 References Broadcasters ( edit ) 2015 -- 2018 seasons ( edit ) Territory Free Pay Ref Albania Vizion Plus Tring Andorra Atresmedia TV3 beIN Sports Armenia Armenia TV Australia SBS beIN Sports Austria ORF Sky Deutschland Azerbaijan AzTV Idman TV Stan Sport Belarus Belteleradio Belgium Medialaan RTL Proximus Brazil Rede Bandeirantes Rede Globo Esporte Interativo Bolivia Bolivia TV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Televizija OBN Arena Sport Brunei Astro SuperSport Bulgaria bTV Action RING Cambodia beIN Sports Canada TSN RDS beIN Sports Caribbean SportsMax Fox Sports Central Asia Stan Sport China CCTV Sina Sports Tencent PPTV Colombia RCN TV Costa Rica Teletica Croatia HRT Arena Sport Cuba Tele Rebelde Cyprus CyBC CYTA Czech Republic ČT O2 Denmark MTG MTG Ecuador RTS Estonia MTG MTG El Salvador TCS Finland Yle MTG France C8 beIN Sports Canal+ Georgia GPB Silk Sport Germany ZDF Sky Deutschland Greece ERT Cosmote Sport Guatemala TV Azteca Haiti Canal+ Honduras TVC Hong Kong i - Cable Hungary Magyar Televízió Sport1 Iceland 365 Media Indonesia SCTV beIN Sports In - Flight / In - Ship IMG Ireland RTÉ TV3 Eir Sport BT Sport Israel Sport 5 Sport 1 Italy Mediaset Mediaset Premium Japan SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation Kazakhstan KAZsport Kosovo RTK Kujtesa Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos beIN Sports Latin America ESPN Fox Sports Latvia TV6 MTG Liechtenstein Sky Deutschland Teleclub Lithuania TV6 MTG Luxembourg RTL Proximus Sky Deutschland Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Arena Sport Malaysia Astro SuperSport Malta PBS GO MENA beIN Sports Mexico Televisa TV Azteca Mongolia SANSAR HD / SPS HD Montenegro Arena Sport Sport Klub Moldova Canal 3 Myanmar MNTV Sky Net Netherlands Veronica Ziggo Sport New Zealand beIN Sports Sky Television Nicaragua Canal 4 Norway MTG MTG Pacific Islands Sky Pacific Panama TVMax Papua New Guinea Digicel Play Paraguay SNT Peru América Televisión Philippines beIN Sports Poland TVP nc+ Portugal RTP Sport TV Puerto Rico Fox ESPN Fox Sports Romania Pro TV Telekom Sport Russia Match TV Match TV San Marino Mediaset Mediaset Premium Serbia RTS Arena Sport Singapore Eurosport Slovenia Pro Plus Sport Klub Slovakia RTVS Slovak Telekom South Africa SuperSport South Asia Sony TEN South Korea SPOTV SBS Sports Spain Atresmedia TV3 beIN Sports Sub-Saharan Africa SuperSport Canal+ Afrique Suriname STVS Sweden MTG MTG Switzerland SRG SSR Teleclub Canal+ Taiwan ELTA Tajikistan Varzish TV Football TV Thailand PPTV beIN Sports Turkey TRT Türk Telekom Ukraine Ukrayina Media Group Ukraine United Kingdom BT Sport ITV BT Sport United States Fox ESPN Fox Sports Uzbekistan Uzreport TV Futbol TV Vietnam UEFA.com ^ 1 -- C8 only broadcasts the final , which is a protected event for free - to - air broadcasting according to French law . ^ 2 -- Only highlights . ^ 3 -- Only the final will be broadcast on free - to - air television . Called over-the - air in the United States and Puerto Rico . 2018 -- 2021 seasons ( edit ) Territory Free Pay Ref Andorra beIN Sports Austria Sky Sport DAZN Denmark MTG MTG Finland MTV3 C More France SFR Sport Germany Sky Sport DAZN Telekom Sport Hungary MTVA TV2 Israel Sport 5 Italy Sky Sport Japan DAZN MENA beIN Sports Norway MTG TV 2 MTG Poland Polsat Polsat Sport Puerto Rico Univision Turner Sports UDN San Marino Sky Sport Slovenia Pro Plus Sport Klub Spain beIN Sports Sweden MTG MTG Switzerland SRG SSR Teleclub Teleclub United Kingdom BT Sport United States Univision Turner Sports UDN References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TV rights agreement '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final tops Super Bowl for TV market '' . BBC Sport. 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Uefa Champions League , ekskluzivitet i Vizion Plus e Tring '' . Vizion Plus . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media rights sales : 2015 - 18 UEFA Champions League TM / UEFA Super Cup TM '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . UEFA . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where to watch the Champions League '' . UEFA.com . UEFA . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBS secures UEFA Champions League for the next three years '' . SBS. 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` ORF picks up Austrian Champions League package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Jörn ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` Sky retains Champions League in Austria '' . Rapid TV News . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AzTV Proqram '' . AzTV . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Idman TV Proqram '' . Idman TV . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belgacom 's Proximus TV extends rights to Champions League '' . Digital TV Europe . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Prado , Vevê ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Band confirma transmissão de campeonatos importantes de vôlei e mais jogos da Liga dos Campeões '' ( in Portuguese ) . MídiaEsportiva.net . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Esporte Interativo outblasts ESPN Brasil for Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill , Ryan ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` BTV retains Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asian media rights sales continue for 2015 -- 18 cycle '' . UEFA.org. 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS announce new media rights agreement for Champions League , Europa League '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Uefa renews with Fox and ESPN in Latin America '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV5 Programming Guide '' . CCTV5 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 22 July 2015 ) . `` LeTV adds Uefa rights to burgeoning portfolio '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Tencent and Sina share Uefa rights in China '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` PPTV Sports seals deal for Uefa rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cartelera '' . tvcubana.icrt.cu . ICRT . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` O2 Czech Republic nails UCL rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` MTG retains Uefa Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTG prolongs Baltic football rights '' . MTG.com. 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League football to remain on Yle '' . Yle. 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mike ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` MTG gets Champions League rights as YLE renews '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mike ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` D8 acquires Uefa Champions League final rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` BeIN Sports and Canal+ retain French UCL rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silk Media Programme '' . silkmedia.ge. 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` No change in Germany as ZDF renews Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Sky Deutschland retains Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Greek broadcaster Nerit bags Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` OTE bags Greek rights to Uefa competitions '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` i - Cable extends UCL broadcast rights to 2018 '' . telecompaper. 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netizen Gembira Tanggapi Kabar Siaran Liga Champions di RCTI '' . soccer.sindonews.com . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hak Siar TV Liga Champions Eropa musim 2016 / 2017 '' . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ extend Champions League deal until 2018 '' . The Irish Times . 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV3 secure Champions League for three seasons '' . TV3. 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Setanta lands live European soccer rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BT Sport Europe to join the Setanta Sports pack '' . Setanta Sports . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sport1 TV Program Proqram '' . Sport1 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 18 media rights in Italy announced '' . UEFA.com. 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kazsport to broadcast Champions League and UEFA Europa League '' . kazpravda.kz . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Телеканал `` ТАН '' меняет название на `` ОҢ - ТВ '' `` . forbes.kz . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Champions në Kosovë nuk do transmetohet nga Supersport '' . syri.net . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Лиги Чемпионов УЕФА КТРК СПОРТ '' . KTRK . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PBS sign new three - year deal with UEFA '' . Times of Malta. 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Go retains Champions League rights in Malta '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` al - Jazeera awarded 2015 -- 18 media rights '' . UEFA.com. 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media rights deal in Myanmar '' . UEFA.com. 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sanoma & SBS Broadcasting win Dutch Champions League football rights '' . Nasdaq Globenewswire . Sanoma Oyj. 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` beIN SPORTS is now available on SKY '' . sky.co.nz . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sky TV confirm Champions League deal '' . 3 News . 3news.co.nz. 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League and Europa League now Exclusive to Sky Pacific '' . Digicel . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` beIN Sports Philippines Schedule '' . beIN Sports . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legia w Lidze Mistrzów w TVP '' ( in Polish ) . TVP Sport. 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Polish Champions League rights go to nc + '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 35 . kolejka T - Mobile Ekstraklasy w nc+ : koronacja i degradacja ? '' . Canal+. 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Pedro ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Ainda não é oficial , mas RTP acaba de ' roubar ' Liga dos Campeões à TVI ! '' . Zapping TV . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BTV tentou comprar direitos da Champions '' . SAPO. 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nunez , Gabriela . `` ESPN to Carry Select UEFA Champions League Matches Across Platforms '' . ESPNMediazone.com . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Millerchip , Oliver ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Fox renews Uefa Champions League rights deal '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Telekom Romania wins right to broadcast UEFA matches '' . telecompaper. 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurosport secures deal in Singapore '' . UEFA . UEFA.org. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singtel and StarHub in European soccer broadcast deal '' . UEFA . UEFA.org. 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovak Telekom gains licence for UEFA Champions League '' . telecompaper. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mike ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` SuperSport bags Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Ryan ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Ten Sports bags Champions League rights '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Sports Network rebrands TEN Sports channels '' . The Economic Times . 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SBS Sports Schedule '' . SBS Sports . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gol Televisión desaparece en julio tras siete años de operaciones y se integrará en el nuevo BeIN Sport '' . Mundoplus.tv . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SuperSport gets Sub-Saharan rights '' . UEFA.com. 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League on Teleclub '' . Teleclub . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ПСЖ - БАРСЕЛОНА 14 феврал соати 00 : 45 ба таври мустақим дар # ТВВАРЗИШ '' . Varzishtv.tj. 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dushanbe mayor launches new sports television channel '' . news.tj . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions to broadcast top three football Leagues '' . The Nation. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wah ! PPTV HD Siarkan BPL , Serie A , sampai Liga Champion 2016 / 2017 '' . Satelit.co. 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Türk Telekom acquires broadcast rights for Champions League , Europa League '' . Hurriyot Daily News . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Emmett , James ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Uefa awards Champions League rights in Ukraine '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BT Sport gets United Kingdom rights '' . UEFA.com. 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ITV given highlights rights in United Kingdom '' . UEFA.com. 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT TV holds a press conference dedicated to broadcast matches of the UEFA Champions League '' . UzReport.uz. 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT TV и FUTBOL TV начинают трансляцию футбольных матчей нового сезона '' . UzReport.uz. 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VTVcab ngừng phát sóng Champions League và Europa League tại Việt Nam '' . VTV.vn. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EL CANAL beIN SPORTS EMITIRÁ EN EXCLUSIVA TODOS LOS PARTIDOS DE LA UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE Y UEFA EUROPA LEAGUE A PARTIR DE LA TEMPORADA 2018 / 2019 '' . es.beinsports.com . beIN Sports . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League bis 2021 bei Sky '' . SKY Deutschland . sky.de. 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTG extends rights to UEFA Champions League to 2021 '' . MTG.com . MTG . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jalkapallon Mestarien liiga ja Eurooppa - liiga C Morelle 2018 - 2021 ! '' . mtv.fi/sport . MTV Sport . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Ligue des Champions et la Ligue Europa en exclusivité sur SFR Sport ! '' . sport.srf.fr . SRF . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam . `` Deutsche Telekom acquires Bundesliga and Champions League rights '' . SportsProMedia . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Újabb három évig az M4 Sporton a labdarúgó Bajnokok Ligája '' . m4sport.hu . MTVA . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fociban erősít a TV2 - csoport '' . spilertv.hu . Index . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media rights sales : 2018 - 21 UEFA Champions League TM / UEFA Super Cup TM '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . UEFA . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League ed Europa League in esclusiva Sky dal 2018 al 2021 '' . SKY Italy . sport.sky.it . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA チャンピオンズリーグ、 UEFA ヨーロッパリーグ、 UEFA スーパーカップ 2018 - 19 シーズンより全試合の独占放映権を獲得 ! '' . media.dazn.com . DAZN . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Adam ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` DAZN to show Uefa competitions in Japan '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four more years of UEFA Champions League and Europa League on beIN SPORTS in MENA '' . beIN Media Group . Beinmediagroup.com. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League til TV 2 '' . TV2.no . TV2 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wszystkie mecze LM i LE UEFA w Cyfrowym Polsacie '' . polsat.pl . Polsat . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , ESPN . `` Turner , Univision win bids to broadcast Champions League in U.S. - report '' . ESPN FC . Espnfc.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oficial : A partir del verano de 2018 , Univision Deportes transmitirá la UEFA Champions League '' . Univision . univision.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mediapro beats rivals to Spanish Champions League rights '' . telecompaper . Telecompaper.com. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League und UEFA Europa League bei Teleclub '' . teleclub.ch . Teleclub . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Coppe europee ancora sulla SSR , RSI Radiotelevisione svizzera Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` BT Sport Wins Exclusive UK Broadcast Rights To UEFA Champions League For $1.4 B '' . Deadline . Deadline.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 2017 2018 2019 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Broadcasters in European Football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kosovo Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League Cups England Finland France Hungary Iceland Israel Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League Europa League Super Cup Association football on television Broadcasters by top level league Americas Superliga Argentina ( Argentina ) Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazil ) Major League Soccer ( MLS Cup ) ( United States / Canada ) Liga MX ( Mexico ) Europe Armenian Premier League ( Armenia ) Belgian Pro League ( Belgium ) Bundesliga ( Germany ) Ekstraklasa ( Poland ) Eredivisie ( Netherlands ) Czech First League ( Czech Republic ) La Liga ( Spain ) Liga I ( Romania ) Ligue 1 ( France ) Nemzeti Bajnokság I ( Hungary ) Premier League ( England ) Primeira Liga ( Portugal ) Russian Premier League ( Russia ) Scottish Premiership ( Scotland ) Serie A ( Italy ) Vala SuperLiga ( Kosovo ) Slovenian PrvaLiga ( Slovenia ) Super League Greece ( Greece ) Ukrainian Premier League ( Ukraine ) Other Ligue 1 ( Algeria ) A-League ( Australia ) Thai League ( Thailand ) Broadcast contracts by country Americas Canada ( history ) United States Central America South America Brazil Asia Japan Middle East Philippines Thailand Europe Albania Denmark Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Montenegro Netherlands Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden United Kingdom ( commentators , history ) Oceania Australia New Zealand Broadcasters by event Americas Copa Libertadores Europe UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League FIFA World Cup 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 UEFA Euro 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Dedicated channels Canada beIN Sports EuroWorld Sport Fox Sports World Canada Sportsnet World France beIN Sports Canal+ Sport SFR Sports 1 OM TV OL TV Girondins TV Italy Premium Calcio Sky Calcio Inter Channel Juventus Channel Milan Channel Spain beIN Sports beIN LaLiga M. Fútbol M. Partidazo Real Madrid TV Barça TV United Kingdom Sky Sports 1 BT Sport 1 Arsenal TV Celtic TV Chelsea TV LFC TV MUTV Rangers TV United States beIN Sports Fox Soccer Plus GOL TV MLS Direct Kick ESPN Deportes Fox Deportes Univision Deportes Network Individual network coverage A-League Fox Sports FC Shoot Out Thursday FC The World Game Bundesliga Soccer Made in Germany Major League Soccer ESPN MLS Game of the Week MLS Primetime Thursday MLS Soccer Saturday MLS Soccer Sunday Fox Soccer NBCSN TSN Ligue 1 Téléfoot Premier League Monday Night Football Super Sunday Match of the Day Match of the Day 2 The Premier League Show Match of the Day ( U.S. TV series ) The Premiership Soccer Central Matchday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UEFA_Champions_League_broadcasters&oldid=809086251 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Lists of sporting event broadcasters Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with Italian - language external links Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Kurdî Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the rights to the champions league	[]	[]
-486477739303854744	Kirribilli House	Kirribilli House - wikipedia Kirribilli House Jump to : navigation , search House entrance Sydney Harbour from the air , showing Kirribilli House on the point on the left Kirribilli House is the secondary official residence of the Prime Minister of Australia . Located in Sydney , New South Wales , the house is at the far eastern end of Kirribilli Avenue in the harbourside suburb of Kirribilli . It is one of two official Prime Ministerial residences , the primary official residence being The Lodge in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Adolphus Frederic Feez 2.2 The Lawry family 2.3 Prime Minister Howard 's occupancy 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) In 1854 , merchant Adolphus Frederic Feez purchased a 1 - acre ( 0.40 ha ) parcel of land at the tip of Kirribilli Point for £ 200 . ( The land had been sliced off the grounds of adjacent Wotonga House , which now forms part of Admiralty House , but was then in private ownership . ) Feez built the picturesque Gothic - style structure now known as Kirribilli House -- a twin - gabled dwelling or cottage ornée -- on the land 's highest spot . The house features steeply pitched roofs , fretwork , bargeboards and bay windows . It passed through many private hands until it was purchased in 1919 for £ 10,000 by Arthur Wigram Allen . Allen planned to subdivide the land but after much public agitation the then Prime Minister of Australia , Billy Hughes , resumed the property for Government purposes in 1920 . The property was used by the staff of the Governor - General of Australia ( who occupied neighbouring Admiralty House ) until 1930 , when it was leased to tenants . In 1956 Kirribilli House was set aside as a residence for the use of Australia 's Prime Ministers , when they need to perform public duties and extend official hospitality on behalf of the government during stays in Sydney . The official Prime Ministerial residence is The Lodge , Canberra . Kirribilli House is situated on the North Shore of Sydney Harbour , in the suburb of Kirribilli . It commands impressive views across to the Sydney Harbour Bridge , Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House and has been visited over the years by many important international dignitaries . During the term ( 1996 -- 2007 ) of John Howard , a Sydney resident , Kirribilli House was the primary residence of the Prime Minister . On 29 March 2013 Tony Abbott announced he was going to make Kirribilli his home , citing pressure from security advisers . Kirribilli House is open to the public on one day a year , courtesy of The Australiana Fund . History ( edit ) Adolphus Frederic Feez ( edit ) Adolphus Frederic Feez , who built Kirribilli House in 1855 , was born in Germany in 1826 . He went first to London in 1849 and is listed on the Certificate of Arrival as being a merchant and an architect . In 1851 he immigrated to Sydney on the ship Envelope . He established himself as a successful merchant and was a partner in the trading company called Rabone , Feez and Co . His brother was Albrecht Feez , who later became a prominent citizen in Rockhampton . Feez lived in Kirribilli House for several years which was then called Sophienberg . He then moved to Balmain . He married Frederica and had two children while living in Sydney . While on a business trip to Fiji he died in 1869 at the age of only 43 . Frederica returned with her children to live in Germany . The Lawry family ( edit ) Kirribilli House in 1920 just before it was resumed by the Australian Government Map of Kirribilli Point 1909 Advertisement for sale of Kirribilli House , 1919 The next residents of Kirribilli House from about 1858 were Thomas and Esther Lawry . Thomas Lawry was born in 1821 . He was employed by the Ordnance Department in Sydney at a young age . and remained there for the rest of his life . He was also appointed as a magistrate by the Governor . He married Esther Hughes in 1858 and the couple had two children . In 1859 the birth of a daughter at Sophienberg was recorded in the newspaper so it appears that the house continued to be called by this name after the Lawrys purchased it . Esther Lawry 's maiden name was Esther Matilda Hosking Hughes and she was the step granddaughter of Samuel Terry the very wealthy convict entrepreneur . In 1858 Esther inherited a considerable amount of money from her grandmother Rosetta Terry . In 1865 Thomas Lawry died at the age of 44 . The death notice records that the name of the house was still Sophienberg . Two years later in 1867 Esther married James Taylor . who was the Commissary - General of Ordnance . This couple then lived in the House with Esther 's two children one of whom was Thomas Terry Trewyn Lawry . In 1891 James Taylor died . By this time the house had been named `` Kirribilli '' and was located in Campbell Street as the map on the left shows . In 1900 Esther died . and the house was left to her son Thomas Terry Trewyn Lawry . Thomas Terry Trewyn Lawry was born in 1864 . He seemed to have rather poor health and did not marry . In 1907 at the age of only 42 he died of heart failure . As he had no children he left his property to relatives and others . He made a very complex will leaving Kirribilli house to several people one of whom was Laura Lamotte . Laura married William Donald McCrea in 1909 . Laura and William lived in the House for some time but she then wanted to sell the property . There was some disagreement about the sale with the other beneficiaries and the matter was taken to the Equity Court . The Court resolved that the property should be sold and it was put on the market in 1919 . The advertisement is shown on the left . The House was bought by Arthur Wigram Allen who planned to subdivide the land . In 1920 he produced a brochure with a photo of the house and the planned subdivision . The photograph of Kirribilli House in this brochure is shown on the right . There was public outcry about the sale of the house and the Government under the then Prime Minister Billy Hughes decided to resume it . The property has remained in Government ownership since then . Prime Minister Howard 's occupancy ( edit ) Although Kirribilli was never intended to be the Australian Prime Minister 's official primary place of residence , John Howard attracted much adverse comment when he announced at the beginning of his Prime Ministership in 1996 that he would use Kirribilli House as his primary place of residence . Howard would use The Lodge as a residence when in Canberra for parliamentary or government business , though lived primarily at Kirribilli House . Howard is a lifelong Sydney resident , and represented the Sydney - area seat of Bennelong in Parliament . He said at the time he commenced his Prime Ministership that he had made this decision so that his family could remain together while his three children lived at home and one son attended high school in Sydney . Kirribilli House was renovated to enable a family of five to live there on a permanent basis . Howard 's decision raised ire particularly in Melbourne , since the main reason Canberra was established as seat of government was to avoid giving that status to either of Australia 's two largest cities , Sydney and Melbourne . Howard 's explanation left open the possibility that once his children had left home , he would then take up residence in Canberra at The Lodge . However , after his children had all left home , Howard chose to remain at Kirribilli House . He sometimes said that The Lodge was effectively his main residence due to his work requiring him to be in Canberra more often than in Sydney , but he has never retreated from his decision in principle to base himself at Kirribilli House whenever he was not needed in Canberra . Kirribilli House is less than 10 kilometres from John Howard 's former Division of Bennelong electorate . Following the defeat of the Liberal - National coalition government at the 2007 federal election , John Howard , who was Australia 's second longest - serving prime minister , and his family vacated Kirribilli House . Kirribilli House returned to being the Prime Minister 's Sydney residence , as Howard 's successor , Kevin Rudd , indicated that he would make The Lodge his main and primary residence . Kirribilli House and Admiralty House in 1930 . Early construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge can be seen in the background . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Open House at Admiralty & Kirribilli Houses Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New South Wales Certificate of Naturalisation , No. 39 1854 . Jump up ^ Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser ( Qld ) , 20 November 1869 , p. 3 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51577118?searchTerm=feez&searchLimits=l-decade=186%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1869 Jump up ^ An advertisement for the sale of the adjoining property Wotonga ( now called Admiralty House ) states that the neighbouring house owned by Mr Feez was called Sophienberg . Empire ( Sydney ) , 27 September 1856 , p. 7 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64977181?searchTerm=feez sophienberg&searchLimits = Jump up ^ Sands Directory Jump up ^ New South Wales Birth Certificates 1867 / 2760 and 1870 / 2940 Jump up ^ England & Wales , National Probate Calendar ( Index of Wills and Administrations ) , 1881 , page 31 . Jump up ^ The Sydney Herald , 25 May 1842 , p. 2 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12875365?searchTerm=lawry ordnance&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 15 October , p. 4 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13111221?searchTerm=lawry kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 12 December 1859 , p. 1 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13034309?searchTerm=lawry ordnance&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Will of Rosetta Terry 1858 . Online reference `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 30 August 1865 p. 1 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13118270?searchTerm=sophienberg lawry&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 March 1867 p. 7 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13140774?searchTerm=lawry kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 5 January 1891 , p. 1 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13769345?searchTerm="james taylor '' kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 October 1900 , p. 1 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14383105?searchTerm="james taylor '' kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 5 September 1907 , p. 6 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14889637?searchTerm=lawry kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald ( NSW : 1842 -- 1954 ) ( about ) Previous issue Tuesday 1 October 1907 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14910522?searchTerm=lawry kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 4 March 1912 , p. 6 . Online reference http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15314693?searchTerm=mccrea kirribilli&searchLimits = Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1918 , p. 5 . http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15816883?searchTerm="kirribilli house `` &searchLimits = l - decade = 191 Jump up ^ `` Heritage expert rejects calls for new Lodge '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 26 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirribilli House . Kirribilli House The Australiana Fund Proposal for an official residence in Melbourne Coordinates : 33 ° 51 ′ 05 '' S 151 ° 13 ′ 09 '' E / 33.851286 ° S 151.21915 ° E / - 33.851286 ; 151.21915 ( hide ) Sydney landmarks Buildings / structures Admiralty House Archibald Fountain Australia Square Bankstown Reservoir Cadmans Cottage The Cenotaph Chifley Tower Citigroup Centre International Convention Centre Deutsche Bank Place Dr Chau Chak Wing Building El Alamein Fountain Finger Wharf General Post Office ( No. 1 Martin Place ) Government House Governor Phillip Tower Hong Kong House Harbour Bridge Hyde Park Barracks King Street Wharf Kirribilli House Long Bay Macquarie Lighthouse Mint Observatory Old Government House Opera House Overseas Passenger Terminal Parliament House Parramatta Gaol Regimental Square Queen Victoria Building St Andrew 's Cathedral St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Tower The Toaster Town Hall War Memorial Warragamba Dam White Bay Cruise Terminal World Square World Tower Precincts Barangaroo Bays Precinct Central Park Chatswood Chinatown Crows Nest Darling Harbour Green Square Kings Cross Martin Place North Sydney Parramatta Pitt Street Mall Railway Square The Rocks Sydney Olympic Park Waterloo Parks and nature Auburn Botanic Gardens Balls Head Reserve Bents Basin Berowra Valley National Park Bicentennial Park Blue Mountains National Park Botany Bay National Park Brenan Park Centennial Parklands Central Gardens Nature Reserve Chinese Garden of Friendship Chipping Norton Lake Cronulla sand dunes Farm Cove Field of Mars Reserve Fred Hollows Reserve Garigal National Park Garawarra Conservation Area Georges River National Park Heathcote National Park Hyde Park Ku - ring - gai Chase Lake Parramatta Lane Cove National Park Macquarie Place Prospect Hill Prospect Reservoir Rosford Street Reserve Royal Botanic Garden Royal National Park Sydney Harbour National Park Sydney Park The Domain Western Sydney Parklands Wetherill Park Nature Reserve Cultural institutions Art Gallery of New South Wales Australian Museum Australian National Maritime Museum Harry 's Cafe de Wheels Manly Art Gallery and Museum Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of Sydney Justice and Police Museum Powerhouse Museum Sea Life Sydney Aquarium State Library Sydney Conservatorium of Music Taronga Zoo Sport Canterbury Park Racecourse Dunc Gray Velodrome NSW Tennis Centre Parramatta Stadium Randwick Racecourse Rosehill Gardens Racecourse Royal Sydney Golf Club Stadium Australia State Sports Centre Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Football Stadium Sydney International Aquatic Centre Sydney International Regatta Centre Sydney Motorsport Park Sydney Olympic Park Sydney Olympic Park Athletic Centre Sydney Olympic Park Hockey Centre Sydney Showground Stadium The Australian Golf Club The Lakes Golf Club Valvoline Raceway Warwick Farm Racecourse Wentworth Park Western Sydney International Dragway Transport Anzac Bridge Bradfield Highway Broadway Cahill Expressway Captain Cook Bridge Central station Circular Quay City Circle Cross City Tunnel Devonshire Street Tunnel Eastern Distributor George Street Gladesville Bridge Gore Hill Freeway Liverpool -- Parramatta T - way M2 Hills Motorway M4 Western Motorway M5 Motorway Macquarie Street North - West T - way Norton Street Opal card Oxford Street Pacific Highway Parramatta Road Pitt Street Princes Highway Pyrmont Bridge Roseville Bridge Southern Cross Drive Spit Bridge Sydney Airport State Transit Authority Sydney Ferries Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Tunnel Sydney Light Rail Sydney Metro ( proposed ) Sydney Trains Tom Uglys Bridge Warringah Freeway Westlink M7 William Street Entertainment Casula Powerhouse Capitol Theatre Entertainment Quarter Fox Studios Australia Luna Park Sydney Lyric Plaza Theatre The Star State Theatre Sydney Super Dome Sydney Theatre Theatre Royal Wet'n'Wild Beaches Avalon Bondi Coogee Cronulla Dee Why Lady Robinsons Beach Manly Maroubra Palm Beach Islands Bare Clark Cockatoo Fort Denison Garden Goat Rodd Shark Snapper Spectacle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirribilli_House&oldid=830826983 '' Categories : Official residences in Australia Prime ministerial residences Buildings of the Australian government Houses in Sydney Prime Minister of Australia Victorian architecture in Australia Commonwealth Heritage List 1855 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from May 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 04 : 47 . About Wikipedia	where does the australian prime minister live in sydney	[]	[]
-9121232489001588606	2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles	2015 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles Men 's Singles 2015 Wimbledon Championships Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Roger Federer Final score 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2014 Wimbledon Championships 2016 → Main article : 2015 Wimbledon Championships Novak Djokovic was the defending champion , and successfully defended his title by beating Roger Federer in a rematch of the 2014 final , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 . The title was Djokovic 's third at Wimbledon and ninth Grand Slam singles title overall , as well as his second major win of the year . Federer was vying to become the first man to win Wimbledon eight times . Federer became the first male player in the Open Era to reach 10 finals at a single Grand Slam . 2002 champion Lleyton Hewitt played in his final Wimbledon appearance , losing to Jarkko Nieminen ( who was also playing in his final Wimbledon ) in five sets in the first round . In the second round , 102nd - ranked Germany 's Dustin Brown upset world number ten Rafael Nadal , who had won Wimbledon in 2008 and 2010 . Brown previously defeated Nadal at the 2014 Gerry Weber Open in Halle , the only other time the two had played each other . This marked the fourth straight year in which Nadal suffered an early - round exit from the tournament while losing to a player ranked 100 or lower : He had previously lost to Lukas Rosol ( ranked 100th at the time ) in 2012 , Steve Darcis ( 135th ) in 2013 , and Nick Kyrgios ( 144th ) in 2014 . This was the first major since the 2002 US Open where Spaniard David Ferrer ( world number eight ) did not participate in as he withdrew with an elbow injury that occurred in the lead up tournament at the 2015 Queen 's Club Championships . This ended Ferrer 's streak of 50 consecutive Grand Slam appearances . This is also the first Grand Slam main draw appearance for future three - time Masters 1000 champion and world number 3 Alexander Zverev . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 Nationalities in the field 5 References 6 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Novak Djokovic ( Champion ) 02 . Roger Federer ( Final ) 03 . Andy Murray ( Semifinals ) 04 . Stan Wawrinka ( Quarterfinals ) 05 . Kei Nishikori ( Second round , withdrew due to a calf injury ) 06 . Tomáš Berdych ( Fourth round ) 07 . Milos Raonic ( Third round ) 08 . David Ferrer ( Withdrew with an elbow injury ; replaced by Luca Vanni ) 09 . Marin Čilić ( Quarterfinals ) 10 . Rafael Nadal ( Second round ) 11 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Third round ) 12 . Gilles Simon ( Quarterfinals ) 13 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Third round ) 14 . Kevin Anderson ( Fourth round ) 15 . Feliciano López ( Second round ) 16 . David Goffin ( Fourth round ) 17 . John Isner ( Third round ) 18 . Gaël Monfils ( Third round ) 19 . Tommy Robredo ( First round ) 20 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Fourth round ) 21 . Richard Gasquet ( Semifinals ) 22 . Viktor Troicki ( Fourth round ) 23 . Ivo Karlović ( Fourth round ) 24 . Leonardo Mayer ( Third round ) 25 . Andreas Seppi ( Third round ) 26 . Nick Kyrgios ( Fourth round ) 27 . Bernard Tomic ( Third round ) 28 . Pablo Cuevas ( First round ) 29 . Guillermo Garcia - Lopez ( First round ) 30 . Fabio Fognini ( Second round ) 31 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 32 . Dominic Thiem ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Novak Djokovic 6 6 6 9 Marin Čilić Novak Djokovic 7 6 6 21 Richard Gasquet 6 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 9 21 Richard Gasquet 6 6 11 Novak Djokovic 7 6 6 6 Roger Federer 6 7 Vasek Pospisil 5 Andy Murray 6 7 6 Andy Murray 5 5 Roger Federer 7 7 6 12 Gilles Simon 5 Roger Federer 6 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round N Djokovic 6 6 6 P Kohlschreiber N Djokovic 6 6 6 J Nieminen 6 6 11 J Nieminen WC L Hewitt 6 6 0 9 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Q P-H Herbert 6 6 10 27 B Tomic H Chung 6 6 8 Q P-H Herbert 6 6 J-L Struff 6 6 27 B Tomic 7 6 7 27 B Tomic 6 6 6 N Djokovic 6 6 6 6 7 24 L Mayer 7 7 6 14 K Anderson 7 7 5 T Kokkinakis 6 6 24 L Mayer 6 7 6 PR J Tipsarević M Granollers 6 M Granollers 6 6 6 24 L Mayer 6 M İlhan 7 6 6 6 14 K Anderson 6 7 6 J Janowicz 6 7 M İlhan 7 6 L Pouille 5 6 14 K Anderson 6 7 6 6 14 K Anderson 6 7 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 M Čilić 6 6 7 Q H Moriya 6 9 M Čilić 6 7 7 A Haider - Maurer R Berankis 6 6 6 5 R Berankis 6 5 9 M Čilić 7 6 6 6 12 WC M Ebden 6 6 6 17 J Isner 6 7 7 10 B Rola WC M Ebden 6 G Soeda 6 17 J Isner 6 7 6 17 J Isner 7 6 6 9 M Čilić 6 6 7 28 P Cuevas 7 6 WC D Kudla 6 5 WC D Kudla 6 6 6 6 WC D Kudla 6 7 6 T Gabashvili 6 6 7 A Zverev 6 6 A Zverev 6 6 9 WC D Kudla 6 6 6 6 J Souza S Giraldo 7 6 S Giraldo 6 6 6 S Giraldo w / o S Bolelli 7 6 5 K Nishikori 5 K Nishikori 6 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Wawrinka 6 7 7 J Sousa 5 6 S Wawrinka 6 6 7 V Estrella Burgos 5 6 6 6 V Estrella Burgos 5 B Becker 7 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 M Kližan 6 7 11 F Verdasco F Verdasco 6 6 6 13 F Verdasco 5 6 5 6 6 D Sela 6 32 D Thiem 7 7 32 D Thiem 6 6 6 S Wawrinka 7 7 6 19 T Robredo 16 D Goffin 6 6 Q J Millman 6 6 6 Q J Millman 7 6 D Young 7 M Baghdatis 6 6 6 6 M Baghdatis 5 6 6 6 M Baghdatis WC L Broady 5 6 6 6 16 D Goffin 6 6 6 M Matosevic 7 6 WC L Broady 6 Q H Zeballos 6 16 D Goffin 7 6 6 16 D Goffin 7 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 F Delbonis 0 11 G Dimitrov 7 6 7 L Lacko 7 6 S Johnson 6 6 S Johnson 6 6 6 6 11 G Dimitrov Q K de Schepper 7 6 6 21 R Gasquet 6 6 6 Q J-P Smith 6 6 6 Q K de Schepper 0 Q L Saville 21 R Gasquet 6 6 6 21 R Gasquet 6 6 6 21 R Gasquet 7 6 6 7 26 N Kyrgios 6 6 7 26 N Kyrgios 5 7 6 D Schwartzman 0 6 26 N Kyrgios 7 6 6 J Mónaco 6 6 6 J Mónaco 6 PR F Mayer 26 N Kyrgios 5 7 7 6 D Lajović 6 7 M Raonic 7 5 6 PR T Haas 6 6 6 PR T Haas 0 7 6 D Gimeno - Traver 6 6 7 M Raonic 6 6 6 7 7 M Raonic 6 6 7 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round LL L Vanni 7 WC J Ward 6 6 6 6 WC J Ward 6 7 6 J Veselý 7 7 6 J Veselý 6 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 WC J Ward 6 6 6 V Pospisil 7 6 7 6 V Pospisil 6 6 8 Q V Millot 6 6 7 6 V Pospisil 6 6 6 T Smyczek 30 F Fognini 6 30 F Fognini 6 6 6 V Pospisil 6 6 6 6 22 V Troicki 6 6 6 22 V Troicki 6 7 Q A Nedovyesov 6 22 V Troicki 6 6 6 PR R Štěpánek 5 6 6 A Bedene 6 A Bedene 7 6 6 22 V Troicki 6 7 6 Q D Brown 6 7 6 Q D Brown 6 6 Y-h Lu 6 5 Q D Brown 7 6 6 T Bellucci 10 R Nadal 5 6 10 R Nadal 6 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J-W Tsonga 7 6 6 6 G Müller 6 7 6 13 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 D Istomin A Ramos A Ramos 6 6 13 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 6 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 23 I Karlović 7 7 7 WC K Edmund 6 A Dolgopolov 7 7 11 Q E Ymer 7 6 23 I Karlović 5 6 6 6 13 23 I Karlović 6 6 6 7 23 I Karlović 6 7 25 A Seppi 6 6 6 A Murray 7 6 5 6 WC B Klein 25 A Seppi 6 6 6 6 S Stakhovsky 6 6 6 7 B Ćorić 6 7 B Ćorić 7 6 9 25 A Seppi 6 R Haase 6 6 6 A Murray 6 6 6 Q A Falla 6 R Haase M Kukushkin 6 A Murray 6 6 6 A Murray 6 7 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 T Berdych 6 6 7 7 J Chardy 7 6 6 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 F Krajinović 6 6 5 WC N Mahut WC N Mahut 7 6 7 6 T Berdych 6 6 7 E Gulbis 6 6 P Andújar 6 0 6 L Rosol 7 6 7 L Rosol 6 6 6 P Andújar 6 7 6 P Andújar 6 7 6 29 G García - López 6 6 5 6 T Berdych 18 G Monfils 6 6 7 12 G Simon 6 6 6 P Carreño Busta 5 18 G Monfils 7 6 7 A Mannarino 6 6 6 6 A Mannarino 6 5 Q M Berrer 7 0 18 G Monfils 6 6 6 Q Y Sugita 6 6 12 G Simon 6 7 6 B Kavčič 7 6 7 B Kavčič 7 PR N Almagro 5 12 G Simon 6 6 6 6 12 G Simon 6 6 7 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 F López 6 7 6 S Darcis 6 15 F López 5 6 6 Q N Basilashvili 6 7 6 Q N Basilashvili 7 6 6 F Bagnis 6 Q N Basilashvili 6 0 B Paire 6 6 6 20 R Bautista Agut 7 6 6 M Youzhny B Paire 6 6 R Bemelmans 6 20 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 20 R Bautista Agut 6 6 7 20 R Bautista Agut 31 J Sock 6 R Federer 6 6 6 S Groth 6 6 6 S Groth 7 6 7 M Jaziri 6 6 6 5 J Duckworth 5 6 J Duckworth 7 6 7 S Groth 7 S Querrey 7 6 6 R Federer 6 6 6 6 Q I Sijsling 5 S Querrey D Džumhur R Federer 6 6 6 R Federer 6 6 6 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 10 ) South America ( 11 ) Europe ( 82 ) Oceania ( 11 ) Asia ( 12 ) Africa ( 2 ) Canada ( 2 ) Argentina ( 6 ) Austria ( 2 ) Australia ( 11 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) South Africa ( 1 ) Dominican Republic ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Israel ( 1 ) Tunisia ( 1 ) United States ( 7 ) Colombia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1 ) Japan ( 4 ) Uruguay ( 1 ) Bulgaria ( 1 ) Kazakhstan ( 2 ) Croatia ( 3 ) South Korea ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 4 ) Chinese Taipei ( 1 ) Finland ( 1 ) Turkey ( 1 ) France ( 12 ) Uzbekistan ( 1 ) Georgia ( 1 ) Germany ( 8 ) Italy ( 5 ) Latvia ( 1 ) Lithuania ( 1 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Netherlands ( 2 ) Poland ( 1 ) Portugal ( 1 ) Russia ( 2 ) Serbia ( 5 ) Slovakia ( 2 ) Slovenia ( 2 ) Spain ( 12 ) Sweden ( 1 ) Switzerland ( 2 ) Ukraine ( 2 ) United Kingdom ( 6 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` Wimbledon 2015 : Novak Djokovic beats Roger Federer in final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , Jon ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` 2002 champ Lleyton Hewitt honored in loss at 17th and final Wimbledon '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ubha , Ravi ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wimbledon 2015 : Rafael Nadal upset by Dustin Brown '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Main draw Wimbledon men 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2015 ATP World Tour `` 2014 2016 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Zagreb ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Casablanca ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Nice ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Valencia ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP World Tour Finals , London ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 850177126 '' Categories : 2015 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Gentlemen 's Singles Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played in the men's semi final in wimbledon in 2015	[ "Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n", "Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n", "Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n", "Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n" ]	[ "Novak Djokovic", "Richard Gasquet", "Andy Murray", "Roger Federer" ]
4013315636935634044	Infamy Speech	Infamy speech - wikipedia Infamy speech Roosevelt delivers the speech to Congress . Behind him are Vice President Henry A. Wallace ( left ) and Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn . To the right , in uniform in front of Rayburn , is Roosevelt 's son James , who escorted his father to the Capitol . President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of the US Congress on December 8 , 1941 , one day after the Empire of Japan 's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire . The name derives from the first line of the speech : Roosevelt describing the previous day as `` a date which will live in infamy '' . The speech is also commonly referred to as the `` Pearl Harbor Speech '' . Within an hour of the speech , Congress passed a formal declaration of war against Japan and officially brought the U.S. into World War II . The address is one of the most famous of all American political speeches . Contents 1 Commentary 2 Impact and legacy 3 Media 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Commentary ( edit ) A first draft of the Infamy Speech , with changes by Roosevelt FDR Pearl Harbor speech Entire speech . ( 3.1 MB , ogg / Vorbis format ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The wreckage of the USS Arizona ablaze after the attack The Infamy Speech was brief , running to just a little over seven minutes . Secretary of State Cordell Hull had recommended that the President devote more time to a fuller exposition of Japanese - American relations and the lengthy , but unsuccessful , effort to find a peaceful solution . However , Roosevelt kept the speech short in the belief that it would have a more dramatic effect . His revised statement was all the stronger for its emphatic insistence that posterity would forever endorse the American view of the attack . It was intended not merely as a personal response by the President , but as a statement on behalf of the entire American people in the face of a great collective trauma . In proclaiming the indelibility of the attack , and expressing outrage at its `` dastardly '' nature , the speech worked to crystallize and channel the response of the nation into a collective response and resolve . The first paragraph of the speech was carefully worded to reinforce Roosevelt 's portrayal of the United States as the innocent victim of unprovoked Japanese aggression . The wording was deliberately passive . Rather than taking the active voice -- i.e. , `` Japan attacked the United States '' -- Roosevelt chose to put in the foreground the object being acted upon , namely the United States , to emphasize America 's status as a victim . The theme of `` innocence violated '' was further reinforced by Roosevelt 's recounting of the ongoing diplomatic negotiations with Japan , which the president characterized as having been pursued cynically and dishonestly by the Japanese government while it was secretly preparing for war against the United States . Roosevelt consciously sought to avoid making the sort of more abstract appeal that had been issued by President Woodrow Wilson in his own speech to Congress in April 1917 , when the United States entered World War I. Wilson laid out the strategic threat posed by Germany and stressed the idealistic goals behind America 's participation in the war . During the 1930s , however , American public opinion turned strongly against such themes , and was wary of , if not actively hostile to , idealistic visions of remaking the world through a `` just war '' . Roosevelt , therefore , chose to make an appeal aimed more at the gut level -- in effect , an appeal to patriotism , rather than to idealism . Nonetheless , he took pains to draw a symbolic link with the April 1917 declaration of war ; when he went to Congress on December 8 , 1941 , he was accompanied by Edith Bolling Wilson , President Wilson 's widow . The `` infamy framework '' adopted by Roosevelt was given additional resonance by the fact that it followed the pattern of earlier narratives of great American defeats . The Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 and the sinking of the USS Maine in 1898 had both been the source of intense national outrage , and a determination to take the fight to the enemy . Defeats and setbacks were on each occasion portrayed as being merely a springboard towards an eventual and inevitable victory . As Professor Sandra Silberstein observes , Roosevelt 's speech followed a well - established tradition of how `` through rhetorical conventions , presidents assume extraordinary powers as the commander in chief , dissent is minimized , enemies are vilified , and lives are lost in the defense of a nation once again united under God '' . Roosevelt expertly employed one of the three terms defined by the ancient Sophists as essential to their definition of rhetoric . Coming from over two thousand years ago , the idea of kairos , which relates to speaking in a timely manner , makes this speech powerful and rhetorically important . Delivering his speech on the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Roosevelt presented himself as immediately ready to face this issue , indicating its importance to both him and the nation . As Campbell notes in Deeds Done in Words : Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance , war rhetoric is similar to inaugural rhetoric in that the speaker utilizes their speech to inform their audience that now is the necessary time for them to take charge . In this sense , the timing of the speech in coordination with Roosevelt 's powerful war rhetoric allowed the immediate and almost unanimous approval of Congress to go to war . Essentially , Roosevelt 's speech and timing extended his executive powers to not only declaring war but also making war , a power that constitutionally belongs to Congress . The overall tone of the speech was one of determined realism . Roosevelt made no attempt to paper over the great damage that had been caused to the American armed forces , noting ( without giving figures , as casualty reports were still being compiled ) that `` very many American lives have been lost '' in the attack . However , he emphasized his confidence in the strength of the American people to face up to the challenge posed by Japan , citing the `` unbounded determination of our people '' . He sought to re-assure the public that steps were being taken to ensure their safety , noting his own role as `` Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy '' ( the United States Air Force was at this time part of the U.S. Army ) and declaring that he had already `` directed that all measures be taken for our defense '' . Roosevelt also made a point of emphasizing that `` our people , our territory and our interests are in grave danger '' and highlighted reports of Japanese attacks in the Pacific between Hawaii and San Francisco . In so doing , he sought to silence the isolationist movement which had campaigned so strongly against American involvement in the war in Europe . If the territory and waters of the continental United States -- not just outlying possessions such as the Philippines -- was seen as being under direct threat , isolationism would become an unsustainable course of action . Roosevelt 's speech had the desired effect , with only one Representative ( Jeannette Rankin ) voting against the declaration of war he sought ; the wider isolationist movement collapsed almost immediately . The speech 's `` infamy '' line is often misquoted as `` a day that will live in infamy '' . However , Roosevelt quite deliberately chose to emphasize the date -- December 7 , 1941 -- rather than the day of the attack , a Sunday , which he mentioned only in the last line when he said , `` ... Sunday , December 7th , 1941 , ... '' . He sought to emphasize the historic nature of the events at Pearl Harbor , implicitly urging the American people never to forget the attack and memorialize its date . Notwithstanding , the term `` day of infamy '' has become widely used by the media to refer to any moment of supreme disgrace or evil . Impact and legacy ( edit ) Roosevelt 's speech had an immediate and long - lasting impact on American politics . Thirty - three minutes after he finished speaking , Congress declared war on Japan , with only one Representative , Jeannette Rankin , voting against the declaration . The speech was broadcast live by radio and attracted the largest audience in US radio history , with over 81 percent of American homes tuning in to hear the President . The response was overwhelmingly positive , both within and outside of Congress . Judge Samuel Irving Rosenman , who served as an adviser to Roosevelt , described the scene : It was a most dramatic spectacle there in the chamber of the House of Representatives . On most of the President 's personal appearances before Congress , we found applause coming largely from one side -- the Democratic side . But this day was different . The applause , the spirit of cooperation , came equally from both sides ... The new feeling of unity which suddenly welled up in the chamber on December 8 , the common purpose behind the leadership of the President , the joint determination to see things through , were typical of what was taking place throughout the country . The White House was inundated with telegrams praising the president 's stance ( `` On that Sunday , we were dismayed and frightened , but your unbounded courage pulled us together . '' ) . Recruiting stations were jammed with a surge of volunteers , and had to go on 24 - hour duty to deal with the crowds seeking to sign up , in numbers reported to be twice as high as after Woodrow Wilson 's declaration of war in 1917 . The anti-war and isolationist movement collapsed in the wake of the speech , with even the president 's fiercest critics falling into line . Charles Lindbergh , who had been a leading isolationist , declared : Now ( war ) has come and we must meet it as united Americans regardless of our attitude in the past toward the policy our Government has followed ... Our country has been attacked by force of arms , and by force of arms we must retaliate . We must now turn every effort to building the greatest and most efficient Army , Navy and Air Force in the world . Roosevelt 's framing of the Pearl Harbor attack became , in effect , the standard American narrative of the events of December 7 , 1941 . Hollywood enthusiastically adopted the narrative in a number of war films . Wake Island , the Academy Award - winning Air Force and the films Man from Frisco ( 1944 ) , and Betrayal from the East ( 1945 ) , all included actual radio reports of the pre-December 7 negotiations with the Japanese , reinforcing the message of enemy duplicity . Across the Pacific ( 1942 ) , Salute to the Marines ( 1943 ) , and Spy Ship ( 1942 ) , used a similar device , relating the progress of US -- Japanese relations through newspaper headlines . The theme of American innocence betrayed was also frequently depicted on screen , the melodramatic aspects of the narrative lending themselves naturally to the movies . The President 's description of December 7 as `` a date which will live in infamy '' was borne out ; the date very quickly became shorthand for the Pearl Harbor attack in much the same way that September 11 became inextricably associated with the 2001 terrorist attacks . The slogans `` Remember December 7th '' and `` Avenge December 7 '' were adopted as a rallying cry and were widely displayed on posters and lapel pins . Prelude to War ( 1942 ) , the first of Frank Capra 's Why We Fight film series ( 1942 -- 45 ) , urged Americans to remember the date of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , September 18 , 1931 , `` as well as we remember December 7th , 1941 , for on that date in 1931 , the war we are now fighting began '' . The symbolism of the date was highlighted in a scene in the 1943 film Bombardier , in which the leader of a group of airmen walks up to a calendar on the wall , points to the date ( `` December 7 , 1941 '' ) and tells his men : `` Gentlemen , there 's a date we will always remember -- and they 'll never forget ! '' Sixty years later , the continuing resonance of the Infamy Speech was demonstrated following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , which many commentators compared with Pearl Harbor in terms of its impact and deadliness . In the days following the attacks , author Richard Jackson notes in his book Writing the War on Terrorism : Language , Politics and Counter-terrorism that `` there ( was ) a deliberate and sustained effort '' on the part of the George W. Bush administration to `` discursively link September 11 , 2001 to the attack on Pearl Harbor itself '' , both by directly invoking Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech and by re-using the themes employed by Roosevelt in his speech . In Bush 's speech to the nation on September 11 , 2001 , he contrasted the `` evil , despicable acts of terror '' with the `` brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity '' that America represented in his view . University of Washington Professor and author Sandra Silberstein draws direct parallels between the language used by Roosevelt and Bush , highlighting a number of similarities between the Infamy Speech and Bush 's presidential address of September 11 . Similarly , Emily S. Rosenberg notes rhetorical efforts to link the conflicts of 1941 and 2001 by re-utilizing Second World War terminology of the sort used by Roosevelt , such as using the term `` axis '' to refer to America 's enemies ( as in `` Axis of Evil '' ) . It was used by Spanish PM , José Maria Aznar , hours after the 2004 Madrid train bombings : `` On March 11 , 2004 , it already occupies its place in the history of infamy . '' Media ( edit ) `` A date which will live in infamy '' Section of the infamy speech with famous phrase . ( 168 KB , ogg / Vorbis format ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pearl Harbor speech An annotated version of the speech , showing the original wording `` a date which will live in world history '' Anti-war protest sign prior to U.S. entry into World War II . Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the declaration of war against Japan . `` Avenge December 7 ! '' US Government propaganda poster of 1942 See also ( edit ) Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire Walter Lord # Publications , Lord wrote Day of Infamy ( 1957 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Presidential Materials , September 11 : Bearing Witness to History , Smithsonian Institution ( 2002 ) ( `` Printed copy of the Presidential address to Congress Reminiscent of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's address to Congress after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor '' ) Jump up ^ Address by the President of the United States , December 8 , 1941 , in Declarations of a State of War with Japan and Germany , Senate Document No. 148 ( 77th Congress , 1st Session ) , at p. 7 , reprinted at the University of Virginia School of Law project page , Peter DeHaven Sharp , ed . Jump up ^ See Senate Document No. 148 ( 77th Congress , 1st Session ) , in Congressional Serial Set ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ William S. Dietrich , In the shadow of the rising sun : the political roots of American economic decline ( 1991 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Franklin Odo , ed. , The Columbia documentary history of the Asian American experience , p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` FDR 's `` Day of Infamy '' Speech : Crafting a Call to Arms `` , Prologue magazine , US National Archives , Winter 2001 , Vol. 33 , No. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1998 , pp. 117 -- 120 Jump up ^ Neil J. Smelser , in Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity , p. 69 . University of California Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23595 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Jasinski , Sourcebook on Rhetoric : key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies . Sage Publications Inc , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 0504 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hermann G. Steltner , `` War Message : December 8 , 1941 -- An Approach to Language '' , in Landmark Essays on Rhetorical Criticism ed . Thomas W. Benson . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , 1993 . ISBN 1 - 880393 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Onion , Rebecca ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) . `` FDR 's First Draft of His `` Day of Infamy '' Speech , With His Notes `` . Slate . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Emily S Rosenberg , A Date Which Will Live : Pearl Harbor in American Memory . Duke University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3206 - X . ^ Jump up to : Sandra Silberstein , War of Words : Language , Politics , and 9 / 11 , p. 15 . Routledge , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 29047 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poulakos , John ( 1983 ) . `` Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric '' . Philosophy & Rhetoric. 16 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 48 . JSTOR 40237348 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Karlyn ( 1990 ) . Deeds Done in Words : Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance . Chicago : University of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` Day of infamy '' , Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions , ed . Elizabeth Webber , Mike Feinsilber . Merriam - Webster , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 628 - 9 . Jump up ^ Samuel Irving Rosenman , quoted in Brown 1998 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Quoted in Brown 1998 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Quoted in Brown 1998 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Barta 1998 , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ Robert J. Sickels , The 1940s , p. 6 . Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31299 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Benjamin L. Alpers , `` This Is The Army '' , in The World War II Reader , ed . Gordon Martel , p. 167 . Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22402 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Barta , 1998 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ See for instance CNN , `` Day of Terror -- a 21st century ' day of infamy ' '' , September 2001 . Jump up ^ Richard Jackson , Writing the War on Terrorism : language , politics and counter-terrorism , p. 33 . Manchester University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ See e.g. , Paul Wolfowitz , `` Standup of US Northern Command '' , speech of October 1 , 2002 : `` Although September 11th has taken its place alongside December 7th as a date that will live in infamy ... '' Jump up ^ George W. Bush , Address to the Nation of September 11 , 2001 . References ( edit ) Barta , Tony , ed. ( 1998 ) . Screening the past : film and the representation of history . Westport , CT ( u.a. ) : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95402 - 1 . Brown , Robert J. ( 1998 ) . Manipulating the ether : the power of broadcast radio in thirties America . Jefferson , NC ( u.a. ) : McFarland . ISBN 9780786403974 . Freidel , Frank ( 1990 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Rendezvous with Destiny . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 29260 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Transcript ( contains some errors and truncations ) Recording of the speech `` FDR 's `` Day of Infamy '' Speech : Crafting a Call to Arms '' -- article from the National Archives and Records Administration on the speech with images of Roosevelt 's original draft of the text `` The Pearl Harbour Speech '' on Dailymotion , the speech animated with kinetic typography Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen -- Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson 's Birthday holiday Judicial Court - Packing Bill Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet `` Brain Trust '' Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential Foreign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua , 1912 -- 1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti , 1915 -- 1934 Good Neighbor Policy ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Montevideo Convention ( 1933 ) Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) ABCD line ( 1940 ) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend - Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter ( 1941 ) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations ( 1942 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential speeches Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech `` Four Freedoms '' Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy `` ... is fear itself '' Fireside chats `` Look to Norway '' Quarantine Speech `` The More Abundant Life '' Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address ( 1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 ) Other events Early life , education , career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election , 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention , 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election , 1920 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School `` Springwood '' birthplace , home , and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House , Warm Springs , Georgia Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II : When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes Roosevelt family Delano family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( wife ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) James Roosevelt I ( father ) Sara Ann Delano ( mother ) James Roosevelt Roosevelt ( half - brother ) Isaac Roosevelt ( grandfather ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( great - grandfather ) Fala ( family dog ) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → Pearl Harbor attack Attack Events leading to the attack Order of battle Present US ships Battleship Row Niihau incident Japanese carriers involved Akagi Kaga Sōryū Hiryū Shōkaku Zuikaku United States ships sunk Arizona salvaged artifacts California Oglala Oklahoma Shaw Sotoyomo Utah West Virginia YFD - 2 Aftermath Consequences Sleeping giant quote Infamy Speech U.S. declaration of war Roberts Commissions Remembrance Remembrance Day USS Arizona Memorial Survivors Association Commemorative Medal Books Crisis : The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia ( 1992 ) Day of Deceit ( 2001 ) Days of Infamy series ( 2004 -- 05 ) Pacific War series ( 2007 -- 08 ) Films Secret Agent of Japan ( 1942 ) This Is the Army ( 1943 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1956 ) In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! ( 1970 ) 1941 ( 1979 ) The Final Countdown ( 1980 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Other Advance - knowledge conspiracy theory In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infamy_Speech&oldid=849395633 '' Categories : Attack on Pearl Harbor World War II speeches Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1941 in American politics 1941 speeches American political neologisms American political catchphrases 1941 in international relations Joint sessions of the United States Congress 77th United States Congress December 1941 events Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Dansk Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where was the day of infamy speech given	[ "The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of the US Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire.[1][2][3][4][5] The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as \"a date which will live in infamy\". The speech is also commonly referred to as the \"Pearl Harbor Speech\".\n" ]	[ "the US Congress" ]
-4883860635615331255	Burning of Washington	Burning of Washington - wikipedia Burning of Washington Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 Battle of Bladensburg Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings Date August 24 , 1814 Location Washington , D.C. , United States Result British victory Brief occupation of Washington Destruction of public buildings Belligerents United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Robert Ross George Cockburn James Madison Strength 4,250 7,640 Casualties and losses 1 killed , 3 wounded ( Colonial Marines ) 3 unknown wounded City of Washington attacked by British forces Many government buildings set ablaze Destruction of the 36 - gun frigate USS New York . 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and 22 - gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture . Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church British and American movements during the Chesapeake Campaign 1814 The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States , during the War of 1812 . On August 24 , 1814 , after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg , a British force led by Major General Robert Ross burned down buildings including the White House ( known as the Presidential Mansion ) , and the Capitol , as well as other facilities of the U.S. government . The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada . Throughout the history of the United States , the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington , D.C. ; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital . President James Madison , military officials , and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the `` United States Capital for a Day '' . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden , very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away , killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . After the `` Storm that saved Washington '' , as it soon came to be called , the Americans returned to the city . Contents 1 Reasons 2 Events 3 U.S. Capitol 4 White House 5 Other Washington properties 6 `` The Storm that Saved Washington '' 7 Aftermath 8 Reconstruction 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Reasons ( edit ) The British government , already at war with Napoleonic France , adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812 . Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada . However , after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814 , Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States . In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada , the Earl of Bathurst , Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda , from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war . It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada . The commanders were under strict orders , however , not to carry out operations far inland , or to attempt to hold territory . Early in 1814 , Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Royal Navy 's North America and West Indies Station , controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war . He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans . Admiralty House , Mount Wyndham , Bermuda , where the attack was planned Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year . On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak , and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack . Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore , Washington and Philadelphia . On July 17 , Cockburn recommended Washington as the target , because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and `` the greater political effect likely to result '' . General Ross commanded a 4,500 - man army , composed of the 4th ( King 's Own ) Light , 21st Royal North British Fusiliers , 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , and 85th Regiment of Foot . An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the `` wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie '' by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814 , the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover . On June 2 , 1814 , Sir George Prévost , Governor General of The Canadas , wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House , in Bailey 's Bay , Bermuda , calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war . Prévost argued that , ... in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie , in order that if the war with the United States continues you may , should you judge it advisable , assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages . On July 18 , Cochrane ordered Cockburn to `` deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable '' . Cochrane instructed , `` You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States '' . Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President 's Mansion , during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast . They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen ( Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist ) , with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches . They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings . Major - General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order . Throughout the events of that day , a severe storm blew into the city , worsening on the night of August 24 , 1814 . Events ( edit ) Burning of Washington August 1814 President James Madison , members of his government , and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings . Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared . Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast . U.S. Capitol ( edit ) The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 . Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814 , restored . The Capitol was , according to some contemporary travelers , the only building in Washington `` worthy to be noticed . '' Thus , it was a prime target for the British invaders , both for its aesthetic and symbolic value . Upon arrival into the city via Maryland Avenue , the British targeted the Capitol ( first the southern wing , containing the House of Representatives , then the northern wing , containing the Senate ) . Prior to setting it aflame , the British looted the building ( which at that time housed Congress , the Library of Congress , and the Supreme Court ) . Items looted by British General Sir George Cockburn included `` An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810 . '' The British intended to burn the building to the ground . They set fire to the southern wing first . The flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely . However , the Library of Congress 's contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side . Among the destruction was the 3,000 - volume collection of the Library of Congress and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns , pediments , and sculptures originally designed by William Thornton in 1793 and Benjamin Latrobe in 1803 . The wooden ceilings and floors burned , and the glass skylights melted because of the intense heat . But , the building was not a complete loss . The House rotunda , the east lobby , the staircases , and Latrobe 's famous Corn - Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived . The Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington , Thomas Munroe , concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28 , with $457,388.36 for the North wing and main building , and $329,774.92 for the South wing . White House ( edit ) The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24 , 1814 . Watercolor by George Munger , displayed at the White House After burning the Capitol , the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House . After US government officials and President Madison fled the city , the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband , urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment 's notice . Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British . James Madison 's personal slave , the fifteen - year - old boy Paul Jennings , was an eyewitness . After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison , Jennings published his memoir in 1865 , considered the first from the White House : It has often been stated in print , that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House , she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington ( now in one of the parlors there ) , and carried it off . She had no time for doing it . It would have required a ladder to get it down . All she carried off was the silver in her reticule , as the British were thought to be but a few squares off , and were expected any moment . Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were : John Susé ( Jean Pierre Sioussat , the French door - keeper , and still living at the time of Jennings 's memoir ) and Magraw ( McGraw ) , the President 's gardener , took it down and sent it off on a wagon , with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of . When the British did arrive , they ate up the very dinner , and drank the wines , &c. , that I had prepared for the President 's party . The soldiers burned the president 's house , and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day . In 2009 , President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables . ( The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting , not the original , although it is the same one on display in the East Room . ) `` A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington , to visit the White House . They looked at the painting their relative helped save . '' In an interview with National Public Radio , Jennings ' great - great - grandson Hugh Alexander said , `` We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting , which was for me one of the high points . '' He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison . Other Washington properties ( edit ) The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn . At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building The day after the destruction of the White House , Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper , the National Intelligencer , intending to burn it down . However , several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses . Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him , branding him `` The Ruffian '' . Instead , he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick , and ordered all the `` C '' type destroyed `` so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name '' . The US Treasury Building ( built 1804 ) The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office ; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814 . The Patent Office later burned in 1836 The Washington Navy Yard in 1862 The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth , but they found only old records . They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings . The United States Department of War building was also burned . However , the War and State Department files had been removed , so the books and records had been saved ; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier . The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton , the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents , who gained British cooperation to preserve it . `` When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack , the Patent Office was the only Government building ... left untouched '' in Washington . The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard , founded by Thomas Jefferson , to prevent capture of stores and ammunition , as well as the 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion . The Navy Yard 's Latrobe Gate , Quarters A , and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction . Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant 's House , although several private properties were damaged or destroyed . In the afternoon of August 25 , General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf 's Point . The fort , later known as Fort McNair , had already been destroyed by the Americans , but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained . While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well , the powder ignited . As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion , and many others were maimed . `` The storm that saved Washington '' ( edit ) Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British troops returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation . While some assert that the storm forced their retreat , it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm , and their written orders from Cochrane to `` destroy and lay waste '' , that their intention was merely to raze the city , rather than occupy it for an extended period . Whatever the case , the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . Despite this , the `` Storm that saved Washington '' , as it became known , did the opposite according to some . The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy ( such as the Patent Office ) . The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC . An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington . `` Dear God ! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country ? '' enquired the Admiral . `` This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city '' , the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn . `` Not so , Madam '' , Cockburn retorted . `` It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city '' , before riding off on horseback . Yet , the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces . The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack , of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines . The destruction of the Capitol , including the Senate House and the House of Representatives , the Arsenal , Dockyard , Treasury , War Office , President 's mansion , bridge over the Potomac , a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £ 365,000 . A separate British force captured Alexandria , on the south side of the Potomac River , while Ross 's troops were leaving Washington . The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town . President Madison returned to Washington by September 1 , on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia . Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19 . Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings , they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building . In 2013 , an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series `` Weather That Changed History '' , entitled `` The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C. '' , was devoted to these events . Aftermath ( edit ) Most contemporary American observers , including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists , condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism . Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington ; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe , where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction ( at least on the part of the occupiers -- the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders ) . According to The Annual Register , the burning had `` brought a heavy censure on the British character '' , with some members of Parliament , including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread , joining in the criticism . The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada . In addition , they noted that the United States had been the aggressor , declaring war and initiating it . Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York , the provincial capital of Upper Canada , early in 1813 . Sir George Prévost wrote that `` as a just retribution , the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate '' . The Reverend John Strachan , who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there , wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington `` was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations , not only of public but private property , committed by them in Canada '' . When they ultimately returned to Bermuda , the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife , Queen Charlotte , which had been discovered in one of the public buildings . One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda , and the other in the Cabinet Building , both in the city of Hamilton . Reconstruction ( edit ) The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War Although the President and military officers returned to Washington only a few days after the British left , Congress did not return for three and half weeks . The Thirteenth Congress officially convened on September 19 , 1814 , at the Blodgett 's Hotel , one of the few surviving buildings large enough to hold all members . The Blodgett 's Hotel also housed the U.S. Patent Office . Although the British had destroyed all public buildings , the Blodgett 's Hotel and U.S. Patent Office was spared . It was in this building that Congress met between September 1814 and December 1815 ( when construction of the Old Brick Capitol was complete ) . There was a movement in Congress to relocate the capital after the burning . Congressmen from the North pushed for relocation to Philadelphia or other prominent Union cities , while Southern congressmen claimed that moving the capital would degrade the American sense of dignity and strength ( however many southern congressmen simply did not want to move the capital north of the Mason -- Dixon line ) . On September 21 , 1814 , the House of Representatives voted to strike down a proposal to relocate the capital from Washington , D.C. by a margin of 83 to 54 . On February 3 , 1815 , in an effort to guarantee that the federal government would always remain in the area , Washington property owners funded the building of the Old Brick Capitol , a larger meeting space where the Supreme Court now stands . Construction of the Old Brick Capitol cost $25,000 and was funded primarily through the sale of stocks . The largest donor was Daniel Carroll of Duddington , a rich English property owner in the area . Construction began on July 4 , 1814 , and concluded in December 1815 . Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol between December 1815 and December 1819 , when the Capitol reopened . The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated . The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete ; the Capitol took twelve years . A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one . On February 13 , 1815 , President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings , including the Capitol , `` on their present sites in the city of Washington '' . Benjamin Latrobe , architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803 , was rehired to repair the building on April 18 , 1815 . He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards , 500 tons of stone , 1,000 barrels of lime , and brick . With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks , Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult . Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826 . Bulfinch modified Latrobe 's design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86 ft . With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington , the value of land in the area increased dramatically , paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War . See also ( edit ) War of 1812 portal War of 1812 bibliography References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation -- 1790 to 1886 -- with an outline of laws , growth , publications , office routine , etc . Washington , D.C. : R. Beresford , Printer. 1886 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it . Thornton `` put himself before the gun , and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed : ' Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals ? This is the Patent Office , a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation , in which the whole civilized world is interested . Would you destroy it ? If so , fire away , and let the charge pass through my body . ' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers , and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Burning of Washington , D.C. ; Chesapeake Campaign '' . The War of 1812 . genealogy , Inc . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The White House at War : The White House Burns : The War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The War of 1812 , Scene 5 `` An Act of Nature '' , History Channel , 2005 Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Cruikshank 2006 , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ `` Brookeville 1814 '' . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Muller , Charles , G. ( 1963 ) . The Darkest Day : The Washington - Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , . p. 139 . Jump up ^ United States Department of the Treasury . `` An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 - 1817 '' in History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Herrick 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Muller , Charles G. ( 1963 ) . The Darkest Day : The Washington - Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the U.S. Capitol Building '' . Architect of the Capitol United States Capitol . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 - 1817 '' in History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 - 1817 '' in History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 98 . Jump up ^ United States Congress , Thirteenth Congress ( October 29 , 1814 ) . `` Report from the superintendent of the Public Buildings '' in the Report of the Committee appointed to ... inquire into the cause ... of the invasion of the city of Washington by the British forces . Washington , DC : United States Congress . p. 362 . Jump up ^ Pitch , Anthony S. ( 1998 ) . The Burning of Washington : The British Invasion of 1814 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison 's letter to her sister describing these events . ( Willets 1908 , p. 219 ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel & Block 2009 , Descendant ... ^ Jump up to : Jennings 1865 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets ( Willets 1908 , p. 221 ) Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House ( McCormick 1904 , p. 170 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house Jump up ^ Gura 2009 , Descendants of a slave ... Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department : Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments . By United States . War Dept . Board on Business Methods 1889 . p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Patent Fire of 1836 '' . patentlaws.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Hot Commodity : Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office '' . Kids pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crawford , p222 , quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27 , 1814 ' The Enemy himself , on our entering the Town set fire to ... ' Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington . '' ( Gerson & Branam 1973 , p. 5 ) Jump up ^ `` When the British captured Washington on August 24 , 1814 , and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage , both Quarters A ( Tingey 's House ) and Quarters B ( Lieutenant Haraden 's House ) were untouched , but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that ' not a movable object from cellar to garret was left , and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken . '' ( Taylor 1973 , p. 3 , 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Act of July 14 , 1832 , to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2 , 1833 , to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - yard by the British in 1814 . '' ( Reports ... 1894 , p. 174 ) Jump up ^ George 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Peter Snow `` When Britain Burned the White House '' 2012 Jump up ^ `` No. 16939 '' . The London Gazette . September 27 , 1814 . pp. 1942 -- 1943 . Jump up ^ Landry 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison , Proclamation -- Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1 , 1814 '' . The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Howe , David Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ POTSI ( archived ) : HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976 Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 -- 1817 '' . History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . p. 141 . JSTOR 40067303 . Jump up ^ Skeen , C. Edward ( 2003 ) . `` The Fourteenth Congress Begins '' . 1816 : America Rising . University Press of Kentucky . p. 35 . JSTOR j. ctt130jf4x. 7 . Jump up ^ Clark , Allen C. ( 1938 ) . Daniel Carroll of Duddington ( Vol. 39 ed . ) . Washington , DC. : Columbia Historical Society . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Green , Constance McLaughlin ( 1962 ) . `` Phoenix on the Potomac , 1812 -- 1817 '' . Washington : A History of the Capital , 1800 - 1950 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . JSTOR j. ctt1mf6xv4. 6 . Jump up ^ Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . pp. 141 -- 142 . JSTOR 40067303 . Jump up ^ Green , Constance McLaughlin ( 1962 ) . `` Phoenix on the Potomac , 1812 -- 1817 '' . Washington : A History of the Capital , 1800 -- 1950 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 65 . JSTOR j. ctt1mf6xv4. 6 . Jump up ^ Clark , Allen C. ( 1938 ) . Daniel Carroll of Duddington ( Vol. 39 ed . ) . Washington , DC. : Columbia Historical Society . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . p. 142 . JSTOR 40067303 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . p. 143 . JSTOR 40067303 . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 -- 1817 '' . History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 100 . Jump up ^ United States Congress , Thirteenth Congress ( February 13 , 1815 ) . Session III , Statue III , Ch. 41 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : United States Congress . p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 -- 1817 '' . History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 103 . Jump up ^ Skeen , C. Edward ( 2003 ) . `` The Fourteenth Congress Begins '' . 1816 : America Rising . University Press of Kentucky . p. 37 . JSTOR j. ctt130jf4x. 7 . Jump up ^ Green , Constance McLaughlin ( 1962 ) . `` Phoenix on the Potomac , 1812 -- 1817 '' . Washington : A History of the Capital , 1800 -- 1950 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 73 . JSTOR j. ctt1mf6xv4. 6 . Sources ( edit ) Crawford , Michael J. ( Ed ) ( 2002 ) . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History , Vol. 3 . Washington : United States Department of Defense . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 051224 - 7 Cruikshank , Ernest ( 2006 ) ( 1814 ) . The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier . ( Part 1 - 2 ) . University of Calgary . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms ! A Military History of the War of 1812 . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . Fredriksen , John C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Military Adversaries : From Colonial Times to the Present . ABC - CLIO . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . George , Christopher T ( 2000 ) . Terror on the Chesapeake : The War of 1812 on the Bay . White Mane Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57249 - 276 - 9 . Gerson , Leonard ; Branam , Alfred ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) . The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 . London : J. Murray . ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X . Gura , David ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved '' . The Two - Way . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Herrick , Carole ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , VA : Higher Education Publications , Inc . Hickey , Donald R. ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 , A Forgotten Conflict . Chicago : University of Illinois Press , Chicago and Urbana . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ; Graves , Donald E. ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 . Jennings , Paul ( 1865 ) . A Colored Man 's Reminiscences of James Madison . Brookyn : George C. Beadle . Landry , Peter ( 2009 ) . Settlement , Revolution & War . Bloomington , IL : Trafford Publishing . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 8791 - 0 . McCormick , John H. ( 1904 ) . `` The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . Washington , D.C. 7 : 170 -- 194 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Morriss , Roger ( 1997 ) . Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition : Admiral Sir George Cockburn , 1772 -- 1853 . University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 253 - 0 . NWS staff ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` NWS Sterling , VA -- D.C. Tornado Events '' . National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Myatt , Kevin ( August 26 , 2006 ) . `` Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812 ? '' . The Roanoke Times . Roanoke , VA . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Siegel , Robert ; Block , Melissa ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy '' . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Taylor , Nancy ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty - Third Congress . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Willets , Gilson ( 1908 ) . Inside History of the White House - the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation 's presidents and their families . New York : The Christian Herald . Further reading ( edit ) Latimer , Jon . 1812 : War with America , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 Martin , John . `` The British Are Coming : Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze , '' LC Information Bulletin , September 1998 Pack , A. James . The Man Who Burned The White House , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 420 - 9 Phelan , Mary Kay . The Burning of Washington : August 1814 , Ty Crowell Co , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 00486 - 9 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , White House History Magazine , Fall 1998 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 425 - 3 Siegel , Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR , August 24 , 2009 . Snow , Peter `` When Britain Burned the White House , The 1814 Invasion of Washington '' , London : John Murray , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 04828 - 8 Whitehorne , Joseph A . The Battle for Baltimore : 1814 ( 1997 ) Listing by surname of Royal Marines ( 2nd Battn , 3rd Battn , Colonial Marines ) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington External links ( edit ) The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation 's Capital Brookeville 1814 , U.S. Capital for a Day Maryland State Archives Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. Burning of Washington Georgia Battle of Fort Peter Louisiana Battle of New Orleans Siege of Fort St. Philip Maryland Battle of Baltimore Battle of Bladensburg Battle of Caulk 's Field Battle of North Point Battle of St. Michaels Raid on Havre de Grace Massachusetts Battle of Hampden New York Battle of Big Sandy Creek Battle of Buffalo Battle of Ogdensburg Battle of Plattsburgh Capture of Fort Niagara Raid on Black Rock Second Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Ohio Battle of Fort Stephenson Copus massacre Siege of Fort Meigs Virginia Battle of Craney Island Raid on Alexandria Skirmish at Farnham Church Battle of Rappahannock River U.S. territories Alabama Battles of Fort Bowyer Illinois Battle of Fort Dearborn Battle of Rock Island Rapids Siege of Prairie du Chien Indiana Battle of the Mississinewa Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Wild Cat Creek Siege of Fort Harrison Siege of Fort Wayne Michigan Battle of Brownstown Battle of Frenchtown Battle of Mackinac Island Battle of Maguaga Siege of Detroit Siege of Fort Mackinac Mississippi Battle of Burnt Corn Battle of Callabee Creek Canoe Fight Battle of Holy Ground Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Talladega Battle of Tallushatchee Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek Fort Mims massacre Kimbell -- James Massacre Missouri Battle of Credit Island Battle of the Sink Hole British North America Lower Canada Battle of the Chateauguay First Battle of Lacolle Mills Second Battle of Lacolle Mills Upper Canada Battle of Beaver Dams Battle of Chippawa Battle of Cook 's Mills Battle of Crysler 's Farm Battle of Fort George Battle of Frenchman 's Creek Battle of Longwoods Battle of Lundy 's Lane Battle of Malcolm 's Mills Battle of Queenston Heights Battle of Stoney Creek Battle of the Thames Battle of York Capture of Fort Erie Raid on Elizabethtown Raid on Port Dover Raid on Gananoque Siege of Fort Erie Spanish Empire Spanish Florida Battle of Pensacola Naval battles Atlantic Ocean Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of HMS Cyane Capture of HMS Epervier Capture of HMS Frolic Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of USS President Chesapeake Bay Flotilla USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Avon Battle of Fayal Sinking of HMS Peacock Sinking of HMS Reindeer USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere USS United States vs HMS Macedonian Caribbean Sea Battle of La Guaira Great Lakes Battle of Lake Erie Battle of Fort Oswego Engagements on Lake Huron Engagements on Lake Ontario First Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Gulf Coast Action of 13 December 1814 Battle of Lake Borgne Pacific Ocean Action off James Island Action off Charles Island Nuku Hiva Campaign Battle of Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) See also : American Indian Wars , Creek War , Napoleonic Wars , and Tecumseh 's War Category Portal definition textbooks quotes source texts media news stories James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 series ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&oldid=856649257 '' Categories : 1814 fires 1814 in Washington , D.C. Arson in Washington , D.C. August 1814 events Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the War of 1812 Burned buildings and structures in the United States Fires at legislative buildings Fires in Washington , D.C. Presidency of James Madison Urban fires in the United States Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Русский اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the white house built after the fire	[ "The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated. The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete; the Capitol took twelve years.[18] A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one.[62] On February 13, 1815, President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings, including the Capitol, \"on their present sites in the city of Washington\".[63] Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803, was rehired to repair the building on April 18, 1815.[64] He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards, 500 tons of stone, 1,000 barrels of lime, and brick.[64] With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks,[61] Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult.[65] Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826.[18] Bulfinch modified Latrobe’s design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86 ft. With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington, the value of land in the area increased dramatically, paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War.[66]\n" ]	[ "On February 13, 1815" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.